XLOADIMAGE(1)XLOADIMAGE(1)NAME
xloadimage, xsetbg, xview - load images into an X11 window
or onto the root window
SYNOPSISxloadimage [global_options] {[image_options] image ...}
xloadimage [global_options] [image_options] stdin < image
DESCRIPTION
Xloadimage displays images in an X11 window or loads them
onto the root window. See the IMAGE TYPES section below
for supported image types.
If the filename stdin is given, xloadimage will read the
image from standard input.
To have a "slideshow" of many images supply multiple image
file names on the command line. The 'n', 'return', and
'space' keys will proceed to the next image and 'p' will
return to the previous when the keyboard focus is on the
window. Also see the -delay, -idelay, and -goto options.
You may exit the window by typing 'q' or '^C' when the
keyboard focus is on the window.
If the destination display cannot support the number of
colors in the image, the image will be dithered
(monochrome destination) or have its colormap reduced
(color destination) as appropriate. This can also be done
forcibly with the -halftone, -dither, and -colors options.
A variety of image manipulations can be specified, includ-
ing gamma correction, brightening, clipping, dithering,
depth-reduction, rotation, and zooming. Most of these
manipulations have simple implementations; speed was opted
for above accuracy.
If you are viewing a large image in a window, the initial
window will be at most 90% of the size of the display
unless the window manager does not correctly handle window
size requests or if you've used the -fullscreen option.
You may move the image around in the window by dragging
with the first mouse button. The cursor will indicate
which directions you may drag, if any.
A wide variety of common image manipulations can be done
by mixing and matching the available options. See the
section entitled HINTS FOR GOOD IMAGE DISPLAYS for some
ideas.
Xsetbg is equivalent to xloadimage-onroot -quiet and
xview is equivalent to xloadimage-view -verbose.
16 November 1992 1
XLOADIMAGE(1)XLOADIMAGE(1)RESOURCE CLASS
Xloadimage uses the resource class name Xloadimage for
window managers which need this resource set. This name
changed in version 2.00 and 2.01; some previous versions
used the name XLoadImage (which was difficult to predict)
or xloadimage (which conflicted with class naming conven-
tions).
GLOBAL OPTIONS
The following options affect the global operation of
xloadimage. They may be specified anywhere on the command
line.
-border color
This sets the background portion of the window
which is not covered by any images to be color.
-default
Set the root background to the default root weave.
This is the same as xsetroot with no arguments.
-debug Talk to the X server in synchronous mode. This is
useful for debugging. If an X error is seen while
in this mode, a core will be dumped.
-delay secs
Automatically advance to the next image after secs
seconds.
-display display_name
X11 display name to send the image(s) to.
-fit Force image to use the default visual and col-
ormap. This is useful if you do not want techni-
color effects when the colormap focus is inside
the image window, but it may reduce the quality of
the displayed image. This is on by default if
-onroot or -windowid is specified.
-fork Fork xloadimage. This causes xloadimage to disas-
sociate itself from the shell. This option auto-
matically turns on -quiet.
-fullscreen
Use the entire screen to display images. If com-
bined with -onroot, the image will be zoomed to
fill the entire rootwindow.
-geometry WxH[{+-X}{+-}Y]
This sets the size of the window onto which the
images are loaded to a different value than the
size of the image. When viewing an image in a
window, this can be used to reduce the size of the
destination window. When loading an image onto
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XLOADIMAGE(1)XLOADIMAGE(1)
the root window, this option controls the size of
the pixmap which will be loaded onto the root. If
the size is smaller than that of the display, the
image will be replicated.
-goto image_name
Forces the next image to be displayed to be the
image named image_name. This is useful for gener-
ating looped slideshows. If more than one image
of the same name as the target exists on the argu-
ment list, the first in the argument list is used.
-help [option ...]
Give information on an option or list of options.
If no option is given, a simple interactive help
facility is invoked.
-identify
Identify the supplied images rather than display
them.
-install
Forcibly install the image's colormap when the
window is focused. This violates ICCCM standards
and only exists to allow operation with naive win-
dow managers. Use this option only if your window
manager does not install colormaps properly.
-list List the images which are along the image path.
-onroot Load image(s) onto the root window instead of
viewing in a window. This option automatically
sets the -fit option. This is the opposite of
-view. XSetbg has this option set by default.
-path Displays the image path and image suffixes which
will be used when looking for images. These are
loaded from ~/.xloadimagerc and optionally from a
systemwide file (normally /usr/lib/xloadimagerc).
-pixmap Force the use of a pixmap as backing-store. This
is provided for servers where backing-store is
broken (such as some versions of the AIXWindows
server). It may improve scrolling performance on
servers which provide backing-store.
-private
Force the use of a private colormap. Normally
colors are allocated shared unless there are not
enough colors available.
-quiet Forces xloadimage and xview to be quiet. This is
the default for xsetbg, but the others like to
whistle.
16 November 1992 3
XLOADIMAGE(1)XLOADIMAGE(1)-supported
List the supported image types.
-verbose
Causes xloadimage to be talkative, telling you
what kind of image it's playing with and any spe-
cial processing that it has to do. This is the
default for xview and xloadimage.
-version
Print the version number and patchlevel of this
version of xloadimage.
-view View image(s) in a window. This is the opposite
of -onroot and the default for xview and xloadim-
age.
-visual visual_name
Force the use of a specific visual type to display
an image. Normally xloadimage tries to pick the
best available image for a particular image type.
The available visual types are: DirectColor,
TrueColor, PseudoColor, StaticColor, GrayScale,
and StaticGray. Nonconflicting names may be
abbreviated and case is ignored.
-windowid hex_window_id
Sets the background pixmap of a particular window
ID. The argument must be in hexadecimal and must
be preceeded by "0x" (eg -windowid 0x40000b. This
is intended for setting the background pixmap of
some servers which use untagged virtual roots (eg
HP-VUE), but can have other interesting applica-
tions.
IMAGE OPTIONS
The following options may preceed each image. These
options are local to the image they preceed.
-at X,Y
Indicates coordinates to load the image at on the
base image. If this is an option to the first
image, and the -onroot option is specified, the
image will be loaded at the given location on the
display background.
-background color
Use color as the background color instead of the
default (usually white but this depends on the
image type) if you are transferring a monochrome
image to a color display.
-brighten percentage
Specify a percentage multiplier for a color image's
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XLOADIMAGE(1)XLOADIMAGE(1)
colormap. A value of more than 100 will brighten
an image, one of less than 100 will darken it.
-center
Center the image on the base image loaded. If this
is an option to the first image, and the -onroot
option is specified, the image will be centered on
the display background.
-clip X,Y,W,H
Clip the image before loading it. X and Y define
the upper-left corner of the clip area, and W and H
define the extents of the area. A zero value for W
or H will be interpreted as the remainder of the
image.
-colors n
Specify the maximum number of colors to use in the
image. This is a way to forcibly reduce the depth
of an image.
-dither
Dither a color image to monochrome using a Floyd-
Steinberg dithering algorithm. This happens by
default when viewing color images on a monochrome
display. This is slower than -halftone and affects
the image accuracy but usually looks much better.
-foreground color
Use color as the foreground color instead of black
if you are transferring a monochrome image to a
color display. This can also be used to invert the
foreground and background colors of a monochrome
image.
-gamma display_gamma
Specify the gamma correction for the display. The
default value is 1.0, a typical display needs 2.0
to 2.5.
-gray Convert an image to grayscale. This is very useful
when displaying colorful images on servers with
limited color capability. The optional spelling
-grey may also be used.
-halftone
Force halftone dithering of a color image when dis-
playing on a monochrome display. This option is
ignored on monochrome images. This dithering algo-
rithm blows an image up by sixteen times; if you
don't like this, the -dither option will not blow
the image up but will take longer to process and
will be less accurate.
16 November 1992 5
XLOADIMAGE(1)XLOADIMAGE(1)-idelay secs
Set the delay to be used for this image to secs
seconds (see -delay). If -delay was specified,
this overrides it. If it was not specified, this
sets the automatic advance delay for this image
while others will wait for the user to advance
them.
-invert
Inverts a monochrome image. This is shorthand for
-foreground white -background black.
-merge Merge this image onto the base image after local
processing. The base image is considered to be the
first image specified or the last image that was
not preceeded by -merge. If used in conjunction
with -at and -clip, very complex images can be
built up. This option is on by default for all
images if the -onroot or -windowid options are
specified.
-name image_name
Force the next argument to be treated as an image
name. This is useful if the name of the image is
-dither, for instance.
-newoptions
Reset options that propagate. The -bright, -col-
ors, -delay, -dither, -gamma, -normalize, -smooth,
-xzoom, -yzoom, and -zoom options normally propa-
gate to all following images.
-normalize
Normalize a color image.
-rotate degrees
Rotate the image by degrees clockwise. The number
must be a multiple of 90.
-smooth
Smooth a color image. This reduces blockiness
after zooming an image up. If used on a monochrome
image, nothing happens. This option can take
awhile to perform, especially on large images. You
may specify more than one -smooth option per image,
causing multiple iterations of the smoothing algo-
rithm.
-xzoom percentage
Zoom the X axis of an image by percentage. A num-
ber greater than 100 will expand the image, one
smaller will compress it. A zero value will be
ignored. This option, and the related -yzoom are
useful for correcting the aspect ratio of images to
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XLOADIMAGE(1)XLOADIMAGE(1)
be displayed.
-yzoom percentage
Zoom the Y axis of an image by percentage. See
-xzoom for more information.
-zoom percentage
Zoom both the X and Y axes by percentage. See
-xzoom for more information. Technically the per-
centage actually zoomed is the square of the number
supplied since the zoom is to both axes, but I
opted for consistency instead of accuracy.
EXAMPLES
To load the rasterfile "my.image" onto the background and
replicate it to fill the entire background:
xloadimage-onroot my.image
To load a monochrome image "my.image" onto the background,
using red as the foreground color, replicate the image,
and overlay "another.image" onto it at coordinate (10,10):
xloadimage-foreground red my.image -at 10,10
another.image
To center the rectangular region from 10 to 110 along the
X axis and from 10 to the height of the image along the Y
axis:
xloadimage-center -clip 10,10,100,0 my.image
To double the size of an image:
xloadimage-zoom 200 my.image
To halve the size of an image:
xloadimage-zoom 50 my.image
To brighten a dark image:
xloadimage-brighten 150 my.image
To darken a bright image:
xloadimage-brighten 50 my.image
HINTS FOR GOOD IMAGE DISPLAYS
Since images are likely to come from a variety of sources,
they may be in a variety of aspect ratios which may not be
supported by your display. The -xzoom and -yzoom options
can be used to change the aspect ratio of an image before
display. If you use these options, it is recommended that
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XLOADIMAGE(1)XLOADIMAGE(1)
you increase the size of one of the dimensions instead of
shrinking the other, since shrinking looses detail. For
instance, many GIF and G3 FAX images have an X:Y ratio of
about 2:1. You can correct this for viewing on a 1:1 dis-
play with either -xzoom 50 or -yzoom 200 (reduce X axis to
50% of its size and expand Y axis to 200% of its size,
respectively) but the latter should be used so no detail
is lost in the conversion.
When zooming color images up you can reduce blockiness
with -smooth. For zooms of 300% or more, I recommend two
smoothing passes (although this can take awhile to do on
slow machines). There will be a noticable improvement in
the image.
You can perform image processing on a small portion of an
image by loading the image more than once and using the
-merge, -at and -clip options. Load the image, then merge
it with a clipped, processed version of itself. To
brighten a 100x100 rectangular portion of an image located
at (50,50), for instance, you could type:
xloadimage my.image -merge-at 50,50 -clip
50,50,100,100 -brighten 150 my.image
If you're using a display with a small colormap to display
colorful images, try using the -gray option to convert to
grayscale.
PATHS AND EXTENSIONS
The file ~/.xloadimagerc (and optionally a system-wide
file) defines the path and default extensions that xload-
image will use when looking for images. This file can
have two statements: "path=" and "extension=" (the equals
signs must follow the word with no spaces between).
Everything following the "path=" keyword will be prepended
to the supplied image name if the supplied name does not
specify an existing file. The paths will be searched in
the order they are specified. Everything following the
"extension=" keyword will be appended to the supplied
image name if the supplied name does not specify an exist-
ing file. As with paths, these extensions will be
searched in the order they are given. Comments are any
portion of a line following a hash-mark (#).
The following is a sample ~/.xloadimagerc file:
# paths to look for images in
path= /usr/local/images
/home/usr1/guest/madd/images
/usr/include/X11/bitmaps
# default extensions for images; .Z is automatic; scanned in order
extension= .csun .msun .sun .face .xbm .bm
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XLOADIMAGE(1)XLOADIMAGE(1)
Versions of xloadimage prior to version 01, patchlevel 03
would load the system-wide file (if any), followed by the
user's file. This behavior made it difficult for the user
to configure her environment if she didn't want the
default. Newer versions will ignore the system-wide file
if a personal configuration file exists.
IMAGE TYPES
Xloadimage currently supports the following image types:
CMU Window Manager raster files
Faces Project images
Fuzzy Bitmap (FBM) images
GEM bit images
GIF images
G3 FAX images
McIDAS areafiles
MacPaint images
PC Paintbrush (PCX) images
Portable Bitmap (PBM, PGM, PPM) images
Sun monochrome rasterfiles
Sun color RGB rasterfiles
Utah Raster Toolkit (RLE) files
X pixmap files
X10 bitmap files
X11 bitmap files
X Window Dump (except TrueColor and DirectColor)
Normal, compact, and raw PBM images are supported. Both
standard and run-length encoded Sun rasterfiles are sup-
ported. Any image whose name ends in .Z is assumed to be
a compressed image and will be filtered through "uncom-
press".
AUTHOR
Jim Frost
CenterLine Software
jimf@centerline.com
For a more-or-less complete list of other contributors
(there are a lot of them), please see the README file
enclosed with the distribution.
FILESxloadimage - the image loader and viewer
xsetbg - pseudonym which quietly sets the background
xview - pseudonym which views in a window
/usr/lib/X11/Xloadimage - default system-wide configuration file
~/.xloadimagerc - user's personal configuration file
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 Jim Frost and others.
Xloadimage is copywritten material with a very loose
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XLOADIMAGE(1)XLOADIMAGE(1)
copyright allowing unlimited modification and distribution
if the copyright notices are left intact. Various por-
tions are copywritten by various people, but all use a
modification of the MIT copyright notice. Please check
the source for complete copyright information. The intent
is to keep the source free, not to stifle its distribu-
tion, so please write to me if you have any questions.
BUGS
Zooming dithered images, especially downwards, is UGLY.
Images can come in a variety of aspect ratios. Xloadimage
cannot detect what aspect ratio the particular image being
loaded has, nor the aspect ratio of the destination dis-
play, so images with differing aspect ratios from the des-
tination display will appear distorted. See HINTS FOR
GOOD IMAGE DISPLAYS for more information.
The GIF format allows more than one image to be stored in
a single GIF file, but xloadimage will only display the
first.
Only GIF87a format is supported.
One of the pseudonyms for xloadimage, xview, is the same
name as Sun uses for their SunView-under-X package. This
will be confusing if you're one of those poor souls who
has to use Sun's XView.
Some window managers do not correctly handle window size
requests. In particular, many versions of the twm window
manager use the MaxSize hint instead of the PSize hint,
causing images which are larger than the screen to display
in a window larger than the screen, something which is
normally avoided. Some versions of twm also ignore the
MaxSize argument's real function, to limit the maximum
size of the window, and allow the window to be resized
larger than the image. If this happens, xloadimage merely
places the image in the upper-left corner of the window
and uses the zero-value'ed pixel for any space which is
not covered by the image. This behavior is less-than-
graceful but so are window managers which are cruel enough
to ignore such details.
The order in which operations are performed on an image is
independent of the order in which they were specified on
the command line. Wherever possible I tried to order
operations in such a way as to look the best possible
(zooming before dithering, for instance) or to increase
speed (zooming downward before compressing, for instance).
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