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XCALC(1)							      XCALC(1)

NAME
       xcalc - scientific calculator for X

SYNOPSIS
       xcalc [-stipple] [-rpn] [-toolkitoption...]

DESCRIPTION
       xcalc  is  a scientific calculator desktop accessory that can emulate a
       TI-30 or an HP-10C.

OPTIONS
       xcalc accepts all of the standard toolkit command  line	options	 along
       with two additional options:

       -stipple
	       This  option  indicates	that  the background of the calculator
	       should be drawn using a stipple of  the	foreground  and	 back‐
	       ground colors.  On monochrome displays improves the appearance.

       -rpn    This  option  indicates	that Reverse Polish Notation should be
	       used.  In this mode the calculator will look and behave like an
	       HP-10C.	Without this flag, it will emulate a TI-30.

OPERATION
       Pointer Usage: Operations may be performed with pointer button 1, or in
       some cases, with the keyboard.  Many common calculator operations  have
       keyboard	 accelerators.	 To quit, press pointer button 3 on the AC key
       of the TI calculator, or the ON key of the HP calculator.

       Calculator Key Usage (TI mode): The numbered keys, the +/- key, and the
       +,  -,  *,  /, and = keys all do exactly what you would expect them to.
       It should be noted that the operators obey the standard rules of prece‐
       dence.	Thus, entering "3+4*5=" results in "23", not "35".  The paren‐
       theses can be used to override this.  For  example,  "(1+2+3)*(4+5+6)="
       results in "6*15=90".

       The  entire  number in the calculator display can be selected, in order
       to paste the result of a calculation into text.

       The action procedures associated with each function  are	 given	below.
       These are useful if you are interested in defining a custom calculator.
       The action used for all digit keys is digit(n), where n is  the	corre‐
       sponding digit, 0..9.

       1/x	 Replaces  the number in the display with its reciprocal.  The
		 corresponding action procedure is reciprocal().

       x^2	 Squares the number in the display.  The corresponding	action
		 procedure is square().

       SQRT	 Takes the square root of the number in the display.  The cor‐
		 responding action procedure is squareRoot().

       CE/C	 When pressed once, clears the number in the  display  without
		 clearing  the state of the machine.  Allows you to re-enter a
		 number if you make a mistake.	Pressing it twice  clears  the
		 state,	 also.	The corresponding action procedure for TI mode
		 is clear().

       AC	 Clears the display, the state, and the memory.	  Pressing  it
		 with  the  third  pointer button turns off the calculator, in
		 that it exits the program.  The action procedure to clear the
		 state is off(); to quit, quit().

       INV	 Invert	 function.   See  the  individual  function  keys  for
		 details.  The corresponding action procedure is inverse().

       sin	 Computes the sine of the number in  the  display,  as	inter‐
		 preted	 by  the  current  DRG	mode  (see  DRG,  below).   If
		 inverted, it computes the arcsine.  The corresponding	action
		 procedure is sine().

       cos	 Computes  the cosine, or arccosine when inverted.  The corre‐
		 sponding action procedure is cosine().

       tan	 Computes the tangent, or arctangent when inverted.  The  cor‐
		 responding action procedure is tangent().

       DRG	 Changes the DRG mode, as indicated by 'DEG', 'RAD', or 'GRAD'
		 at the bottom of of the calculator  ``liquid  crystal''  dis‐
		 play.	 When  in 'DEG' mode, numbers in the display are taken
		 as being degrees.  In 'RAD' mode, numbers are in radians, and
		 in 'GRAD' mode, numbers are in grads.	When inverted, the DRG
		 key has a feature of converting degrees to radians  to	 grads
		 and  vice-versa.   Example:   put  the	 calculator into 'DEG'
		 mode, and enter "45 INV DRG".	The display  should  now  show
		 something  along  the lines of ".785398", which is 45 degrees
		 converted to radians.	The corresponding action procedure  is
		 degree().

       e	 The  constant 'e'.  (2.7182818...).  The corresponding action
		 procedure is e().

       EE	 Used for entering exponential numbers.	 For example,  to  get
		 "-2.3E-4"  you'd enter "2 . 3 +/- EE 4 +/-".  The correspond‐
		 ing action procedure is scientific().

       log	 Calculates the log (base 10) of the number  in	 the  display.
		 When inverted, it raises "10.0" to the number in the display.
		 For example, entering "3 INV log" should  result  in  "1000".
		 The corresponding action procedure is logarithm().

       ln	 Calculates  the  log  (base  e) of the number in the display.
		 When inverted, it raises "e" to the number  in	 the  display.
		 For  example, entering "e ln" should result in "1".  The cor‐
		 responding action procedure is naturalLog().

       y^x	 Raises the number on the left to the power of the  number  on
		 the  right.  For example "2 y^x 3 =" results in "8", which is
		 2^3.  For a further example, "(1+2+3) y^x (1+2) =" equals  "6
		 y^x  3"  which equals "216".  The corresponding action proce‐
		 dure is power().

       PI	 The constant 'pi'.  (3.1415927....)  The corresponding action
		 procedure is pi().

       x!	 Computes  the	factorial  of  the number in the display.  The
		 number in the display must be an integer in the range	0-500,
		 though,  depending  on	 your  math library, it might overflow
		 long before that.  The corresponding action procedure is fac‐
		 torial().

       (	 Left  parenthesis.  The corresponding action procedure for TI
		 calculators is leftParen().

       )	 Right parenthesis.  The corresponding action procedure for TI
		 calculators is rightParen().

       /	 Division.  The corresponding action procedure is divide().

       *	 Multiplication.  The corresponding action procedure is multi‐
		 ply().

       -	 Subtraction.  The  corresponding  action  procedure  is  sub‐
		 tract().

       +	 Addition.  The corresponding action procedure is add().

       =	 Perform  calculation.	 The  TI-specific  action procedure is
		 equal().

       STO	 Copies the number in the display to the memory location.  The
		 corresponding action procedure is store().

       RCL	 Copies	 the  number  from the memory location to the display.
		 The corresponding action procedure is recall().

       SUM	 Adds the number in the display to the number  in  the	memory
		 location.  The corresponding action procedure is sum().

       EXC	 Swaps the number in the display with the number in the memory
		 location.  The corresponding action procedure for the TI cal‐
		 culator is exchange().

       +/-	 Negate;  change  sign.	 The corresponding action procedure is
		 negate().

       .	 Decimal point.	 The action procedure is decimal().

       Calculator Key Usage (RPN mode): The number keys, CHS (change sign), +,
       -, *, /, and ENTR keys all do exactly what you would expect them to do.
       Many of the remaining keys are the same as in TI mode.  The differences
       are detailed below.  The action procedure for the ENTR key is enter().

       <-	 This  is  a backspace key that can be used if you make a mis‐
		 take while entering a number.	It will erase digits from  the
		 display.   (See  BUGS).   Inverse  backspace will clear the X
		 register.  The corresponding action procedure is back().

       ON	 Clears the display, the state, and the memory.	  Pressing  it
		 with  the  third  pointer button turns off the calculator, in
		 that it exits the program.  To clear state, the action proce‐
		 dure is off; to quit, quit().

       INV	 Inverts  the meaning of the function keys.  This would be the
		 f key on an HP calculator, but xcalc does not display	multi‐
		 ple  legends  on  each key.  See the individual function keys
		 for details.

       10^x	 Raises "10.0" to the number in the top of  the	 stack.	  When
		 inverted,  it	calculates  the log (base 10) of the number in
		 the display.  The  corresponding  action  procedure  is  ten‐
		 power().

       e^x	 Raises	 "e"  to  the  number  in  the top of the stack.  When
		 inverted, it calculates the log (base e) of the number in the
		 display.  The action procedure is epower().

       STO	 Copies	 the  number in the top of the stack to a memory loca‐
		 tion.	There are 10 memory locations.	The desired memory  is
		 specified by following this key with a digit key.

       RCL	 Pushes the number from the specified memory location onto the
		 stack.

       SUM	 Adds the number on top of the stack  to  the  number  in  the
		 specified memory location.

       x:y	 Exchanges  the	 numbers in the top two stack positions, the X
		 and Y registers.  The corresponding action procedure is  Xex‐
		 changeY().

       R v	 Rolls	the stack downward.  When inverted, it rolls the stack
		 upward.  The corresponding action procedure is roll().

       blank	 These keys were used for programming functions on the HP-10C.
		 Their functionality has not been duplicated in xcalc.

       Finally,	 there	are  two  additional  action procedures: bell(), which
       rings the bell; and selection(), which performs a  cut  on  the	entire
       number in the calculator's ``liquid crystal'' display.

ACCELERATORS
       Accelerators  are shortcuts for entering commands.  xcalc provides some
       sample keyboard accelerators; also users	 can  customize	 accelerators.
       The numeric keypad accelerators provided by xcalc should be intuitively
       correct.	 The accelerators defined by xcalc on the  main	 keyboard  are
       given below:

	    TI Key    HP Key	Keyboard Accelerator	 TI Function	HP Function

	    SQRT SQRT r		     squareRoot()   squareRoot()
	    AC	 ON   space		  clear()	 clear()
	    AC	 <-   Delete		  clear()	 back()
	    AC	 <-   Backspace	     clear()	    back()
	    AC	 <-   Control-H	     clear()	    back()
	    AC	      Clear		  clear()
	    AC	 ON   q		     quit()	    quit()
	    AC	 ON   Control-C	     quit()	    quit()

	    INV	 i    i		     inverse()	    inverse()
	    sin	 s    s		     sine()	    sine()
	    cos	 c    c		     cosine()	    cosine()
	    tan	 t    t		     tangent() tangent()
	    DRG	 DRG  d		     degree()	    degree()

	    e	      e		     e()
	    ln	 ln   l		     naturalLog()   naturalLog()
	    y^x	 y^x  ^		     power()	    power()

	    PI	 PI   p		     pi()      pi()
	    x!	 x!   !		     factorial()    factorial()
	    (	      (		     leftParen()
	    )	      )		     rightParen()

	    /	 /    /		     divide()	    divide()
	    *	 *    *		     multiply()	    multiply()
	    -	 -    -		     subtract()	    subtract()
	    +	 +    +		     add()	    add()
	    =	      =		     equal()

	    0..9 0..9 0..9	     digit()	    digit()
	    .	 .    .		     decimal() decimal()
	    +/-	 CHS  n		     negate()	    negate()

		 x:y  x			       XexchangeY()
		 ENTR Return			    enter()
		 ENTR Linefeed			    enter()

CUSTOMIZATION
       The application class name is XCalc.

       xcalc  has  an  enormous	 application defaults file which specifies the
       position, label, and function of each key on the calculator.   It  also
       gives  translations  to	serve as keyboard accelerators.	 Because these
       resources are not specified in the source code, you can create  a  cus‐
       tomized	calculator  by	writing	 a  private application defaults file,
       using the Athena Command and Form widget resources to specify the  size
       and position of buttons, the label for each button, and the function of
       each button.

       The foreground and background colors of	each  calculator  key  can  be
       individually  specified.	  For  the  TI	calculator,  a classical color
       resource specification might be:

       XCalc.ti.Command.background:  gray50
       XCalc.ti.Command.foreground:  white

       For each of buttons 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40, specify:
       XCalc.ti.button20.background: black
       XCalc.ti.button20.foreground: white

       For each of buttons 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, and 39:
       XCalc.ti.button22.background: white
       XCalc.ti.button22.foreground: black

WIDGET HIERARCHY
       In order to specify resources, it is useful to know  the	 hierarchy  of
       the  widgets  which  compose xcalc.  In the notation below, indentation
       indicates hierarchical structure.   The	widget	class  name  is	 given
       first, followed by the widget instance name.

       XCalc xcalc
	    Form  ti  or  hp	(the name depends on the mode)
		 Form  bevel
		      Form  screen
			   Label  M
			   Toggle  LCD
			   Label  INV
			   Label  DEG
			   Label  RAD
			   Label  GRAD
			   Label  P
		 Command  button1
		 Command  button2
		 Command  button3
       and so on, ...
		 Command  button38
		 Command  button39
		 Command  button40

APPLICATION RESOURCES
       rpn (Class Rpn)
	       Specifies  that the rpn mode should be used.  The default is TI
	       mode.

       stipple (Class Stipple)
	       Indicates that the background should be stippled.  The  default
	       is  ``on''  for monochrome displays, and ``off'' for color dis‐
	       plays.

       cursor (Class Cursor)
	       The name of the symbol used  to	represent  the	pointer.   The
	       default is ``hand2''.

COLORS
       If  you would like xcalc to use its ti colors, include the following in
       the #ifdef COLOR section of the file you read with xrdb:

       *customization:		       -color

       This will cause xcalc to pick up the colors in the  app-defaults	 color
       customization file: /etc/X11/app-defaults/XCalc-color.

SEE ALSO
       X(7), xrdb(1), the Athena Widget Set

BUGS
       HP  mode	 is  not completely debugged.  In particular, the stack is not
       handled properly after errors.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright 1994 X Consortium
       See X(7) for a full statement of rights and permissions.

AUTHORS
       John Bradley, University of Pennsylvania
       Mark Rosenstein, MIT Project Athena
       Donna Converse, MIT X Consortium

X Version 11			  xcalc 1.0.3			      XCALC(1)
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