URPMIHOWTO(1) Mageia Package Management URPMIHOWTO(1)NAMEurpmihowto - urpmi Advanced How-To
Basic notions
Packages and media
The urpmi suite of tools has for main purpose to download and to
install RPM packages easily.
Software packages often depend on each other; urpmi is able to
recognize those dependencies, to download missing required packages as
needed, and to remove conflicting packages if it needs to.
urpmi gets the list of available RPMs, and the RPMs themselves, from a
media. Roughly speaking, a media is described by a name and by a
location, specified by an URL. Currently supported media types are:
local drives, removable drives (such as CDs), ISO images, and networked
media via different protocols (http, ftp, ssh and rsync). NFS mounted
directories are treated like local drives.
Installing and updating RPMs
The tool used to install RPMs is urpmi. Its basic usage is as follows:
urpmi <list of package names>
That prompts urpmi to fetch and install all packages and their unmet
dependencies from the media you have configured. In the process, urpmi
might ask a few questions. Notably, if some packages need to be
upgraded, or if some new (unspecified) packages should be installed, it
will ask for confirmation. If some packages need to be removed (due to
conflicts with the requested packages), urpmi will ask for confirmation
as well. In some cases, urpmi will also propose a choice between
different alternatives, usually proposing the "best" package as a
default.
Another very useful mode of action for urpmi is to ask it to upgrade
all packages to the latest version found on the media. This is done by
urpmi --auto-update
urpmi can also help installing RPM files directly. Instead of using
"rpm -i foobar.rpm", you can pass the path to the rpm file to urpmi: it
will then try to resolve the needed dependencies.
Useful options to urpmi include :
--auto
automatic mode: urpmi will not ask questions and always select the
default choice.
--test
tests the installation of packages, but do not actually install
anything or modify the system.
--media media1,...,mediaN
Use only the specified media, instead of defaulting to all
available media. You can also specify a substring of media names,
and urpmi will select all media that contain this substring. (For
example,
urpmi --auto-update --media updates
will search updates from all media that have "updates" in their
name.)
See the urpmi(8) manpage for the complete reference of all options that
urpmi supports.
Removing RPMs
The tool used to deinstall RPMs is urpme. The command
urpme <list of package names>
will attempt to remove all listed packages, plus the packages that
depend on them. It will refuse to uninstall "important" packages (that
is, the ones that are part of the base system.)
See the urpme(8) manpage for the reference of all options urpme
supports.
urpme will detect packages that are no longer used: for example,
libraries that no application requires. To remove them, use urpme
--auto-orphans
Media management
Adding media
urpmi is usable only when you have defined some media. Usually the OS
installation procedure configures a predefined set of media, which
correspond to the installation method you've selected: that might be
installation CDs, or an HTTP or FTP server if you installed from a
networked mirror, and so on. But you might want to add media yourself.
For that, you should use the urpmi.addmedia program. Its usage is as
follows:
urpmi.addmedia [options] <name> <url>
In this synopsis, "<name>" is the name of the new media, "<url>" the
URL where the RPMs are to be found.
Supported URLs can be "http://", "ftp://", "rsync://", "ssh://" (this
will use rsync over ssh), "file://", and "cdrom://". If the media
requires authentication, you can use the usual URL syntax:
<scheme>://<login>:<pass>@host/path
Those credentials won't be stored in any world-readable file.
In some cases, if your media points at an external HTTP or FTP server,
you might want to use a proxy to access it. This is possible by using
the "--proxy" and "--proxy-user" options (the second one in case of
your proxy requires authentication.)
Removing media
This is straightforward; to remove a media "foo", simply use the
command:
urpmi.removemedia foo
Updating media
Some media never change; this is the case, for example, for CD-ROMs and
the like. However, some other ones -- typically updates -- grow; new
RPMs are added to them, and old ones are removed. Thus, before using
them, from time to time, you should instruct urpmi that their contents
might have changed.
To do this, use the urpmi.update program. You can either update all
media:
urpmi.update -a
or update only media specifically named:
urpmi.update updates-one updates-two
Creating your own media
The easiest way to create your own media is to let urpmi.addmedia do
it. However, this will work well only if you have a small number of
rpms, stored on disk or on a shared NFS mount. To do that, assuming
that your RPMs are under a directory /var/my-rpms, simply enter the
command:
urpmi.addmedia my-media /var/my-rpms
However, to create media containing a large number of RPMs, or to be
put on a shared server, you'll need to use the gendistrib tool. It
comes in the "rpmtools" package. It is able to generate a mirror tree
for one or several media.
A typical media repository, under a root directory /ROOT/, has the
following structure: (here, we have two media, named "first" and
"second")
ROOT/ - media/
|- first/
| `- media_info/
|- second/
| `- media_info/
`- media_info/
The RPMs are place in the "first" and "second" subdirectories.
Repository metadata is contained in the top-level media_info directory.
Per-media metadata are contained in the first/media_info and
second/media_info subdirectories.
Per-media metadata consists in an "hdlist.cz" file, that contains the
gzipped headers of the RPMs in the media, a "synthesis.hdlist.cz" file,
much smaller than the hdlist and that contains only the information
necessary to urpmi to resolve dependencies, and optionnally a "pubkey"
file if the RPMs are signed (so urpmi can check that the RPMs it
downloads are signed with the key associated to this media.)
Before using gendistrib, you must create a file media_info/media.cfg to
describe this media repository. The syntax of this file is reminiscent
of .ini files. It contains one section per media: for example,
[first]
hdlist=hdlist_first.cz
name=First supplementary media
Here, "first" is the directory name, "hdlist_first.cz" is the name of
the hdlist file that will be created (it must end with ".cz"), and
"name=" gives a human-readable descriptive name for the media.
Then, you can run gendistrib. It should be passed the /ROOT/ directory
as parameter. It will then generate the hdlist and synthesis files and
all other files needed for proper repository operation.
For further information, see the gendistrib(1) manpage.
Searching for packages
urpmf
urpmf is a grep-like tool for the urpmi database (the database of all
RPMs in the media). By default, it will search through the file names
contained in packages, but a variety of options allows to search
through package names, provides, requires, RPM descriptions, etc. (or
several of those at once.)
For example, to find all packages that begin with "apache-" :
urpmf --name '^apache-'
(the ^ being the beginning-of-line anchor used in standard regular
expressions.)
To find all packages that contain files whose pathname includes
/etc/httpd.conf.d :
urpmf /etc/httpd.conf.d
To find all packages that provide "mail-server", with their version and
release number (-f) :
urpmf --provides -f mail-server
See the urpmf(8) manpage for more examples and the list of all options.
urpmq
urpmq is a tool to query the urpmi database. It has several modes of
operation. Here are a couple of useful uses.
urpmq -i package
will list the information for that package (like "rpm -qi" would do for
installed packages.) The "--summary" option is similar, but gives only
one-line concise information.
urpmq --sources package
will give the URL from which the package can be retrieved.
urpmq --requires-recursive package
will give the list of all RPMs that are required by the specified
package (recursively).
Inversely, the command
urpmq --whatrequires package
will give the list of all RPMs that require the specified package.
See the urpmq(8) manpage for the list of all options.
urpmi-parallel
urpmi-parallel is an add-on to urpmi that is useful to install packages
on a network: it will run an urpmi command in parallel on a specified
number of hosts. In more detail, the machine you run the command on
(the "server") tests its result on each machine in the group in turn
(the "clients"), downloads all necessary packages for all machines in
the group, distributes the appropriate packages to each machine, then
calls urpmi on the machine to do the actual installation.
urpmi must be installed on all client machines, but it is not necessary
to have media defined on these.
To use it, follow those steps :
· make sure you can ssh from the server to each client machine as
root (you can use ssh-add on the server host to avoid entering your
passphrase and/or password many times).
· install urpmi-parallel-ssh and/or urpmi-parallel-ka-run on the
server machine. The first plugin uses plain ssh to distribute
commands to other hosts, the second one uses ka-run, an efficient
parallelization method on top of any remote shell (rsh or ssh),
adapted to clusters.
· Edit /etc/urpmi/parallel.cfg to look something like this:
mynetwork:ssh:host1:host2:host3
On this line, "mynetwork" is the name of the alias you'll use to
specify the network to urpmi, "ssh" is the install method (to use
"ka-run", look up the entry for /etc/urpmi/parallel.cfg in
urpmi.files(5)), and hostN are the hostnames of all clients on your
network. You can put "localhost" in this list.
· Run the urpmi command : for example, to install "package_name" :
urpmi --parallel mynetwork package_name
Restricted urpmi
urpmi has a "restricted" counterpart: rurpmi. It is similar to urpmi,
but has a stripped-down set of features. It's intended to be used by
users without root privileges, but with sudo rights on it, preventing
any abuse of this tool to compromise the system.
Its syntax is similar to the one of urpmi, but it disallows installing
arbitrary RPMs: those are forcibly downloaded from a registered media.
A number of dangerous options, listed in the rurpmi(8) manpage, are
also forbidden.
Mageia Linux 2013-09-01 URPMIHOWTO(1)
