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string(3C)		 Standard C Library Functions		    string(3C)

NAME
       string, strcasecmp, strncasecmp, strcat, strncat, strlcat, strchr, str‐
       rchr, strcmp,  strncmp,	strcpy,	 strncpy,  strlcpy,  strcspn,  strspn,
       strdup, strlen, strpbrk, strstr, strtok, strtok_r - string operations

SYNOPSIS
       #include <strings.h>

       int strcasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);

       int strncasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);

       #include <string.h>

       char *strcat(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2);

       char *strncat(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2, size_t n);

       size_t strlcat(char *dst, const char *src, size_t dstsize);

       char *strchr(const char *s, int c);

       char *strrchr(const char *s, int c);

       int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);

       int strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);

       char *strcpy(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2);

       char *strncpy(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2, size_t n);

       size_t strlcpy(char *dst, const char *src, size_t dstsize);

       size_t strcspn(const char *s1, const char *s2);

       size_t strspn(const char *s1, const char *s2);

       char *strdup(const char *s1);

       size_t strlen(const char *s);

       char *strpbrk(const char *s1, const char *s2);

       char *strstr(const char *s1, const char *s2);

       char *strtok(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2);

       char *strtok_r(char *s1, const char *s2, char **lasts);

   ISO C++
       #include <string.h>

       const char *strchr(const char *s, int c);

       const char *strpbrk(const char *s1, const char *s2);

       const char *strrchr(const char *s, int c);

       const char *strstr(const char *s1, const char *s2);

       #include <cstring>

       char *std::strchr(char *s, int c);

       char *std::strpbrk(char *s1, const char *s2);

       char *std::strrchr(char *s, int c);

       char *std::strstr(char *s1, const char *s2);

DESCRIPTION
       The arguments s, s1, and s2 point to strings (arrays of characters ter‐
       minated by a null character). The strcat(), strncat(), strlcat(),  str‐
       cpy(),  strncpy(),  strlcpy(),  strtok(),  and strtok_r() functions all
       alter their first argument. These functions do not check	 for  overflow
       of the array pointed to by the first argument.

   strcasecmp(), strncasecmp()
       The  strcasecmp() and strncasecmp() functions are case-insensitive ver‐
       sions of	 strcmp() and strncmp() respectively, described	 below.	  They
       assume the ASCII character set and ignore differences in case when com‐
       paring lower and upper case characters.

   strcat(), strncat(), strlcat()
       The strcat() function appends a copy of string s2, including the termi‐
       nating  null character, to the end of string s1. The strncat() function
       appends at most n characters. Each returns a pointer to the null-termi‐
       nated result. The initial character of  s2 overrides the null character
       at the end of s1. If copying takes place between objects that  overlap,
       the behavior of strcat(), strncat(), and strlcat() is undefined.

       The  strlcat() function appends	at most	 (dstsize-strlen(dst)-1) char‐
       acters of src to dst (dstsize being the	size  of  the	string	buffer
       dst). If the string pointed to by dst contains a null-terminated string
       that fits into dstsize bytes  when  strlcat()  is  called,  the	string
       pointed to by dst will be a null-terminated string that fits in dstsize
       bytes (including the terminating null character) when it completes, and
       the  initial  character of src will override the null character at  the
       end of dst. If the string pointed to by	dst  is	 longer	 than  dstsize
       bytes  when  strlcat() is called, the string pointed to by dst will not
       be changed. The function returns	 min{dstsize,strlen(dst)}+strlen(src).
       Buffer overflow can be checked as  follows:

	 if (strlcat(dst, src, dstsize) >= dstsize)
		return −1;

   strchr(), strrchr()
       The  strchr()  function	returns a pointer to the first occurrence of c
       (converted to a	char) in string s, or a null pointer  if  c  does  not
       occur  in  the  string. The strrchr() function returns a pointer to the
       last occurrence of c. The null character terminating a string  is  con‐
       sidered to be part of the string.

   strcmp(), strncmp()
       The  strcmp()  function compares two strings byte-by-byte, according to
       the ordering of your machine's character set.  The function returns  an
       integer	greater than, equal to, or less than 0, if  the string pointed
       to by s1 is greater than, equal to, or less than the string pointed  to
       by  s2  respectively. The sign of a non-zero return value is determined
       by the sign of the difference between the values of the first  pair  of
       bytes that differ in the strings being compared. The strncmp() function
       makes the same comparison but looks at a maximum of n bytes. Bytes fol‐
       lowing a null byte are not compared.

   strcpy(), strncpy(), strlcpy()
       The strcpy() function copies string s2 to s1, including the terminating
       null character, stopping after the null character has been copied.  The
       strncpy() function copies exactly n bytes, truncating s2 or adding null
       characters to s1 if necessary. The result will not  be  null-terminated
       if the length of s2 is n or more. Each function returns s1.  If copying
       takes place between objects that overlap,  the  behavior	 of  strcpy(),
       strncpy(), and strlcpy() is undefined.

       The  strlcpy()  function	 copies	 at most dstsize−1 characters (dstsize
       being the  size of the  string buffer dst) from src to dst,  truncating
       src  if necessary.  The	result is always null-terminated. The function
       returns strlen(src). Buffer overflow can be checked as  follows:

	 if (strlcpy(dst, src, dstsize) >= dstsize)
		return −1;

   strcspn(), strspn()
       The strcspn() function returns the length of  the  initial  segment  of
       string  s1 that consists entirely of characters not from string s2. The
       strspn() function returns the length of the initial segment  of	string
       s1 that consists entirely of characters from string s2.

   strdup()
       The  strdup()  function	returns	 a  pointer  to a new string that is a
       duplicate of the string pointed to by  s1. The returned pointer can  be
       passed  to  free(). The space for the new string is obtained using mal‐
       loc(3C). If the new  string  cannot  be	created,  a  null  pointer  is
       returned	 and  errno  may be set to ENOMEM to indicate that the storage
       space available is insufficient.

   strlen()
       The strlen() function returns the number of bytes in s,	not  including
       the terminating null character.

   strpbrk()
       The  strpbrk()  function	 returns  a pointer to the first occurrence in
       string s1 of any character from string s2, or  a	 null  pointer	if  no
       character from s2 exists in s1.

   strstr()
       The  strstr()  function	locates	 the first occurrence of the string s2
       (excluding the terminating null character) in string s1 and  returns  a
       pointer	to  the located string, or a null pointer if the string is not
       found. If  s2 points to a string with zero length (that is, the	string
       ""), the function returns  s1.

   strtok()
       A sequence of calls to strtok() breaks the string pointed to by s1 into
       a sequence of tokens, each of which is delimited by  a  byte  from  the
       string  pointed	to by s2. The first call in the sequence has s1 as its
       first argument, and is followed by calls with a null pointer  as	 their
       first  argument. The separator string pointed to by s2 can be different
       from call to call.

       The first call in the sequence searches the string pointed to by s1 for
       the  first  byte	 that is not contained in the current separator string
       pointed to by s2. If no such byte is found, then there are no tokens in
       the  string  pointed  to	 by s1 and strtok() returns a null pointer. If
       such a byte is found, it is the start of the first token.

       The strtok() function then searches from there for a byte that is  con‐
       tained  in  the current separator string. If no such byte is found, the
       current token extends to the end of the string pointed to  by  s1,  and
       subsequent  searches  for a token return a null pointer. If such a byte
       is found, it is overwritten by a null byte that terminates the  current
       token.  The  strtok() function saves a pointer to the following byte in
       thread-specific data, from which the next search for a token starts.

       Each subsequent call, with a null pointer as the	 value	of  the	 first
       argument,  starts  searching  from  the	saved  pointer	and behaves as
       described above.

       See Example 1, 2, and 3 in the EXAMPLES section for  examples  of  str‐
       tok() usage and the explanation in NOTES.

   strtok_r()
       The  strtok_r()	function  considers the null-terminated string s1 as a
       sequence of zero or more text tokens separated by spans of one or  more
       characters from the separator string s2. The argument lasts points to a
       user-provided pointer which points to stored information necessary  for
       strtok_r() to continue scanning the same string.

       In the first call to strtok_r(), s1 points to a null-terminated string,
       s2 to a null-terminated string of separator characters, and  the	 value
       pointed	to  by	lasts  is  ignored.  The strtok_r() function returns a
       pointer to the first character of the first token, writes a null	 char‐
       acter into s1 immediately following the returned token, and updates the
       pointer to which lasts points.

       In subsequent calls, s1 is a null pointer and lasts is  unchanged  from
       the  previous call so that subsequent calls move through the string s1,
       returning successive tokens  until  no  tokens  remain.	The  separator
       string  s2 can be different from call to call. When no token remains in
       s1, a null pointer is returned.

       See Example 3 in the EXAMPLES section  for  an  example	of  strtok_r()
       usage and the explanation in NOTES.

EXAMPLES
       Example 1 Search for word separators.

       The  following  example	searches for tokens separated by space charac‐
       ters.

	 #include <string.h>
	 ...
	 char *token;
	 char line[] = "LINE TO BE SEPARATED";
	 char *search = " ";

	 /* Token will point to "LINE". */
	 token = strtok(line, search);

	 /* Token will point to "TO". */
	 token = strtok(NULL, search);

       Example 2 Break a Line.

       The following example uses strtok to break a line  into	two  character
       strings separated by any combination of SPACEs, TABs, or NEWLINEs.

	 #include <string.h>
	 ...
	 struct element {
	       char *key;
	       char *data;
	 };
	 ...
	 char line[LINE_MAX];
	 char *key, *data;
	 ...
	 key = strtok(line, " \n");
	 data = strtok(NULL, " \n");

       Example 3 Search for tokens.

       The  following  example uses both strtok() and strtok_r() to search for
       tokens separated by one or more characters from the string  pointed  to
       by the second argument, "/".

	 #define __EXTENSIONS__
	 #include <stdio.h>
	 #include <string.h>

	 int
	 main() {
		char *buf="5/90/45";
		char *token;
		char *lasts;

		printf("tokenizing \"%s\" with strtok():\n", buf);
		if ((token = strtok(buf, "/")) != NULL) {
			printf("token = "%s\"\n", token);
			while ((token = strtok(NULL, "/")) != NULL) {
				printf("token = \"%s\"\n", token);
			}
		}

		buf = "//5//90//45//";
		printf("\ntokenizing \"%s\" with strtok_r():\n", buf);
		if ((token = strtok_r(buf, "/", &lasts)) != NULL) {
			printf("token = \"%s\"\n", token);
			while ((token = strtok_r(NULL, "/", &lasts)) != NULL) {
				printf("token = \"%s\"\n", token);
			}
		}
	 }

       When compiled and run, this example produces the following output:

	 tokenizing "5/90/45" with strtok():
	 token = "5"
	 token = "90"
	 token = "45"

	 tokenizing "//5//90//45//" with strtok_r():
	 token = "5"
	 token = "90"
	 token = "45"

ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       ┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
       │      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     │	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │Interface Stability	     │Committed			   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │MT-Level		     │See below.		   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │Standard		     │See below.		   │
       └─────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘

       The  strtok()  and  strdup() functions are MT-Safe. The remaining func‐
       tions are Async-Signal-Safe.

       For all except strlcat() and strlcpy(), see standards(5).

SEE ALSO
       malloc(3C), setlocale(3C), strxfrm(3C), attributes(5), standards(5)

NOTES
       When compiling multithreaded applications, the _REENTRANT flag must  be
       defined	on  the	 compile line. This flag should only be used in multi‐
       threaded applications.

       A single-threaded application can gain access  to  strtok_r()  only  by
       defining	 __EXTENSIONS__	 or  by	 defining  _POSIX_C_SOURCE  to a value
       greater than or equal to 199506L.

       All of these functions  assume  the  default  locale  ``C.''  For  some
       locales,	 strxfrm(3C)  should be applied to the strings before they are
       passed to the functions.

       The strtok() function is safe  to  use  in  multithreaded  applications
       because	it  saves  its	internal state in a thread-specific data area.
       However, its use is discouraged, even for single-threaded applications.
       The strtok_r() function should be used instead.

       Do  not	pass the address of a character string literal as the argument
       s1 to either strtok() or strtok_r(). These  functions  can  modify  the
       storage pointed to by s1. The C99 standard specifies that attempting to
       modify the storage occupied by a string literal	results	 in  undefined
       behavior.  This allows compilers (including gcc and the Sun Studio com‐
       pilers when the -xstrconst flag is used) to place  string  literals  in
       read-only memory. Note that in Example 1 above, this problem is avoided
       because the variable line is declared as a writable array of type  char
       that  is	 initialized by a string literal rather than a pointer to char
       that points to a string literal.

SunOS 5.10			  19 Dec 2007			    string(3C)
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