XORRISOFS(1)XORRISOFS(1)NAMExorrisofs - Emulation of ISO 9660 program mkisofs by program xorriso
SYNOPSISxorrisofs [ options ] [-o filename ] pathspec [pathspecs ...]
DESCRIPTIONxorrisofs produces Rock Ridge enhanced ISO 9660 filesystems and add-on
sessions to such filesystems. Optionally it can produce Joliet
directory trees too.
xorrisofs understands options of program mkisofs from cdrtools by Joerg
Schilling. Its implementation is part of program xorriso which shares
no source code with cdrtools.
ISO 9660, Rock Ridge, Joliet:
ISO 9660 (aka ECMA-119) is a read-only filesystem that is mainly used
for optical media CD, DVD, BD, but may also reside on other storage
devices like disk files, USB sticks or disk partitions. It is widely
readable by many operating systems and by boot facilities of personal
computers.
ISO 9660 describes directories and data files by very restricted
filenames with no distinction of upper case and lower case. Its
metadata do not comply to fundamental POSIX specifications.
Rock Ridge is the name of a set of additional information which enhance
an ISO 9660 filesystem so that it can represent a POSIX compliant
filesystem with ownership, access permissions, symbolic links, and
other attributes. Rock Ridge allows filenames of up to 255 bytes and
paths of up to 1024 bytes.
Rock Ridge information is produced unconditionally with any xorrisofs
image.
Joliet is the name of an additional directory tree which provides
filenames up to 64 characters encoded as UTF-16. A Joliet tree is
mainly interesting for reading the ISO image by operating systems of
Microsoft Corporation. Production of this directory tree may be
enabled by option -J.
ISO 9660:1999 is the name of an additional directory tree which
provides longer filenames. It allows single file names to have up to
207 characters. It might be of use with some older computer system
boot facilities which read neither Rock Ridge nor Joliet but need
longer filenames nevertheless. Production of this directory tree may
be enabled by option -iso-level 4.
Inserting files into the ISO image:
xorrisofs deals with two kinds of file addresses:
disk_path is a path to an object in the local filesystem tree.
iso_rr_path is the Rock Ridge address of a file object in the ISO
image. (Do not confuse with the lowlevel ISO 9660 names visible if Rock
Ridge gets ignored.)
A program argument is handled as a pathspec, if it is not recognized as
original mkisofs option or additional xorrisofs option. A pathspec
depicts an input file object by a disk_path. If option -graft-points
is not present, then the behavior depends on the file type of
disk_path. Directories get merged with the /-directory of the ISO
image. Files of other types get copied into the /-directory.
If -graft-points is present then each pathspec gets split at the first
occurence of the =-character. The part before the = is taken as
target, i.e. the iso_rr_path for the file object in the ISO image. The
part after the first = is taken as source, i.e. the disk_path of the
input object.
It is possible to make =-characters part of the iso_rr_path by
preceding them with a \-character. The same must be done for
\-characters which shall be part of the iso_rr_path.
If the source part of the pathspec leads to a directory, then all files
underneath this directory get inserted into the image, too. It is
possible to exclude particular files from being inserted by help of
option -m.
In case that target already exists, the following rules apply:
Directories and other files may overwrite existing non-directories.
Directories get merged with existing directories. Non-directories may
not overwrite existing directories.
Relation to program xorriso:
xorrisofs is actually a command mode of program xorriso, which gets
entered either by xorriso command "-as mkisofs" or by starting the
program by one of the names "xorrisofs", "mkisofs", "genisoimage", or
"genisofs".
This command mode can be left by argument "--" which leads to generic
xorriso command mode. See man xorriso for its description.
xorriso performs image reading and writing by help of libburn, which is
mainly intended for optical drives, but also operates on all POSIX file
types except directories.
The program messages call any image file a "drive". File types which
are not supported for reading are reported as "blank". The reported
free media space may be quite fictional.
Nevertheless xorrisofs does not operate directly on optical drives, but
rather forces libburn to regard them as general device files. So for
writing of sequential optical media (CD, DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R) one will
have to use a burn program. E.g the cdrecord emulation of xorriso. See
EXAMPLES.
OPTIONS
Image loading:
The following options control loading of an existing ISO image for the
purpose of preparing a suitable add-on session. If they are missing
then a new image is composed from scratch.
-M disk_path
Set the path from which to load the existing ISO image directory
tree on which to base the upcomming directory tree as add-on
session. The path must lead to a random-access readable file
object. On GNU/Linux: regular data files or block device files.
A special kind of pseudo disk_path has the form
"/dev/fd/"number. It depicts the open file descriptor with the
given number, regardless whether the operating system supports
this feature by file nodes in /dev/fd or not. E.g. /dev/fd/3 is
file descriptor 3 which was opened by the program that later
started xorriso.
-prev-session disk_path
Alias of -M.
-dev disk_path
Alias of -M.
-C last_session_start,next_writeable_address
Set the 2 KiB block address last_session_start from where to
read the ISO image out of the file given by option -M.
Separated by a comma, set the next_writeable_address to which
the add-on session will finally be written. Decisive is actually
the block address which the intended readers will have to use as
superblock address on the intended medium.
Both values can be inquired from optical media by help of burn
programs and cdrecord option -msinfo. xorriso itself can obtain
it in its cdrecord emulation. Do not let it load the drive, but
rather do this manually or by a program like dd which reads a
few bytes. Only then it is sure that the device driver knows the
true readable size of the medium.
dd if=/dev/... count=1 >/dev/null 2>&1
values=$(xorriso -as cdrecord dev=/dev/... -msinfo)
echo $values
Option -C may be used without option -M to create an ISO image
from scratch and prepare it for being finally written to a block
address other than 0. Parameter last_session_start must then be
set to 0.
-cdrecord-params last_session_start,next_writeable_address
Alias of -C.
Settings for file insertion:
-path-list disk_path
Read pathspecs line-by-line from disk_file and insert the
depicted file objects into the ISO image. If disk_path is "-"
then read the pathspecs from standard input.
--quoted_path_list disk_path
Like option -path-list but reading quoted words rather than
plain lines. Whitespace outside of quotes will be discarded. On
the other hand it is possible to represent pathspecs which
contain newline characters.
The double quotation mark " and the single quotation mark ' can
be used to enclose whitespace and make it part of pathspecs.
Each mark type can enclose the marks of the other type. A
trailing backslash \ outside quotations or an open quotation
cause the next input line to be appended.
-f
Resolve symbolic links on disk rather than storing them as
symbolic links in the ISO image.
-follow-links
Alias of -f.
-graft-points
Enable interpretation of input file pathspecs as combination of
iso_rr_path and disk_path, separated by a =-character.
-m disk_pattern
Exclude files from being inserted into the image. Silently
ignored are those files of which the disk_path matches the given
shell parser pattern. If no /-character is part of the pattern,
then it gets matched against the leaf name of the disk file.
It is possible to give more than one -m option.
-exclude
Alias of -m.
-x
Alias of -m.
-old-exclude
Alias of -m.
-exclude-list disk_path
Perform -m using each line out of file disk_path as argument
disk_pattern.
-z
Enable recognition and proper processing of zisofs compressed
files as produced by program mkzftree. These files will get
equipped with the necessary meta data so that a Linux kernel
will recognize them and deliver their content in uncompressed
form.
-transparent-compression
Alias of -z.
-root iso_rr_path
Insert all files under the given iso_rr_path. If option
-graft-points is given, then iso_rr_path is prepended to each
target part of a pathspec.
The default for -root is "/".
-old-root iso_rr_path
Enable incremental insertion of files into the loaded image.
The effective target and source addresses of given pathspecs get
compared whether the target already exists in the ISO image and
is still identical to the source on disk. Metadata in the ISO
image will get adjusted, if they differ from those on disk. New
files and files with changed content will get newly added.
Target files which do not exist in any of the according pathspec
sources will get removed from the ISO directory tree.
If the effective setting of -root differs from the iso_rr_path
given with -old-root, then the files underneath the -old-root
directory get cloned underneath the -root directory. Cloning
happens before file comparison.
--old-root-no-ino
Disable recording and use of disk inode numbers. If no disk
inode numbers are recorded, then option -old-root will have to
read disk file content and compare it with the MD5 checksum that
is recorded in the ISO image.
With recorded disk inode numbers and with credible ctime and
mtime, it is possible to detect potential changes in the content
without actually reading it. A loophole remains if multiple
different filesystems may get mounted at the same directory,
like it is habit with /mnt. In this case one has to use option
--old-root-devno or disable the inode number shortcut by
--old-root-no-ino.
--old-root-devno
Enable comparison of recorded device numbers together with
recorded inode numbers. This works only with good old stable
device numbers which get out of fashion, regrettably. If the
hard disk has a different device number after each reboot, then
this comparison will see all files as changed and thus prevent
any incremental size saving.
--old-root-no-md5
Disable recording and use of MD5 checksums for data file
content. If neither checksums and nor disk inode numbers are
recorded, then option -old-root will have to read ISO image file
content when comparing it with disk file content.
Settings for image production:
-o disk_path
Set the output file address for the emerging ISO image. If the
address exists as regular file, it will be truncated to length 0
when image production begins. It may not already exist as
directory. If it does not exist yet then its parent directory
must exist and a regular file will get created.
A special kind of pseudo disk_path has the form
"/dev/fd/"number. It depicts the open file descriptor with the
given number, regardless whether the operating system supports
this feature by file nodes in /dev/fd or not. E.g. /dev/fd/4 is
file descriptor 4 which was opened by the program that later
started xorriso.
Default is standard output (/dev/fd/1) which may also be set by
disk_path "-".
-output disk_path
Alias of -o.
--stdio_sync "on"|"off"|number
Set the number of bytes after which to force output to disk in
order to keep the memory from being clogged with lots of pending
data for slow devices. Default "on" is the same as "16m".
Forced output can be disabled by "off".
xorriso uses an inner fifo buffer with default size 4 MiB. So
forcing the operating system i/o cache to disk does not
necessarily block the simultaneous production of more image
content.
--emul-toc
Write a second superblock with the first session into
random-access files. If further sessions get appended and the
first superblock gets updated, then the second superblock will
not be overwritten. This allows to still mount the first session
and to find the start blocks of the further sessions.
The price is 64 KiB extra space consumption. If
-partition_offset is non-zero, then it is 128 KiB plus twice the
partition setup.
--no-emul-toc
Do not write a second superblock with the first session into
random-access files.
This is the default.
--sort-weight weight_number iso_rr_path
Attribute a LBA weight number to regular files. If iso_rr_path
leads to a directory then all regular files underneath will get
the weight_number.
The weight_number may range from -2147483648 to 2147483647. The
higher it is, the lower will be the block address of the file
data in the emerging ISO image. Currently the El Torito boot
catalog has a hardcoded weight of 1 billion. Normally it should
occupy the block with the lowest possible address. Data files
get added or loaded with initial weight 0.
-dir-mode mode
Set the access permissions for all directories in the image to
the given mode which is either an octal number beginning with
"0" or a comma separated list of statements of the form
[ugoa]*[+-=][rwxst]* . E.g. ug=rx,a-rwx
-file-mode mode
Like -dir-mode but for all regular data files in the image.
-pad
Add 300 KiB to the end of the produced ISO image. This
circumvents possible read errors from ISO images which have been
written to CD media in TAO mode. The additional bytes are
claimed as part of the ISO image if not --emul-toc is given.
Option -pad is the default.
-no-pad
Disable padding of 300 KiB to the end of the produced ISO image.
This is safe if the image is not meant to be written on CD or if
it gets written to CD as only track in write mode SAO.
--old-empty
Use the old way of of giving block addresses in the range of
[0,31] to files with no own data content. The new way is to have
a dedicated block to which all such files will point.
Settings for standards compliance:
-iso-level number
Specify the ISO 9660 version which defines the limitations of
file naming and data file size. The naming restrictions do not
apply to the Rock Ridge names but only to the low-level ISO 9660
names. There are three conformance levels:
Level 1 allows ISO names of the form 8.3 and file size up to 4
GiB - 1.
Level 2 allows ISO names with up to 32 characters and file size
up to 4 GiB - 1.
Level 3 allows ISO names with up to 32 characters and file size
of up to 400 GiB - 200 KiB. (This size limitation is set by the
xorriso implementation and not by ISO 9660 which would allow
nearly 8 TiB.)
Pseudo-level 4 enables production of an additional ISO 9660:1999
directory tree.
-disallow_dir_id_ext
Do not follow a bad habit of mkisofs which allows dots in the
ISO names of directories. On the other hand, some bootable
GNU/Linux images depend on this bad habit.
-U
This option allows ISO file names without dot and up to 37
characters, ISO file paths longer than 255 characters, and all
ASCII characters in file names. Further it omits the semicolon
and the version numbers at the end of ISO names.
This all violates ISO 9660 specs.
-untranslated-filenames
Alias of -U.
-untranslated_name_len number
Allow ISO file names up to the given number of characters
without any character conversion. The maximum number is 96. If
a file name has more characters, then image production will fail
deliberately.
This violates ISO 9660 specs.
-allow-lowercase
Allow lowercase character in ISO file names.
This violates ISO 9660 specs.
-relaxed-filenames
Allow nearly all 7-bit characters in ISO file names. Not
allowed are 0x0 and '/'. If not option -allow-lowercase is
given, then lowercase letters get converted to uppercase.
This violates ISO 9660 specs.
-d
Do not add trailing dot to ISO file names without dot.
This violates ISO 9660 specs.
-omit-period
Alias of -d.
-l
Allow up to 31 characters in ISO file names.
-full-iso9660-filenames
Alias of -l.
-max-iso9660-filenames
Allow up to 37 characters in ISO file names.
This violates ISO 9660 specs.
-N
Omit the semicolon and the version numbers at the end of ISO
names.
This violates ISO 9660 specs.
-omit-version-number
Alias of -N.
Settings for standards extensions:
-R
With mkisofs this option enables Rock Ridge extensions.
xorrisofs produces them unconditionally.
-rock
Alias of -R.
-r
Set Rock Ridge user and group id of all files in the ISO image
to 0. Grant r-permissions to all. Deny all w-permissions. If
any x-permission is set, grant x-permission to all. Remove
s-bit and t-bit.
-rational-rock
Alias of -r.
-D The standard ECMA-119 demands that no path in the image shall
have more than 8 name components or 255 characters. Therefore it
would be necessary to move deeper directory trees to a higher
directory. Rock Ridge offers an opportunity to let these
relocated directories appear at their orginal deep position, but
this feature might not be implemented properly by operating
systems which mount the image.
Option -D disables this deep directory relocation, and thus
violates ISO 9660 specs.
xorrisofs has -D set by default. If given explicitely then it
overrides the options -rr_reloc_dir and -hide-rr-moved.
-disable-deep-relocation
Alias of -D.
-rr_reloc_dir name
Enable the relocation of deep directories and thus avoid
ECMA-119 file paths of more than 8 name components or 255
characters. Directories which lead to such file paths will get
moved to a directory in the root directory of the image. Its
name gets set by this option. It is permissible to use the root
directory itself.
The overall directory tree will appear originally deep when
interpreted as Rock Ridge tree. It will appear as re-arranged if
only ECMA-119 information is considered.
If the given relocation target directory does not already exist
when image production begins, then it will get created and
marked for Rock Ridge as relocation artefact. At least on
GNU/Linux it will not be displayed in mounted Rock Ridge images.
The name must not contain a '/' character after its first
character and it must not be longer than 255 bytes.
This option has no effect if option -D is present.
-hide-rr-moved
Alias of -rr_reloc_dir "/.rr_moved"
--for_backup
Enable options which improve backup fidelity: --acl, --xattr,
--md5, --hardlinks.
--acl
Enable recording and loading of ACLs from GNU/Linux or FreeBSD
(see man getfacl, man acl). They will not be in effect with
mounted ISO images. But xorriso can restore them on the same
systems when extracting files from the ISO image.
--xattr
Enable recording and loading of GNU/Linux or FreeBSD extended
attributes in user namespace (see man getfattr, man attr, resp.
man getextattr, man 9 extattr). They will not be in effect with
mounted ISO images. But xorriso can restore them on the same
systems when extracting files from the ISO image.
--md5
Enable recording of MD5 checksums for the overall ISO image and
for each single data file in the image. xorriso can check the
content of an ISO image with these sums and raise alert on
mismatch. See man xorriso, options -check_media, check_md5_r.
xorriso can print recorded MD5 checksums. E.g. by:
-find / -exec get_md5
--hardlinks
Enable loading and recording of hardlink relations. Search for
families of iso_rr files which stem from the same disk file,
have identical content filtering and have identical properties.
The members of each family get the same inode number in the ISO
image.
Whether these numbers are respected at mount time depends on the
operating system. xorriso can create hardlink families when
extracting files from the ISO image.
--scdbackup_tag disk_path record_name
Append a scdbackup checksum record to the image. This works only
if the parameter next_writeable_address of option -C is 0. If
disk_path is not an empty string, then append a scdbackup
checksum record to the end of this file. record_name is a word
that gets part of tag and record.
Program scdbackup_verify will recognize and verify tag resp.
record.
-J
Enable the production of an additional Joliet directory tree
along with the ISO 9660 Rock Ridge tree.
-joliet
Alias of -J.
-joliet-long
Allow 103 characters in Joliet file names rather than 64 as is
prescribed by the specification. Allow Joliet paths longer than
the prescribed limit of 240 characters.
Oversized names get truncated. Without this option, oversized
paths get excluded from the Joliet tree.
Settings for file hiding:
-hide disk_path_pattern
Make files invisible in the directory tree of ISO 9660 and Rock
Ridge, if their disk_path matches the given shell parser
pattern. The data content of such hidden files will be included
in the resulting image, even if they do not show up in any
directory. But you will need own means to find nameless data in
the image.
This command does not apply to the boot catalog.
-hide-list disk_path
Perform -hide using each line out of file disk_path as argument
disk_path_pattern.
-hide-joliet disk_path_pattern
Like option -hide but making files invisible in the directory
tree of Joliet, if their disk_path matches the given shell
parser pattern.
-hide-joliet-list disk_path
Perform -hide-joliet using each line out of file disk_path as
argument disk_path_pattern.
ISO image ID strings:
The following strings and file addresses get stored in the Primary
Volume Descriptor of the ISO9660 image. The file addresses are ISO 9660
paths. These files should have iso_rr_paths which consist only of the
characters [A-Z0-9_] and exactly one dot which separates at most 8
characters from at most 3 characters.
-V text
Set the Volume Id of the ISO image. xorriso accepts any text up
to 32 characters, but according to rarely obeyed specs stricter
rules apply:
Conformant are ASCII characters out of [A-Z0-9_]. Like:
"IMAGE_23"
Joliet allows 16 UCS-2 characters. Like: "Windows name"
Be aware that the volume id might get used automatically as name
of the mount point when the medium is inserted into a playful
computer system.
-volid text
Alias of -V.
-volset text
Set the Volume Set Id of the ISO image. Permissible are up to
128 characters.
-p text
Set the Publisher Id of the ISO image. This may identify the
person or organisation who specified what shall be recorded.
Permissible are up to 128 characters.
-publisher text
Alias of -p.
-A text
Set the Application Id of the ISO image. This may identify the
specification of how the data are recorded. Permissible are up
to 128 characters.
The special text "@xorriso@" gets converted to the id string of
xorriso which is normally written as Preparer Id. It is a wrong
tradition to write the program id as Application Id.
-appid text
Alias of -A.
-sysid text
Set the System Id of the ISO image. This may identify the system
which can recognize and act upon the content of the System Area
in image blocks 0 to 15. Permissible are up to 32 characters.
-p text
Set the Preparer Id of the ISO image. This may identify the
person or other entity which controls the preparation of the
data which shall be recorded. Normally this should be the id of
xorriso and not of the person or program which operates xorriso.
Please avoid to change it. Permissible are up to 128
characters.
The special text "@xorriso@" gets converted to the id string of
xorriso which is default at program startup.
-preparer text
Alias of -p.
-abstract iso_path
Set the address of the Abstract File of the ISO image. This
should be the ISO 9660 path of a file in the image which
contains an abstract statement about the image content.
Permissible are up to 37 characters.
-biblio iso_path
Set the address of the Biblio File of the ISO image. This should
be the ISO 9660 path of a file in the image which contains
bibliographic records. Permissible are up to 37 characters.
-copyright iso_path
Set the address of the Copyright File of the ISO image. This
should be the ISO 9660 path of a file in the image which
contains a copyright statement. Permissible are up to 37
characters.
--modification-date=YYYYMMDDhhmmsscc
Set a timestring that overrides ISO image creation and
modification timestamps literally. It must consist of 16
decimal digits which form YYYYMMDDhhmmsscc, with YYYY between
1970 and 2999. Time zone is GMT. It is supposed to match this
GRUB line:
search --fs-uuid --set YYYY-MM-DD-hh-mm-ss-cc
E.g. 2010040711405800 is 7 Apr 2010 11:40:58 (+0 centiseconds).
El Torito Bootable ISO images:
The precondition for a bootable ISO image is to have in the ISO image
the files of a boot loader. The boot facilities of computers get
directed to such files, which usually execute further program files
from the ISO image. xorrisofs can produce several kinds of boot block
or boot record, which become part of the ISO image, and get interpreted
by the according boot facility.
An El Torito boot record points the bootstrapping facility to a boot
catalog with one or more boot images, which are binary program files
stored in the ISO image. The content of the boot image files is not in
the scope of El Torito.
xorriso composes the boot catalog according to the boot image files
given and structured by options -b, -e, -el-torito-alt-boot, and
--efi-boot. Often it contains only one entry.
El Torito gets interpreted by boot facilities PC-BIOS and EFI. Most
bootable GNU/Linux CDs are equipped with ISOLINUX or GRUB boot images
for PC-BIOS.
xorrisofs supports the example options out of the ISOLINUX wiki, the
options used in GRUB script grub-mkrescue, and the example in the
FreeBSD AvgLiveCD wiki.
For CD booting via boot facilities other than PC-BIOS and EFI, and for
booting from USB sticks or hard disks, see the next section about the
Sytem Area.
-b iso_rr_path
Specify the boot image file which shall be mentioned in the
current entry of the El Torito boot catalog. It will be marked
as suitable for PC-BIOS.
With boot images from ISOLINUX and GRUB this option should be
accompanied by options -c , -no-emul-boot , -boot-load-size 4 ,
-boot-info-table.
-eltorito-boot iso_rr_path
Alias of -b.
-eltorito-alt-boot
Finalize the current El Torito boot catalog entry and begin a
new one. A boot image file and all its necessary options shall
be specified before option -eltorito-alt-boot. All further El
Torito boot options apply to the new catalog entry. Up to 32
catalog entries are possible.
-e iso_rr_path
Specify the boot image file which shall be mentioned in the
current entry of the El Torito boot catalog. It will be marked
as suitable for EFI.
Normally no other El Torito options should be used with the
catalog entry that points to an EFI image. Consider to use
--efi-boot rather than -e.
--efi-boot iso_rr_path
Perform -eltorito-alt-boot, option -e with the given
iso_rr_path, and again -eltorito-alt-boot. This gesture is used
for achieving EFI-bootability of the GRUB2 rescue CD.
-boot-load-size number
Set the number of 512-byte blocks for boot images which emulate
a floppy or a hard disk. A safe default for non-emulating boot
images is 4.
-hard-disk-boot
Mark the boot image in the current catalog entry as emulated
hard disk. (Not suitable for any known boot loader.)
-no-emul-boot
Mark the boot image in the current catalog entry as not
emulating floppy or hard disk. (This is to be used with all
known boot loaders.)
If neither -hard-disk-boot nor -no-emul-boot is given, then the
boot image will be marked as emulating a floppy. (Not suitable
for any known boot loader.)
-boot-info-table
Overwrite certain bytes in the current boot image. The
information will be supplied by xorriso in the course of image
production: Block address of the Primary Volume Descriptor,
block address of the boot image file, size of the boot image
file.
-c iso_rr_path
Set the address of the El Torito boot catalog file within the
image. This file address is not significant for the booting
PC-BIOS or EFI, but it may later be read by other programs in
order to learn about the available boot images.
-eltorito-catalog iso_rr_path
Alias of -c.
--boot-catalog-hide
Prevent the El Torito boot catalog from appearing as file in the
directory trees of the image.
System Area, MBR, other boot blocks:
The first 16 blocks of an ISO image are the System Area. It is
reserved for system dependent boot software. This may be the CD boot
facilities of exotic hardware architectures or it may be a MBR for
booting via PC-BIOS from USB stick or hard disk.
A MBR (Master Boot Record) contains boot code and a partition table.
It does not hamper El Torito booting from CDROM.
xorrisofs supports boot facilities other than PC-BIOS: MIPS Big Endian
(SGI), MIPS Little Endian (DEC), SUN SPARC. Those are mutually not
combinable and also not combinable with MBR.
-G disk_path
Copy at most 32768 bytes from the given disk file to the very
start of the ISO image.
Other than a El Torito boot image, the file disk_path needs not
to be added to the ISO image. It will not show up as file in the
directory trees.
-generic-boot disk_path
Alias of -G.
--embedded-boot disk_path
Alias of -G.
-isohybrid-mbr disk_path
Install disk_path as ISOLINUX isohybrid MBR which makes the boot
image given by option -b bootable from USB sticks and hard disks
via PC-BIOS. This preparation is normally done by ISOLINUX
program isohybrid on the already produced ISO image.
The disk path should lead to one of the Syslinux files
isohdp[fp]x*.bin . The MBR gets patched according to isohybrid
needs. The first partition describes the range of the ISO image.
Its start is at block 0 by default, but may be set to 64 disk
blocks by option -partition_offset 16.
--protective-msdos-label
Patch the System Area by a simple PC-DOS partition table where
partition 1 claims the range of the ISO image but leaves the
first block unclaimed.
-partition_offset 2kb_block_adr
Cause a partition table with a single partition that begins at
the given block address. This is counted in 2048 byte blocks,
not in 512 byte blocks. If the block address is non-zero then it
must be at least 16. Values larger than 16 are hardly of use. A
non-zero partition offset causes two superblocks to be generated
and two sets of directory trees. The image is then mountable
from its absolute start as well as from the partition start.
The offset value of an ISO image gets preserved when a new
session is added to a loaded image. So the value defined here
is only in effect if a new ISO image gets written.
-partition_hd_cyl number
Set the number of heads per cylinder for the partition table. 0
chooses a default value. Maximum is 255.
-partition_sec_hd number
Set the number of sectors per head for the partition table. 0
chooses a default value. Maximum is 63.
The product partition_sec_hd * partition_hd_cyl * 512 is the
cylinder size. It should be divisible by 2048 in order to allow
exact alignment. If it is too small to describe the image size
by at most 1024 cylinders, then appropriate values of
partition_hd_cyl are chosen with partition_sec_hd 32 or 63. If
the image is larger than 8,422,686,720 bytes, then the cylinder
size constraints cannot be fulfilled. They seem not overly
important anyway. Flat block addresses in partition tables are
good for 1 TiB.
-partition_cyl_align mode
Control image size alignment to an integer number of cylinders.
It is prescribed by isohybrid specs and it seems to please
program fdisk. Cylinder size must be divisible by 2048. Images
larger than 8,323,596,288 bytes cannot be aligned.
Mode "auto" is default. Alignment by padding happens only if
option -isohybrid-mbr is given.
Mode "on" causes alignment by padding with option
--protective-msdos-label too. Mode "off" disables alignment
unconditionally.
-append_partition partition_number type_code disk_path
Cause a prepared filesystem image to be appended to the ISO
image and to be described by a partition table entry in a boot
block at the start of the emerging ISO image. The partition
entry will bear the size of the submitted file rounded up to the
next multiple of 2048 bytes.
Beware of subsequent multi-session runs. The appended partition
will get overwritten.
partition_number may be 1 to 4. Number 1 will put the whole ISO
image into the unclaimed space before partition 1. So together
with most xorriso MBR features, number 2 would be the most
natural choice.
The type_code may be "FAT12", "FAT16", "Linux", or a hexadecimal
number between 0x00 and 0xff. Not all those numbers will yield
usable results. For a list of codes search the Internet for
"Partition Types" or run fdisk command "L".
-mips-boot iso_rr_path
Declare a data file in the image to be a MIPS Big Endian boot
file and cause production of a MIPS Big Endian Volume Header.
This is mutually exclusive with production of other boot blocks
like MBR. It will overwrite the first 512 bytes of any data
provided by -G. Up to 15 boot files can be declared by multiple
-mips-boot options.
-mipsel-boot iso_rr_path
Declare a data file in the image to be the MIPS Little Endian
boot file. This is mutually exclusive with other boot blocks.
It will overwrite the first 512 bytes of any data provided by
-G. Only a single boot file can be declared by -mipsel-boot.
-B disk_path[,disk_path ...]
Cause one or more data files on disk to be written after the end
of the ISO image. A SUN Disk Label will be written into the
first 512 bytes of the ISO image which lists this image as
partition 1 and the given disk_paths as partition 2 up to 8.
The disk files should contain suitable boot images for SUN SPARC
systems.
The pseudo disk_path "..." causes that all empty partition
entries become copies of the last non-empty entry. If no other
disk_path is given before "..." then all partitions describe the
ISO image. In this case, the boot loader code has to be imported
by option -G.
-sparc-boot disk_path[,disk_path ...]
Alias of -B.
-sparc-label text
Set the ASCII label text of a SUN Disk Label.
Character sets:
Character sets should not matter as long as only english alphanumeric
characters are used for file names or as long as all writers and
readers of the medium use the same character set. Outside these
constraints it may be necessary to let xorriso convert byte codes.
A conversion from input character set to the output character set is
performed when an ISO image gets written. Vice versa there is a
conversion from output character set to the input character set when an
ISO image gets loaded. The sets can be defined by options
-input-charset and -output-charset, if needed.
-input-charset character_set_name
Set the character set from which to convert disk file names when
inserting them into the ISO image.
-output-charset character_set_name
Set the character set from which to convert names of loaded ISO
images and to which to convert names when writing ISO images.
Jigdo Template Extraction:
From man genisoimage: "Jigdo is a tool to help in the distribution of
large files like CD and DVD images; see http://atterer.net/jigdo/ for
more details. Debian CDs and DVD ISO images are published on the web in
jigdo format to allow end users to download them more efficiently."
If the use of libjte was enabled at compile time of xorriso, then
xorrisofs can produce a .jigdo and a .template file together with a
single-session ISO image. If not, then Jigdo options will cause a
FAILURE event, which normally leads to program abort.
One may determine the ability for Jigdo by:
$ xorrisofs-version 2>&1 | grep '^libjte' && echo YES
The .jigdo file contains checksums and symbolic file addresses. The
.template file contains the compressed ISO image with reference tags
instead of the content bytes of the listed files.
Input for this process are the normal arguments for a xorrisofs session
with no image loaded, and a .md5 file which lists those data files
which may be listed in the .jigdo file and externally referenced in the
.template file. Each designated file is represented in the .md5 file
by a single text line:
MD5 as 32 hex digits, 2 blanks, size as 12 decimal digits or blanks, 2
blanks, symbolic file address
The file address in an .md5 line has to bear the same basename as the
disk_path of the file which it shall match. The directory path of the
file address is decisive for To=From mapping, not for file recognition.
After To=From mapping, the file address gets written into the .jigdo
file. Jigdo restore tools will convert these addresses into really
reachable data source addresses from which they can read.
If the list of jigdo parameters is not empty, then padding will be
counted as part of the ISO image.
-jigdo-jigdo disk_path
Set the disk_path for the .jigdo file with the checksums and
download addresses for filling the holes in .template.
-jigdo-template disk_path
Set the disk_path for the .template file with the holed and
compressed ISO image copy.
-jigdo-min-file-size size
Set the minimum size for a data file to be listed in the .jigdo
file and being a hole in the .template file. size may be a
plain number counting bytes, or a number with appended letter
"k", "m", "g" to count KiB (1024 bytes), MiB (1024 KiB), or GiB
(1024 MiB).
-jigdo-force-md5 disk_path_pattern
adds a regular expression pattern which will get compared with
the absolute disk_path of any data file that was not found in
the .md5 list. A match causes a MISHAP event, which normally
does not abort the program run but finally causes a non-zero
exit value of the program.
-jigdo-exclude disk_path_pattern
Add a regular expression pattern which will get compared with
the absolute disk_path of any data file. A match causes the file
to stay in .template in any case.
-jigdo-map To=From
Add a string pair of the form To=From to the parameter list. If
a data file gets listed in the .jigdo file, then it is referred
by the file address from its line in the .md5 file. This file
address gets checked whether it begins with the From string. If
so, then this string will be replaced by the To string and a ':'
character, before it goes into the .jigdo file. The From string
should end by a '/' character.
-md5-list disk_path
Set the disk_path where to find the .md5 input file.
-jigdo-template-compress "gzip"|"bzip2"
Choose one of "bzip2" or "gzip" for the compression of the
template file. The jigdo file is put out uncompressed.
-checksum_algorithm_iso list_of_names
Choose one or more of "md5", "sha1", "sha256", "sha512" for the
auxiliary "# Image Hex" checksums in the .jigdo file. The
list_of_names may e.g. look like "md5,sha1,sha512". Value "all"
chooses all available algorithms. Note that MD5 stays always
enabled.
-checksum_algorithm_template list_of_names
Choose the algorithms for the "# Template Hex" checksums in the
.jigdo file. The rules for list_of_names are the same as with
-checksum_algorithm_iso.
Miscellaneous options:
-print-size
Print to stdandard output the foreseeable number of 2048 byte
blocks in the emerging ISO image. Do not produce this image.
The result depends on several settings.
If option --emul-toc is given, then padding (see -pad) is not
counted as part of the image size. In this case either use
-no-pad or add 150 (= 300 KiB) to the resulting number.
--no_rc
Only if used as first argument this option prevents reading and
interpretation of startup files. See section FILES below.
-help
List supported options to stderr. Original mkisofs options bear
their original mkisofs description texts.
-quiet
Suppress most messages of the program run, except those which
indicate problems or errors.
-v
Enable the output of informational program messages.
-verbose
Alias of -v.
-version
Print to standard output a text that begins with
"mkisofs 2.01-Emulation Copyright (C)"
and to standard error the version information of xorriso.
EXAMPLES
Overview of examples:
A simple image production run
Set ISO image paths by -graft-points
Perform multi-session runs
Let xorrisofs work underneath growisofs
Incremental backup of a few directory trees
Incremental backup with accumulated trees
Create bootable images for PC-BIOS
A simple image production run
A prepared file tree in directory ./for_iso gets copied into the root
directory of the ISO image. File permissions get set to read-only for
everybody. Joliet attributes for Microsoft systems get added. The
resulting image gets written as data file ./image.iso on disk.
$ xorrisofs-r -J -o ./image.iso ./for_iso
Set ISO image paths by -graft-points
Without option -graft-points each given disk file is copied into the
root directory of the ISO image, maintaining its name. If a directory
is given, then its files and sub-directories are copied into the root
directory, maintaining their names.
$ xorrisofs ... /home/me/datafile /tmp/directory
yields in the ISO image root directory:
/datafile
/file_1_from_directory
...
/file_N_from_directory
With option -graft-points it is possible to put files and directories
to arbitrary paths in the ISO image.
$ xorrisofs ... -graft-points /home/me/datafile /dir=/tmp/directory
yields in the ISO image root directory:
/datafile
/dir
Eventually needed parent directories in the image will be created
automatically:
/datafiles/file1=/home/me/datafile
yields in the ISO image:
/datafiles/file1
The attributes of directory /datafiles get copied from /home/me on
disk.
Normally one should avoid = and \ characters in the ISO part of a
pathspec. But if it must be, one may escape them:
/with_\=_and_\\/file=/tmp/directory/file
yields in the ISO image:
/with_=_and_\/file
Perform multi-session runs
This example works for multi-session media only: CD-R[W], DVD-R[W],
DVD+R, BD-R. Add cdrskin option --grow_overwriteable_iso to all -as
cdrecord runs in order to enable multi-session emulation on
overwriteable media.
The first session is written like this:
$ xorrisofs-graft-points \
/tree1=prepared_for_iso/tree1 \
| xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=fast -multi -eject -
Follow-up sessions are written like this:
$ dd if=/dev/sr0 count=1 >/dev/null 2>&1
$ m=$(xorriso -as cdrecord dev=/dev/sr0 -msinfo)
$ xorrisofs-M /dev/sr0 -C $m -graft-points \
/tree2=prepared_for_iso/tree2 \
| xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr0 -waiti -multi -eject -
Always eject the drive tray between sessions. The old sessions get read
via /dev/sr0. Its device driver might not be aware of the changed
content before it loads the medium again. In this case the previous
session would not be loaded and the new session would contain only the
newly added files.
For the same reason do not let xorriso -as cdrecord load the medium,
but rather do this manually or by a program that reads from /dev/sr0.
Let xorrisofs work underneath growisofs
growisofs expects an ISO formatter program which understands options -C
and -M. A variable is defined to override the hardcoded default name.
$ export MKISOFS="xorrisofs"
$ growisofs -Z /dev/dvd /some/files
$ growisofs -M /dev/dvd /more/files
If no "xorrisofs" is available on your system, then you will have to
create a link pointing to the xorriso binary and tell growisofs to use
it. E.g. by:
$ ln -s $(which xorriso) "$HOME/xorrisofs"
$ export MKISOFS="$HOME/xorrisofs"
One may quit mkisofs emulation by argument "--" and make use of all
xorriso commands. growisofs dislikes options which start with "-o" but
-outdev must be set to "-". So use "outdev" instead:
$ growisofs -Z /dev/dvd --for_backup -- \
outdev - -update_r /my/files /files
$ growisofs -M /dev/dvd --for_backup -- \
outdev - -update_r /my/files /files
Note that --for_backup is given in the mkisofs emulation. To preserve
the recorded extra data it must already be in effect, when the
emulation loads the image.
Incremental backup of a few directory trees
This changes the directory trees /open_source_project and
/personal_mail in the ISO image so that they become exact copies of
their disk counterparts. ISO file objects get created, deleted or get
their attributes adjusted accordingly.
ACL, xattr, hard links and MD5 checksums will be recorded. It is
expected that inode numbers in the disk filesystem are persistent over
cycles of mounting and booting. Files with names matching *.o or *.swp
get excluded explicitly.
To be used several times on the same medium, whenever an update of the
two disk trees to the medium is desired. Begin with a blank medium and
update it until he run fails gracefully due to lack of remaining space
on the old one.
Do not let xorriso -as cdrecord load the medium, but rather do this
manually or by a program that reads from /dev/sr0.
$ dd if=/dev/sr0 count=1 >/dev/null 2>&1
$ msinfo=$(xorriso -as cdrecord dev=/dev/sr0 -msinfo)
$ load_opts=
$ test -n "$msinfo" && load_opts="-M /dev/sr0 -C $msinfo"
$ xorrisofs $load_opts -o - --for_backup -m '*.o' -m '*.swp' \
-V PROJ_MAIL_"$(date '+%Y_%m_%d_%H%M%S')" -graft-points \
-old-root / \
/projects=/home/thomas/projects \
/personal_mail=/home/thomas/personal_mail \
| xorriso -as cdrecord dev=/dev/sr0 -v -multi -waiti -eject -
This makes sense if the full backup leaves substantial remaining
capacity on media and if the expected changes are much smaller than the
full backup.
Better do not use your youngest backup for -old-root. Have at least
two media which you use alternatingly. So only older backups get
endangered by the new write operation, while the newest backup is
stored safely on a different medium.
Always have a blank medium ready to perform a full backup in case the
update attempt fails due to insufficient remaining capacity. This
failure will not spoil the old medium, of course.
If inode numbers on disk are not persistent, then use option
--old-root-no-ino . In this case an update run will compare recorded
MD5 sums against the current file content on hard disk.
With mount option -o "sbsector=" on GNU/Linux resp. -s on FreeBSD it is
possible to access the session trees which represent the older backup
versions. With CD media, GNU/Linux mount accepts session numbers
directly by its option "session=".
Multi-session media and most overwriteable media written by xorriso can
tell the sbsectors of their sessions by xorriso option -toc:
$ xorriso -dev /dev/sr0 -toc
xorriso can print the matching mount command for a session number:
$ xorriso -mount_cmd /dev/sr0 session 12 /mnt
or for a volume id that matches a search expression:
$ xorriso -mount_cmd /dev/sr0 volid '*2008_12_05*' /mnt
Both yield on standard output something like:
mount -t iso9660 -o nodev,noexec,nosuid,ro,sbsector=1460256
'/dev/sr0' '/mnt'
The superuser may let xorriso execute the mount command directly:
# osirrox -mount /dev/sr0 "volid" '*2008_12_05*' /mnt
Incremental backup with accumulated trees
Solaris does not offer the option to mount older sessions. In order to
keep them accessible, one may map all files to a file tree under a
session directory and accumulate those directories from session to
session. The -root tree is cloned from the -old-root tree before it
gets compared with the appropriate trees on disk.
This demands to know the previously used session directory name.
With the first session:
$ xorrisofs-root /session1 \
-o - --for_backup -m '*.o' -m '*.swp' \
-V PROJ_MAIL_"$(date '+%Y_%m_%d_%H%M%S')" -graft-points \
/projects=/home/thomas/projects \
/personal_mail=/home/thomas/personal_mail \
| xorriso -as cdrecord dev=/dev/sr0 -v blank=as_needed \
-multi -waiti -eject -
With the second session, option -old-root refers to /session1 and the
new -root is /session2.
Do not let xorriso -as cdrecord load the medium, but rather do this
manually or by a program that reads from /dev/sr0.
$ dd if=/dev/sr0 count=1 >/dev/null 2>&1
$ msinfo=$(xorriso -as cdrecord dev=/dev/sr0 -msinfo)
$ load_opts=
$ test -n "$msinfo" && load_opts="-M /dev/sr0 -C $msinfo"
$ xorrisofs $load_opts -root /session2 -old-root /session1 \
-o - --for_backup -m '*.o' -m '*.swp' \
-V PROJ_MAIL_"$(date '+%Y_%m_%d_%H%M%S')" -graft-points \
/projects=/home/thomas/projects \
/personal_mail=/home/thomas/personal_mail \
| xorriso -as cdrecord dev=/dev/sr0 -v -multi -waiti -eject -
With the third session, option -old-root refers to /session2. The new
-root is /session3. And so on.
Create bootable images for PC-BIOS
The ISOLINUX wiki prescribes to create on disk a directory ./CD_root
and to copy all desired files underneath that directory. Especially
file isolinux.bin shall be copied to ./CD_root/isolinux/isolinux.bin .
This is the boot image file.
The prescribed mkisofs options can be used unchanged with xorrisofs:
$ xorrisofs-o output.iso \
-b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat \
-no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table \
./CD_root
Put it on CD by a burn program. E.g.:
$ xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=as_needed output.iso
The image from above example will boot from CD, DVD or BD, but not from
USB stick or other hard-disk-like devices. This can be done by help of
an isohybrid MBR. Syslinux provides matching template files as
isohdp[fp]x*.bin . E.g. /usr/lib/syslinux/isohdpfx.bin .
If a few hundred KB of size do not matter, then option
-partition_offset can be used to create a partition table where
partition 1 starts not at block 0. This facilitates later manipulations
of the USB stick by tools for partitioning and formatting.
The image from the following example will be prepared for booting via
MBR and its first parttion will start at hard disk block 64.
It will also boot from optical media.
$ xorrisofs-o output.iso \
-b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat \
-no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table \
-isohybrid-mbr /usr/lib/syslinux/isohdpfx.bin \
-partition_offset 16 \
./CD_root
Become superuser and copy the image to the unpartitioned base device
file of the USB stick. On GNU/Linux this is e.g. /dev/sdb, not
/dev/sdb1.
CAUTION: This will overwrite any partitioning on the USB stick and make
remaining data unaccessible.
So first make sure you got the correct address of the intended device.
E.g. by reading 100 MiB data from it and watching it blinking:
# dd bs=2K if=/dev/sdb count=50K >/dev/null
Now copy the image onto it
# dd bs=2K if=output.iso of=/dev/sdb
FILES
Startup files:
If not --no_rc is given as the first argument then xorrisofs attempts
on startup to read and execute lines from the following files:
/etc/default/xorriso
/etc/opt/xorriso/rc
/etc/xorriso/xorriso.conf
$HOME/.xorrisorc
The files are read in the sequence given here, but none of them is
required to exist. The lines are not interpreted as xorrisofs options
but as generic xorriso commands. See man xorriso.
After the xorriso startup files, the program tries one by one to open
for reading:
./.mkisofsrc
$MKISOFSRC
$HOME/.mkisofsrc
$(dirname $0)/.mkisofsrc
On success it interprets the file content and does not try further
files. The last address is used only if start argument 0 has a
non-trivial dirname.
The reader currently interprets the following NAME=VALUE pairs:
APPI default for -A
PUBL default for -publisher
SYSI default for -sysid
VOLI default for -V
VOLS default for -volset
Any other lines will be silently ignored.
SEE ALSO
For generic xorriso command mode
xorriso(1)
For the cdrecord emulation of xorriso
xorrecord(1)
For mounting xorriso generated ISO 9660 images (-t iso9660)
mount(8)
Other programs which produce ISO 9660 images
mkisofs(8), genisoimage(8)
Programs which burn sessions to optical media
growisofs(1), cdrecord(1), wodim(1), cdrskin(1), xorriso(1)
ACL and xattr
getfacl(1), setfacl(1), getfattr(1), setfattr(1)
MD5 checksums
md5sum(1)
On FreeBSD the commands for xattr and MD5 differ
getextattr(8), setextattr(8), md5(1)BUGS
To report bugs, request help, or suggest enhancements for xorriso,
please send electronic mail to the public list <bug-xorriso@gnu.org>.
If more privacy is desired, mail to <scdbackup@gmx.net>.
Please describe what you expect xorriso to do, the program arguments
resp. commands by which you tried to achieve it, the messages of
xorriso, and the undesirable outcome of your program run.
Expect to get asked more questions before solutions can be proposed.
AUTHOR
Thomas Schmitt <scdbackup@gmx.net>
for libburnia-project.org
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2011 - 2012 Thomas Schmitt
Permission is granted to distribute this text freely. It shall only be
modified in sync with the technical properties of xorriso. If you make
use of the license to derive modified versions of xorriso then you are
entitled to modify this text under that same license.
CREDITSxorrisofs is in part based on work by Vreixo Formoso who provides
libisofs together with Mario Danic who also leads the libburnia team.
Compliments towards Joerg Schilling whose cdrtools served me for ten
years.
Version 1.2.2, Apr 02, 2012 XORRISOFS(1)
