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sed(1)				 User Commands				sed(1)

NAME
       sed - stream editor

SYNOPSIS
       /usr/bin/sed [-n] script [file...]

       /usr/bin/sed [-n]  [-e script]...  [-f script_file]... [file...]

       /usr/xpg4/bin/sed [-n] script [file...]

       /usr/xpg4/bin/sed [-n]  [-e script]...  [-f script_file]... [file...]

DESCRIPTION
       The  sed	 utility is a stream editor that reads one or more text files,
       makes editing changes according to a script of  editing	commands,  and
       writes  the  results  to	 standard  output. The script is obtained from
       either the script operand string, or a combination of the  option-argu‐
       ments from the -e script and -f script_file options.

       The  sed utility is a text editor. It cannot edit binary files or files
       containing ASCII NUL (\0) characters or very long lines.

OPTIONS
       The following options are supported:

       -e script       script is an edit command for sed. See USAGE below  for
		       more  information  on the format of script. If there is
		       just one -e option and no -f options, the flag  -e  may
		       be omitted.

       -f script_file  Takes the script from script_file. script_file consists
		       of editing commands, one per line.

       -n	       Suppresses the default output.

       Multiple -e and -f options may be specified. All commands are added  to
       the script in the order specified, regardless of their origin.

OPERANDS
       The following operands are supported:

       file	       A  path	name of a file whose contents will be read and
		       edited. If multiple file operands  are  specified,  the
		       named files will be read in the order specified and the
		       concatenation will be edited. If no file	 operands  are
		       specified, the standard input will be used.

       script	       A  string to be used as the script of editing commands.
		       The application must not present a script that violates
		       the  restrictions  of a text file except that the final
		       character need not be a NEWLINE character.

USAGE
       A script consists of editing commands, one per line, of	the  following
       form:

	      [ address [ , address ] ] command [ arguments ]

       Zero or more blank characters are accepted before the first address and
       before command. Any number of semicolons are accepted before the	 first
       address.

       In  normal  operation,  sed cyclically copies a line of input (less its
       terminating NEWLINE character) into a pattern space  (unless  there  is
       something  left	after  a  D command), applies in sequence all commands
       whose addresses select that pattern space,  and	copies	the  resulting
       pattern	space to the standard output (except under -n) and deletes the
       pattern space. Whenever the pattern space is written to standard output
       or  a named file, sed will immediately follow it with a NEWLINE charac‐
       ter.

       Some of the commands use a hold space  to save all or part of the  pat‐
       tern  space  for subsequent retrieval. The pattern and hold spaces will
       each be able to hold at least 8192 bytes.

   sed Addresses
       An address is either empty, a decimal number that  counts  input	 lines
       cumulatively  across  files, a $ that addresses the last line of input,
       or a context address, which  consists  of  a  /regular  expression/  as
       described on the regexp(5) manual page.

       A command line with no addresses selects every pattern space.

       A command line with one address selects each pattern space that matches
       the address.

       A command line with two addresses selects the inclusive range from  the
       first  pattern  space  that  matches the first address through the next
       pattern space that matches the second address. Thereafter  the  process
       is  repeated,  looking  again  for  the	first  address. (If the second
       address is a number less than or equal to the line number  selected  by
       the  first address, only the line corresponding to the first address is
       selected.)

       Typically, address are separated from each other by a comma (,).	  They
       may also be separated by a semicolon (;).

   sed Regular Expressions
       sed  supports  the basic regular expressions described on the regexp(5)
       manual page, with the following additions:

       \cREc	In a context address, the construction \cREc, where c  is  any
		character  other  than	a  backslash  or NEWLINE character, is
		identical to /RE/. If the character designated	by  c  appears
		following  a  backslash, then it is considered to be that lit‐
		eral character, which does not terminate the RE. For  example,
		in  the	 context  address \xabc\xdefx, the second x stands for
		itself, so that the regular expression is abcxdef.

       \n	The escape sequence \n matches a NEWLINE character embedded in
		the  pattern  space.   A literal NEWLINE character must not be
		used in the regular expression of a context address or in  the
		substitute command.

       Editing	commands can be applied only to non-selected pattern spaces by
       use of the negation command ! (described below).

   sed Editing Commands
       In the following list of functions the maximum  number  of  permissible
       addresses for each function is indicated.

       The r and w commands take an optional rfile (or wfile) parameter, sepa‐
       rated from the command letter by one or more blank characters.

       Multiple commands can be specified by separating them with a  semicolon
       (;) on the same command line.

       The  text  argument  consists of one or more lines, all but the last of
       which end with \ to hide the NEWLINE. Each embedded  NEWLINE  character
       in  the text must be preceded by a backslash. Other backslashes in text
       are removed and the following character	is  treated  literally.	 Back‐
       slashes	in text are treated like backslashes in the replacement string
       of an s command, and may be used to protect  initial  blanks  and  tabs
       against	the stripping that is done on every script line.  The rfile or
       wfile argument must terminate the command line and must be preceded  by
       exactly	one blank.  The use of the wfile parameter causes that file to
       be initially created, if it does not exist, or will  replace  the  con‐
       tents of an existing file. There can be at most 10 distinct wfile argu‐
       ments.

       Regular expressions match entire strings, not  just  individual	lines,
       but a NEWLINE character is matched by \n in a sed RE. A NEWLINE charac‐
       ter is not allowed in an RE. Also notice that  \n  cannot  be  used  to
       match  a NEWLINE character at the end of an input line; NEWLINE charac‐
       ters appear in the pattern space as a result of the N editing command.

       Two of the commands take a command-list, which is a list	 of  sed  com‐
       mands separated by NEWLINE characters, as follows:

       { command
       command
       }

       The  {  can  be preceded with blank characters and can be followed with
       white space. The commands can be preceded by white space. The terminat‐
       ing  }  must  be preceded by a NEWLINE character and can be preceded or
       followed by <blank>s.  The  braces  may	be  preceded  or  followed  by
       <blank>s.  The command may be preceded by <blank>s, but may not be fol‐
       lowed by <blank>s.

       The following table lists the functions, with  the  maximum  number  of
       permissible addresses.

       ┌────────────┬────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
       │Max Address │	 Command     │		 Description		│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     1	    │ a\ text	     │ Append by executing N command or │
       │	    │		     │ beginning  a  new  cycle.  Place │
       │	    │		     │ text  on the output before read‐ │
       │	    │		     │ ing the next input line.		│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ b label	     │ Branch to the : command	bearing │
       │	    │		     │ the  label .  If label is empty, │
       │	    │		     │ branch to the end of the script. │
       │	    │		     │ Labels  are recognized unique up │
       │	    │		     │ to eight characters.		│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ c\ text	     │ Change.	 Delete	  the	pattern │
       │	    │		     │ space.	Place  text on the out‐ │
       │	    │		     │ put. Start the next cycle.	│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ d		     │ Delete the pattern space.  Start │
       │	    │		     │ the next cycle.			│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ D		     │ Delete  the  initial  segment of │
       │	    │		     │ the pattern  space  through  the │
       │	    │		     │ first  new-line.	 Start the next │
       │	    │		     │ cycle.  (See   the   N	command │
       │	    │		     │ below.)				│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ g		     │ Replace the contents of the pat‐ │
       │	    │		     │ tern space by  the  contents  of │
       │	    │		     │ the hold space.			│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ G		     │ Append  the contents of the hold │
       │	    │		     │ space to the pattern space.	│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ h		     │ Replace the contents of the hold │
       │	    │		     │ space  by  the  contents	 of the │
       │	    │		     │ pattern space.			│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ H		     │ Append the contents of the  pat‐ │
       │	    │		     │ tern space to the hold space.	│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     1	    │ i\ text	     │ Insert.	Place text on the stan‐ │
       │	    │		     │ dard output.			│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ l		     │ /usr/bin/sed:  List the	pattern │
       │	    │		     │ space  on the standard output in │
       │	    │		     │ an unambiguous form.  Non-print‐ │
       │	    │		     │ able characters are displayed in │
       │	    │		     │ octal notation  and  long  lines │
       │	    │		     │ are folded.			│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │	    │		     │ /usr/xpg4/bin/sed:    List   the │
       │	    │		     │ pattern space  on  the  standard │
       │	    │		     │ output  in  an unambiguous form. │
       │	    │		     │ Non-printable   characters   are │
       │	    │		     │ displayed  in octal notation and │
       │	    │		     │ long lines are folded. The char‐ │
       │	    │		     │ acters  (\\, \a, \b, \f, \r, \t, │
       │	    │		     │ and \v) are written as the  cor‐ │
       │	    │		     │ responding   escape   sequences. │
       │	    │		     │ Non-printable characters not  in │
       │	    │		     │ that  table  will  be written as │
       │	    │		     │ one  three-digit	 octal	 number │
       │	    │		     │ (with   a   preceding  backslash │
       │	    │		     │ character) for each byte in  the │
       │	    │		     │ character (most significant byte │
       │	    │		     │ first). If the size of a byte on │
       │	    │		     │ the  system is greater than nine │
       │	    │		     │ bits, the format used  for  non- │
       │	    │		     │ printable  characters  is imple‐ │
       │	    │		     │ mentation dependent.		│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │	    │		     │ Long lines are folded, with  the │
       │	    │		     │ point  of  folding  indicated by │
       │	    │		     │ writing a backslash followed  by │
       │	    │		     │ a  NEWLINE;  the length at which │
       │	    │		     │ folding occurs  is  unspecified, │
       │	    │		     │ but  should  be	appropriate for │
       │	    │		     │ the output device.  The	end  of │
       │	    │		     │ each line is marked with a $.	│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ n		     │ Copy  the  pattern  space to the │
       │	    │		     │ standard output if default  out‐ │
       │	    │		     │ put  is not suppressed.	Replace │
       │	    │		     │ the pattern space with the  next │
       │	    │		     │ line of input.			│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ N		     │ Append the next line of input to │
       │	    │		     │ the pattern space with an embed‐ │
       │	    │		     │ ded new-line.  (The current line │
       │	    │		     │ number  changes.)   If  no  next │
       │	    │		     │ line  of input is available, the │
       │	    │		     │ N command verb shall  branch  to │
       │	    │		     │ the  end	 of the script and quit │
       │	    │		     │ without starting a new cycle and │
       │	    │		     │ without	 writing   the	pattern │
       │	    │		     │ space.				│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ p		     │ Print.  Copy the	 pattern  space │
       │	    │		     │ to the standard output.		│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ P		     │ Copy  the initial segment of the │
       │	    │		     │ pattern space through the  first │
       │	    │		     │ new-line to the standard output. │
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     1	    │ q		     │ Quit.   Branch to the end of the │
       │	    │		     │ script.	 Do  not  start	 a  new │
       │	    │		     │ cycle.				│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ r rfile	     │ Read  the  contents  of	 rfile. │
       │	    │		     │ Place them on the output	 before │
       │	    │		     │ reading the next input line.  If │
       │	    │		     │ rfile does not exist  or	 cannot │
       │	    │		     │ be  read, it is treated as if it │
       │	    │		     │ were an empty file,  causing  no │
       │	    │		     │ error condition.			│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ t label	     │ Test.   Branch  to the : command │
       │	    │		     │ bearing the label if any substi‐ │
       │	    │		     │ tutions have been made since the │
       │	    │		     │ most recent reading of an  input │
       │	    │		     │ line  or	 execution  of	a t. If │
       │	    │		     │ label is empty,	branch	to  the │
       │	    │		     │ end of the script.		│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ w wfile	     │ Write.  Append the pattern space │
       │	    │		     │ to wfile. The  first  occurrence │
       │	    │		     │ of  w  will  cause  wfile  to be │
       │	    │		     │ cleared.	 Subsequent invocations │
       │	    │		     │ of w will append.  Each time the │
       │	    │		     │ sed command is  used,  wfile  is │
       │	    │		     │ overwritten.			│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ x		     │ Exchange	 the  contents	of  the │
       │	    │		     │ pattern and hold spaces.		│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ ! command	     │ Don't.  Apply  the  command  (or │
       │	    │		     │ group,  if command is {) only to │
       │	    │		     │ lines  not   selected   by   the │
       │	    │		     │ address(es).			│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     0	    │ : label	     │ This  command  does  nothing; it │
       │	    │		     │ bears a label for b and	t  com‐ │
       │	    │		     │ mands to branch to.		│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     1	    │ =		     │ Place the current line number on │
       │	    │		     │ the standard output as a line.	│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     2	    │ {command-list} │ Execute command-list  only  when │
       │	    │		     │ the pattern space is selected.	│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     0	    │		     │ An empty command is ignored.	│
       ├────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
       │     0	    │ #		     │ If  a  #	 appears  as  the first │
       │	    │		     │ character on a line of a	 script │
       │	    │		     │ file,  then  that entire line is │
       │	    │		     │ treated as a comment,  with  one │
       │	    │		     │ exception: if a # appears on the │
       │	    │		     │ first  line  and	 the  character │
       │	    │		     │ after  the  #  is an n, then the │
       │	    │		     │ default	output	will  be   sup‐ │
       │	    │		     │ pressed.	  The  rest of the line │
       │	    │		     │ after #n	 is  also  ignored.   A │
       │	    │		     │ script	file  must  contain  at │
       │	    │		     │ least one non-comment line.	│
       └────────────┴────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘

       ┌───────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────┐
       │Max Addr   │	Command (Using strings) and Description	   │
       ├───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤
       │    2	   │	s/regular expression/replacement/flags	   │
       ├───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤
       │	   │Substitute	 the   replacement   string    for │
       │	   │instances  of  the	regular	 expression in the │
       │	   │pattern space.  Any character other than back‐ │
       │	   │slash  or  newline	can  be	 used instead of a │
       │	   │slash to delimit the RE and	 the  replacement. │
       │	   │Within  the	 RE  and  the  replacement, the RE │
       │	   │delimiter itself can  be  used  as	a  literal │
       │	   │character if it is preceded by a backslash.	   │
       ├───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤
       │	   │An	ampersand (&) appearing in the replacement │
       │	   │will be replaced by the  string  matching  the │
       │	   │RE.	  The special meaning of & in this context │
       │	   │can be suppressed by  preceding  it	 by  back‐ │
       │	   │slash.  The characters \n, where n is a digit, │
       │	   │will be replaced by the text  matched  by  the │
       │	   │corresponding  backreference  expression.  For │
       │	   │each backslash  (\)	 encountered  in  scanning │
       │	   │replacement from beginning to end, the follow‐ │
       │	   │ing character loses its  special  meaning  (if │
       │	   │any).   It is unspecified what special meaning │
       │	   │is given to any character other than &,  \	or │
       │	   │digits.					   │
       ├───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤
       │	   │A  line can be split by substituting a NEWLINE │
       │	   │character  into  it.   The	application   must │
       │	   │escape  the	 NEWLINE character in the replace‐ │
       │	   │ment by preceding it with backslash.   A  sub‐ │
       │	   │stitution is considered to have been performed │
       │	   │even if the replacement string is identical to │
       │	   │the string that it replaces.		   │
       ├───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤
       │	   │	      flags is zero or more of:		   │
       ├───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤
       │	   │n  n=  1  - 512.  Substitute for just the  nth │
       │	   │occurrence of the regular expression.	   │
       ├───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤
       │	   │g Global.  Substitute for  all  nonoverlapping │
       │	   │instances  of  the	regular	 expression rather │
       │	   │than just the first one.  If both g and n  are │
       │	   │specified, the results are unspecified.	   │
       ├───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤
       │	   │p Print the pattern space if a replacement was │
       │	   │made.					   │
       ├───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤
       │	   │P Copy the	initial	 segment  of  the  pattern │
       │	   │space  through the first new-line to the stan‐ │
       │	   │dard output.				   │
       ├───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤
       │	   │w wfile Write.  Append the	pattern	 space	to │
       │	   │wfile  if  a  replacement  was made. The first │
       │	   │occurrence	of  w  will  cause  wfile  to	be │
       │	   │cleared.   Subsequent  invocations	of  w will │
       │	   │append.  Each time the sed	command	 is  used, │
       │	   │wfile is overwritten.			   │
       ├───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤
       │    2	   │		     y/ string1 /		   │
       ├───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤
       │string2 /  │						   │
       ├───────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤
       │	   │Transform.	Replace all occurrences of charac‐ │
       │	   │ters in  string1 with the corresponding  char‐ │
       │	   │acters  in	string2.  string1 and string2 must │
       │	   │have the same number of characters, or if  any │
       │	   │of the characters in string1  appear more than │
       │	   │once, the results are undefined.  Any  charac‐ │
       │	   │ter	 other	than  backslash	 or NEWLINE can be │
       │	   │used instead of slash to delimit the  strings. │
       │	   │Within  string1  and  string2,  the	 delimiter │
       │	   │itself can be used as a literal  character	if │
       │	   │it	is  preceded  by a backslash. For example, │
       │	   │y/abc/ABC/ replaces a with A, b with B, and	 c │
       │	   │with C.					   │
       └───────────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────┘

       See  largefile(5)  for  the  description	 of  the  behavior of sed when
       encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2**31 bytes).

EXAMPLES
       Example 1: An example sed script

       This sed script simulates the BSD  cat  -s  command,  squeezing	excess
       blank lines from standard input.

       sed −n '
       # Write non-empty lines.
       /./     {
	       p
	       d
	       }
       # Write a single empty line, then look for more empty lines.
       /^$/	   p
       # Get next line, discard the held <newline> (empty line),
       # and look for more empty lines.
       :Empty
       /^$/	   {
	       N
	       s/.//
	       b Empty
	       }
       # Write the non-empty line before going back to search
       # for the first in a set of empty lines.
	       p
       '

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       See  environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables
       that affect the execution of sed: LANG, LC_ALL,	LC_COLLATE,  LC_CTYPE,
       LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.

EXIT STATUS
       The following exit values are returned:

       0	Successful completion.

       >0	An error occurred.

ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

   /usr/bin/sed
       ┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
       │      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     │	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │Availability		     │SUNWcsu			   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │CSI			     │Not enabled		   │
       └─────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘

   /usr/xpg4/bin/sed
       ┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
       │      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     │	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │Availability		     │SUNWxcu4			   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │CSI			     │Enabled			   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │Interface Stability	     │Standard			   │
       └─────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘

SEE ALSO
       awk(1),	ed(1),	grep(1), attributes(5), environ(5), largefile(5), reg‐
       exp(5), standards(5)

SunOS 5.10			  23 Jul 1998				sed(1)
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