ZSHCALSYS(1)ZSHCALSYS(1)NAMEzshcalsys - zsh calendar system
DESCRIPTION
The shell is supplied with a series of functions to replace and enhance
the traditional Unix calendar programme, which warns the user of immi‐
nent or future events, details of which are stored in a text file (typ‐
ically calendar in the user's home directory). The version provided
here includes a mechanism for alerting the user when an event is due.
In addition a function age is provided that can be used in a glob qual‐
ifier; it allows files to be selected based on their modification
times.
The format of the calendar file and the dates used there in and in the
age function are described first, then the functions that can be called
to examine and modify the calendar file.
The functions here depend on the availability of the zsh/datetime mod‐
ule which is usually installed with the shell. The library function
strptime() must be available; it is present on most recent operating
systems.
FILE AND DATE FORMATS
Calendar File Format
The calendar file is by default ~/calendar. This can be configured by
the calendar-file style, see the section STYLES below. The basic for‐
mat consists of a series of separate lines, with no indentation, each
including a date and time specification followed by a description of
the event.
Various enhancements to this format are supported, based on the syntax
of Emacs calendar mode. An indented line indicates a continuation line
that continues the description of the event from the preceding line
(note the date may not be continued in this way). An initial ampersand
(&) is ignored for compatibility.
An indented line on which the first non-whitespace character is # is
not displayed with the calendar entry, but is still scanned for infor‐
mation. This can be used to hide information useful to the calendar
system but not to the user, such as the unique identifier used by cal‐
endar_add.
The Emacs extension that a date with no description may refer to a num‐
ber of succeeding events at different times is not supported.
Unless the done-file style has been altered, any events which have been
processed are appended to the file with the same name as the calendar
file with the suffix .done, hence ~/calendar.done by default.
An example is shown below.
Date Format
The format of the date and time is designed to allow flexibility with‐
out admitting ambiguity. (The words `date' and `time' are both used in
the documentation below; except where specifically noted this implies a
string that may include both a date and a time specification.) Note
that there is no localization support; month and day names must be in
English and separator characters are fixed. Matching is case insensi‐
tive, and only the first three letters of the names are significant,
although as a special case a form beginning "month" does not match
"Monday". Furthermore, time zones are not handled; all times are
assumed to be local.
It is recommended that, rather than exploring the intricacies of the
system, users find a date format that is natural to them and stick to
it. This will avoid unexpected effects. Various key facts should be
noted.
· In particular, note the confusion between month/day/year and
day/month/year when the month is numeric; these formats should
be avoided if at all possible. Many alternatives are available.
· The year must be given in full to avoid confusion, and only
years from 1900 to 2099 inclusive are matched.
The following give some obvious examples; users finding here a format
they like and not subject to vagaries of style may skip the full
description. As dates and times are matched separately (even though
the time may be embedded in the date), any date format may be mixed
with any format for the time of day provide the separators are clear
(whitespace, colons, commas).
2007/04/03 13:13
2007/04/03:13:13
2007/04/03 1:13 pm
3rd April 2007, 13:13
April 3rd 2007 1:13 p.m.
Apr 3, 2007 13:13
Tue Apr 03 13:13:00 2007
13:13 2007/apr/3
More detailed rules follow.
Times are parsed and extracted before dates. They must use colons to
separate hours and minutes, though a dot is allowed before seconds if
they are present. This limits time formats to the following:
· HH:MM[:SS[.FFFFF]] [am|pm|a.m.|p.m.]
· HH:MM.SS[.FFFFF] [am|pm|a.m.|p.m.]
Here, square brackets indicate optional elements, possibly with alter‐
natives. Fractions of a second are recognised but ignored. For abso‐
lute times (the normal format require by the calendar file and the age
function) a date is mandatory but a time of day is not; the time
returned is at the start of the date. One variation is allowed: if
a.m. or p.m. or one of their variants is present, an hour without a
minute is allowed, e.g. 3 p.m..
Time zones are not handled, though if one is matched following a time
specification it will be removed to allow a surrounding date to be
parsed. This only happens if the format of the timezone is not too
unusual. The following are examples of forms that are understood:
+0100
GMT
GMT-7
CET+1CDT
Any part of the timezone that is not numeric must have exactly three
capital letters in the name.
Dates suffer from the ambiguity between DD/MM/YYYY and MM/DD/YYYY. It
is recommended this form is avoided with purely numeric dates, but use
of ordinals, eg. 3rd/04/2007, will resolve the ambiguity as the ordinal
is always parsed as the day of the month. Years must be four digits
(and the first two must be 19 or 20); 03/04/08 is not recognised.
Other numbers may have leading zeroes, but they are not required. The
following are handled:
· YYYY/MM/DD
· YYYY-MM-DD
· YYYY/MNM/DD
· YYYY-MNM-DD
· DD[th|st|rd] MNM[,] [ YYYY ]
· MNM DD[th|st|rd][,] [ YYYY ]
· DD[th|st|rd]/MM[,] YYYY
· DD[th|st|rd]/MM/YYYY
· MM/DD[th|st|rd][,] YYYY
· MM/DD[th|st|rd]/YYYY
Here, MNM is at least the first three letters of a month name, matched
case-insensitively. The remainder of the month name may appear but its
contents are irrelevant, so janissary, febrile, martial, apricot,
maybe, junta, etc. are happily handled.
Where the year is shown as optional, the current year is assumed.
There are only two such cases, the form Jun 20 or 14 September (the
only two commonly occurring forms, apart from a "the" in some forms of
English, which isn't currently supported). Such dates will of course
become ambiguous in the future, so should ideally be avoided.
Times may follow dates with a colon, e.g. 1965/07/12:09:45; this is in
order to provide a format with no whitespace. A comma and whitespace
are allowed, e.g. 1965/07/12, 09:45. Currently the order of these sep‐
arators is not checked, so illogical formats such as 1965/07/12, :
,09:45 will also be matched. For simplicity such variations are not
shown in the list above. Otherwise, a time is only recognised as being
associated with a date if there is only whitespace in between, or if
the time was embedded in the date.
Days of the week are not normally scanned, but will be ignored if they
occur at the start of the date pattern only. However, in contexts
where it is useful to specify dates relative to today, days of the week
with no other date specification may be given. The day is assumed to
be either today or within the past week. Likewise, the words yester‐
day, today and tomorrow are handled. All matches are case-insensitive.
Hence if today is Monday, then Sunday is equivalent to yesterday, Mon‐
day is equivalent to today, but Tuesday gives a date six days ago.
This is not generally useful within the calendar file. Dates in this
format may be combined with a time specification; for example Tomorrow,
8 p.m..
For example, the standard date format:
Fri Aug 18 17:00:48 BST 2006
is handled by matching HH:MM:SS and removing it together with the
matched (but unused) time zone. This leaves the following:
Fri Aug 18 2006
Fri is ignored and the rest is matched according to the standard rules.
Relative Time Format
In certain places relative times are handled. Here, a date is not
allowed; instead a combination of various supported periods are
allowed, together with an optional time. The periods must be in order
from most to least significant.
In some cases, a more accurate calculation is possible when there is an
anchor date: offsets of months or years pick the correct day, rather
than being rounded, and it is possible to pick a particular day in a
month as `(1st Friday)', etc., as described in more detail below.
Anchors are available in the following cases. If one or two times are
passed to the function calendar, the start time acts an anchor for the
end time when the end time is relative (even if the start time is
implicit). When examining calendar files, the scheduled event being
examined anchors the warning time when it is given explicitly by means
of the WARN keyword; likewise, the scheduled event anchors a repetition
period when given by the RPT keyword, so that specifications such as
RPT 2 months, 3rd Thursday are handled properly. Finally, the -R argu‐
ment to calendar_scandate directly provides an anchor for relative cal‐
culations.
The periods handled, with possible abbreviations are:
Years years, yrs, ys, year, yr, y, yearly. A year is 365.25 days
unless there is an anchor.
Months months, mons, mnths, mths, month, mon, mnth, mth, monthly. Note
that m, ms, mn, mns are ambiguous and are not handled. A month
is a period of 30 days rather than a calendar month unless there
is an anchor.
Weeks weeks, wks, ws, week, wk, w, weekly
Days days, dys, ds, day, dy, d, daily
Hours hours, hrs, hs, hour, hr, h, hourly
Minutes
minutes, mins, minute, min, but not m, ms, mn or mns
Seconds
seconds, secs, ss, second, sec, s
Spaces between the numbers are optional, but are required between
items, although a comma may be used (with or without spaces).
The forms yearly to hourly allow the number to be omitted; it is
assumed to be 1. For example, 1 d and daily are equivalent. Note that
using those forms with plurals is confusing; 2 yearly is the same as 2
years, not twice yearly, so it is recommended they only be used without
numbers.
When an anchor time is present, there is an extension to handle regular
events in the form of the nth someday of the month. Such a specifica‐
tion must occur immediately after any year and month specification, but
before any time of day, and must be in the form n(th|st|rd) day, for
example 1st Tuesday or 3rd Monday. As in other places, days are
matched case insensitively, must be in English, and only the first
three letters are significant except that a form beginning `month' does
not match `Monday'. No attempt is made to sanitize the resulting date;
attempts to squeeze too many occurrences into a month will push the day
into the next month (but in the obvious fashion, retaining the correct
day of the week).
Here are some examples:
30 years 3 months 4 days 3:42:41
14 days 5 hours
Monthly, 3rd Thursday
4d,10hr
Example
Here is an example calendar file. It uses a consistent date format, as
recommended above.
Feb 1, 2006 14:30 Pointless bureaucratic meeting
Mar 27, 2006 11:00 Mutual recrimination and finger pointing
Bring water pistol and waterproofs
Mar 31, 2006 14:00 Very serious managerial pontification
# UID 12C7878A9A50
Apr 10, 2006 13:30 Even more pointless blame assignment exercise WARN 30 mins
May 18, 2006 16:00 Regular moaning session RPT monthly, 3rd Thursday
The second entry has a continuation line. The third entry has a con‐
tinuation line that will not be shown when the entry is displayed, but
the unique identifier will be used by the calendar_add function when
updating the event. The fourth entry will produce a warning 30 minutes
before the event (to allow you to equip yourself appropriately). The
fifth entry repeats after a month on the 3rd Thursday, i.e. June 15,
2006, at the same time.
USER FUNCTIONS
This section describes functions that are designed to be called
directly by the user. The first part describes those functions associ‐
ated with the user's calendar; the second part describes the use in
glob qualifiers.
Calendar system functions
calendar [ -abdDsv ] [ -C calfile ] [ -n num ] [ -S showprog ] [ [
start ] end ](
calendar -r [ -abdDrsv ] [ -C calfile ] [ -n num ] [ -S showprog ] [
start ]
Show events in the calendar.
With no arguments, show events from the start of today until the
end of the next working day after today. In other words, if
today is Friday, Saturday, or Sunday, show up to the end of the
following Monday, otherwise show today and tomorrow.
If end is given, show events from the start of today up to the
time and date given, which is in the format described in the
previous section. Note that if this is a date the time is
assumed to be midnight at the start of the date, so that effec‐
tively this shows all events before the given date.
end may start with a +, in which case the remainder of the spec‐
ification is a relative time format as described in the previous
section indicating the range of time from the start time that is
to be included.
If start is also given, show events starting from that time and
date. The word now can be used to indicate the current time.
To implement an alert when events are due, include calendar -s
in your ~/.zshrc file.
Options:
-a Show all items in the calendar, regardless of the start
and end.
-b Brief: don't display continuation lines (i.e. indented
lines following the line with the date/time), just the
first line.
-B lines
Brief: display at most the first lines lines of the cal‐
endar entry. `-B 1' is equivalent to `-b'.
-C calfile
Explicitly specify a calendar file instead of the value
of the calendar-file style or the the default ~/calendar.
-d Move any events that have passed from the calendar file
to the "done" file, as given by the done-file style or
the default which is the calendar file with .done
appended. This option is implied by the -s option.
-D Turns off the option -d, even if the -s option is also
present.
-n num, -num
Show at least num events, if present in the calendar
file, regardless of the start and end.
-r Show all the remaining options in the calendar, ignoring
the given end time. The start time is respected; any
argument given is treated as a start time.
-s Use the shell's sched command to schedule a timed event
that will warn the user when an event is due. Note that
the sched command only runs if the shell is at an inter‐
active prompt; a foreground task blocks the scheduled
task from running until it is finished.
The timed event usually runs the programme calendar_show
to show the event, as described in the section UTILITY
FUNCTIONS below.
By default, a warning of the event is shown five minutes
before it is due. The warning period can be configured
by the style warn-time or for a single calendar entry by
including WARN reltime in the first line of the entry,
where reltime is one of the usual relative time formats.
A repeated event may be indicated by including RPT rel‐
date in the first line of the entry. After the scheduled
event has been displayed it will be re-entered into the
calendar file at a time reldate after the existing event.
Note that this is currently the only use made of the
repeat count, so that it is not possible to query the
schedule for a recurrence of an event in the calendar
until the previous event has passed.
It is safe to run calendar -s to reschedule an existing
event (if the calendar file has changed, for example),
and also to have it running in multiples instances of the
shell since the calendar file is locked when in use.
By default, expired events are moved to the "done" file;
see the -d option. Use -D to prevent this.
-S showprog
Explicitly specify a programme to be used for showing
events instead of the value of the show-prog style or the
default calendar_show.
-v Verbose: show more information about stages of process‐
ing. This is useful for confirming that the function has
successfully parsed the dates in the calendar file.
calendar_add [ -BL ] event ...
Adds a single event to the calendar in the appropriate location.
The event can contain multiple lines, as described in the sec‐
tion Calendar File Format above. Using this function ensures
that the calendar file is sorted in date and time order. It
also makes special arrangements for locking the file while it is
altered. The old calendar is left in a file with the suffix
.old.
The option -B indicates that backing up the calendar file will
be handled by the caller and should not be performed by calen‐
dar_add. The option -L indicates that calendar_add does not
need to lock the calendar file as it is already locked. These
options will not usually be needed by users.
If the style reformat-date is true, the date and time of the new
entry will be rewritten into the standard date format: see the
descriptions of this style and the style date-format.
The function can use a unique identifier stored with each event
to ensure that updates to existing events are treated correctly.
The entry should contain the word UID, followed by whitespace,
followed by a word consisting entirely of hexadecimal digits of
arbitrary length (all digits are significant, including leading
zeroes). As the UID is not directly useful to the user, it is
convenient to hide it on an indented continuation line starting
with a #, for example:
Aug 31, 2007 09:30 Celebrate the end of the holidays
# UID 045B78A0
The second line will not be shown by the calendar function.
calendar_edit
This calls the user's editor to edit the calendar file. The
editor is given by the variable VISUAL, if set, else the vari‐
able EDITOR. If the calendar scheduler was running, then after
editing the file calendar -s is called to update it.
This function locks out the calendar system during the edit.
Hence it should be used to edit the calendar file if there is
any possibility of a calendar event occurring meanwhile.
calendar_parse calendar-entry
This is the internal function that analyses the parts of a cal‐
endar entry, which is passed as the only argument. The function
returns status 1 if the argument could not be parsed as a calen‐
dar entry and status 2 if the wrong number of arguments were
passed; it also sets the parameter reply to an empty associative
array. Otherwise, it returns status 0 and sets elements of the
associative array reply as follows:
time The time as a string of digits in the same units as $EPOCHSEC‐
ONDS
text1 The text from the line not including the date and time of the
event, but including any WARN or RPT keywords and values.
warntime
Any warning time given by the WARN keyword as a string of digits
containing the time at which to warn in the same units as
$EPOCHSECONDS. (Note this is an absolute time, not the relative
time passed down.) Not set no WARN keyword and value were
matched.
warnstr
The raw string matched after the WARN keyword, else unset.
rpttime
Any recurrence time given by the RPT keyword as a string of dig‐
its containing the time of the recurrence in the same units as
$EPOCHSECONDS. (Note this is an absolute time.) Not set if no
RPT keyword and value were matched.
rptstr The raw string matched after the RPT keyword, else unset.
text2 The text from the line after removal of the date and any key‐
words and values. )
calendar_showdate [ -r ] [ -f fmt ] date-spec ...
The given date-spec is interpreted and the corresponding date
and time printed. If the initial date-spec begins with a + or -
it is treated as relative to the current time; date-specs after
the first are treated as relative to the date calculated so far
and a leading + is optional in that case. This allows one to
use the system as a date calculator. For example, calen‐
dar_showdate '+1 month, 1st Friday' shows the date of the first
Friday of next month.
With the option -r nothing is printed but the value of the date
and time in seconds since the epoch is stored in the parameter
REPLY.
With the option -f fmt the given date/time conversion format is
passed to strftime; see notes on the date-format style below.
In order to avoid ambiguity with negative relative date specifi‐
cations, options must occur in separate words; in other words,
-r and -f should not be combined in the same word.
calendar_sort
Sorts the calendar file into date and time order. The old
calendar is left in a file with the suffix .old.
Glob qualifiers
The function age can be autoloaded and use separately from the calendar
system, although it uses the function calendar_scandate for date for‐
matting. It requires the zsh/stat builtin, which makes available the
builtin stat. This may conflict with an external programme of the same
name; if it does, the builtin may be disabled for normal operation by
including the following code in an initialization file:
zmodload -i zsh/stat
disable stat
age selects files having a given modification time for use as a glob
qualifier. The format of the date is the same as that understood by
the calendar system, described in the section FILE AND DATE FORMATS
above.
The function can take one or two arguments, which can be supplied
either directly as command or arguments, or separately as shell parame‐
ters.
print *(e:age 2006/10/04 2006/10/09:)
The example above matches all files modified between the start of those
dates. The second argument may alternatively be a relative time intro‐
duced by a +:
print *(e:age 2006/10/04 +5d:)
The example above is equivalent to the previous example.
In addition to the special use of days of the week, today and yester‐
day, times with no date may be specified; these apply to today. Obvi‐
ously such uses become problematic around midnight.
print *(e-age 12:00 13:30-)
The example above shows files modified between 12:00 and 13:00 today.
print *(e:age 2006/10/04:)
The example above matches all files modified on that date. If the sec‐
ond argument is omitted it is taken to be exactly 24 hours after the
first argument (even if the first argument contains a time).
print *(e-age 2006/10/04:10:15 2006/10/04:10:45-)
The example above supplies times. Note that whitespace within the time
and date specification must be quoted to ensure age receives the cor‐
rect arguments, hence the use of the additional colon to separate the
date and time.
AGEREF1=2006/10/04:10:15
AGEREF2=2006/10/04:10:45
print *(+age)
This shows the same example before using another form of argument pass‐
ing. The dates and times in the parameters AGEREF1 and AGEREF2 stay in
effect until unset, but will be overridden if any argument is passed as
an explicit argument to age. Any explicit argument causes both parame‐
ters to be ignored.
STYLES
The zsh style mechanism using the zstyle command is describe in zshmod‐
ules(1). This is the same mechanism used in the completion system.
The styles below are all examined in the context :datetime:function:,
for example :datetime:calendar:.
calendar-file
The location of the main calendar. The default is ~/calendar.
date-format
A strftime format string (see strftime(3)) with the zsh exten‐
sions providing various numbers with no leading zero or space if
the number is a single digit as described for the %D{string}
prompt format in the section EXPANSION OF PROMPT SEQUENCES in
zshmisc(1).
This is used for outputting dates in calendar, both to support
the -v option and when adding recurring events back to the cal‐
endar file, and in calendar_showdate as the final output format.
If the style is not set, the default used is similar the stan‐
dard system format as output by the date command (also known as
`ctime format'): `%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Z %Y'.
done-file
The location of the file to which events which have passed are
appended. The default is the calendar file location with the
suffix .done. The style may be set to an empty string in which
case a "done" file will not be maintained.
reformat-date
Boolean, used by calendar_add. If it is true, the date and time
of new entries added to the calendar will be reformatted to the
format given by the style date-format or its default. Only the
date and time of the event itself is reformatted; any subsidiary
dates and times such as those associated with repeat and warning
times are left alone.
show-prog
The programme run by calendar for showing events. It will be
passed the start time and stop time of the events requested in
seconds since the epoch followed by the event text. Note that
calendar -s uses a start time and stop time equal to one another
to indicate alerts for specific events.
The default is the function calendar_show.
warn-time
The time before an event at which a warning will be displayed,
if the first line of the event does not include the text EVENT
reltime. The default is 5 minutes.
UTILITY FUNCTIONS
calendar_lockfiles
Attempt to lock the files given in the argument. To prevent
problems with network file locking this is done in an ad hoc
fashion by attempting to create a symbolic link to the file with
the name file.lockfile. No other system level functions are
used for locking, i.e. the file can be accessed and modified by
any utility that does not use this mechanism. In particular,
the user is not prevented from editing the calendar file at the
same time unless calendar_edit is used.
Three attempts are made to lock the file before giving up. If
the module zsh/zselect is available, the times of the attempts
are jittered so that multiple instances of the calling function
are unlikely to retry at the same time.
The files locked are appended to the array lockfiles, which
should be local to the caller.
If all files were successfully locked, status zero is returned,
else status one.
This function may be used as a general file locking function,
although this will only work if only this mechanism is used to
lock files.
calendar_read
This is a backend used by various other functions to parse the
calendar file, which is passed as the only argument. The array
calendar_entries is set to the list of events in the file; no
pruning is done except that ampersands are removed from the
start of the line. Each entry may contain multiple lines.
calendar_scandate
This is a generic function to parse dates and times that may be
used separately from the calendar system. The argument is a
date or time specification as described in the section FILE AND
DATE FORMATS above. The parameter REPLY is set to the number of
seconds since the epoch corresponding to that date or time. By
default, the date and time may occur anywhere within the given
argument.
Returns status zero if the date and time were successfully
parsed, else one.
Options:
-a The date and time are anchored to the start of the argu‐
ment; they will not be matched if there is preceding
text.
-A The date and time are anchored to both the start and end
of the argument; they will not be matched if the is any
other text in the argument.
-d Enable additional debugging output.
-m Minus. When -R anchor_time is also given the relative
time is calculated backwards from anchor_time.
-r The argument passed is to be parsed as a relative time.
-R anchor_time
The argument passed is to be parsed as a relative time.
The time is relative to anchor_time, a time in seconds
since the epoch, and the returned value is the absolute
time corresponding to advancing anchor_time by the rela‐
tive time given. This allows lengths of months to be
correctly taken into account. If the final day does not
exist in the given month, the last day of the final month
is given. For example, if the anchor time is during 31st
January 2007 and the relative time is 1 month, the final
time is the same time of day during 28th February 2007.
-s In addition to setting REPLY, set REPLY2 to the remainder
of the argument after the date and time have been
stripped. This is empty if the option -A was given.
-t Allow a time with no date specification. The date is
assumed to be today. The behaviour is unspecified if the
iron tongue of midnight is tolling twelve.
calendar_show
The function used by default to display events. It accepts a
start time and end time for events, both in epoch seconds, and
an event description.
The event is always printed to standard output. If the command
line editor is active (which will usually be the case) the com‐
mand line will be redisplayed after the output.
If the parameter DISPLAY is set and the start and end times are
the same (indicating a scheduled event), the function uses the
command xmessage to display a window with the event details.
BUGS
As the system is based entirely on shell functions (with a little sup‐
port from the zsh/datetime module) the mechanisms used are not as
robust as those provided by a dedicated calendar utility. Consequently
the user should not rely on the shell for vital alerts.
There is no calendar_delete function.
There is no localization support for dates and times, nor any support
for the use of time zones.
Relative periods of months and years do not take into account the vari‐
able number of days.
The calendar_show function is currently hardwired to use xmessage for
displaying alerts on X Window System displays. This should be config‐
urable and ideally integrate better with the desktop.
calendar_lockfiles hangs the shell while waiting for a lock on a file.
If called from a scheduled task, it should instead reschedule the event
that caused it.
zsh 4.3.10 June 1, 2009 ZSHCALSYS(1)
