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string(3C)							    string(3C)

NAME
       string:	strcasecmp(),  strcat(),  strchr(),  strcmp(), strcoll(), str‐
       cpy(),  strcspn(),  strdup(),   strlen(),   strncasecmp(),   strncat(),
       strncmp(),   strncpy(),	 strpbrk(),  strrchr(),	 strrstr(),  strspn(),
       strstr(), strtok(), strtok_r(), strxfrm(), index(), rindex() -  charac‐
       ter string operations

SYNOPSIS
   Remarks
       All  functions  except and are declared in both headers, so only one of
       the two headers needs to be included.

       The functions and are declared only in They  are	 provided  solely  for
       portability of BSD applications, and are not recommended for new appli‐
       cations where portability is important.	For portable applications, use
       and instead.

DESCRIPTION
       Arguments  s1,  s2, and s point to strings (arrays of characters termi‐
       nated by a null byte).

       Definitions for all these functions, the type and the constant are pro‐
       vided in the header.

       Appends a copy of string
		      s2  to  the  end	of  string s1.	appends a maximum of n
		      characters.  It copies fewer if s2  is  shorter  than  n
		      characters.   Each  returns a pointer to the null-termi‐
		      nated result (the value of s1).

       Compares its arguments and returns an integer less than,
		      equal to, or greater than zero, depending on whether  s1
		      is  lexicographically  less  than,  equal to, or greater
		      than s2.	The comparison of corresponding characters  is
		      done  as if the type of the characters were Null pointer
		      values for s1 and s2 are treated the same as pointers to
		      empty strings.  makes the same comparison but examines a
		      maximum of n characters (n less than or  equal  to  zero
		      yields  equality).  and are identical in function to and
		      respectively,  but  characters  are   folded   by	  (see
		      conv(3C))	 prior	to  comparison.	  The returned lexico‐
		      graphic difference reflects the folding to lowercase.

       Copies string  s2 to s1, stopping after the null byte has been  copied.
		      copies  exactly  n  characters,  truncating s2 or adding
		      null bytes to s1 if necessary, until a total of  n  have
		      been  written.  The result is not null-terminated if the
		      length of s2 is n or more.  Each	function  returns  s1.
		      Note that should not be used to copy n bytes of an arbi‐
		      trary structure.	If that structure contains a null byte
		      anywhere,	 copies	 fewer than n bytes from the source to
		      the destination and fills the remainder with null bytes.
		      Use  the	function  (see	memory(3C))  to copy arbitrary
		      binary data.

       Returns a pointer to a new string which is a
		      duplicate of the string to which s1 points.   The	 space
		      for  the	new string is obtained using the function (see
		      malloc(3C)).

       Returns the number of characters in
		      s, not including the terminating null byte.

       Returns a pointer to the first (last) occurrence of character
		      c in string s, or a null pointer if c does not occur  in
		      the  string.  The null byte terminating a string is con‐
		      sidered to be part of the string.	 is identical  to  and
		      is provided solely for portability of BSD applications.

       Returns a pointer to the first occurrence in string
		      s1 of any character from string s2, or a null pointer if
		      no character from s2 exists in s1.

       Returns the length of the maximum initial segment of string
		      s1, which consists  entirely  of	characters  from  (not
		      from) string s2.

       Returns a pointer to the first (last) occurrence of string
		      s2  in string s1, or a NULL pointer if s2 does not occur
		      in the string.  If s2 points to a string of zero length,
		      returns s1.

       Considers the string
		      s1  to consist of a sequence of zero or more text tokens
		      separated by spans of one or more	 characters  from  the
		      separator	 string	 s2.   The  first call (with a nonnull
		      pointer s1 specified) returns a  pointer	to  the	 first
		      character	 of  the  first	 token, and writes a null byte
		      into s1 immediately following the returned  token.   The
		      function	keeps  track  of its position in the string s1
		      between separate calls, so that  subsequent  calls  made
		      with  the first argument a null pointer work through the
		      string immediately following that token.	 In  this  way
		      subsequent  calls	 work  through	the string s1 until no
		      tokens remain.  The separator string s2 can be different
		      from  call to call.  When no token remains in s1, a null
		      pointer is returned.

       is identical to
		      except that it expects to be passed  the	address	 of  a
		      character string pointer as the third argument.  It will
		      use this argument to keep track of the current  position
		      in  the  string being searched.  It returns a pointer to
		      the current token in the string or a NULL value if there
		      are no more tokens.

       Returns an integer greater than, equal to, or less than zero,
		      according	 to  whether  the  string  pointed to by s1 is
		      greater than, equal to, or less than the string  pointed
		      to  by  s2.   The	 comparison is based on strings inter‐
		      preted as	 appropriate  to  the  program's  locale  (see
		      Locale below).  In the ``C'' locale works like

       Transforms the string pointed to by
		      s2  and  places  the  resulting  string  into  the array
		      pointed to by s1.	 The transformation is	such  that  if
		      the  function  is applied to two transformed strings, it
		      returns a value greater than, equal  to,	or  less  than
		      zero,  corresponding  to	the  result  of	 the  function
		      applied to the same two original strings.	 No more  than
		      n	 bytes are placed into the resulting string, including
		      the terminating  null  character.	  If  the  transformed
		      string  fits  in no more than n bytes, the length of the
		      resulting string is returned (not including  the	termi‐
		      nating  null  character).	 Otherwise the return value is
		      the number of bytes that the s1 string would occupy (not
		      including	 the terminating null character), and the con‐
		      tents of the array are indeterminate.

       has better performance with respect to in cases where a given string is
       compared	 to other strings only a few times, or where the strings to be
       compared are long but a difference in the strings that determines their
       relative ordering usually comes among the first few characters.	offers
       better performance in, for example, a sorting routine where a number of
       strings are each transformed just once and the transformed versions are
       compared against each other many times.

EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
   Locale
       The category determines the interpretation  of  the  bytes  within  the
       string  arguments to the and functions as single and/or multibyte char‐
       acters.	It also determines the case conversions to be done for the and
       functions.

       The  category  determines  the collation ordering used by the and func‐
       tions.

   International Code Set Support
       Single- and multibyte character code sets are  supported	 for  the  and
       functions.   Only single-byte character code sets are supported for the
       and functions.

EXAMPLES
       The following sample piece of  code  finds  the	tokens,	 separated  by
       blanks,	that  are  in  the  string  s (assuming that there are at most
       tokens):

	      int i = 0;
	      char *s, *last, *tok[MAXTOK];
	      tok[0] = strtok_r(s, " ", &last);
	      while (tok[++i] = strtok_r(NULL, " ", &last));

WARNINGS
       The functions and alter the contents of the array to which  s1  points.
       They do not check for overflow of the array.

       Null pointers for destination strings cause undefined behavior.

       Character  movement  is	performed differently in different implementa‐
       tions, so moves involving overlapping source  and  destination  strings
       may yield surprises.

       The  transformed	 string produced by for a language using an 8-bit code
       set is usually at least twice as large as the original string  and  may
       be  as  much  four times as large (ordinary characters occupy two bytes
       each in the transformed string, 1-to-2 characters  four	bytes,	2-to-1
       characters  two	bytes  per original pair, and don't-care characters no
       bytes).	Each character of a multibyte code set (Asian languages) occu‐
       pies three bytes in the transformed string.

       For  functions  and results are undefined if the languages specified by
       the and categories use different code sets.

       Users of should also note that the  prototype  of  this	function  will
       change  in  the next release for conformance with the new POSIX Threads
       standard.

AUTHOR
       was developed by the University of California, Berkeley, AT&T, OSF, and
       HP.

SEE ALSO
       conv(3C),   malloc(3C),	memory(3C),  setlocale(3C),  thread_safety(5),
       glossary(9).

STANDARDS CONFORMANCE
								    string(3C)
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