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shell_builtins(1)		 User Commands		     shell_builtins(1)

NAME
       shell_builtins,	case,  for,  foreach,  function,  if,  repeat, select,
       switch, until, while - shell command interpreter built-in commands

DESCRIPTION
       The shell command interpreters csh(1), ksh(1), ksh93(1), and sh(1) have
       special	built-in  commands. The commands case, for, foreach, function,
       if, repeat, select, switch, until, and while are commands in the syntax
       recognized by the shells. They are described in the Commands section of
       the manual pages of the respective shells. In ksh93(1), fc, hash, stop,
       suspend,	 times, and type are aliases by default. In ksh93, the follow‐
       ing built-ins are bound to the /bin pathname by default and are invoked
       if the pathname search encounters an executable command of that name in
       the /bin or /usr/bin  directory:	 cat,  chown,  getconf,	 head,	mkdir,
       rmdir, tee, uniq, and wc.

       The remaining commands listed in the following table are built into the
       shells for reasons such as efficiency or data sharing  between  command
       invocations. They are described on their respective manual pages.

		 Command			Shell
       ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       ++**alias		     csh, ksh, ksh93
       bg			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       +*break			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       builtin			     ksh93
       case			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       cat			     ksh93
       cd			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       chdir			     csh, sh
       chown			     ksh93
       command			     ksh93
       +*continue		     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       dirs			     csh
       disown			     ksh93
       echo			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       +*eval			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       +*exec			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       +*exit			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       ++**export		     ksh, ksh93, sh
       false			     ksh, ksh93
       fc			     ksh, ksh93
       fg			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       for			     ksh, ksh93, sh
       foreach			     csh
       function			     ksh, ksh93
       getconf			     ksh93
       getopts			     ksh, ksh93, sh
       glob			     csh
       goto			     csh
       hash			     ksh, ksh93, sh
       hashstat			     csh
       head			     ksh93
       hist			     ksh93
       history			     csh
       if			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       jobs			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh

       kill			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       let			     ksh, ksh93,
       limit			     csh
       login			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       logout			     csh
       mkdir			     ksh93
       nice			     csh
       +*newgrp			     ksh, ksh93, sh
       nohup			     csh
       notify			     csh
       onintr			     csh
       popd			     csh
       print			     ksh, ksh93
       printf			     ksh93
       pushd			     csh
       pwd			     ksh, ksh93, sh
       read			     ksh, ksh93, sh
       ++**readonly		     ksh, ksh93, sh
       rehash			     csh
       repeat			     csh
       +*return			     ksh, ksh93, sh
       select			     ksh, ksh93
       +set			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       setenv			     csh
       shift			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       sleep			     ksh93
       source			     csh
       stop			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       suspend			     csh, ksh, sh
       switch			     csh
       tee			     ksh93
       test			     ksh, ksh93, sh
       time			     csh
       *times			     ksh, ksh93, sh
       *+trap			     ksh, ksh93, sh
       true			     ksh, ksh93
       type			     ksh, ksh93, sh
       ++**typeset		     ksh, ksh93
       ulimit			     ksh, ksh93, sh
       umask			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       +unalias			     csh, ksh, ksh93
       unhash			     csh
       uniq			     ksh93
       unlimit			     csh
       +unset			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       unsetenv			     csh
       until			     ksh, ksh93, sh
       *wait			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh
       whence			     ksh, ksh93
       while			     csh, ksh, ksh93, sh

   Bourne Shell, sh, Special Commands
       Input/output  redirection  is  now  permitted  for these commands. File
       descriptor 1 is the  default  output  location.	When  Job  Control  is
       enabled,	 additional Special Commands are added to the shell's environ‐
       ment.

       In addition to these built-in reserved command words, sh also uses:

       :	      No effect; the command does nothing. A zero exit code is
		      returned.

       .filename      Read  and execute commands from filename and return. The
		      search path specified by PATH is used to find the direc‐
		      tory containing filename.

   C shell, csh
       Built-in	 commands  are executed within the C shell. If a built-in com‐
       mand occurs as any component of a pipeline except the last, it is  exe‐
       cuted  in  a  subshell.	In addition to these built-in reserved command
       words, csh also uses:

       :    Null command. This command is interpreted, but performs no action.

   Korn Shell, ksh, Special Commands
       Input/Output redirection is permitted. Unless otherwise indicated,  the
       output  is written on file descriptor 1 and the exit status, when there
       is no syntax error, is zero.

       Commands that are preceded by one or two * (asterisks) are treated spe‐
       cially in the following ways:

	   1.	  Variable  assignment	lists  preceding the command remain in
		  effect when the command completes.

	   2.	  I/O redirections are processed after variable assignments.

	   3.	  Errors cause a script that contains them to abort.

	   4.	  Words, following a command preceded by ** that  are  in  the
		  format  of a variable assignment, are expanded with the same
		  rules as a variable assignment. This means that  tilde  sub‐
		  stitution  is	 performed after the = sign and word splitting
		  and file name generation are not performed.

       In addition to these built-in reserved command words, ksh also uses:

       * : [ arg ... ]		    The command only expands parameters.

       * .file [ arg ... ]	    Read the complete file  then  execute  the
				    commands. The commands are executed in the
				    current shell environment. The search path
				    specified  by  PATH	 is  used  to find the
				    directory containing file.	If  any	 argu‐
				    ments  arg	are specified, they become the
				    positional	parameters.   Otherwise,   the
				    positional	parameters  are unchanged. The
				    exit status is the exit status of the last
				    command  executed.	the  loop  termination
				    test.

   Korn Shell, ksh93, Special Commands
       Input/Output redirection is permitted. Unless otherwise indicated,  the
       output  is written on file descriptor 1 and the exit status, when there
       is no syntax error, is zero.

       Except for :, true, false, echo, newgrp, and login, all	built-in  com‐
       mands  accept  --  to  indicate end of options. They also interpret the
       option --man as a request to display  the  manual  page	onto  standard
       error and -? as a help request which prints a usage message on standard
       error.

       Commands that are preceded by one or two + are treated specially in the
       following ways:

	   1.	  Variable  assignment	lists  preceding the command remain in
		  effect when the command completes.

	   2.	  I/O redirections are processed after variable assignments.

	   3.	  Errors cause a script that contains them to abort.

	   4.	  They are not valid function names.

	   5.	  Words, following a command preceded by ++ that  are  in  the
		  format  of a variable assignment, are expanded with the same
		  rules as a variable assignment. This means that  tilde  sub‐
		  stitution  is performed after the = sign and field splitting
		  and file name generation are not performed.

       In addition to these built-in reserved command words, ksh93 also uses:

       : [ arg ... ]		  The command only expands parameters.

       .name [ arg ... ]	  If name is a function defined with the func‐
				  tion name reserved word syntax, the function
				  is executed in the current  environment  (as
				  if  it had been defined with the name() syn‐
				  tax.) Otherwise if name refers  to  a	 file,
				  the  file  is	 read  in its entirety and the
				  commands are executed in the	current	 shell
				  environment.	The  search  path specified by
				  PATH is used to find the directory  contain‐
				  ing the file. If any arguments arg are spec‐
				  ified, they become the positional parameters
				  while processing the . command and the orig‐
				  inal positional parameters are restored upon
				  completion. Otherwise the positional parame‐
				  ters are unchanged. The exit status  is  the
				  exit status of the last command executed.

SEE ALSO
       Intro(1), alias(1), break(1), builtin(1), cd(1), chmod(1), csh(1), dis‐
       own(1), echo(1), exec(1), exit(1), find(1),  getoptcvt(1),  getopts(1),
       glob(1),	 hash(1),  history(1),	jobs(1),  kill(1),  ksh(1),  ksh93(1),
       let(1), limit(1), login(1), logout(1),  newgrp(1),  nice(1),  nohup(1),
       print(1),  printf(1),  pwd(1),  read(1),	 readonly(1),  set(1),	sh(1),
       shift(1),  sleep(1),  suspend(1),  test(1)test(1),  test(1B),  time(1),
       times(1),  trap(1),  typeset(1), umask(1), wait(1), chdir(2), chmod(2),
       creat(2), umask(2), getopt(3C), profile(4), environ(5)

SunOS 5.11			  20 Nov 2007		     shell_builtins(1)
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