xcalc(1X)xcalc(1X)NAMExcalc - scientific calculator for X
SYNOPSISxcalc [-stipple] [-rpn] [-toolkitoption...]
OPTIONSxcalc accepts all of the standard toolkit command line options along
with two additional options: This option indicates that the background
of the calculator should be drawn using a stipple of the foreground and
background colors. On monochrome displays improves the appearance.
This option indicates that Reverse Polish Notation should be used. In
this mode the calculator will look and behave like an HP-10C. Without
this option, it will emulate a TI-30.
DESCRIPTIONxcalc is a scientific calculator desktop accessory that can emulate a
TI-30 or an HP-10C.
OPERATION
Pointer Usage: Operations may be performed with pointer button 1, or in
some cases, with the keyboard. Many common calculator operations have
keyboard accelerators. To quit, press pointer button 3 on the AC key of
the TI calculator, or the ON key of the HP calculator.
Calculator Key Usage (TI mode): The numbered keys, the +/- key, and the
+, -, *, /, and = keys all do exactly what you would expect them to.
It should be noted that the operators obey the standard rules of prece‐
dence. Thus, entering "3+4*5=" results in "23", not "35". The paren‐
theses can be used to override this. For example, "(1+2+3)*(4+5+6)="
results in "6*15=90".
The entire number in the calculator display can be selected, in order
to paste the result of a calculation into text.
The action procedures associated with each function are given below.
These are useful if you are interested in defining a custom calculator.
The action used for all digit keys is digit(n), where n is the corre‐
sponding digit, 0..9. Replaces the number in the display with its
reciprocal. The corresponding action procedure is reciprocal().
Squares the number in the display. The corresponding action procedure
is square(). Takes the square root of the number in the display. The
corresponding action procedure is squareRoot(). When pressed once,
clears the number in the display without clearing the state of the
machine. Allows you to re-enter a number if you make a mistake. Press‐
ing it twice clears the state, also. The corresponding action procedure
for TI mode is clear(). Clears the display, the state, and the memory.
Pressing it with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in
that it exits the program. The action procedure to clear the state is
off(); to quit, quit(). Invert function. See the individual function
keys for details. The corresponding action procedure is inverse().
Computes the sine of the number in the display, as interpreted by the
current DRG mode (see DRG, below). If inverted, it computes the arc‐
sine. The corresponding action procedure is sine(). Computes the
cosine, or arccosine when inverted. The corresponding action procedure
is cosine(). Computes the tangent, or arctangent when inverted. The
corresponding action procedure is tangent(). Changes the DRG mode, as
indicated by 'DEG', 'RAD', or 'GRAD' at the bottom of the calculator
“liquid crystal” display. When in 'DEG' mode, numbers in the display
are taken as being degrees. In 'RAD' mode, numbers are in radians, and
in 'GRAD' mode, numbers are in grads. When inverted, the DRG key has a
feature of converting degrees to radians to grads and vice-versa.
Example: put the calculator into 'DEG' mode, and enter "45 INV DRG".
The display should now show something along the lines of ".785398",
which is 45 degrees converted to radians. The corresponding action pro‐
cedure is degree(). The constant 'e'. (2.7182818...). The correspond‐
ing action procedure is e(). Used for entering exponential numbers.
For example, to get "-2.3E-4" you'd enter "2 . 3 +/- EE 4 +/-". The
corresponding action procedure is scientific(). Calculates the log
(base 10) of the number in the display. When inverted, it raises
"10.0" to the number in the display. For example, entering "3 INV log"
should result in "1000". The corresponding action procedure is loga‐
rithm(). Calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display.
When inverted, it raises "e" to the number in the display. For exam‐
ple, entering "e ln" should result in "1". The corresponding action
procedure is naturalLog(). Raises the number on the left to the power
of the number on the right. For example "2 y^x 3 =" results in "8",
which is 2^3. For a further example, "(1+2+3) y^x (1+2) =" equals "6
y^x 3" which equals "216". The corresponding action procedure is
power(). The constant 'pi'. (3.1415927....) The corresponding action
procedure is pi(). Computes the factorial of the number in the dis‐
play. The number in the display must be an integer in the range 0-500,
though, depending on your math library, it might overflow long before
that. The corresponding action procedure is factorial(). Left paren‐
thesis. The corresponding action procedure for TI calculators is left‐
Paren(). Right parenthesis. The corresponding action procedure for TI
calculators is rightParen(). Division. The corresponding action pro‐
cedure is divide(). Multiplication. The corresponding action proce‐
dure is multiply(). Subtraction. The corresponding action procedure
is subtract(). Addition. The corresponding action procedure is add().
Perform calculation. The TI-specific action procedure is equal().
Copies the number in the display to the memory location. The corre‐
sponding action procedure is store(). Copies the number from the mem‐
ory location to the display. The corresponding action procedure is
recall(). Adds the number in the display to the number in the memory
location. The corresponding action procedure is sum(). Swaps the num‐
ber in the display with the number in the memory location. The corre‐
sponding action procedure for the TI calculator is exchange(). Negate;
change sign. The corresponding action procedure is negate(). Decimal
point. The action procedure is decimal().
Calculator Key Usage (RPN mode): The number keys, CHS (change sign), +,
-, *, /, and ENTR keys all do exactly what you would expect them to do.
Many of the remaining keys are the same as in TI mode. The differences
are detailed below. The action procedure for the ENTR key is enter().
This is a backspace key that can be used if you make a mistake while
entering a number. It will erase digits from the display. (See BUGS).
Inverse backspace will clear the X register. The corresponding action
procedure is back(). Clears the display, the state, and the memory.
Pressing it with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in
that it exits the program. To clear state, the action procedure is off;
to quit, quit(). Inverts the meaning of the function keys. This would
be the f key on an HP calculator, but xcalc does not display multiple
legends on each key. See the individual function keys for details.
Raises "10.0" to the number in the top of the stack. When inverted, it
calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display. The corre‐
sponding action procedure is tenpower(). Raises "e" to the number in
the top of the stack. When inverted, it calculates the log (base e) of
the number in the display. The action procedure is epower(). Copies
the number in the top of the stack to a memory location. There are 10
memory locations. The desired memory is specified by following this
key with a digit key. Pushes the number from the specified memory
location onto the stack. Adds the number on top of the stack to the
number in the specified memory location. Exchanges the numbers in the
top two stack positions, the X and Y registers. The corresponding
action procedure is XexchangeY(). Rolls the stack downward. When
inverted, it rolls the stack upward. The corresponding action procedure
is roll(). These keys were used for programming functions on the
HP-10C. Their functionality has not been duplicated in xcalc.
Finally, there are two additional action procedures: bell(), which
rings the bell; and selection(), which performs a cut on the entire
number in the calculator's “liquid crystal” display.
ACCELERATORS
Accelerators are shortcuts for entering commands. xcalc provides some
sample keyboard accelerators; also users can customize accelerators.
The numeric keypad accelerators provided by xcalc should be intuitively
correct. The accelerators defined by xcalc on the main keyboard are
given below:
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
TI Key HP Key Keyboard Accel‐ TI Function HP Function
erator
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
SQRT SQRT r squareRoot()squareRoot()
AC ON space clear()clear()
AC <- Delete clear()back()
AC <- Backspace clear()back()
AC <- Control-H clear()back()
AC Clear clear()
AC ON q quit()quit()
AC ON Control-C quit()quit()
INV i i inverse()inverse()
sin s s sine()sine()
cos c c cosine()cosine()
tan t t tangent()tangent()
DRG DRG d degree()degree()
e e e()
ln ln l naturalLog()naturalLog()
y^x y^x ^ power()power()
PI PI p pi()pi()
x! x! ! factorial()factorial()
( ( leftParen()
) ) rightParen()
/ / / divide()divide()
* * * multiply()multiply()
- - - subtract()subtract()
+ + + add()add()
= = equal()
0..9 0..9 0..9 digit()digit()
. . . decimal()decimal()
+/- CHS n negate()negate()
x:y x XexchangeY()
ENTR Return enter()
ENTR Linefeed enter()
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
CUSTOMIZATION
The application class name is XCalc.
xcalc has an enormous application defaults file which specifies the
position, label, and function of each key on the calculator. It also
gives translations to serve as keyboard accelerators. Because these
resources are not specified in the source code, you can create a cus‐
tomized calculator by writing a private application defaults file,
using the Athena Command and Form widget resources to specify the size
and position of buttons, the label for each button, and the function of
each button.
The foreground and background colors of each calculator key can be
individually specified. For the TI calculator, a classical color
resource specification might be: XCalc.ti.Command.back‐
ground: gray50 XCalc.ti.Command.foreground: white
For each of buttons 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40, specify: XCalc.ti.but‐
ton20.background: black XCalc.ti.button20.fore‐
ground: white
For each of buttons 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, and 39:
XCalc.ti.button22.background: white XCalc.ti.button22.fore‐
ground: black
WIDGET HIERARCHY
In order to specify resources, it is useful to know the hierarchy of
the widgets which compose xcalc. In the notation below, indentation
indicates hierarchical structure. The widget class name is given
first, followed by the widget instance name.
XCalc xcalc
Form ti or hp (the name depends on the mode)
Form bevel
Form screen
Label M
Toggle LCD
Label INV
Label DEG
Label RAD
Label GRAD
Label P
Command button1
Command button2
Command button3
and so on, ...
Command button38
Command button39
Command button40
APPLICATION RESOURCES
Specifies that the rpn mode should be used. The default is TI mode.
Indicates that the background should be stippled. The default is “on”
for monochrome displays, and “off” for color displays. The name of the
symbol used to represent the pointer. The default is “hand2”.
COLORS
If you would like xcalc to use its ti colors, include the following in
the #ifdef COLOR section of the file you read with xrdb: *customiza‐
tion: -color
This will cause xcalc to pick up the colors in the app-defaults color
customization file: <XRoot>/lib/X11/app-defaults/XCalc-color.
BUGS
HP mode: A bug report claims that the sequence of keys 5, ENTER, <-
should clear the display, but it does not.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 1988, 1989 X Consortium
See X(1X) for a full statement of rights and permissions.
SEE ALSOX(1X), xrdb(1X), the Athena Widget Set
AUTHORS
John Bradley, University of Pennsylvania
Mark Rosenstein, MIT Project Athena
Donna Converse, MIT X Consortium
xcalc(1X)
