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MBIND(2)		   Linux Programmer's Manual		      MBIND(2)

NAME
       mbind - set memory policy for a memory range

SYNOPSIS
       #include <numaif.h>

       int mbind(void *addr, unsigned long len, int mode,
		 unsigned long *nodemask, unsigned long maxnode,
		 unsigned flags);

       Link with -lnuma.

DESCRIPTION
       mbind()	sets  the  NUMA memory policy, which consists of a policy mode
       and zero or more nodes, for the memory range  starting  with  addr  and
       continuing  for	len  bytes.  The memory policy defines from which node
       memory is allocated.

       If the memory range specified by the addr and len arguments includes an
       "anonymous"  region  of memory—that is a region of memory created using
       the mmap(2) system call with the MAP_ANONYMOUS—or a memory mapped file,
       mapped  using  the mmap(2) system call with the MAP_PRIVATE flag, pages
       will be allocated only according	 to  the  specified  policy  when  the
       application  writes  [stores]  to  the page.  For anonymous regions, an
       initial read access will use a shared page in the kernel containing all
       zeros.  For a file mapped with MAP_PRIVATE, an initial read access will
       allocate pages according to the process	policy	of  the	 process  that
       causes  the  page  to  be  allocated.  This may not be the process that
       called mbind().

       The specified policy will be ignored for any MAP_SHARED mappings in the
       specified  memory  range.  Rather the pages will be allocated according
       to the process policy of the process that caused the page to  be	 allo‐
       cated.  Again, this may not be the process that called mbind().

       If  the	specified memory range includes a shared memory region created
       using the shmget(2) system call and attached using the shmat(2)	system
       call, pages allocated for the anonymous or shared memory region will be
       allocated according to the policy specified, regardless	which  process
       attached	 to the shared memory segment causes the allocation.  If, how‐
       ever, the shared memory region was created with the  SHM_HUGETLB	 flag,
       the huge pages will be allocated according to the policy specified only
       if the page allocation is caused by the process that calls mbind()  for
       that region.

       By  default,  mbind()  has  an  effect only for new allocations; if the
       pages inside the range have been already	 touched  before  setting  the
       policy,	then  the  policy has no effect.  This default behavior may be
       overridden by the MPOL_MF_MOVE  and  MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL  flags  described
       below.

       The   mode  argument  must  specify  one	 of  MPOL_DEFAULT,  MPOL_BIND,
       MPOL_INTERLEAVE	 or   MPOL_PREFERRED.	 All   policy	modes	except
       MPOL_DEFAULT  require  the caller to specify via the nodemask argument,
       the node or nodes to which the mode applies.

       The mode argument may also include an optional mode flag	 .   The  sup‐
       ported mode flags are:

       MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES (since Linux-2.6.26)
	      A nonempty nodemask specifies physical node ids.	Linux does not
	      remap the nodemask when the process moves to a different	cpuset
	      context, nor when the set of nodes allowed by the process's cur‐
	      rent cpuset context changes.

       MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES (since Linux-2.6.26)
	      A nonempty nodemask specifies node ids that are relative to  the
	      set of node ids allowed by the process's current cpuset.

       nodemask	 points	 to a bit mask of nodes containing up to maxnode bits.
       The bit mask size is rounded to the next	 multiple  of  sizeof(unsigned
       long),  but  the kernel will use bits only up to maxnode.  A NULL value
       of nodemask or a maxnode value of  zero	specifies  the	empty  set  of
       nodes.	If  the	 value	of  maxnode  is zero, the nodemask argument is
       ignored.	 Where a nodemask is required, it must contain	at  least  one
       node  that  is on-line, allowed by the process's current cpuset context
       [unless the MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES mode flag is specified],	 and  contains
       memory.

       The  MPOL_DEFAULT  mode requests that any nondefault policy be removed,
       restoring default behavior.  When applied to  a	range  of  memory  via
       mbind(),	 this means to use the process policy, which may have been set
       with set_mempolicy(2).  If the mode  of	the  process  policy  is  also
       MPOL_DEFAULT, the system-wide default policy will be used.  The system-
       wide default policy allocates pages on the node of the CPU  that	 trig‐
       gers  the allocation.  For MPOL_DEFAULT, the nodemask and maxnode argu‐
       ments must be specify the empty set of nodes.

       The MPOL_BIND mode specifies a  strict  policy  that  restricts	memory
       allocation  to  the nodes specified in nodemask.	 If nodemask specifies
       more than one node, page allocations will come from the node  with  the
       lowest  numeric node ID first, until that node contains no free memory.
       Allocations will then come from the node with the next highest node  ID
       specified  in  nodemask and so forth, until none of the specified nodes
       contain free memory.  Pages will not be allocated  from	any  node  not
       specified in the nodemask.

       The MPOL_INTERLEAVE mode specifies that page allocations be interleaved
       across the set of nodes specified  in  nodemask.	  This	optimizes  for
       bandwidth instead of latency by spreading out pages and memory accesses
       to those pages across multiple nodes.  To be effective the memory  area
       should  be  fairly  large, at least 1MB or bigger with a fairly uniform
       access pattern.	Accesses to a single page of the area  will  still  be
       limited to the memory bandwidth of a single node.

       MPOL_PREFERRED sets the preferred node for allocation.  The kernel will
       try to allocate pages from this node first and fall back to other nodes
       if  the	preferred  nodes is low on free memory.	 If nodemask specifies
       more than one node ID, the first node in the mask will be  selected  as
       the  preferred node.  If the nodemask and maxnode arguments specify the
       empty set, then the memory is allocated on the node  of	the  CPU  that
       triggered the allocation.  This is the only way to specify "local allo‐
       cation" for a range of memory via mbind().

       If MPOL_MF_STRICT is passed in flags and mode is not MPOL_DEFAULT, then
       the call will fail with the error EIO if the existing pages in the mem‐
       ory range don't follow the policy.

       If MPOL_MF_MOVE is specified in flags, then the kernel will attempt  to
       move all the existing pages in the memory range so that they follow the
       policy.	Pages that are shared with other processes will not be	moved.
       If  MPOL_MF_STRICT  is also specified, then the call will fail with the
       error EIO if some pages could not be moved.

       If MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL is passed in flags, then the kernel will attempt to
       move all existing pages in the memory range regardless of whether other
       processes use the  pages.   The	calling	 process  must	be  privileged
       (CAP_SYS_NICE)  to use this flag.  If MPOL_MF_STRICT is also specified,
       then the call will fail with the error EIO if some pages could  not  be
       moved.

RETURN VALUE
       On  success,  mbind()  returns 0; on error, -1 is returned and errno is
       set to indicate the error.

ERRORS
       EFAULT Part or all of the memory range specified by nodemask and	 maxn‐
	      ode points outside your accessible address space.	 Or, there was
	      an unmapped hole in the specified memory range.

       EINVAL An invalid value was specified for flags or mode; or addr +  len
	      was less than addr; or addr is not a multiple of the system page
	      size.   Or,  mode	 is  MPOL_DEFAULT  and	nodemask  specified  a
	      nonempty	set; or mode is MPOL_BIND or MPOL_INTERLEAVE and node‐
	      mask is empty.  Or, maxnode exceeds a kernel-imposed limit.  Or,
	      nodemask	specifies  one	or more node IDs that are greater than
	      the maximum supported node ID.  Or, none of the node IDs	speci‐
	      fied  by	nodemask are on-line and allowed by the process's cur‐
	      rent cpuset context, or none of the specified nodes contain mem‐
	      ory.   Or,  the mode argument specified both MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES
	      and MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES.

       EIO    MPOL_MF_STRICT was specified and an existing page was already on
	      a	 node  that  does  not	follow	the policy; or MPOL_MF_MOVE or
	      MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL was specified and the kernel was unable to move
	      all existing pages in the range.

       ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available.

       EPERM  The  flags  argument  included the MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL flag and the
	      caller does not have the CAP_SYS_NICE privilege.

VERSIONS
       The mbind() system call was added to the Linux kernel in version 2.6.7.

CONFORMING TO
       This system call is Linux-specific.

NOTES
       For information on library support, see numa(7).

       NUMA policy is not supported on a memory mapped	file  range  that  was
       mapped with the MAP_SHARED flag.

       The  MPOL_DEFAULT  mode	can  have  different  effects  for mbind() and
       set_mempolicy(2).  When MPOL_DEFAULT is specified for set_mempolicy(2),
       the  process's policy reverts to system default policy or local alloca‐
       tion.  When MPOL_DEFAULT is specified  for  a  range  of	 memory	 using
       mbind(),	 any  pages subsequently allocated for that range will use the
       process's policy, as set by set_mempolicy(2).  This effectively removes
       the  explicit policy from the specified range, "falling back" to a pos‐
       sibly nondefault policy.	 To select explicit "local allocation"	for  a
       memory  range,  specify	a  mode of MPOL_PREFERRED with an empty set of
       nodes.  This method will work for set_mempolicy(2), as well.

       Support for huge page policy was added  with  2.6.16.   For  interleave
       policy  to be effective on huge page mappings the policied memory needs
       to be tens of megabytes or larger.

       MPOL_MF_STRICT is ignored on huge page mappings.

       MPOL_MF_MOVE and MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL are available only  on	 Linux	2.6.16
       and later.

SEE ALSO
       get_mempolicy(2),   getcpu(2),	mmap(2),  set_mempolicy(2),  shmat(2),
       shmget(2), numa(3), cpuset(7), numa(7), numactl(8)

COLOPHON
       This page is part of release 3.54 of the Linux  man-pages  project.   A
       description  of	the project, and information about reporting bugs, can
       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

Linux				  2008-08-15			      MBIND(2)
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