Image::ExifTool(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation Image::ExifTool(3)NAMEImage::ExifTool - Read and write meta information
SYNOPSIS
use Image::ExifTool qw(:Public);
# ---- Simple procedural usage ----
# Get hash of meta information tag names/values from an image
$info = ImageInfo('a.jpg');
# ---- Object-oriented usage ----
# Create a new Image::ExifTool object
$exifTool = new Image::ExifTool;
# Extract meta information from an image
$exifTool->ExtractInfo($file, \%options);
# Get list of tags in the order they were found in the file
@tagList = $exifTool->GetFoundTags('File');
# Get the value of a specified tag
$value = $exifTool->GetValue($tag, $type);
# Get a tag description
$description = $exifTool->GetDescription($tag);
# Get the group name associated with this tag
$group = $exifTool->GetGroup($tag, $family);
# Set a new value for a tag
$exifTool->SetNewValue($tag, $newValue);
# Write new meta information to a file
$success = $exifTool->WriteInfo($srcfile, $dstfile);
# ...plus a host of other useful methods...
DESCRIPTION
ExifTool provides an extensible set of perl modules to read and write
meta information in a wide variety of files, including the maker note
information of many digital cameras by various manufacturers such as
Canon, Casio, FujiFilm, GE, HP, JVC/Victor, Kodak, Leaf,
Minolta/Konica-Minolta, Nikon, Olympus/Epson, Panasonic/Leica,
Pentax/Asahi, Phase One, Reconyx, Ricoh, Samsung, Sanyo, Sigma/Foveon
and Sony.
Below is a list of file types and meta information formats currently
supported by ExifTool (r = read, w = write, c = create):
File Types
------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------
3FR r | EIP r | LA r | ORF r/w | RSRC r
3G2 r | EPS r/w | LNK r | OTF r | RTF r
3GP r | ERF r/w | M2TS r | PAC r | RW2 r/w
ACR r | EXE r | M4A/V r | PAGES r | RWL r/w
AFM r | EXIF r/w/c | MEF r/w | PBM r/w | RWZ r
AI r/w | EXR r | MIE r/w/c | PCD r | RM r
AIFF r | F4A/V r | MIFF r | PDF r/w | SO r
APE r | FFF r/w | MKA r | PEF r/w | SR2 r/w
ARW r/w | FLA r | MKS r | PFA r | SRF r
ASF r | FLAC r | MKV r | PFB r | SRW r/w
AVI r | FLV r | MNG r/w | PFM r | SVG r
BMP r | FPF r | MODD r | PGF r | SWF r
BTF r | FPX r | MOS r/w | PGM r/w | THM r/w
CHM r | GIF r/w | MOV r | PLIST r | TIFF r/w
COS r | GZ r | MP3 r | PICT r | TTC r
CR2 r/w | HDP r/w | MP4 r | PMP r | TTF r
CRW r/w | HDR r | MPC r | PNG r/w | VRD r/w/c
CS1 r/w | HTML r | MPG r | PPM r/w | VSD r
DCM r | ICC r/w/c | MPO r/w | PPT r | WAV r
DCP r/w | IDML r | MQV r | PPTX r | WDP r/w
DCR r | IIQ r/w | MRW r/w | PS r/w | WEBP r
DFONT r | IND r/w | MXF r | PSB r/w | WEBM r
DIVX r | INX r | NEF r/w | PSD r/w | WMA r
DJVU r | ITC r | NRW r/w | PSP r | WMV r
DLL r | J2C r | NUMBERS r | QTIF r | WV r
DNG r/w | JNG r/w | ODP r | RA r | X3F r/w
DOC r | JP2 r/w | ODS r | RAF r/w | XCF r
DOCX r | JPEG r/w | ODT r | RAM r | XLS r
DV r | K25 r | OFR r | RAR r | XLSX r
DVB r | KDC r | OGG r | RAW r/w | XMP r/w/c
DYLIB r | KEY r | OGV r | RIFF r | ZIP r
Meta Information
----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
EXIF r/w/c | CIFF r/w | Ricoh RMETA r
GPS r/w/c | AFCP r/w | Picture Info r
IPTC r/w/c | Kodak Meta r/w | Adobe APP14 r
XMP r/w/c | FotoStation r/w | MPF r
MakerNotes r/w/c | PhotoMechanic r/w | Stim r
Photoshop IRB r/w/c | JPEG 2000 r | APE r
ICC Profile r/w/c | DICOM r | Vorbis r
MIE r/w/c | Flash r | SPIFF r
JFIF r/w/c | FlashPix r | DjVu r
Ducky APP12 r/w/c | QuickTime r | M2TS r
PDF r/w/c | Matroska r | PE/COFF r
PNG r/w/c | GeoTIFF r | AVCHD r
Canon VRD r/w/c | PrintIM r | ZIP r
Nikon Capture r/w/c | ID3 r | (and more)
CONFIGURATION
User-defined tags can be added via the ExifTool configuration file, or
by defining the %Image::ExifTool::UserDefined hash before calling any
ExifTool methods. See "ExifTool_config" in the ExifTool distribution
for more details.
By default ExifTool looks for a configuration file named
".ExifTool_config" first in your home directory, then in the directory
of the application script, but a different directory may be specified
by setting the EXIFTOOL_HOME environment variable, or a different file
may be specified by setting the ExifTool "configFile" variable before
using Image::ExifTool. For example:
BEGIN { $Image::ExifTool::configFile = '/Users/phil/myconfig.cfg' }
use Image::ExifTool;
The configuration feature may also be disabled by setting "configFile"
to an empty string:
BEGIN { $Image::ExifTool::configFile = '' }
use Image::ExifTool;
EXPORTS
Exports nothing by default, but "ImageInfo" and all static methods may
be exported with the ":Public" export list.
METHODS
All ExifTool features are accessed through the methods of the public
interface listed below. Other Image::ExifTool methods and modules
should not be accessed directly because their interface may change with
future versions.
None of these methods should ever die or issue warnings to STDERR if
called with the proper arguments (with the exception of "SetNewValue"
which may send an error message to STDERR, but only when called in
scalar context). Error and warning messages that occur during
processing are stored in the values of the Error and Warning tags, and
are accessible via the "GetValue" method.
The ExifTool methods are not thread safe.
new
Creates a new ExifTool object.
$exifTool = new Image::ExifTool;
Note that ExifTool uses AUTOLOAD to load non-member methods, so any
class using Image::ExifTool as a base class must define an AUTOLOAD
which calls Image::ExifTool::DoAutoLoad(). ie)
sub AUTOLOAD
{
Image::ExifTool::DoAutoLoad($AUTOLOAD, @_);
}
ImageInfo
Read image file and return meta information. This is the one step
function for retrieving meta information from an image. Internally,
"ImageInfo" calls "ExtractInfo" to extract the information, "GetInfo"
to generate the information hash, and "GetTagList" for the returned tag
list.
# return meta information for 2 tags only (procedural)
$info = ImageInfo($filename, $tag1, $tag2);
# return information about an open image file (object-oriented)
$info = $exifTool->ImageInfo(\*FILE);
# return information from image data in memory for specified tags
%options = (PrintConv => 0);
@tagList = qw(filename imagesize xmp:creator exif:* -ifd1:*);
$info = ImageInfo(\$imageData, \@tagList, \%options);
# extract information from an embedded thumbnail image
$info = ImageInfo('image.jpg', 'thumbnailimage');
$thumbInfo = ImageInfo($$info{ThumbnailImage});
Inputs:
"ImageInfo" is very flexible about the input arguments, and
interprets them based on their type. It may be called with one or
more arguments. The one required argument is either a SCALAR (the
image file name), a file reference (a reference to the image file)
or a SCALAR reference (a reference to the image in memory). Other
arguments are optional. The order of the arguments is not
significant, except that the first SCALAR is taken to be the file
name unless a file reference or scalar reference comes earlier in
the argument list.
Below is an explanation of how the "ImageInfo" function arguments
are interpreted:
ExifTool ref
"ImageInfo" may be called with an ExifTool object if desired.
Advantages of using the object-oriented form are that options
may be set before calling "ImageInfo", and the object may be
used afterward to access member functions. Must be the first
argument if used.
SCALAR
The first scalar argument is taken to be the file name unless
an earlier argument specified the image data via a file
reference (file ref) or data reference (SCALAR ref). The
remaining scalar arguments are names of tags for requested
information. All tags are returned if no tags are specified.
Tag names are case-insensitive and may be prefixed by optional
group names separated by colons. A group name may begin with a
family number (ie. '1IPTC:Keywords'), to restrict matches to a
specific family. In the tag name, a '?' matches any single
character and a '*' matches zero or more characters. Thus
'GROUP:*' represents all tags in a specific group. Wildcards
may not be used in group names, with the exception that a group
name of '*' may be used to extract all available instances of a
tag regardless of the "Duplicates" setting (ie.
'*:WhiteBalance'). Multiple groups may be specified (ie.
'EXIF:Time:*' extracts all EXIF Time tags). And finally, a
leading '-' indicates a tag to be excluded (ie. '-IFD1:*'), or
a trailing '#' causes the ValueConv value to be returned for
this tag.
Note that keys in the returned information hash and elements of
the returned tag list are not necessarily the same as these tag
names because group names are removed, the case may be changed,
and an instance number may be added. For this reason it is
best to use either the keys of the returned hash or the
elements of the returned tag list when accessing the tag
values.
See Image::ExifTool::TagNames for a complete list of ExifTool
tag names.
File ref
A reference to an open image file. If you use this method (or
a SCALAR reference) to access information in an image, the
FileName and Directory tags will not be returned. (Also, the
FileSize, FileModifyDate and FilePermissions tags will not be
returned unless it is a plain file.) Image processing begins
at the current file position, and on return the file position
is unspecified. May be either a standard filehandle, or a
reference to a File::RandomAccess object. Note that the file
remains open and must be closed by the caller after "ImageInfo"
returns.
[Advanced: To allow a non-rewindable stream (ie. a network
socket) to be re-read after processing with ExifTool, first
wrap the file reference in a File::RandomAccess object, then
pass this object to "ImageInfo". The File::RandomAccess object
will buffer the file if necessary, and may be used to re-read
the file after "ImageInfo" returns.]
SCALAR ref
A reference to image data in memory.
ARRAY ref
Reference to a list of tag names. On entry, any elements in
the list are added to the list of requested tags. Tags with
names beginning with '-' are excluded. On return, this list is
updated to contain an ordered list of tag keys for the returned
information.
There will be 1:1 correspondence between the requested tags and
the returned tag keys only if the "Duplicates" option is 0 and
"Sort" is 'Input'. (With "Duplicates" enabled, there may be
more entries in the returned list of tag keys, and with other
"Sort" settings the entries may not be in the same order as
requested.)
HASH ref
Reference to a hash containing the options settings. See
"Options" documentation below for a list of available options.
Options specified as arguments to "ImageInfo" take precedence
over "Options" settings.
Return Values:
"ImageInfo" returns a reference to a hash of tag key/value pairs.
The tag keys are identifiers, which are similar to the tag names
but may have an appended instance number if multiple tags with the
same name were extracted from the image. Many of the ExifTool
functions require a tag key as an argument. Use "GetTagName
[static]" to get the tag name for a given tag key. Note that the
case of the tag names may not be the same as requested. Here is a
simple example to print out the information returned by
"ImageInfo":
foreach (sort keys %$info) {
print "$_ => $$info{$_}\n";
}
Values of the returned hash are usually simple scalars, but a
scalar reference is used to indicate binary data and an array
reference may be used to indicate a list. Also, a hash reference
may be returned if the "Struct" option is used. Lists of values
are joined by commas into a single string only if the PrintConv
option is enabled and the List option is disabled (which are the
defaults). Note that binary values are not necessarily extracted
unless specifically requested, or the Binary option is enabled and
the tag is not specifically excluded. If not extracted the value
is a reference to a string of the form "Binary data ##### bytes".
The code below gives an example of how to handle these return
values, as well as illustrating the use of other ExifTool
functions:
use Image::ExifTool;
my $exifTool = new Image::ExifTool;
$exifTool->Options(Unknown => 1);
my $info = $exifTool->ImageInfo('a.jpg');
my $group = '';
my $tag;
foreach $tag ($exifTool->GetFoundTags('Group0')) {
if ($group ne $exifTool->GetGroup($tag)) {
$group = $exifTool->GetGroup($tag);
print "---- $group ----\n";
}
my $val = $info->{$tag};
if (ref $val eq 'SCALAR') {
if ($$val =~ /^Binary data/) {
$val = "($$val)";
} else {
my $len = length($$val);
$val = "(Binary data $len bytes)";
}
}
printf("%-32s : %s\n", $exifTool->GetDescription($tag), $val);
}
Notes:
ExifTool returns all values as byte strings of encoded characters.
Perl wide characters are not used. See "CHARACTER ENCODINGS" for
details about the encodings. By default, most returned strings are
encoded in UTF-8. For these, Encode::decode_utf8() may be used to
convert to a sequence of logical Perl characters.
As well as tags representing information extracted from the image,
the following tags generated by ExifTool may be returned:
ExifToolVersion - The ExifTool version number.
Error - An error message if the image could not be processed.
Warning - A warning message if problems were encountered while
processing the image.
Options
Get/set ExifTool options. This function can be called to set the
default options for an ExifTool object. Options set this way are in
effect for all function calls but may be overridden by options passed
as arguments to some functions.
The default option values may be changed by defining a
%Image::ExifTool::UserDefined::Options hash. See the ExifTool_config
file in the full ExifTool distribution for examples.
# exclude the 'OwnerName' tag from returned information
$exifTool->Options(Exclude => 'OwnerName');
# only get information in EXIF or MakerNotes groups
$exifTool->Options(Group0 => ['EXIF', 'MakerNotes']);
# ignore information from IFD1
$exifTool->Options(Group1 => '-IFD1');
# sort by groups in family 2, and extract unknown tags
$exifTool->Options(Sort => 'Group2', Unknown => 1);
# reset DateFormat option
$exifTool->Options(DateFormat => undef);
# do not extract duplicate tag names
$oldSetting = $exifTool->Options(Duplicates => 0);
# get current Verbose setting
$isVerbose = $exifTool->Options('Verbose');
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference.
1) Option parameter name.
2) [optional] Option parameter value (may be undef to clear
option).
3-N) [optional] Additional parameter/value pairs.
Option Parameters:
Binary
Flag to extract the value data for all binary tags. Tag values
representing large binary data blocks (ie. ThumbnailImage) are
not necessarily extracted unless this option is set or the tag
is specifically requested by name. Default is 0.
ByteOrder
The byte order for newly created EXIF segments when writing.
Note that if EXIF information already exists, the existing
order is maintained. Valid values are 'MM', 'II' and undef.
If ByteOrder is not defined (the default), then the maker note
byte order is used (if they are being copied), otherwise big-
endian ('MM') order is assumed. This can also be set via the
ExifByteOrder tag, but the ByteOrder option takes precedence if
both are set.
Charset
Character set for encoding character strings passed to/from
ExifTool with code points above U+007F. Default is 'UTF8'.
Valid values are listed below, case is not significant:
Value Alias(es) Description
------------------------------------------------------------
UTF8 cp65001, UTF-8 UTF-8 characters
Latin cp1252, Latin1 Windows Latin1 (West European)
Latin2 cp1250 Windows Latin2 (Central European)
Cyrillic cp1251, Russian Windows Cyrillic
Greek cp1253 Windows Greek
Turkish cp1254 Windows Turkish
Hebrew cp1255 Windows Hebrew
Arabic cp1256 Windows Arabic
Baltic cp1257 Windows Baltic
Vietnam cp1258 Windows Vietnamese
Thai cp874 Windows Thai
MacRoman cp10000, Roman Macintosh Roman
MacLatin2 cp10029 Macintosh Latin2 (Central Europe)
MacCyrillic cp10007 Macintosh Cyrillic
MacGreek cp10006 Macintosh Greek
MacTurkish cp10081 Macintosh Turkish
MacRomanian cp10010 Macintosh Romanian
MacIceland cp10079 Macintosh Icelandic
MacCroatian cp10082 Macintosh Croatian
Note that this option affects some types of information when
reading/writing the file and other types when getting/setting
tag values, so it must be defined for both types of access.
CharsetEXIF
Internal encoding to use for stored EXIF "ASCII" string values.
Unlike other Charset options, CharsetEXIF may also be set to
undef to pass through all string values without recoding.
Default is undef.
CharsetID3
Internal encoding to assume for ID3v1 strings. By the
specification ID3v1 strings should be encoded in ISO 8859-1
(essentially Latin), but some applications may use local
encoding instead. Default is 'Latin'.
CharsetIPTC
Fallback internal IPTC character set to assume if IPTC
information contains no CodedCharacterSet tag. Possible values
are the same as the "Charset" option. Default is 'Latin'.
Note that this option affects some types of information when
reading/writing the file and other types when getting/setting
tag values, so it must be defined for both types of access.
CharsetPhotoshop
Internal encoding to assume for Photoshop IRB resource names.
Default is 'Latin'.
CharsetQuickTime
Internal encoding to assume for QuickTime strings stored with
an unspecified encoding. Default is 'MacRoman'.
Compact
Flag to write compact output. Default is 0. The XMP
specification suggests that the data be padded with blanks to
allow in-place editing. With this flag set the 2kB of padding
is not written. Note that this only effects embedded XMP since
padding is never written for stand-alone XMP files.
Composite
Flag to generate Composite tags when extracting information.
Default is 1.
Compress
Flag to write new values in compressed format if possible. Has
no effect unless Compress::Zlib is installed. Default is 0.
CoordFormat
Format for printing GPS coordinates. This is a printf format
string with specifiers for degrees, minutes and seconds in that
order, however minutes and seconds may be omitted. If the
hemisphere is known, a reference direction (N, S, E or W) is
appended to each printed coordinate, but adding a "+" to the
format specifier (ie. "%+.6f") prints a signed coordinate
instead. For example, the following table gives the output for
the same coordinate using various formats:
CoordFormat Example Output
-------------------------------------
q{%d deg %d' %.2f"} 54 deg 59' 22.80" (default for reading)
q{%d %d %.8f} 54 59 22.80000000 (default for copying)
q{%d deg %.4f min} 54 deg 59.3800 min
q{%.6f degrees} 54.989667 degrees
Note: To avoid loss of precision, the default coordinate
format is different when copying tags with
"SetNewValuesFromFile".
DateFormat
Format for printing date/time values. See "strftime" in the
POSIX package for details about the format string. The default
is similar to a format of "%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S". If date can not
be converted, value is left unchanged unless the StrictDate
option is set. Timezones are ignored.
Duplicates
Flag to return values from tags with duplicate names when
extracting information. Default is 1.
Escape
Escape special characters in extracted values for HTML or XML.
Also unescapes HTML or XML character entities in input values
passed to "SetNewValue". Valid settings are 'HTML', 'XML' or
undef. Default is undef.
Exclude
Exclude specified tags from tags extracted from an image. The
option value is either a tag name or reference to a list of tag
names to exclude. The case of tag names is not significant.
This option is ignored for specifically requested tags. Tags
may also be excluded by preceding their name with a '-' in the
arguments to "ImageInfo".
ExtractEmbedded
Flag to extract information from embedded documents in EPS
files, embedded EPS information and JPEG and Jpeg2000 images in
PDF files, embedded MPF images in JPEG and MPO files, streaming
metadata in AVCHD videos, and the resource fork of Mac OS
files. Default is 0.
FastScan
Flag to increase speed of extracting information from JPEG
images. With this option set to 1, ExifTool will not scan to
the end of a JPEG image to check for an AFCP, CanonVRD,
FotoStation, PhotoMechanic, MIE or PreviewImage trailer. This
also stops the parsing after the first comment in GIF images,
and at the audio/video data with RIFF-format files (AVI, WAV,
etc), so any trailing metadata (ie. XMP written by some
utilities) may be missed. When combined with the ScanForXMP
option, prevents scanning for XMP in recognized file types.
With a value of 2, ExifTool will also avoid extracting any EXIF
MakerNote information. Default is 0.
FixBase
Fix maker notes base offset. A common problem with image
editing software is that offsets in the maker notes are not
adjusted properly when the file is modified. This may cause
the wrong values to be extracted for some maker note entries
when reading the edited file. FixBase specifies an integer
value to be added to the maker notes base offset. It may also
be set to the empty string ('') for ExifTool will take its best
guess at the correct base, or undef (the default) for no base
adjustment.
GeoMaxIntSecs
Maximum interpolation time in seconds for geotagging.
Geotagging is treated as an extrapolation if the Geotime value
lies between two fixes in the same track which are separated by
a number of seconds greater than this. Otherwise, the
coordinates are calculated as a linear interpolation between
the nearest fixes on either side of the Geotime value. Set to
0 to disable interpolation and use the coordinates of the
nearest fix instead (provided it is within GeoMaxExtSecs,
otherwise geotagging fails). Default is 1800.
GeoMaxExtSecs
Maximum extrapolation time in seconds for geotagging.
Geotagging fails if the Geotime value lies outside a GPS track
by a number of seconds greater than this. Otherwise, the
coordinates of the nearest fix are taken. Default is 1800.
GeoMaxHDOP
Maximum Horizontal (2D) Dilution Of Precision for geotagging.
GPS fixes are ignored if the HDOP is greater than this.
Default is undef.
GeoMaxPDOP
Maximum Position (3D) Dilution Of Precision for geotagging.
GPS fixes are ignored if the PDOP is greater than this.
Default is undef.
GeoMinSats
Minimum number of satellites for geotagging. GPS fixes are
ignored if the number of acquired satellites is less than this.
Default is undef.
GoNoInterpolate
Disable interpolation for geotagging. With this flag set to 1,
geotagging uses the nearest fix instead of interpolating
between fixes. Default is 0.
GlobalTimeShift
Time shift to apply to all extracted date/time PrintConv
values. Does not affect ValueConv values. Value is a
date/time shift string (see Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl), with a
leading '-' for negative shifts. Default is undef.
Group#
Extract tags only for specified groups in family # (Group0
assumed if # not given). The option value may be a single
group name or a reference to a list of groups. Case is
significant in group names. Specify a group to be excluded by
preceding group name with a '-'. See "GetGroup" for a
description of group families, and "GetAllGroups [static]" for
lists of group names.
HtmlDump
Dump information in hex to dynamic HTML web page. The value
may be 0-3 for increasingly larger limits on the maximum block
size. Default is 0. Output goes to the file specified by the
TextOut option (\*STDOUT by default).
HtmlDumpBase
Base for HTML dump offsets. If not defined, the EXIF/TIFF base
offset is used. Set to 0 for absolute offsets. Default is
undef.
IgnoreMinorErrors
Flag to ignore minor errors. Causes minor errors to be
downgraded to warnings, and minor warnings to be ignored. This
option is provided mainly to allow writing of files when minor
errors occur, but by ignoring some minor warnings the behaviour
of ExifTool may be changed to allow some questionable
operations to proceed (such as extracting thumbnail and preview
images even if they don't have a recognizable header). Minor
errors and warnings are denoted by "[minor]" at the start of
the message, or "[Minor]" (with a capital "M") for warnings
that affect processing when ignored.
Lang
Localized language for exiftool tag descriptions, etc.
Available languages are given by the Image::ExifTool::Lang
module names (ie. 'fr', 'zh_cn'). If the specified language
isn't available, the option is not changed. May be set to
undef to select the built-in default language. Default is
'en'.
LargeFileSupport
Flag to indicate that 64-bit file offsets are supported on this
system. Default is 0.
List
Flag to extract lists of PrintConv values into arrays instead
of joining them into a string of values. The "ListSep" option
specifies the separator used when combining values. Default is
0.
ListSep
Separator string used to join lists of PrintConv values when
"List" option is not set. Default is ', '.
ListSplit
Regular expression used to split values of list-type tags into
individual items when writing. (ie. use ',\\s*' to split a
comma-separated list.) Default is undef.
MakerNotes
Option to extract MakerNotes and other writable subdirectories
(such as PrintIM) as a data block. Normally when the
MakerNotes are extracted they are rebuilt to include data
outside the boundaries of the original maker note data block,
but a value of 2 disables this feature. Possible values are:
0 - Do not extract writable subdirectories (default)
1 - Extract and rebuild maker notes into self-contained block
2 - Extract without rebuilding maker notes
MissingTagValue
Value for missing tags in expressions evaluated by
"SetNewValuesFromFile". If not set, a minor error is issued
for missing values, or the value is set to '' if
"IgnoreMinorErrors" is set. Default is undef.
Password
Password for reading/writing password-protected PDF documents.
Ignored if a password is not required. Character encoding of
the password is determined by the value of the Charset option
at processing time. Default is undef.
PrintConv
Flag to enable automatic print conversion. Also enables
inverse print conversion for writing. Default is 1.
QuickTimeUTC
Flag set to assume that QuickTime date/time values are stored
as UTC, causing conversion to local time when they are
extracted. According to the QuickTime specification date/time
values should be UTC, but many digital cameras store local time
instead (presumably because they don't know the time zone), so
the default is 0.
RequestAll
Flag to request all tags to be extracted. This causes some
tags to be generated which normally would not be unless
specifically requested (by passing the tag name to ImageInfo or
ExtractInfo). Default is 0.
ScanForXMP
Flag for scan all files (even unrecognized formats) for XMP
information unless XMP was already found in the file. When
combined with the FastScan option, only unrecognized file types
are scanned for XMP. Default is 0.
Sort
Specifies order to sort tags in returned list:
Input - Sort in same order as input tag arguments (default)
File - Sort in order that tags were found in the file
Tag - Sort alphabetically by tag name
Descr - Sort by tag description (for current Lang setting)
Group# - Sort by tag group, where # is zero or more family
numbers separated by colons. If # is not specified,
Group0 is assumed. See GetGroup for a description
of group families.
Sort2
Secondary sort order used for tags within each group when Sort
is 'Group':
File - Sort in order tags were found in the file (default)
Tag - Sort alphabetically by tag name
Descr - Sort by tag description (for current Lang setting)
StrictDate
Flag to return undefined value for any date which can't be
converted when the DateFormat option is used. Default is
undef.
Struct
Flag to return XMP structures as hash references instead of
flattening into individual tags. Has no effect when writing
since both flattened and structured tags may always be written.
Possible values are:
undef - Same as 0 for reading, 2 for copying
0 - Read/copy flattened tags
1 - Read/copy structured tags
2 - Read/copy both flattened and structured tags, but flag
flattened tags as 'unsafe' for copying
TextOut
Output file reference for Verbose and HtmlDump options.
Default is \*STDOUT.
Unknown
Flag to get the values of unknown tags. If set to 1, unknown
tags are extracted from EXIF (or other tagged-format)
directories. If set to 2, unknown tags are also extracted from
binary data blocks. Default is 0.
Verbose
Print verbose messages to file specified by TextOut option.
Value may be from 0 to 5 for increasingly verbose messages.
Default is 0. With the verbose option set, messages are
printed to the console as the file is parsed. Level 1 prints
the tag names and raw values. Level 2 adds more details about
the tags. Level 3 adds a hex dump of the tag data, but with
limits on the number of bytes dumped. Levels 4 and 5 remove
the dump limit on tag values and JPEG segment data
respectively.
WriteMode
Set tag write/create mode. Value is a string of one or more
characters from list below. Default is 'wcg'.
w - Write existing tags
c - Create new tags
g - create new Groups as necessary
The level of the group is the SubDirectory level in the
metadata structure. For XMP or IPTC this is the full XMP/IPTC
block (the family 0 group), but for EXIF this is the individual
IFD (the family 1 group).
XMPAutoConv
Flag to enable automatic conversion for unknown XMP tags with
values that look like rational numbers or dates. Default is 1.
Return Values:
The original value of the last specified parameter.
ClearOptions
Reset all options to their default values. Loads user-defined default
option values from the %Image::ExifTool::UserDefined::Options hash in
the .ExifTool_config file if it exists.
$exifTool->ClearOptions();
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
Return Values:
(none)
ExtractInfo
Extract all meta information from an image.
$success = $exifTool->ExtractInfo('image.jpg', \%options);
Inputs:
"ExtractInfo" takes exactly the same arguments as "ImageInfo". The
only difference is that a list of tag keys is not returned if an
ARRAY reference is given. The following options are effective in
the call to "ExtractInfo":
Binary, Charset, CharsetEXIF, CharsetID3, CharsetIPTC,
CharsetPhotoshop, CharsetQuickTime, Composite, ExtractEmbedded,
FastScan, FixBase, HtmlDump, HtmlDumpBase, IgnoreMinorErrors, Lang,
LargeFileSupport, MakerNotes, ScanForXMP, Struct, TextOut, Unknown
and Verbose.
Return Value:
1 if this was a recognized file format, 0 otherwise (and 'Error'
tag set).
GetInfo
"GetInfo" is called to return meta information after it has been
extracted from the image by a previous call to "ExtractInfo" or
"ImageInfo". This function may be called repeatedly after a single call
to "ExtractInfo" or "ImageInfo".
# get image width and height only
$info = $exifTool->GetInfo('ImageWidth', 'ImageHeight');
# get information for all tags in list (list updated with tags found)
$info = $exifTool->GetInfo(\@ioTagList);
# get all information in Author or Location groups
$info = $exifTool->GetInfo({Group2 => ['Author', 'Location']});
Inputs:
Inputs are the same as "ExtractInfo" and "ImageInfo" except that an
image can not be specified. Options in effect are:
Charset, CoordFormat, DateFormat, Duplicates, Escape, Exclude,
Group#, GlobalTimeShift, Lang, List, ListSep, PrintConv, Sort (if a
tag list reference is given) and StrictDate.
Return Value:
Reference to information hash, the same as with "ImageInfo".
WriteInfo
Write meta information to a file. The specified source file is
rewritten to the same-type destination file with new information as
specified by previous calls to "SetNewValue". The necessary segments
and/or directories are created in the destination file as required to
store the specified information. May be called repeatedly to write the
same information to additional files without the need to call
"SetNewValue" again.
# add information to a source file, writing output to new file
$exifTool->WriteInfo($srcfile, $dstfile);
# create XMP data file from scratch
$exifTool->WriteInfo(undef, $dstfile, 'XMP');
# overwrite file (you do have backups, right?)
$exifTool->WriteInfo($srcfile);
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
1) Source file name, file reference, scalar reference, or undef to
create a file from scratch
2) [optional] Destination file name, file reference, scalar
reference, or undef to overwrite the original file
3) [optional] Destination file type
Return Value:
1 if file was written OK, 2 if file was written but no changes
made, 0 on file write error.
If an error code is returned, an Error tag is set and
GetValue('Error') can be called to obtain the error description. A
Warning tag may be set even if this routine is successful. Calling
WriteInfo clears any pre-existing Error and Warning tags.
$errorMessage = $exifTool->GetValue('Error');
$warningMessage = $exifTool->GetValue('Warning');
Notes:
The source file name may be undefined to create a file from scratch
(currently only XMP, MIE, ICC, VRD and EXIF files can be created in
this way -- see "CanCreate" for details). If undefined, the
destination file type is required unless the type can be determined
from the destination file name.
If a destination file name is given, the specified file must not
exist because an existing destination file will not be overwritten.
The destination file name may be undefined to overwrite the
original file (make sure you have backups!). In this case, if a
source file name is provided, a temporary file is created and
renamed to replace the source file if no errors occurred while
writing. Otherwise, if a source file reference or scalar reference
is used, the image is first written to memory then copied back to
replace the original if there were no errors.
The destination file type is only used if the source file is
undefined.
On Mac OS systems, the file resource fork is preserved if this
routine is called with a source file name.
The following ExifTool options are effective in the call to
"WriteInfo":
ByteOrder, Charset, CharsetEXIF, CharsetIPTC, Compact, Compress,
FixBase, IgnoreMinorErrors and Verbose.
GetTagList
Get a sorted list of tags from the specified information hash or tag
list.
@tags = $exifTool->GetTagList($info, 'Group0');
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference,
1) [optional] Information hash reference or tag list reference,
2) [optional] Sort order ('Input', 'File', 'Tag', 'Descr' or
'Group#').
3) [optional] Secondary sort order ('File', 'Tag' or 'Descr').
If the information hash or tag list reference is not provided, then
the list of found tags from the last call to "ImageInfo",
"ExtractInfo" or "GetInfo" is used instead, and the result is the
same as if "GetFoundTags" was called. If sort order is not
specified, the sort order is taken from the current options
settings.
Return Values:
A list of tag keys in the specified order.
GetFoundTags
Get list of found tags in specified sort order. The found tags are the
tags for the information obtained from the most recent call to
"ImageInfo", "ExtractInfo" or "GetInfo" for this object.
@tags = $exifTool->GetFoundTags('File');
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
1) [optional] Sort order ('Input', 'File', 'Tag', 'Descr' or
'Group#')
2) [optional] Secondary sort order ('File', 'Tag' or 'Descr')
If sort order is not specified, the sort order from the ExifTool
options is used.
Return Values:
A list of tag keys in the specified order.
GetRequestedTags
Get list of requested tags. These are the tags that were specified in
the arguments of the most recent call to "ImageInfo", "ExtractInfo" or
"GetInfo", including tags specified via a tag list reference. Shortcut
tags are expanded in the list.
@tags = $exifTool->GetRequestedTags();
Inputs:
(none)
Return Values:
List of requested tag keys in the same order that the tags were
specified. Note that this list will be empty if tags were not
specifically requested (ie. If extracting all tags).
GetValue
Get the value of a specified tag. The returned value is either the
human-readable (PrintConv) value, the converted machine-readable
(ValueConv) value, or the original raw (Raw) value. If the value type
is not specified, the PrintConv value is returned if the PrintConv
option is set, otherwise the ValueConv value is returned. The
PrintConv values are same as the values returned by "ImageInfo" and
"GetInfo" in the tag/value hash unless the PrintConv option is
disabled.
Tags which represent lists of multiple values (as may happen with
'Keywords' for example) are handled specially. In scalar context, the
returned PrintConv value for these tags is either a string of values or
a list reference (depending on the List option setting), and the
ValueConv value is always a list reference. But in list context,
"GetValue" always returns the list itself.
Note that "GetValue" requires a case-sensitive tag key as an argument.
To retrieve tag information based on a case-insensitive tag name (with
an optional group specifier), use "GetInfo" instead.
# PrintConv example
my $val = $exifTool->GetValue($tag);
if (ref $val eq 'SCALAR') {
print "$tag = (unprintable value)\n";
} else {
print "$tag = $val\n";
}
# ValueConv examples
my $val = $exifTool->GetValue($tag, 'ValueConv');
if (ref $val eq 'ARRAY') {
print "$tag is a list of values\n";
} elsif (ref $val eq 'SCALAR') {
print "$tag represents binary data\n";
} else {
print "$tag is a simple scalar\n";
}
my @keywords = $exifTool->GetValue('Keywords', 'ValueConv');
The following options are in effect when "GetValue" is called:
Charset, CoordFormat, DateFormat, Escape, GlobalTimeShift, Lang, List,
ListSep, PrintConv and StrictDate.
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
1) Tag key
2) [optional] Value type: 'PrintConv', 'ValueConv', 'Both', 'Raw'
or 'Rational'
The default value type is 'PrintConv' if the PrintConv option is
set, otherwise the default is 'ValueConv'. A value type of 'Both'
returns both ValueConv and PrintConv values as a list. 'Rational'
returns the raw rational value as a string fraction for rational
types.
Return Values:
The value of the specified tag. If the tag represents a list of
values and the List option is disabled then PrintConv returns a
string of values, otherwise a reference to the list is returned in
scalar context. The list itself is returned in list context.
Values may also be scalar references to binary data, or hash
references if the "Struct" option is set.
Note: It is possible for "GetValue" to return an undefined
ValueConv or PrintConv value (or an empty list in list context)
even if the tag exists, since it is possible for these conversions
to yield undefined values. And the Rational value will be
undefined for any non-rational tag. The Raw value should always
exist if the tag exists.
SetNewValue
Set the new value for a tag. The routine may be called multiple times
to set the values of many tags before using "WriteInfo" to write the
new values to an image.
For list-type tags (like Keywords), either call repeatedly with the
same tag name for each value, or call with a reference to the list of
values.
# set a new value for a tag (errors go to STDERR)
$success = $exifTool->SetNewValue($tag, $value);
# set a new value and capture any error message
($success, $errStr) = $exifTool->SetNewValue($tag, $value);
# delete information for specified tag if it exists in image
# (also resets AddValue and DelValue options for this tag)
$exifTool->SetNewValue($tag);
# reset all values from previous calls to SetNewValue()
$exifTool->SetNewValue();
# delete a specific keyword
$exifTool->SetNewValue('Keywords', $word, DelValue => 1);
# set keywords (a list-type tag) with two new values
$exifTool->SetNewValue(Keywords => 'word1');
$exifTool->SetNewValue(Keywords => 'word2');
# equivalent, but set both in one call using an array reference
$exifTool->SetNewValue(Keywords => ['word1','word2']);
# add a keyword without replacing existing keywords in the file
$exifTool->SetNewValue(Keywords => $word, AddValue => 1);
# set a tag in a specific group
$exifTool->SetNewValue(Headline => $val, Group => 'XMP');
$exifTool->SetNewValue('XMP:Headline' => $val); # (equivalent)
# shift original date/time back by 2.5 hours
$exifTool->SetNewValue(DateTimeOriginal => '2:30', Shift => -1);
# write a tag only if it had a specific value
# (the order of the following calls is not significant)
$exifTool->SetNewValue(Title => $oldVal, DelValue => 1);
$exifTool->SetNewValue(Title => $newVal);
# write tag by numerical value
$exifTool->SetNewValue(Orientation => 6, Type => 'ValueConv');
$exifTool->SetNewValue('Orientation#' => 6); # (equivalent)
# delete all but EXIF tags
$exifTool->SetNewValue('*'); # delete all...
$exifTool->SetNewValue('EXIF:*', undef, Replace => 2); # ...but EXIF
# write structured information as a HASH reference
$exifTool->SetNewValue('XMP:Flash' => {
mode => 'on',
fired => 'true',
return => 'not'
});
# write structured information as a serialized string
$exifTool->SetNewValue('XMP:Flash'=>'{mode=on,fired=true,return=not}');
(See <http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/struct.html#Serialize>
for a description of the structure serialization technique.)
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
1) [optional] Tag key or tag name, or undef to clear all new
values. The tag name may be prefixed by group name, separated by a
colon (ie. 'EXIF:Artist'), which is equivalent to using a Group
option argument. Also, a '#' may be appended to the tag name (ie.
'EXIF:Orientation#'), with the same effect as setting Type to
'ValueConv'. Wildcards ('*' and '?') may be used in the tag name
to assign multiple tags simultaneously. A tag name of '*' is
special when deleting information, and will delete an entire group
even if some individual tags in the group are not writable. See
Image::ExifTool::TagNames for a complete list of tag names.
2) [optional] New value for tag. Undefined to delete tag from
file. May be a scalar, scalar reference, list reference to set a
list of values, or hash reference for a structure. Integer values
may be specified as a hexadecimal string (with a leading '0x'), and
simple rational values may be specified in fractional form (ie.
'4/10'). Structure tags may be specified either as a hash
reference or a serialized string (see the last two examples above).
3-N) [optional] SetNewValue option/value pairs (see below).
SetNewValue Options:
AddValue
Specifies that the value be added to an existing list in a file
rather than overwriting. Valid settings are 0 (overwrite any
existing tag value), 1 (add to an existing list and warn for
non-list tags) or 2 (add to existing list and overwrite non-
list tags). Default is 0.
DelValue
Delete existing tag from a file if it has the specified value.
Option values are 0 or 1. Default is 0.
EditGroup
Create tags in existing groups only. Don't create new group.
Valid values are 0 and 1. Effectively removes the 'g' from the
ExifTool WriteMode option for this tag only. Default is 0.
EditOnly
Edit tag only if it already exists. Don't create new tag.
Valid values are 0 and 1. Effectively removes the 'c' from the
ExifTool WriteMode option for this tag only. Default is 0.
Group
Specifies group name where tag should be written. If not
specified, tag is written to highest priority group as
specified by "SetNewGroups". Any family 0 or 1 group name may
be used. Case is not significant.
NoFlat
Treat flattened tags as 'unsafe'.
NoShortcut
Disables default behaviour of looking up tag in shortcuts if
not found otherwise.
Protected
Bit mask for tag protection levels to write. Bit 0x01 allows
writing of 'unsafe' tags (ie. tags not copied automatically via
"SetNewValuesFromFile"). Bit 0x02 allows writing of
'protected' tags, and should only be used internally by
ExifTool. See Image::ExifTool::TagNames, for a list of tag
names indicating 'unsafe' and 'protected' tags. Default is 0.
ProtectSaved
Avoid setting new values which were saved after the Nth call to
"SaveNewValues". Has no effect on unsaved values, or values
saved before Nth call. Option value is N. Default is undef.
Replace
Flag to replace the previous new values for this tag (ie.
replace the values set in previous calls to "SetNewValue").
This option is most commonly used to replace previously-set new
values for list-type tags. Valid values are 0 (set new value
normally -- adds to new values for list-type tags), 1 (reset
previous new values for this tag and replace with the specified
new value) or 2 (reset previous new values only).
Shift
Shift the tag by the specified value. Currently only date/time
tags and tags with numerical values may be shifted. Undefined
for no shift, 1 for a positive shift, or -1 for a negative
shift. A value of 0 causes a positive shift to be applied if
the tag is shiftable and AddValue is set, or a negative shift
for date/time tags only if DelValue is set. Default is undef.
See Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl for more information.
Type
The type of value being set. Valid values are PrintConv,
ValueConv or Raw. Default is PrintConv if the "PrintConv"
Option is set, otherwise ValueConv.
Return Values:
In scalar context, returns the number of tags set and error
messages are printed to STDERR. In list context, returns the
number of tags set, and the error string (which is undefined if
there was no error).
Notes:
When deleting groups of tags, the Replace option may be used as in
the last example above to exclude specific groups from a mass
delete. However, this technique may not be used to exclude
individual tags. Instead, use "SetNewValuesFromFile" to recover
the values of individual tags after deleting a group.
When deleting all tags from a JPEG image, the APP14 "Adobe"
information is not deleted by default because doing so may affect
the appearance of the image. However, this information may be
deleted by specifying it explicitly, either by group (with
'Adobe:*') or as a block (with 'Adobe').
The following ExifTool options are effective in the call to
"SetNewValue":
Charset, Escape, IgnoreMinorErrors, Lang, ListSep, ListSplit,
PrintConv, Verbose and WriteMode.
SetNewValuesFromFile
A very powerful routine that sets new values for tags from information
found in a specified file.
# set new values from all information in a file...
my $info = $exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($srcFile);
# ...then write these values to another image
my $result = $exifTool->WriteInfo($file2, $outFile);
# set all new values, preserving original groups
$exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($srcFile, '*:*');
# set specific information
$exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($srcFile, @tags);
# set new value from a different tag in specific group
$exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($fp, 'IPTC:Keywords>XMP-dc:Subject');
# add all IPTC keywords to XMP subject list
$exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($fp, 'IPTC:Keywords+>XMP-dc:Subject');
# set new value from an expression involving other tags
$exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($file,
'Comment<ISO=$ISO Aperture=$aperture Exposure=$shutterSpeed');
# set keywords list from the values of multiple tags
$exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($file, { Replace => 0 },
'keywords<xmp:subject', 'keywords<filename');
# copy all EXIF information, preserving the original IFD
# (without '>*.*' tags would be copied to the preferred EXIF IFD)
$exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($file, 'EXIF:*>*:*');
# copy all tags with names starting with "gps" (note: this is
# different than "gps:*" because it will also copy XMP GPS tags)
$exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($file, 'gps*');
# set FileName from Model, translating questionable characters
$exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($file,
'filename<${model; tr(/\\\\?*:|"><)(_) }.jpg');
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
1) File name, file reference, or scalar reference
2-N) [optional] List of tag names to set or options hash
references. All writable tags are set if none are specified. The
tag names are not case sensitive, and may be prefixed by an
optional family 0 or 1 group name, separated by a colon (ie.
'exif:iso'). A leading '-' indicates tags to be excluded (ie.
'-comment'), or a trailing '#' causes the ValueConv value to be
copied (same as setting the Type option to 'ValueConv' for this tag
only). Wildcards ('*' and '?') may be used in the tag name. A tag
name of '*' is commonly used when a group is specified to copy all
tags in the group (ie. 'XMP:*'). A special feature allows tag
names of the form 'DSTTAG<SRCTAG' (or 'SRCTAG>DSTTAG') to be
specified to copy information to a tag with a different name or a
specified group. Both 'SRCTAG' and 'DSTTAG' may contain wildcards
and/or be prefixed by a group name (ie.
'fileModifyDate<modifyDate' or 'xmp:*<*'), and/or suffixed by a '#'
to disable print conversion. Copied tags may also be added or
deleted from a list with arguments of the form 'DSTTAG+<SRCTAG' or
'DSTTAG-<SRCTAG'. Tags are evaluated in order, so exclusions apply
only to tags included earlier in the list. An extension of this
feature allows the tag value to be set from an expression
containing tag names with leading '$' symbols (ie. 'Comment<the
file is $filename'). Braces '{}' may be used around the tag name
to separate it from subsequent text, and a '$$' is used to to
represent a '$' symbol. The behaviour for missing tags in
expressions is defined by the "MissingTagValue" option. The tag
value may be modified via changes to the default input variable
($_) in Perl expressions placed inside the braces and after a
semicolon following the tag name. Braces within the expression
must be balanced. Multiple options hash references may be passed
to set different options for different tags. Options apply to
subsequent tags in the argument list.
By default, this routine will commute information between same-
named tags in different groups, allowing information to be
translated between images with different formats. This behaviour
may be modified by specifying a group name for extracted tags (even
if '*' is used as a group name), in which case the information is
written to the original group, unless redirected to a different
group. When '*' is used for a group name, the family 1 group of
the original tag is preserved. (For example, specifying '*:*'
copies all information while preserving the original family 1
groups.)
SetNewValuesFromFile Options:
The options are the same was for "SetNewValue", and are passed
directly to "SetNewValue" internally, with a few exceptions:
- The Replace option defaults to 1 instead of 0 as with
"SetNewValue".
- The AddValue or DelValue option is set for individual tags if
'+>' or '->' (or '+<' or '-<') are used.
- The Group option is set for tags where a group name is given.
- The Protected flag is set to 1 for individually specified tags.
- The Type option also applies to extracted tags.
Return Values:
A hash of information that was set successfully. May include
Warning or Error entries if there were problems reading the input
file.
Notes:
The PrintConv option applies to this routine, but it normally
should be left on to provide more reliable transfer of information
between groups.
If a preview image exists, it is not copied. The preview image
must be transferred separately if desired, in a separate call to
"WriteInfo"
When simply copying all information between files of the same type,
it is usually desirable to preserve the original groups by
specifying '*:*' for the tags to set.
The "Duplicates" option is always in effect for tags extracted from
the source file using this routine.
The "Struct" option is enabled by default for tags extracted by
this routine. This allows the hierarchy of complex structures to
be preserved when copying, but the Struct option may be set to 0 to
override this behaviour and copy as flattened tags instead.
GetNewValues
Get list of new Raw values for the specified tag. These are the values
that will be written to file. Most tags return only a single value,
but List-type tags may return multiple values.
$rawVal = $exifTool->GetNewValues($tag);
@rawVals = $exifTool->GetNewValues($tag);
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
1) Tag name (case sensitive, may be prefixed by family 0 or 1 group
name)
Return Values:
List of new Raw tag values, or first value in list when called in
scalar context. The list may be empty either if the tag isn't
being written, or if it is being deleted (ie. if "SetNewValue" was
called without a value).
CountNewValues
Return the total number of new values set.
$numSet = $exifTool->CountNewValues();
($numSet, $numPseudo) = $exifTool->CountNewValues();
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
Return Values:
In scalar context, returns the total number of tags with new values
set. In list context, also returns the number of "pseudo" tag
values which have been set. "Pseudo" tags are tags like FileName
and FileModifyDate which are not contained within the file and can
be changed without rewriting the file.
SaveNewValues
Save state of new values to be later restored by "RestoreNewValues".
$exifTool->SaveNewValues(); # save state of new values
$exifTool->SetNewValue(ISO => 100); # set new value for ISO
$exifTool->WriteInfo($src, $dst1); # write ISO + previous new values
$exifTool->RestoreNewValues(); # restore previous new values
$exifTool->WriteInfo($src, $dst2); # write previous new values only
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
Return Value:
Count of the number of times this routine has been called (N) since
the last time the new values were reset.
RestoreNewValues
Restore new values to the settings that existed when "SaveNewValues"
was last called. May be called repeatedly after a single call to
"SaveNewValues". See "SaveNewValues" above for an example.
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
Return Value:
None.
SetFileModifyDate
Write the filesystem modification or creation time from the new value
of the FileModifyDate or FileCreateDate tag.
$exifTool->SetNewValue(FileModifyDate => '2000:01:02 03:04:05-05:00',
Protected => 1);
$result = $exifTool->SetFileModifyDate($file);
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
1) File name
2) [optional] Base time if applying shift (days before $^T)
3) [optional] Tag to write: 'FileModifyDate' (default), or
'FileCreateDate'
Return Value:
1 if the time was changed, 0 if nothing was done, or -1 if there
was an error setting the time.
Notes:
Equivalent to, but more efficient than calling "WriteInfo" when
only the FileModifyDate or FileCreateDate tag has been set. If a
timezone is not specified, local time is assumed. When shifting,
the time of the original file is used unless the optional base time
is specified.
The ability to write FileCreateDate is currently restricted to
Windows systems only.
SetFileName
Set the file name and directory. If not specified, the new file name
is derived from the new values of the FileName and Directory tags. If
the FileName tag contains a '/', then the file is renamed into a new
directory. If FileName ends with '/', then it is taken as a directory
name and the file is moved into the new directory. The new value for
the Directory tag takes precedence over any directory specified in
FileName.
$result = $exifTool->SetFileName($file);
$result = $exifTool->SetFileName($file, $newName);
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
1) Current file name
2) [optional] New file name
Return Value:
1 if the file name or directory was changed, 0 if nothing was done,
or -1 if there was an error renaming the file.
Notes:
Will not overwrite existing files. New directories are created as
necessary.
SetNewGroups
Set the order of the preferred groups when adding new information. In
subsequent calls to "SetNewValue", new information will be created in
the first valid group of this list. This has an impact only if the
group is not specified when calling "SetNewValue" and if the tag name
exists in more than one group. The default order is EXIF, IPTC then
XMP. Any family 0 group name may be used. Case is not significant.
$exifTool->SetNewGroups('XMP','EXIF','IPTC');
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
1-N) Groups in order of priority. If no groups are specified, the
priorities are reset to the defaults.
Return Value:
None.
GetNewGroups
Get current group priority list.
@groups = $exifTool->GetNewGroups();
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
Return Values:
List of group names in order of write priority. Highest priority
first.
GetTagID
Get the ID for the specified tag. The ID is the IFD tag number in EXIF
information, the property name in XMP information, or the data offset
in a binary data block. For some tags, such as Composite tags where
there is no ID, an empty string is returned. In list context, also
returns a language code for the tag if available and different from the
default language (ie. with alternate language entries for XMP "lang-
alt" tags).
$id = $exifTool->GetTagID($tag);
($id, $lang) = $exifTool->GetTagID($tag);
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
1) Tag key
Return Values:
In scalar context, returns the tag ID or '' if there is no ID for
this tag. In list context, returns the tag ID (or '') and the
language code (or undef).
GetDescription
Get description for specified tag. This function will always return a
defined value. In the case where the description doesn't exist, one is
generated from the tag name.
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
1) Tag key
Return Values:
A description for the specified tag.
GetGroup
Get group name(s) for a specified tag.
# return family 0 group name (ie. 'EXIF');
$group = $exifTool->GetGroup($tag, 0);
# return all groups (ie. qw{EXIF IFD0 Author Main})
@groups = $exifTool->GetGroup($tag);
# return groups as a string (ie. 'Main:IFD0:Author')
$group = $exifTool->GetGroup($tag, ':3:1:2');
# return groups as a simplified string (ie. 'IFD0:Author')
$group = $exifTool->GetGroup($tag, '3:1:2');
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
1) Tag key
2) [optional] Group family number, or string of numbers separated
by colons
Return Values:
Group name (or '' if tag has no group). If no group family is
specified, "GetGroup" returns the name of the group in family 0
when called in scalar context, or the names of groups for all
families in list context. Returns a string of group names
separated by colons if the input group family contains a colon.
The string is simplified to remove a leading 'Main:' and adjacent
identical group names unless the family string begins with a colon.
Notes:
The group family numbers are currently available:
0) Information Type (ie. EXIF, XMP, IPTC)
1) Specific Location (ie. IFD0, XMP-dc)
2) Category (ie. Author, Time)
3) Document Number (ie. Main, Doc1, Doc3-2)
4) Instance Number (ie. Copy1, Copy2, Copy3...)
Families 0 and 1 are based on the file structure, and are similar
except that family 1 is more specific and sub-divides some groups
to give more detail about the specific location where the
information was found. For example, the EXIF group is split up
based on the specific IFD (Image File Directory), the MakerNotes
group is divided into groups for each manufacturer, and the XMP
group is separated based on the XMP namespace prefix. Note that
only common XMP namespaces are listed in the GetAllGroups
documentation, but additional namespaces may be present in some XMP
data. Also note that the 'XMP-xmp...' group names may appear in
the older form 'XMP-xap...' since these names evolved as the XMP
standard was developed. The ICC_Profile group is broken down to
give information about the specific ICC_Profile tag from which
multiple values were extracted. As well, information extracted
from the ICC_Profile header is separated into the ICC-header group.
Family 2 classifies information based on the logical category to
which the information refers.
Family 3 gives the document number for tags extracted from embedded
documents, or 'Main' for tags from the main document. (See the
"ExtractEmbedded" option for extracting tags from embedded
documents.) Nested sub-documents (if they exist) are indicated by
numbers separated with dashes in the group name, to an arbitrary
depth. (ie. 'Doc2-3-1' is the 1st sub-sub-document of the 3rd sub-
document of the 2nd embedded document of the main file.)
Family 4 provides a method for differentiating tags when multiple
tags exist with the same name in the same location. The primary
instance of a tag (the tag extracted when the Duplicates option is
disabled and no group is specified) has no family 4 group name, but
additional instances have have family 4 group names of 'Copy1',
'Copy2', 'Copy3', etc.
See "GetAllGroups [static]" for complete lists of group names.
GetGroups
Get list of group names that exist in the specified information.
@groups = $exifTool->GetGroups($info, 2);
@groups = $exifTool->GetGroups('3:1');
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
1) [optional] Info hash ref (default is all extracted info)
2) [optional] Group family number, or string of numbers (default 0)
Return Values:
List of group names in alphabetical order. If information hash is
not specified, the group names are returned for all extracted
information. See "GetGroup" for an description of family numbers
and family number strings.
BuildCompositeTags
Builds composite tags from required tags. The composite tags are
convenience tags which are derived from the values of other tags. This
routine is called automatically by "ImageInfo" and "ExtractInfo" if the
Composite option is set.
Inputs:
0) ExifTool object reference
Return Values:
(none)
Notes:
Tag values are calculated in alphabetical order unless a tag
Require's or Desire's another composite tag, in which case the
calculation is deferred until after the other tag is calculated.
Composite tags may need to read data from the image for their value
to be determined, so for these "BuildCompositeTags" must be called
while the image is available. This is only a problem if
"ImageInfo" is called with a filename (as opposed to a file
reference or scalar reference) since in this case the file is
closed before "ImageInfo" returns. However if you enable the
Composite option, "BuildCompositeTags" is called from within
"ImageInfo" before the file is closed.
GetTagName [static]
Get name of tag from tag key. This is a convenience function that
strips the embedded instance number, if it exists, from the tag key.
Note: "static" in the heading above indicates that the function does
not require an ExifTool object reference as the first argument. All
functions documented below are also static.
$tagName = Image::ExifTool::GetTagName($tag);
Inputs:
0) Tag key
Return Value:
Tag name. This is the same as the tag key but has the instance
number removed.
GetShortcuts [static]
Get a list of shortcut tags.
Inputs:
(none)
Return Values:
List of shortcut tags (as defined in Image::ExifTool::Shortcuts).
GetAllTags [static]
Get list of all available tag names.
@tagList = Image::ExifTool::GetAllTags($group);
Inputs:
0) [optional] Group name, or string of group names separated by
colons
Return Values:
A list of all available tags in alphabetical order, or all tags in
a specified group or intersection of groups. The group name is
case insensitive, and any group in families 0-2 may be used except
for EXIF family 1 groups (ie. the specific IFD).
GetWritableTags [static]
Get list of all writable tag names.
@tagList = Image::ExifTool::GetWritableTags($group);
Inputs:
0) [optional] Group name, or string of group names separated by
colons
Return Values:
A list of all writable tags in alphabetical order. These are the
tags for which values may be set through "SetNewValue". If a group
name is given, returns only writable tags in specified group(s).
The group name is case insensitive, and any group in families 0-2
may be used except for EXIF family 1 groups (ie. the specific IFD).
GetAllGroups [static]
Get list of all group names in specified family.
@groupList = Image::ExifTool::GetAllGroups($family);
Inputs:
0) Group family number (0-4)
Return Values:
A list of all groups in the specified family in alphabetical order.
Here is a complete list of groups for each of these families:
Family 0 (Information Type):
AFCP, AIFF, APE, APP0, APP1, APP12, APP13, APP14, APP15, APP4,
APP5, APP6, APP8, ASF, CanonVRD, Composite, DICOM, DNG, DV, DjVu,
Ducky, EXE, EXIF, ExifTool, FLAC, FLIR File, Flash, FlashPix,,
Font, FotoStation, GIF, GIMP, GeoTiff, H264, HTML, ICC_Profile,
ID3, IPTC, ITC, JFIF, JPEG, Jpeg2000, LNK, Leaf, M2TS, MIE, MIFF,
MNG, MPC, MPEG, MPF, MXF, MakerNotes, Matroska, Meta, Ogg, OpenEXR,
PDF, PICT, PLIST, PNG, PSP, PanasonicRaw, PhotoCD, PhotoMechanic,
Photoshop, PostScript, PrintIM, QuickTime, RAF, RIFF, RSRC, RTF,
Radiance, Rawzor, Real, SVG, SigmaRaw, Stim, Theora, Vorbis, XML,
XMP, ZIP
Family 1 (Specific Location):
AC3, AFCP, AIFF, APE, ASF, AVI1, Adobe, AdobeCM, AdobeDNG, CIFF,
Canon, CanonCustom, CanonRaw, CanonVRD, Casio, Chapter#, Composite,
DICOM, DNG, DV, DjVu, DjVu-Meta, Ducky, EPPIM, EXE, EXIF, ExifIFD,
ExifTool, FLAC, File, Flash, FlashPix, FLIR, Font, FotoStation,
FujiFilm, FujiIFD, GE, GIF, GIMP, GPS, GeoTiff, GlobParamIFD,
GraphConv, H264, HP, HTML, HTML-dc, HTML-ncc, HTML-office, HTML-
prod, HTML-vw96, HTTP-equiv, ICC-chrm, ICC-clrt, ICC-header, ICC-
meas, ICC-meta, ICC-view, ICC_Profile, ICC_Profile#, ID3, ID3v1,
ID3v1_Enh, ID3v2_2, ID3v2_3, ID3v2_4, IFD0, IFD1, IPTC, IPTC#, ITC,
InteropIFD, JFIF, JPEG, JVC, Jpeg2000, KDC_IFD, Kodak,
KodakBordersIFD, KodakEffectsIFD, KodakIFD, KyoceraRaw, LNK, Leaf,
LeafSubIFD, Leica, M2TS, MAC, MIE-Audio, MIE-Camera, MIE-Canon,
MIE-Doc, MIE-Extender, MIE-Flash, MIE-GPS, MIE-Geo, MIE-Image, MIE-
Lens, MIE-Main, MIE-MakerNotes, MIE-Meta, MIE-Orient, MIE-Preview,
MIE-Thumbnail, MIE-UTM, MIE-Unknown, MIE-Video, MIFF, MNG, MPC,
MPEG, MPF0, MPImage, MXF, MakerNotes, MakerUnknown, Matroska,
MetaIFD, Microsoft, Minolta, MinoltaRaw, NITF, Nikon, NikonCapture,
NikonCustom, NikonScan, Ocad, Ogg, Olympus, OpenEXR, PDF, PICT,
PLIST, PNG, PSP, Panasonic, PanasonicRaw, Pentax, PhaseOne,
PhotoCD, PhotoMechanic, Photoshop, PictureInfo, PostScript,
PreviewIFD, PrintIM, ProfileIFD, Qualcomm, QuickTime, RAF, RAF2,
RIFF, RMETA, RSRC, RTF, Radiance, Rawzor, Real, Real-CONT, Real-
MDPR, Real-PROP, Real-RA3, Real-RA4, Real-RA5, Real-RJMD, Reconyx,
Ricoh, SPIFF, SR2, SR2DataIFD, SR2SubIFD, SRF#, SVG, Samsung,
Sanyo, Scalado, Sigma, SigmaRaw, Sony, SonyIDC, Stim, SubIFD,
System, Theora, Track#, Version0, Vorbis, XML, XMP, XMP-DICOM, XMP-
GPano, XMP-MP, XMP-MP1, XMP-PixelLive, XMP-aas, XMP-acdsee, XMP-
album, XMP-apple-fi, XMP-aux, XMP-cc, XMP-cell, XMP-crs, XMP-dc,
XMP-dex, XMP-digiKam, XMP-dwc, XMP-exif, XMP-expressionmedia, XMP-
extensis, XMP-fpv, XMP-ics, XMP-iptcCore, XMP-iptcExt, XMP-lr, XMP-
mediapro, XMP-microsoft, XMP-mwg-coll, XMP-mwg-kw, XMP-mwg-rs, XMP-
pdf, XMP-pdfx, XMP-photomech, XMP-photoshop, XMP-plus, XMP-prism,
XMP-prl, XMP-pur, XMP-rdf, XMP-swf, XMP-tiff, XMP-x, XMP-xmp, XMP-
xmpBJ, XMP-xmpDM, XMP-xmpMM, XMP-xmpNote, XMP-xmpPLUS, XMP-
xmpRights, XMP-xmpTPg, ZIP
Family 2 (Category):
Audio, Author, Camera, Document, ExifTool, Image, Location, Other,
Printing, Time, Unknown, Video
Family 3 (Document Number):
Doc#, Main
Family 4 (Instance Number):
Copy#
GetDeleteGroups [static]
Get list of all deletable group names.
@delGroups = Image::ExifTool::GetDeleteGroups();
Inputs:
None.
Return Values:
A list of deletable group names in alphabetical order. The current
list of deletable group names is:
AFCP, CIFF, CanonVRD, EXIF, ExifIFD, Ducky, File, FlashPix,
FotoStation, GlobParamIFD, GPS, IFD0, IFD1, InteropIFD,
ICC_Profile, IPTC, JFIF, MakerNotes, Meta, MetaIFD, MIE,
PhotoMechanic, Photoshop, PNG, PrintIM, RMETA, SubIFD, Trailer, XMP
All names in this list are either family 0 or family 1 group names,
with the exception of 'Trailer' which allows all trailers in JPEG
and TIFF-format images to be deleted at once, including unknown
trailers. To schedule a group for deletion, call "SetNewValue"
with an undefined value and a tag name like 'Trailer:*'.
GetFileType [static]
Get type of file given file name.
my $type = Image::ExifTool::GetFileType($filename);
my $desc = Image::ExifTool::GetFileType($filename, 1);
Inputs:
0) [optional] File name (or just an extension)
1) [optional] Flag to return a description instead of a type. Set
to 0 to return type for recognized but unsupported files (otherwise
the return value for unsupported files is undef).
Return Value:
A string, based on the file extension, which indicates the basic
format of the file. Note that some files may be based on other
formats (like many RAW image formats are based on TIFF). In array
context, may return more than one file type if the file may be
based on different formats. Returns undef if files with this
extension are not yet supported by ExifTool. Returns a list of
extensions for all supported file types if no input extension is
specified (or all recognized file types if the description flag is
set to 0). Returns a more detailed description of the specific
file format when the description flag is set.
CanWrite [static]
Can the specified file be written?
my $writable = Image::ExifTool::CanWrite($filename);
Inputs:
0) File name or extension
Return Value:
True if ExifTool supports writing files of this type (based on the
file extension).
CanCreate [static]
Can the specified file be created?
my $creatable = Image::ExifTool::CanCreate($filename);
Inputs:
0) File name or extension
Return Value:
True if ExifTool can create files with this extension from scratch.
Currently, this can only be done with XMP, MIE, ICC, VRD and EXIF
files.
AddUserDefinedTags [static]
Add user-defined tags to an existing tag table at run time. This
differs from the usual technique of creating user-defined tags via the
%Image::ExifTool::UserDefined hash (see the ExifTool_config file in the
Image::ExifTool distribution) because it allows tags to be added after
the tag table has been initialized.
use Image::ExifTool ':Public';
my %tags = (
TestTagID1 => { Name => 'TestTagName1' },
TestTagID2 => { Name => 'TestTagName2' },
);
my $num = AddUserDefinedTags('Image::ExifTool::PDF::Info', %tags);
Inputs:
0) Destination tag table name
1-N) Pairs of tag ID / tag information hash references for the new
tags
Return Value:
The number of tags added.
Notes
Pre-existing tags with the same ID will be replaced in the
destination table.
CHARACTER ENCODINGS
Certain meta information formats allow coded character sets other than
plain ASCII. When reading, most known encodings are converted to the
external character set according to the "Charset" option, or to UTF-8
by default. When writing, the inverse conversions are performed.
Alternatively, special characters may be converted to/from HTML
character entities with the "Escape" HTML option.
A distinction is made between the external character set visible to via
the ExifTool API, and the internal character used to store text in the
metadata of a file. These character sets may be specified separately
as follows:
External Character Set:
The encoding for strings passed to/from ExifTool API functions.
This is set via the "Charset" option, which is 'UTF8' by default.
Internal Character Sets:
The encodings used to store strings in the various metadata
formats. These encodings may be changed for certain types of
metadata via the "CharsetEXIF", "CharsetID3", "CharsetIPTC",
"CharsetPhotoshop" and "CharsetQuickTime" options.
Values are returned as byte strings of encoded characters. Perl wide
characters are not used. By default, most returned strings are encoded
in UTF-8. For these, Encode::decode_utf8() may be used to convert to a
sequence of logical Perl characters. Note that some settings of the
PERL_UNICODE environment variable may be incompatible with ExifTool's
character handling.
More specific details are given below about how character coding is
handled for EXIF, IPTC, XMP, PNG, ID3, PDF, Photoshop, QuickTime, AIFF,
MIE and Vorbis information:
EXIF
Most textual information in EXIF is stored in "ASCII" format (called
"string" in the ExifTool tag name documentation). By default ExifTool
does not convert these strings. However, it is not uncommon for
applications to write UTF-8 or other encodings where ASCII is expected.
To deal with these, ExifTool allows the internal EXIF string encoding
to be specified with "CharsetEXIF", which causes EXIF string values to
be converted from the specified character set when reading, and stored
with this character set when writing. (The MWG recommends using UTF-8
encoding for EXIF strings, and in keeping with this the MWG module sets
the default internal EXIF string encoding to UTF-8, but note that this
will have no effect unless the external encoding is also set to
something other than the default of UTF-8.)
A few EXIF tags (UserComment, GPSProcessingMethod and
GPSAreaInformation) support a designated internal text encoding, with
values stored as ASCII, Unicode (UCS-2) or JIS. When reading these
tags, ExifTool converts Unicode and JIS to the external character set
specified by the "Charset" option, or to UTF-8 by default. ASCII text
is not converted. When writing, text is stored as ASCII unless the
string contains special characters, in which case it is converted from
the external character set (or UTF-8 by default), and stored as
Unicode. ExifTool writes Unicode in native EXIF byte ordering by
default, but the byte order may be specified by setting the
ExifUnicodeByteOrder tag (see the Extra Tags documentation).
The EXIF "XP" tags (XPTitle, XPComment, etc) are always stored as
little-endian Unicode (UCS-2), and are read and written using the
specified character set.
IPTC
The value of the IPTC:CodedCharacterSet tag determines how the internal
IPTC string values are interpreted. If CodedCharacterSet exists and
has a value of 'UTF8' (or 'ESC % G') then string values are assumed to
be stored as UTF-8, otherwise Windows Latin1 (cp1252, 'Latin') coding
is assumed by default, but this can be changed with the "CharsetIPTC"
option. When reading, these strings are converted to the character set
specified by the "Charset" option. When writing, the inverse
conversions are performed. No conversion is done if the internal
(IPTC) and external (ExifTool) character sets are the same. Note that
ISO 2022 character set shifting is not supported. Instead, a warning
is issued and the string is not converted if an ISO 2022 shift code is
encountered. See <http://www.iptc.org/IIM/> for the official IPTC
specification.
Unless CodedCharacterSet is 'UTF8', applications have no reliable way
to determine the IPTC character encoding. For this reason, it is
recommended that CodedCharacterSet be set to 'UTF8' when creating new
IPTC.
(Note: Here, "IPTC" Refers to the older IPTC IIM format. The more
recent IPTC Core and Extension specifications actually use the XMP
format.)
XMP
Exiftool reads XMP encoded as UTF-8, UTF-16 or UTF-32, and converts
them all to UTF-8 internally. Also, all XML character entity
references and numeric character references are converted. When
writing, ExifTool always encodes XMP as UTF-8, converting the following
5 characters to XML character references: & < > ' ". By default no
further conversion is performed, however if the "Charset" option is
other than 'UTF8' then text is converted to/from a specified character
set when reading/writing.
PNG
PNG TextualData tags are stored as tEXt, zTXt and iTXt chunks in PNG
images. The tEXt and zTXt chunks use ISO 8859-1 encoding, while iTXt
uses UTF-8. When reading, ExifTool converts all PNG textual data to
the character set specified by the "Charset" option. When writing,
ExifTool generates a tEXt chunk (or zTXt with the "Compress" option) if
the text doesn't contain special characters or if Latin encoding is
specified; otherwise an iTXt chunk is used and the text is converted
from the specified character set and stored as UTF-8.
ID3
The ID3v1 specification officially supports only ISO 8859-1 encoding (a
subset of Windows Latin1), although some applications may incorrectly
use other character sets. By default ExifTool converts ID3v1 text from
Latin to the character set specified by the "Charset" option. However,
the internal ID3v1 charset may be specified with the "CharsetID3"
option. The encoding for ID3v2 information is stored in the file, so
ExifTool converts ID3v2 text from this encoding to the character set
specified by the "Charset" option. ExifTool does not currently write
ID3 information.
PDF
PDF text strings are stored in either PDFDocEncoding (similar to
Windows Latin1) or Unicode (UCS-2). When reading, ExifTool converts to
the character set specified by the "Charset" option. When writing,
ExifTool encodes input text from the specified character set as Unicode
only if the string contains special characters, otherwise
PDFDocEncoding is used.
Photoshop
Some Photoshop resource names are stored as Pascal strings with unknown
encoding. By default, ExifTool assumes MacRoman encoding and converts
this to UTF-8, but the internal and external character sets may be
specified with "CharsetPhotoshop" and "Charset" options respectively.
QuickTime
QuickTime text strings may be stored in a variety of poorly document
formats. ExifTool does its best to decode these according to the
"Charset" option setting. For some QuickTime strings, ExifTool assumes
a default encoding of MacRoman, but this may be changed with the
"CharsetQuickTime" option.
AIFF
AIFF strings are assumed to be stored in MacRoman, and are converted
according to the "Charset" option when reading.
MIE
MIE strings are stored as either UTF-8 or ISO 8859-1. When reading,
UTF-8 strings are converted according to the "Charset" option, and ISO
8859-1 strings are never converted. When writing, input strings are
converted from the specified character set to UTF-8. The resulting
strings are stored as UTF-8 if they contain multi-byte UTF-8 character
sequences, otherwise they are stored as ISO 8859-1.
Vorbis
Vorbis comments are stored as UTF-8, and are converted to the character
set specified by the "Charset" option.
AUTHOR
Copyright 2003-2013, Phil Harvey
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many people have helped in the development of ExifTool through their
bug reports, comments and suggestions, and/or additions to the code.
See the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS in the individual Image::ExifTool modules and
in html/index.html of the Image::ExifTool distribution package for a
list of people who have contributed to this project.
SEE ALSOexiftool(1), Image::ExifTool::TagNames(3pm),
Image::ExifTool::Shortcuts(3pm), Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl,
Image::Info(3pm), Image::MetaData::JPEG(3pm)perl v5.18.1 2013-04-12 Image::ExifTool(3)
