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ufs(7FS)			 File Systems			      ufs(7FS)

NAME
       ufs - UFS file system

SYNOPSIS
       #include <sys/param.h>

       #include <sys/types.h>

       #include <sys/fs/ufs_fs.h>

       #include <sys/fs/ufs_inode.h>

DESCRIPTION
       UFS  is the default disk-based file system for the Solaris environment.
       The UFS file system is hierarchical, starting with its  root  directory
       (/)  and	 continuing downward through a number of directories. The root
       of a UFS file system is inode 2. A  UFS	file  system's	root  contents
       replace the contents of the directory upon which it is mounted.

       Subsequent  sections  of	 this  manpage provide details of the UFS file
       systems.

   State Flags (fs_state and fs_clean)
       UFS uses state flags to identify the state of the file system. fs_state
       is  FSOKAY - fs_time.  fs_time is the timestamp that indicates when the
       last system write  occurred.  fs_state  is  updated  whenever  fs_clean
       changes. Some fs_clean values are:

       FSCLEAN	   Indicates an undamaged, cleanly unmounted file system.

       FSACTIVE	   Indicates  a	 mounted file system that has modified data in
		   memory. A mounted file system with this  state  flag	 indi‐
		   cates  that user data or metadata would be lost if power to
		   the system is interrupted.

       FSSTABLE	   Indicates an idle mounted file system. A mounted file  sys‐
		   tem	with  this state flag indicates that neither user data
		   nor metadata would be lost if power to the system is inter‐
		   rupted.

       FSBAD	   Indicates  that this file system contains inconsistent file
		   system data.

       FSLOG	   Indicates that the file system has logging enabled. A  file
		   system  with	 this flag set is either mounted or unmounted.
		   If a file system has logging enabled, the only  flags  that
		   it  can  have are FSLOG or FSBAD. A non-logging file system
		   can have FSACTIVE, FSSTABLE, or FSCLEAN.

       It is not necessary to run the fsck command on unmounted	 file  systems
       with a state of FSCLEAN, FSSTABLE, or FSLOG. mount(2) returns ENOSPC if
       an attempt is made to mount a UFS file system with a state of  FSACTIVE
       for read/write access.

       As an additional safeguard, fs_clean should be trusted only if fs_state
       contains a value equal to FSOKAY - fs_time, where FSOKAY is a  constant
       integer	defined	 in the /usr/include/sys/fs/ufs_fs.h file.  Otherwise,
       fs_clean is treated as though it contains the value of FSACTIVE.

   Extended Fundamental Types  (EFT)
       Extended Fundamental Types (EFT) provide 32-bit user ID (UID), group ID
       (GID), and device numbers.

       If  a  UID  or  GID  contains  an  extended  value,  the short variable
       (ic_suid, ic_sgid) contains the value 65535 and the  corresponding  UID
       or  GID is in ic_uid or ic_gid. Because numbers for block and character
       devices are stored in the first	direct	block  pointer	of  the	 inode
       (ic_db[0])  and	the disk block addresses are already 32 bit values, no
       special encoding exists for device numbers (unlike UID or GID fields).

   Multiterabyte File System
       A multiterabyte file system enables creation of a UFS file system up to
       approximately  16  terabytes  of	 usable space, minus approximately one
       percent overhead. A sparse file can have a logical  size	 of  one  ter‐
       abyte.  However, the actual amount of data that can be stored in a file
       is approximately one percent less than one  terabyte  because  of  file
       system overhead.

       On-disk format changes for a multiterabyte UFS file system include:

	   o	  The  magic number in the superblock changes from FS_MAGIC to
		  MTB_UFS_MAGIC.    For	   more	   information,	   see	   the
		  /usr/include/sys/fs/ufs_fs file.

	   o	  The  fs_logbno  unit is a sector for UFS that is less than 1
		  terabyte in size and fragments for a multiterabyte UFS  file
		  system.

   UFS Logging
       UFS  logging bundles the multiple metadata changes that comprise a com‐
       plete UFS operation  into  a  transaction.  Sets	 of  transactions  are
       recorded	 in an on-disk log and are applied to the actual UFS file sys‐
       tem's metadata.

       UFS logging provides two advantages:

	   1.	  A file system that is consistent with	 the  transaction  log
		  eliminates  the  need to run fsck after a system crash or an
		  unclean shutdown.

	   2.	  UFS  logging	often  provides	 a   significant   performance
		  improvement.	This  is  because  a  file system with logging
		  enabled converts multiple updates to the same data into sin‐
		  gle  updates,	 thereby  reducing the number of overhead disk
		  operations.

       The UFS log is allocated from free blocks on the	 file  system  and  is
       sized  at  approximately	 1 Mbyte per 1 Gbyte of file system, up to 256
       Mbytes. The log size may be larger (up to a  maximum  of	 512  Mbytes),
       depending  upon	the number of cylinder groups present in the file sys‐
       tem. The log is continually flushed as it fills up.  The	 log  is  also
       flushed	when  the  file	 system	 is  unmounted	or  as	a  result of a
       lockfs(1M) command.

   Mounting UFS File Systems
       You can mount a UFS file system in various ways using syntax similar to
       the following:

	   1.	  Use mount from the command line:

		    # mount -F ufs /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home

	   2.	  Include  an  entry in the /etc/vfstab file to mount the file
		  system at boot time:

		    /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home  ufs   2	 yes  -

       For more information on mounting UFS file systems, see mount_ufs(1M).

ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(5) for a description of the following attributes:

       ┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
       │      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     │	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │Interface Stability	     │Uncommitted		   │
       └─────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘

SEE ALSO
       df(1M), fsck(1M), fsck_ufs(1M),	fstyp(1M),  lockfs(1M),	 mkfs_ufs(1M),
       newfs(1M),    ufsdump(1M),    ufsrestore(1M),   tunefs(1M),   mount(2),
       attributes(5)

       Writing Device Drivers

NOTES
       For information	about  internal	 UFS  structures,  see	newfs(1M)  and
       mkfs_ufs(1M).  For  information	about  the ufsdump and ufsrestore com‐
       mands,  see  ufsdump(1M),   ufsrestore(1M),   and   /usr/include/proto‐
       cols/dumprestore.h.

       If you experience difficulty in allocating space on the ufs filesystem,
       it may be due to framentation. Fragmentation can occur when you do  not
       have  sufficient	 free  blocks  to  satisfy  an allocation request even
       though df(1M) indicates that enough free space is available. (This  may
       occur  because  df  only uses the available fragment count to calculate
       available space, but the file system requires contiguous sets of	 frag‐
       ments  for  most	 allocations).	If you suspect that you have exhausted
       contiguous  fragments on	 your file system, you can use	the  fstyp(1M)
       utility	with  the -v option. In the fstyp output,  look at the	nbfree
       (number	of  blocks   free)  and	 nffree	 (number  of  fragments	 free)
       fields. On unmounted filesystems, you can use fsck(1M) and observe  the
       last line of output, which reports, among other items,  the  number  of
       fragments  and  the degree of fragmentation. To correct a fragmentation
       problem, run ufsdump(1M) and ufsrestore(1M) on the ufs filesystem.

SunOS 5.10			  18 Jun 2009			      ufs(7FS)
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