LINK
*Conan The Librarian (sorry for the slow response - running on an old VAX)
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VMS Help LINK *Conan The Librarian (sorry for the slow response - running on an old VAX) |
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Invokes the OpenVMS Linker utility to link one or more
input files into a program image and defines the execution
characteristics of the image. For a complete description of the
linker, including more information about the LINK command, see
the OpenVMS Linker Utility Manual.
Format
LINK file-spec [,...]
| 1 - Parameters |
file-spec
Specifies one or more input files (wildcard characters are not
allowed). Input files can be object modules, shareable images,
libraries to be searched for external references or from which
specific modules are to be included, or options files to be read
by the linker. Separate multiple input file specifications with
commas (,) or plus signs (+). In either case, the linker creates
a single image file.
If you omit the file type in an input file specification, the
linker supplies default file types, based on the nature of the
input file. For object modules, the default file type is .OBJ.
| 2 - Qualifiers |
2.1 - /ALPHA
Directs the linker to produce an OpenVMS Alpha image. The default
action, when neither /ALPHA nor /VAX is specified, is to create
an OpenVMS VAX image on an OpenVMS VAX system and to create an
OpenVMS Alpha image on an OpenVMS Alpha system.
2.2 - /BPAGE
/BPAGE[=page-size-indicator]
Specifies the page size the linker should use when it creates the
image sections that make up an image.
The page-size-indicatior specifies a page size as the power of 2
required to create a page that size. For example, to get an 8KB
page size, specify the value 13 because 2**13 equals 8K. The
following table lists the page sizes supported by the linker with
the defaults:
Page
Value Size Defaults
9 512 Default value for VAX links when the /BPAGE
bytes qualifier is not specified.
13 8 KB Default value for VAX links when the /BPAGE
qualifier is specified without a value.
14 16 KB -
15 32 KB -
16 64 KB Default value for Alpha links when /BPAGE is
not specified or when the /BPAGE qualifier is
specified without a value.
2.3 - /BRIEF
/MAP/BRIEF
Directs the linker to produce a brief image map. For more
information, see also the /MAP and /FULL qualifiers.
2.4 - /CONTIGUOUS
/CONTIGUOUS
/NOCONTIGUOUS (default)
Directs the linker to place the entire image in consecutive disk
blocks. If sufficient contiguous space is not available on the
output disk, the linker reports an error and terminates the link
operation.
2.5 - /CROSS_REFERENCE
/MAP/CROSS_REFERENCE
/MAP/NOCROSS_REFERENCE (default)
Directs the linker to replace the Symbols By Name section in
a full or default image map with the Symbol Cross-Reference
section.
2.6 - /DEBUG
/DEBUG[=file-spec]
/NODEBUG (default)
Directs the linker to generate a debugger symbol table (DST)
using DBG and TBT object language records and to give the
debugger control when the image is run.
If you specify the /DEBUG qualifier without entering a file
specification, the OpenVMS Debugger gains control at run time.
Requesting the OpenVMS Debugger does not affect the location of
code within the image because the debugger is mapped into the
process address space at run time, not at link time. See the
OpenVMS Debugger Manual for additional information.
If you specify the /DEBUG qualifier with a file specification,
the user-written debugger module that the file specification
identifies gains control at run time. The linker assumes a
default file type of .OBJ. Requesting a user-written debugger
module does affect the location of code within the image because
the linker together with program code processes the debugger
module code.
2.7 - /DEMAND_ZERO
/DEMAND_ZERO (default)
/DEMAND_ZERO[=per_page]
/NODEMAND_ZERO
For Alpha linking, enables demand-zero image section production
for both executable and shareable images.
Per-page enables the linker to perform demand-zero compression
on Alpha images on a per-page basis. If this keyword is not used,
the linker performs demand-zero compression on an image-section
basis only.
2.8 - /DSF
/DSF[=file-spec]
/NODSF (default)
For Alpha linking, directs the linker to create a file called a
debug symbol file (DSF) for use by the OpenVMS Debugger or the
OpenVMS Alpha System-Code Debugger.
The file-spec specifies the character string you want the linker
to use as the name of the debug symbol file. If you do not include
a file type in the character string, the linker appends the .DSF
file type to the file name.
If you specify the /DSF qualifier without the file specification,
the linker creates a debug symbol file with the file name of the
first input file and the default file type .DSF. If you append the
/DSF qualifier to one of the input file specifications, the linker
creates a debug symbol file with the file name of the file to which
the qualifier is appended and with the default file type .DSF.
The OpenVMS Debugger (whether you use it in System-Code Debugger
mode or user mode) requires that the name of the DSF file be the
same as the name of the image file, except that the file extension
is .DSF. If you use an /EXECUTABLE or /SHAREABLE qualifier and a
file name with the LINK command, you must also include the same file
name with the /DSF qualifier. (You must use the .DSF file type.)
2.9 - /EXECUTABLE
/EXECUTABLE[=file-spec] (default)
/NOEXECUTABLE
Directs the linker to create an executable image, as opposed to a
shareable image or a system image.
The file-spec specifies the character string you want the linker to
use as the name of the image file that the link operation produces.
If you do not specify a file type in the character string, the
linker assigns the .EXE file type by default.
If you do not specify a file name with the /EXECUTABLE qualifier,
the linker creates an executable image with the file name of
the first input file. If you append the /EXECUTABLE qualifier
to an input file specification, the linker creates an executable
image with the file name of the file to which the qualifier is
appended.
2.10 - /FULL
/MAP/FULL
Directs the linker to create a full image map file.
For more information, see also the /MAP, /CROSS_REFERENCE, and
/BRIEF qualifiers.
2.11 - /GST
/GST (default)
/NOGST
For Alpha linking, directs the linker to include in the global
symbol table (GST) of a shareable image those symbols that have
been declared as universal symbols in a symbol vector.
2.12 - /HEADER
When specified with the /SYSTEM qualifier, directs the linker to
include an image header in a system image.
2.13 - /INCLUDE
library-name/INCLUDE=(module-name[,...])
Identifies the input file specification to which it is appended
as a library file and directs the linker to include in the link
operation the module or modules specified as the value of the
qualifier.
The library-name specifies the name of the library from which
you want a module or modules to be extracted. The file name
must specify a library file. The linker assumes the default file
type of .OLB.
The module-name specifies the module or modules that you want to
extract from the library. To specify more than one module, enclose
the list in parentheses and separate the module names with commas.
2.14 - /INFORMATIONALS
/INFORMATIONALS (default)
/NOINFORMATIONALS
Directs the linker to output informational messages produced by a
link operation.
2.15 - /LIBRARY
library-name/LIBRARY
Identifies the input file specification to which it is appended
as a library file and directs the linker to process the library's
name table as part of its symbol resolution processing. When the
linker finds in the library the definition of a symbol referenced
in a previously processed input file, the linker includes from
the library the module in which the symbol is defined.
The library-name specifies the name of the library to be included
in the link operation. You must specify a library file name. The
linker assumes the default file type of .OLB.
2.16 - /MAP
/MAP[=file-spec] (default in batch mode)
/NOMAP (default in interactive mode)
Directs the linker to create an image map file. For more
information, see also the /BRIEF, /CROSS_REFERENCE, and /FULL
qualifiers.
If you enter a file specification with the /MAP qualifier, the
linker creates an image map file with that file name. If you do
not enter a file type after the file name, the linker assumes a
file type of .MAP.
If you do not enter a file specification with the /MAP qualifier,
the linker creates an image map file with the file name of the
first input file specified on the command line and the file type
.MAP. (If no input files are specified on the command line, the
linker names the map file .MAP.)
If you append the /MAP qualifier to one of the input file
specifications, the linker creates an image map file with the
file name of the file to which the qualifier is appended, using
the .MAP file type.
2.17 - /NATIVE_ONLY
/NATIVE_ONLY (default)
/NONATIVE_ONLY
For Alpha linking, prevents the linker from passing along
procedure signature block (PSB) information in special fix-ups
to the image activator. The image activator uses this information
to build jackets so that native OpenVMS Alpha images can call
translated OpenVMS VAX images. Note that this qualifier does not
prevent incoming calls from translated OpenVMS VAX images.
2.18 - /OPTIONS
options-file-name/OPTIONS
Identifies the input file specification to which it is appended
as a linker options file.
The options-file-name is the file specification of a linker
options file. The linker assumes the file type .OPT by default.
2.19 - /P0IMAGE
Directs the linker to place an executable image entirely in P0
address space. When the /P0IMAGE qualifier is specified, the user
stack and OpenVMS RMS buffers, which usually reside in P1 space,
are placed in P0 space by the image activator.
2.20 - /PROTECT
/PROTECT
/NOPROTECT (default)
Directs the linker to protect an entire shareable image from
user-mode write access and supervisor-mode write access. Must be
specified with the /SHAREABLE qualifier.
2.21 - /REPLACE
/REPLACE (default)
/NOREPLACE
For Alpha linking, specifies that the linker should perform
certain optimizations to improve the performance of the resultant
image when instructed by the compiler.
2.22 - /SECTION_BINDING
/SECTION_BINDING=(CODE,DATA)
/NOSECTION_BINDING (default)
For Alpha linking, directs the linker to create an image that can
be installed as a resident image and to flag coding practices in
the image that would prevent this.
CODE prevents the linker from replacing the Jump to Subroutine
(JSR) instruction sequence with the more efficient Branch to
Subroutine (BSR) instruction sequence when the target of the
branch crosses an image section boundary.
DATA directs the linker to check for address calculations that
create dependencies on the layout of data image sections. The
linker reports such occurrences.
When the /SECTION_BINDING qualifier is specified without either
the CODE or DATA keyword, the linker performs both types of
checking by default.
2.23 - /SELECTIVE_SEARCH
input-file-name/SELECTIVE_SEARCH
When you append this qualifier to an input file specification,
the linker processes only those symbols in the input file that
are referenced by previously processed input files.
The input-file-name is the name of the input file you want
included in the link operation. The /SELECTIVE_SEARCH qualifier
works only with object modules and shareable images. This
qualifier is illegal with library files. (To process the modules
in a library selectively, specify the /SELECTIVE_SEARCH qualifier
when inserting the files into the library. For more information,
see the OpenVMS Command Definition, Librarian, and Message
Utilities Manual.)
2.24 - /SHAREABLE
/SHAREABLE[=file-spec]
shareable-image-file-name/SHAREABLE
When specified anywhere on the link command line, the /SHAREABLE
qualifier directs the linker to create a shareable image. When
you append the /SHAREABLE qualifier to a file specification in
a linker options file, the system identifies the input file as a
shareable image.
When you use the /SHAREABLE qualifier to create a shareable
image, the file-spec specifies the name you want the linker
to assign to the shareable image being created. If you do not
include a file specification, the linker assigns the shareable
image the name of the file to which you append the /SHAREABLE
qualifier in the LINK command line. If you do not append the
/SHAREABLE qualifier to an input file specification, the linker
assigns to the shareable image the name of the first input file
specified on the command line using the extension .EXE.
If you designate a file name but omit the file type, the linker
assigns the shareable image the file type .EXE.
The shareable-image-file-name specifies the name of a shareable
image. Note that you can use the /SHAREABLE qualifier to
identify a shareable image only in a linker options file. It is
illegal to include a shareable image in a link operation by
specifying it on the LINK command line.
2.25 - /SYMBOL_TABLE
/SYMBOL_TABLE[=file-spec]
/NOSYMBOL_TABLE (default)
Directs the linker to create a symbol table file.
The file-spec specifies the character string you want the linker
to use as the name of the symbol table file. If you do not
include a file type in the character string, the linker appends
the .STB file type to the file name.
If you specify the /SYMBOL_TABLE qualifier without the file
specification, the linker creates a symbol table file with the
file name of the first input file and the default file type .STB.
If you append the /SYMBOL_TABLE qualifier to one of the input
file specifications, the linker creates a symbol table file with
the file name of the file to which the qualifier is appended,
with the default file type .STB.
2.26 - /SYSEXE
/SYSEXE[=[NO]SELECTIVE]
/NOSYSEXE (default)
For Alpha linking, directs the linker to process the system
shareable image, SYS$BASE_IMAGE.EXE, in a link operation. The
linker looks for SYS$BASE_IMAGE.EXE in the directory that the
logical name ALPHA$LOADABLE_IMAGES points to.
When you specify the SELECTIVE keyword, the linker processes the
SYS$BASE_IMAGE.EXE file selectively, including only those symbols
from the global symbol table of the SYS$BASE_IMAGE.EXE file
that were referenced by input files previously processed in the
link operation. When you specify the /SYSEXE qualifier without a
keyword, the linker processes the executive image selectively.
When you specify the NOSELECTIVE keyword, the linker includes all
the symbols from the SYS$BASE_IMAGE.EXE global symbol table in
the link operation.
When you specify the /SYSEXE qualifier without a keyword, the
linker processes the executive image selectively.
2.27 - /SYSLIB
/SYSLIB (default)
/NOSYSLIB
Directs the linker to process the default system shareable image
library, IMAGELIB.OLB, and the default system object module
library, STARLET.OLB, to resolve symbolic references that remain
undefined after all specified input files and any default user
libraries have been processed.
2.28 - /SYSSHR
/SYSSHR (default)
/NOSYSSHR
Directs the linker to process the default system shareable image
library (IMAGELIB.OLB) to resolve symbolic references that remain
undefined after all specified input files and any user libraries
have been processed.
2.29 - /SYSTEM
/SYSTEM[=base-address]
Directs the linker to create a system image and optionally allows
you to specify the address at which the image should be loaded
into memory. A system image cannot be activated with the RUN
command; it must be bootstrapped or otherwise loaded into memory.
The base-address specifies the address at which the image is to
be loaded in virtual memory. You can specify a base address in
hexadecimal (%X), octal (%O), or decimal (%D) format. The default
base address is %X80000000.
Note that if you specify the /HEADER qualifier, the linker
adjusts the base address to the next highest page boundary if it
is not already a page boundary. The next highest page boundary is
the smallest number that is greater than the value specified in
the base-address parameter and that is divisible by the default
page size (which is architecture-specific) or the page size
specified using the /BPAGE qualifier.
2.30 - /THREADS_ENABLE
/THREADS_ENABLE[=(MULTIPLE_KERNEL_THREADS,UPCALLS)]
/NOTHREADS_ENABLE (default)
Kernel threads allow a multithreaded application to have a
thread executing on every CPU in a multiprocessor system. The
/THREADS_ENABLE qualifier allows you to turn kernel threads
on and off on a per-image basis.
When you specify this qualifier, the OpenVMS linker sets the
appropriate bits in the image header of the image being linked.
These bits control the following:
o Whether the image is allowed to enter a multiple kernel threads
environment
o Whether the image can receive upcalls from the OpenVMS scheduler
On Alpha systems, the MULTIPLE_KERNEL_THREADS keyword sets the
MULTIPLE_KERNEL_THREADS bit in the image header of the image being
built. This bit indicates to the image activator that the image
can be run in a multiple kernel threads environment.
If you specify this keyword for OpenVMS VAX links, it is ignored.
The UPCALLS keyword sets the UPCALLS bit in the OpenVMS image
header of the image being built. This bit indicates to the image
activator that the process can receive upcalls from the OpenVMS
scheduler.
2.31 - /TRACEBACK
/TRACEBACK (default)
/NOTRACEBACK
Directs the linker to include traceback information in the image
file. If you specify the /DEBUG qualifier, the linker includes
traceback information by default, overriding the /NOTRACEBACK
qualifier if it is specified.
2.32 - /USERLIBRARY
/USERLIBRARY[=(table[,...])]
/USERLIBRARY=ALL (default)
/NOUSERLIBRARY
Directs the linker to process one or more default user libraries
to resolve symbolic references that remain undefined after all
specified input files have been processed.
Table specifies the logical name tables that the linker searches
for default user libraries. The following keywords are the only
acceptable parameter values:
Keyword Description
ALL Directs the linker to search the process, group, and
system logical name tables for default user library
definitions. This is the default.
GROUP Directs the linker to search the group logical name
table for default user library definitions.
NONE Directs the linker not to search any logical name
table; the /USERLIBRARY=NONE qualifier is equivalent
to the /NOUSERLIBRARY qualifier.
PROCESS Directs the linker to search the process logical name
table for default user library definitions.
SYSTEM Directs the linker to search the system logical name
table for default user library definitions.
2.33 - /VAX
Directs the linker to produce an OpenVMS VAX image. The default
action, when neither /ALPHA nor /VAX is specified, is to create
an OpenVMS VAX image on an OpenVMS VAX system and to create an
OpenVMS Alpha image on an OpenVMS Alpha system.
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