The authentication that comes with Django is good enough for most common cases, but you may have needs not met by the out-of-the-box defaults. To customize authentication to your projects needs involves understanding what points of the provided system are extensible or replaceable. This document provides details about how the auth system can be customized.
Authentication backends provide an extensible system for when a username and password stored with the user model need to be authenticated against a different service than Django’s default.
You can give your models custom permissions that can be checked through Django’s authorization system.
You can extend the default User model, or
substitute a completely customized model.
There may be times you have the need to hook into another authentication source – that is, another source of usernames and passwords or authentication methods.
For example, your company may already have an LDAP setup that stores a username and password for every employee. It’d be a hassle for both the network administrator and the users themselves if users had separate accounts in LDAP and the Django-based applications.
So, to handle situations like this, the Django authentication system lets you plug in other authentication sources. You can override Django’s default database-based scheme, or you can use the default system in tandem with other systems.
See the authentication backend reference for information on the authentication backends included with Django.
Behind the scenes, Django maintains a list of “authentication backends” that it
checks for authentication. When somebody calls
django.contrib.auth.authenticate() – as described in How to log
a user in – Django tries authenticating across
all of its authentication backends. If the first authentication method fails,
Django tries the second one, and so on, until all backends have been attempted.
The list of authentication backends to use is specified in the
AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS setting. This should be a list of Python
path names that point to Python classes that know how to authenticate. These
classes can be anywhere on your Python path.
By default, AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS is set to:
['django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend']
That’s the basic authentication backend that checks the Django users database and queries the built-in permissions. It does not provide protection against brute force attacks via any rate limiting mechanism. You may either implement your own rate limiting mechanism in a custom auth backend, or use the mechanisms provided by most Web servers.
The order of AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS matters, so if the same
username and password is valid in multiple backends, Django will stop
processing at the first positive match.
If a backend raises a PermissionDenied
exception, authentication will immediately fail. Django won’t check the
backends that follow.
Note
Once a user has authenticated, Django stores which backend was used to
authenticate the user in the user’s session, and re-uses the same backend
for the duration of that session whenever access to the currently
authenticated user is needed. This effectively means that authentication
sources are cached on a per-session basis, so if you change
AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS, you’ll need to clear out session data if
you need to force users to re-authenticate using different methods. A simple
way to do that is simply to execute Session.objects.all().delete().
An authentication backend is a class that implements two required methods:
get_user(user_id) and authenticate(request, **credentials), as well as
a set of optional permission related authorization methods.
The get_user method takes a user_id – which could be a username,
database ID or whatever, but has to be the primary key of your user object –
and returns a user object.
The authenticate method takes a request argument and credentials as
keyword arguments. Most of the time, it’ll just look like this:
class MyBackend(object):
def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None):
# Check the username/password and return a user.
...
But it could also authenticate a token, like so:
class MyBackend(object):
def authenticate(self, request, token=None):
# Check the token and return a user.
...
Either way, authenticate() should check the credentials it gets and return
a user object that matches those credentials if the credentials are valid. If
they’re not valid, it should return None.
request is an HttpRequest and may be None if it
wasn’t provided to authenticate() (which passes it
on to the backend).
The Django admin is tightly coupled to the Django User object. The best way to deal with this is to create a Django User
object for each user that exists for your backend (e.g., in your LDAP
directory, your external SQL database, etc.) You can either write a script to
do this in advance, or your authenticate method can do it the first time a
user logs in.
Here’s an example backend that authenticates against a username and password
variable defined in your settings.py file and creates a Django User
object the first time a user authenticates:
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib.auth.hashers import check_password
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
class SettingsBackend(object):
"""
Authenticate against the settings ADMIN_LOGIN and ADMIN_PASSWORD.
Use the login name and a hash of the password. For example:
ADMIN_LOGIN = 'admin'
ADMIN_PASSWORD = 'pbkdf2_sha256$30000$Vo0VlMnkR4Bk$qEvtdyZRWTcOsCnI/oQ7fVOu1XAURIZYoOZ3iq8Dr4M='
"""
def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None):
login_valid = (settings.ADMIN_LOGIN == username)
pwd_valid = check_password(password, settings.ADMIN_PASSWORD)
if login_valid and pwd_valid:
try:
user = User.objects.get(username=username)
except User.DoesNotExist:
# Create a new user. There's no need to set a password
# because only the password from settings.py is checked.
user = User(username=username)
user.is_staff = True
user.is_superuser = True
user.save()
return user
return None
def get_user(self, user_id):
try:
return User.objects.get(pk=user_id)
except User.DoesNotExist:
return None
The request parameter was added to authenticate() and support for
backends that don’t accept it will be removed in Django 2.1.
Custom auth backends can provide their own permissions.
The user model will delegate permission lookup functions
(get_group_permissions(),
get_all_permissions(),
has_perm(), and
has_module_perms()) to any
authentication backend that implements these functions.
The permissions given to the user will be the superset of all permissions returned by all backends. That is, Django grants a permission to a user that any one backend grants.
If a backend raises a PermissionDenied
exception in has_perm() or
has_module_perms(), the authorization
will immediately fail and Django won’t check the backends that follow.
The simple backend above could implement permissions for the magic admin fairly simply:
class SettingsBackend(object):
...
def has_perm(self, user_obj, perm, obj=None):
return user_obj.username == settings.ADMIN_LOGIN
This gives full permissions to the user granted access in the above example.
Notice that in addition to the same arguments given to the associated
django.contrib.auth.models.User functions, the backend auth functions
all take the user object, which may be an anonymous user, as an argument.
A full authorization implementation can be found in the ModelBackend class
in django/contrib/auth/backends.py, which is the default backend and queries
the auth_permission table most of the time. If you wish to provide
custom behavior for only part of the backend API, you can take advantage of
Python inheritance and subclass ModelBackend instead of implementing the
complete API in a custom backend.
An anonymous user is one that is not authenticated i.e. they have provided no valid authentication details. However, that does not necessarily mean they are not authorized to do anything. At the most basic level, most websites authorize anonymous users to browse most of the site, and many allow anonymous posting of comments etc.
Django’s permission framework does not have a place to store permissions for
anonymous users. However, the user object passed to an authentication backend
may be an django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser object, allowing
the backend to specify custom authorization behavior for anonymous users. This
is especially useful for the authors of re-usable apps, who can delegate all
questions of authorization to the auth backend, rather than needing settings,
for example, to control anonymous access.
An inactive user is one that has its
is_active field set to False. The
ModelBackend and
RemoteUserBackend authentication
backends prohibits these users from authenticating. If a custom user model
doesn’t have an is_active field,
all users will be allowed to authenticate.
You can use AllowAllUsersModelBackend
or AllowAllUsersRemoteUserBackend if you
want to allow inactive users to authenticate.
The support for anonymous users in the permission system allows for a scenario where anonymous users have permissions to do something while inactive authenticated users do not.
Do not forget to test for the is_active attribute of the user in your own
backend permission methods.
In older versions, the ModelBackend
allowed inactive users to authenticate.
Django’s permission framework has a foundation for object permissions, though
there is no implementation for it in the core. That means that checking for
object permissions will always return False or an empty list (depending on
the check performed). An authentication backend will receive the keyword
parameters obj and user_obj for each object related authorization
method and can return the object level permission as appropriate.
To create custom permissions for a given model object, use the permissions
model Meta attribute.
This example Task model creates three custom permissions, i.e., actions users can or cannot do with Task instances, specific to your application:
class Task(models.Model):
...
class Meta:
permissions = (
("view_task", "Can see available tasks"),
("change_task_status", "Can change the status of tasks"),
("close_task", "Can remove a task by setting its status as closed"),
)
The only thing this does is create those extra permissions when you run
manage.py migrate (the function that creates permissions
is connected to the post_migrate signal).
Your code is in charge of checking the value of these permissions when a user
is trying to access the functionality provided by the application (viewing
tasks, changing the status of tasks, closing tasks.) Continuing the above
example, the following checks if a user may view tasks:
user.has_perm('app.view_task')
User model¶There are two ways to extend the default
User model without substituting your own
model. If the changes you need are purely behavioral, and don’t require any
change to what is stored in the database, you can create a proxy model based on User. This
allows for any of the features offered by proxy models including default
ordering, custom managers, or custom model methods.
If you wish to store information related to User, you can use a
OneToOneField to a model containing the fields for
additional information. This one-to-one model is often called a profile model,
as it might store non-auth related information about a site user. For example
you might create an Employee model:
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
class Employee(models.Model):
user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
department = models.CharField(max_length=100)
Assuming an existing Employee Fred Smith who has both a User and Employee model, you can access the related information using Django’s standard related model conventions:
>>> u = User.objects.get(username='fsmith')
>>> freds_department = u.employee.department
To add a profile model’s fields to the user page in the admin, define an
InlineModelAdmin (for this example, we’ll use a
StackedInline) in your app’s admin.py and
add it to a UserAdmin class which is registered with the
User class:
from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin as BaseUserAdmin
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from my_user_profile_app.models import Employee
# Define an inline admin descriptor for Employee model
# which acts a bit like a singleton
class EmployeeInline(admin.StackedInline):
model = Employee
can_delete = False
verbose_name_plural = 'employee'
# Define a new User admin
class UserAdmin(BaseUserAdmin):
inlines = (EmployeeInline, )
# Re-register UserAdmin
admin.site.unregister(User)
admin.site.register(User, UserAdmin)
These profile models are not special in any way - they are just Django models
that happen to have a one-to-one link with a user model. As such, they aren’t
auto created when a user is created, but
a django.db.models.signals.post_save could be used to create or update
related models as appropriate.
Using related models results in additional queries or joins to retrieve the related data. Depending on your needs, a custom user model that includes the related fields may be your better option, however, existing relations to the default user model within your project’s apps may justify the extra database load.
User model¶Some kinds of projects may have authentication requirements for which Django’s
built-in User model is not always
appropriate. For instance, on some sites it makes more sense to use an email
address as your identification token instead of a username.
Django allows you to override the default user model by providing a value for
the AUTH_USER_MODEL setting that references a custom model:
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'myapp.MyUser'
This dotted pair describes the name of the Django app (which must be in your
INSTALLED_APPS), and the name of the Django model that you wish to
use as your user model.
If you’re starting a new project, it’s highly recommended to set up a custom
user model, even if the default User model
is sufficient for you. This model behaves identically to the default user
model, but you’ll be able to customize it in the future if the need arises:
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
class User(AbstractUser):
pass
Don’t forget to point AUTH_USER_MODEL to it. Do this before creating
any migrations or running manage.py migrate for the first time.
Also, register the model in the app’s admin.py:
from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin
from .models import User
admin.site.register(User, UserAdmin)
Changing AUTH_USER_MODEL after you’ve created database tables is
significantly more difficult since it affects foreign keys and many-to-many
relationships, for example.
This change can’t be done automatically and requires manually fixing your schema, moving your data from the old user table, and possibly manually reapplying some migrations. See #25313 for an outline of the steps.
Due to limitations of Django’s dynamic dependency feature for swappable
models, the model referenced by AUTH_USER_MODEL must be created in
the first migration of its app (usually called 0001_initial); otherwise,
you’ll have dependency issues.
In addition, you may run into a CircularDependencyError when running your
migrations as Django won’t be able to automatically break the dependency loop
due to the dynamic dependency. If you see this error, you should break the loop
by moving the models depended on by your user model into a second migration.
(You can try making two normal models that have a ForeignKey to each other
and seeing how makemigrations resolves that circular dependency if you want
to see how it’s usually done.)
AUTH_USER_MODEL¶Reusable apps shouldn’t implement a custom user model. A project may use many
apps, and two reusable apps that implemented a custom user model couldn’t be
used together. If you need to store per user information in your app, use
a ForeignKey or
OneToOneField to settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL
as described below.
User model¶If you reference User directly (for
example, by referring to it in a foreign key), your code will not work in
projects where the AUTH_USER_MODEL setting has been changed to a
different user model.
get_user_model()[source]¶Instead of referring to User directly,
you should reference the user model using
django.contrib.auth.get_user_model(). This method will return the
currently active user model – the custom user model if one is specified, or
User otherwise.
When you define a foreign key or many-to-many relations to the user model,
you should specify the custom model using the AUTH_USER_MODEL
setting. For example:
from django.conf import settings
from django.db import models
class Article(models.Model):
author = models.ForeignKey(
settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
)
When connecting to signals sent by the user model, you should specify
the custom model using the AUTH_USER_MODEL setting. For example:
from django.conf import settings
from django.db.models.signals import post_save
def post_save_receiver(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
pass
post_save.connect(post_save_receiver, sender=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
Generally speaking, it’s easiest to refer to the user model with the
AUTH_USER_MODEL setting in code that’s executed at import time,
however, it’s also possible to call get_user_model() while Django
is importing models, so you could use
models.ForeignKey(get_user_model(), ...).
If your app is tested with multiple user models, using
@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL=...) for example, and you cache the
result of get_user_model() in a module-level variable, you may need to
listen to the setting_changed signal to clear
the cache. For example:
from django.apps import apps
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from django.core.signals import setting_changed
from django.dispatch import receiver
@receiver(setting_changed)
def user_model_swapped(**kwargs):
if kwargs['setting'] == 'AUTH_USER_MODEL':
apps.clear_cache()
from myapp import some_module
some_module.UserModel = get_user_model()
The ability to call get_user_model() at import time was added.
Model design considerations
Think carefully before handling information not directly related to authentication in your custom user model.
It may be better to store app-specific user information in a model that has a relation with the user model. That allows each app to specify its own user data requirements without risking conflicts with other apps. On the other hand, queries to retrieve this related information will involve a database join, which may have an effect on performance.
Django expects your custom user model to meet some minimum requirements.
The easiest way to construct a compliant custom user model is to inherit from
AbstractBaseUser.
AbstractBaseUser provides the core
implementation of a user model, including hashed passwords and tokenized
password resets. You must then provide some key implementation details:
models.CustomUser¶USERNAME_FIELD¶A string describing the name of the field on the user model that is
used as the unique identifier. This will usually be a username of some
kind, but it can also be an email address, or any other unique
identifier. The field must be unique (i.e., have unique=True set
in its definition), unless you use a custom authentication backend that
can support non-unique usernames.
In the following example, the field identifier is used
as the identifying field:
class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
identifier = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)
...
USERNAME_FIELD = 'identifier'
USERNAME_FIELD now supports
ForeignKeys. Since there is no way to pass
model instances during the createsuperuser prompt, expect the
user to enter the value of to_field
value (the primary_key by default) of an
existing instance.
EMAIL_FIELD¶A string describing the name of the email field on the User model.
This value is returned by
get_email_field_name().
REQUIRED_FIELDS¶A list of the field names that will be prompted for when creating a
user via the createsuperuser management command. The user
will be prompted to supply a value for each of these fields. It must
include any field for which blank is
False or undefined and may include additional fields you want
prompted for when a user is created interactively.
REQUIRED_FIELDS has no effect in other parts of Django, like
creating a user in the admin.
For example, here is the partial definition for a user model that defines two required fields - a date of birth and height:
class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
...
date_of_birth = models.DateField()
height = models.FloatField()
...
REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['date_of_birth', 'height']
Note
REQUIRED_FIELDS must contain all required fields on your user
model, but should not contain the USERNAME_FIELD or
password as these fields will always be prompted for.
REQUIRED_FIELDS now supports
ForeignKeys. Since there is no way to pass
model instances during the createsuperuser prompt, expect the
user to enter the value of to_field
value (the primary_key by default) of an
existing instance.
is_active¶A boolean attribute that indicates whether the user is considered
“active”. This attribute is provided as an attribute on
AbstractBaseUser defaulting to True. How you choose to
implement it will depend on the details of your chosen auth backends.
See the documentation of the is_active attribute on the built-in
user model for details.
get_full_name()¶A longer formal identifier for the user. A common interpretation would be the full name of the user, but it can be any string that identifies the user.
get_short_name()¶A short, informal identifier for the user. A common interpretation
would be the first name of the user, but it can be any string that
identifies the user in an informal way. It may also return the same
value as django.contrib.auth.models.User.get_full_name().
Importing AbstractBaseUser
AbstractBaseUser and BaseUserManager are importable from
django.contrib.auth.base_user so that they can be imported without
including django.contrib.auth in INSTALLED_APPS.
The following attributes and methods are available on any subclass of
AbstractBaseUser:
models.AbstractBaseUser¶get_username()¶Returns the value of the field nominated by USERNAME_FIELD.
clean()¶Normalizes the username by calling normalize_username(). If you
override this method, be sure to call super() to retain the
normalization.
get_email_field_name()¶Returns the name of the email field specified by the
EMAIL_FIELD attribute. Defaults to
'email' if EMAIL_FIELD isn’t specified.
normalize_username(username)¶Applies NFKC Unicode normalization to usernames so that visually identical characters with different Unicode code points are considered identical.
is_authenticated¶Read-only attribute which is always True (as opposed to
AnonymousUser.is_authenticated which is always False).
This is a way to tell if the user has been authenticated. This does not
imply any permissions and doesn’t check if the user is active or has
a valid session. Even though normally you will check this attribute on
request.user to find out whether it has been populated by the
AuthenticationMiddleware
(representing the currently logged-in user), you should know this
attribute is True for any User instance.
In older versions, this was a method. Backwards-compatibility support for using it as a method will be removed in Django 2.0.
is_anonymous¶Read-only attribute which is always False. This is a way of
differentiating User and AnonymousUser
objects. Generally, you should prefer using
is_authenticated to this attribute.
In older versions, this was a method. Backwards-compatibility support for using it as a method will be removed in Django 2.0.
set_password(raw_password)¶Sets the user’s password to the given raw string, taking care of the
password hashing. Doesn’t save the
AbstractBaseUser object.
When the raw_password is None, the password will be set to an
unusable password, as if
set_unusable_password()
were used.
check_password(raw_password)¶Returns True if the given raw string is the correct password for
the user. (This takes care of the password hashing in making the
comparison.)
set_unusable_password()¶Marks the user as having no password set. This isn’t the same as
having a blank string for a password.
check_password() for this user
will never return True. Doesn’t save the
AbstractBaseUser object.
You may need this if authentication for your application takes place against an existing external source such as an LDAP directory.
has_usable_password()¶Returns False if
set_unusable_password() has
been called for this user.
get_session_auth_hash()¶Returns an HMAC of the password field. Used for Session invalidation on password change.
AbstractUser subclasses AbstractBaseUser:
models.AbstractUser¶clean()¶Normalizes the email by calling
BaseUserManager.normalize_email(). If you override this method,
be sure to call super() to retain the normalization.
You should also define a custom manager for your user model. If your user model
defines username, email, is_staff, is_active, is_superuser,
last_login, and date_joined fields the same as Django’s default user,
you can just install Django’s UserManager;
however, if your user model defines different fields, you’ll need to define a
custom manager that extends BaseUserManager
providing two additional methods:
models.CustomUserManager¶create_user(*username_field*, password=None, **other_fields)¶The prototype of create_user() should accept the username field,
plus all required fields as arguments. For example, if your user model
uses email as the username field, and has date_of_birth as a
required field, then create_user should be defined as:
def create_user(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None):
# create user here
...
create_superuser(*username_field*, password, **other_fields)¶The prototype of create_superuser() should accept the username
field, plus all required fields as arguments. For example, if your user
model uses email as the username field, and has date_of_birth
as a required field, then create_superuser should be defined as:
def create_superuser(self, email, date_of_birth, password):
# create superuser here
...
Unlike create_user(), create_superuser() must require the
caller to provide a password.
BaseUserManager provides the following
utility methods:
models.BaseUserManager¶normalize_email(email)¶Normalizes email addresses by lowercasing the domain portion of the email address.
get_by_natural_key(username)¶Retrieves a user instance using the contents of the field
nominated by USERNAME_FIELD.
make_random_password(length=10, allowed_chars='abcdefghjkmnpqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ23456789')¶Returns a random password with the given length and given string of
allowed characters. Note that the default value of allowed_chars
doesn’t contain letters that can cause user confusion, including:
i, l, I, and 1 (lowercase letter i, lowercase
letter L, uppercase letter i, and the number one)o, O, and 0 (lowercase letter o, uppercase letter o,
and zero)User¶If you’re entirely happy with Django’s User
model and you just want to add some additional profile information, you could
simply subclass django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser and add your
custom profile fields, although we’d recommend a separate model as described in
the “Model design considerations” note of Specifying a custom user model.
AbstractUser provides the full implementation of the default
User as an abstract model.
Django’s built-in forms and views make certain assumptions about the user model that they are working with.
The following forms are compatible with any subclass of
AbstractBaseUser:
AuthenticationForm: Uses the username
field specified by USERNAME_FIELD.SetPasswordFormPasswordChangeFormAdminPasswordChangeFormThe following forms make assumptions about the user model and can be used as-is if those assumptions are met:
PasswordResetForm: Assumes that the user
model has a field that stores the user’s email address with the name returned
by get_email_field_name() (email by
default) that can be used to identify the user and a boolean field named
is_active to prevent password resets for inactive users.Finally, the following forms are tied to
User and need to be rewritten or extended
to work with a custom user model:
If your custom user model is a simple subclass of AbstractUser, then you
can extend these forms in this manner:
from django.contrib.auth.forms import UserCreationForm
from myapp.models import CustomUser
class CustomUserCreationForm(UserCreationForm):
class Meta(UserCreationForm.Meta):
model = CustomUser
fields = UserCreationForm.Meta.fields + ('custom_field',)
django.contrib.admin¶If you want your custom user model to also work with the admin, your user model must define some additional attributes and methods. These methods allow the admin to control access of the user to admin content:
models.CustomUseris_staff¶Returns True if the user is allowed to have access to the admin site.
is_active¶Returns True if the user account is currently active.
has_perm(perm, obj=None):Returns True if the user has the named permission. If obj is
provided, the permission needs to be checked against a specific object
instance.
has_module_perms(app_label):Returns True if the user has permission to access models in
the given app.
You will also need to register your custom user model with the admin. If
your custom user model extends django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser,
you can use Django’s existing django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin
class. However, if your user model extends
AbstractBaseUser, you’ll need to define
a custom ModelAdmin class. It may be possible to subclass the default
django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin; however, you’ll need to
override any of the definitions that refer to fields on
django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser that aren’t on your
custom user class.
To make it easy to include Django’s permission framework into your own user
class, Django provides PermissionsMixin.
This is an abstract model you can include in the class hierarchy for your user
model, giving you all the methods and database fields necessary to support
Django’s permission model.
PermissionsMixin provides the following
methods and attributes:
models.PermissionsMixin¶is_superuser¶Boolean. Designates that this user has all permissions without explicitly assigning them.
get_group_permissions(obj=None)¶Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, through their groups.
If obj is passed in, only returns the group permissions for
this specific object.
get_all_permissions(obj=None)¶Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, both through group and user permissions.
If obj is passed in, only returns the permissions for this
specific object.
has_perm(perm, obj=None)¶Returns True if the user has the specified permission, where
perm is in the format "<app label>.<permission codename>" (see
permissions). If the user is inactive, this method will
always return False.
If obj is passed in, this method won’t check for a permission for
the model, but for this specific object.
has_perms(perm_list, obj=None)¶Returns True if the user has each of the specified permissions,
where each perm is in the format
"<app label>.<permission codename>". If the user is inactive,
this method will always return False.
If obj is passed in, this method won’t check for permissions for
the model, but for the specific object.
has_module_perms(package_name)¶Returns True if the user has any permissions in the given package
(the Django app label). If the user is inactive, this method will
always return False.
One limitation of custom user models is that installing a custom user model
will break any proxy model extending User.
Proxy models must be based on a concrete base class; by defining a custom user
model, you remove the ability of Django to reliably identify the base class.
If your project uses proxy models, you must either modify the proxy to extend
the user model that’s in use in your project, or merge your proxy’s behavior
into your User subclass.
Here is an example of an admin-compliant custom user app. This user model uses
an email address as the username, and has a required date of birth; it
provides no permission checking, beyond a simple admin flag on the user
account. This model would be compatible with all the built-in auth forms and
views, except for the user creation forms. This example illustrates how most of
the components work together, but is not intended to be copied directly into
projects for production use.
This code would all live in a models.py file for a custom
authentication app:
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import (
BaseUserManager, AbstractBaseUser
)
class MyUserManager(BaseUserManager):
def create_user(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None):
"""
Creates and saves a User with the given email, date of
birth and password.
"""
if not email:
raise ValueError('Users must have an email address')
user = self.model(
email=self.normalize_email(email),
date_of_birth=date_of_birth,
)
user.set_password(password)
user.save(using=self._db)
return user
def create_superuser(self, email, date_of_birth, password):
"""
Creates and saves a superuser with the given email, date of
birth and password.
"""
user = self.create_user(
email,
password=password,
date_of_birth=date_of_birth,
)
user.is_admin = True
user.save(using=self._db)
return user
class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
email = models.EmailField(
verbose_name='email address',
max_length=255,
unique=True,
)
date_of_birth = models.DateField()
is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
is_admin = models.BooleanField(default=False)
objects = MyUserManager()
USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['date_of_birth']
def get_full_name(self):
# The user is identified by their email address
return self.email
def get_short_name(self):
# The user is identified by their email address
return self.email
def __str__(self): # __unicode__ on Python 2
return self.email
def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
"Does the user have a specific permission?"
# Simplest possible answer: Yes, always
return True
def has_module_perms(self, app_label):
"Does the user have permissions to view the app `app_label`?"
# Simplest possible answer: Yes, always
return True
@property
def is_staff(self):
"Is the user a member of staff?"
# Simplest possible answer: All admins are staff
return self.is_admin
Then, to register this custom user model with Django’s admin, the following
code would be required in the app’s admin.py file:
from django import forms
from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth.models import Group
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin as BaseUserAdmin
from django.contrib.auth.forms import ReadOnlyPasswordHashField
from customauth.models import MyUser
class UserCreationForm(forms.ModelForm):
"""A form for creating new users. Includes all the required
fields, plus a repeated password."""
password1 = forms.CharField(label='Password', widget=forms.PasswordInput)
password2 = forms.CharField(label='Password confirmation', widget=forms.PasswordInput)
class Meta:
model = MyUser
fields = ('email', 'date_of_birth')
def clean_password2(self):
# Check that the two password entries match
password1 = self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
password2 = self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
if password1 and password2 and password1 != password2:
raise forms.ValidationError("Passwords don't match")
return password2
def save(self, commit=True):
# Save the provided password in hashed format
user = super(UserCreationForm, self).save(commit=False)
user.set_password(self.cleaned_data["password1"])
if commit:
user.save()
return user
class UserChangeForm(forms.ModelForm):
"""A form for updating users. Includes all the fields on
the user, but replaces the password field with admin's
password hash display field.
"""
password = ReadOnlyPasswordHashField()
class Meta:
model = MyUser
fields = ('email', 'password', 'date_of_birth', 'is_active', 'is_admin')
def clean_password(self):
# Regardless of what the user provides, return the initial value.
# This is done here, rather than on the field, because the
# field does not have access to the initial value
return self.initial["password"]
class UserAdmin(BaseUserAdmin):
# The forms to add and change user instances
form = UserChangeForm
add_form = UserCreationForm
# The fields to be used in displaying the User model.
# These override the definitions on the base UserAdmin
# that reference specific fields on auth.User.
list_display = ('email', 'date_of_birth', 'is_admin')
list_filter = ('is_admin',)
fieldsets = (
(None, {'fields': ('email', 'password')}),
('Personal info', {'fields': ('date_of_birth',)}),
('Permissions', {'fields': ('is_admin',)}),
)
# add_fieldsets is not a standard ModelAdmin attribute. UserAdmin
# overrides get_fieldsets to use this attribute when creating a user.
add_fieldsets = (
(None, {
'classes': ('wide',),
'fields': ('email', 'date_of_birth', 'password1', 'password2')}
),
)
search_fields = ('email',)
ordering = ('email',)
filter_horizontal = ()
# Now register the new UserAdmin...
admin.site.register(MyUser, UserAdmin)
# ... and, since we're not using Django's built-in permissions,
# unregister the Group model from admin.
admin.site.unregister(Group)
Finally, specify the custom model as the default user model for your project
using the AUTH_USER_MODEL setting in your settings.py:
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'customauth.MyUser'
Jun 14, 2020