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TSEARCH(3)		   Linux Programmer's Manual		    TSEARCH(3)

NAME
       tsearch, tfind, tdelete, twalk, tdestroy - manage a binary tree

SYNOPSIS
       #include <search.h>

       void *tsearch(const void *key, void **rootp,
		       int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));

       void *tfind(const void *key, const void **rootp,
		       int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));

       void *tdelete(const void *key, void **rootp,
		       int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));

       void twalk(const void *root, void (*action)(const void *nodep,
					  const VISIT which,
					  const int depth));

       #define _GNU_SOURCE
       #include <search.h>

       void tdestroy(void *root, void (*free_node)(void *nodep));

DESCRIPTION
       tsearch(),  tfind(), twalk(), and tdelete() manage a binary tree.  They
       are generalized from Knuth (6.2.2) Algorithm T.	 The  first  field  in
       each  node  of  the  tree  is a pointer to the corresponding data item.
       (The calling program must store the actual data.)  compar points	 to  a
       comparison  routine,  which  takes  pointers  to	 two items.  It should
       return an integer which is negative, zero, or  positive,	 depending  on
       whether the first item is less than, equal to, or greater than the sec‐
       ond.

       tsearch() searches the tree for an item.	 key points to the item to  be
       searched	 for.	rootp points to a variable which points to the root of
       the tree.  If the tree is empty, then the variable that rootp points to
       should  be  set	to  NULL.   If	the  item  is  found in the tree, then
       tsearch() returns a pointer to it.  If it is not found, then  tsearch()
       adds it, and returns a pointer to the newly added item.

       tfind()	is  like tsearch(), except that if the item is not found, then
       tfind() returns NULL.

       tdelete() deletes an item from the tree.	 Its arguments are the same as
       for tsearch().

       twalk() performs depth-first, left-to-right traversal of a binary tree.
       root points to the starting node for the traversal.  If	that  node  is
       not  the	 root,	then  only  part of the tree will be visited.  twalk()
       calls the user function action each time a node is  visited  (that  is,
       three  times  for  an  internal node, and once for a leaf).  action, in
       turn, takes three arguments.  The first is a pointer to the node	 being
       visited.	  The second is an integer which takes on the values preorder,
       postorder, and endorder depending on whether this is the first, second,
       or  third visit to the internal node, or leaf if it is the single visit
       to a leaf node.	(These symbols are defined in <search.h>.)  The	 third
       argument	 is  the  depth	 of  the  node, with zero being the root.  You
       should not modify the tree while traversing it as the the results would
       be undefined.

       (More  commonly,	 preorder,  postorder,	and endorder are known as pre‐
       order, inorder, and postorder: before visiting the children, after  the
       first  and  before  the second, and after visiting the children.	 Thus,
       the choice of name postorder is rather confusing.)

       tdestroy() removes the whole tree  pointed  to  by  root,  freeing  all
       resources  allocated  by	 the tsearch() function.  For the data in each
       tree node the function free_node is called.  The pointer to the data is
       passed  as  the argument to the function.  If no such work is necessary
       free_node must point to a function doing nothing.

RETURN VALUE
       tsearch() returns a pointer to a matching item in the tree, or  to  the
       newly  added  item, or NULL if there was insufficient memory to add the
       item.  tfind() returns a pointer to the item, or NULL if	 no  match  is
       found.	If there are multiple elements that match the key, the element
       returned is unspecified.

       tdelete() returns a pointer to the parent of the item deleted, or  NULL
       if the item was not found.

       tsearch(), tfind(), and tdelete() also return NULL if rootp was NULL on
       entry.

CONFORMING TO
       SVr4, POSIX.1-2001.  The function tdestroy() is a GNU extension.

NOTES
       twalk() takes a pointer to the root, while the other functions  take  a
       pointer to a variable which points to the root.

       twalk()	uses postorder to mean "after the left subtree, but before the
       right subtree".	 Some  authorities  would  call	 this  "inorder",  and
       reserve "postorder" to mean "after both subtrees".

       tdelete() frees the memory required for the node in the tree.  The user
       is responsible for freeing the memory for the corresponding data.

       The example program depends on the fact that twalk() makes  no  further
       reference  to  a	 node  after  calling  the user function with argument
       "endorder" or "leaf".  This works with the GNU library  implementation,
       but is not in the System V documentation.

EXAMPLE
       The following program inserts twelve random numbers into a binary tree,
       where duplicate numbers are  collapsed,	then  prints  the  numbers  in
       order.

       #define _GNU_SOURCE     /* Expose declaration of tdestroy() */
       #include <search.h>
       #include <stdlib.h>
       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <time.h>

       void *root = NULL;

       void *
       xmalloc(unsigned n)
       {
	   void *p;
	   p = malloc(n);
	   if (p)
	       return p;
	   fprintf(stderr, "insufficient memory\n");
	   exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       }

       int
       compare(const void *pa, const void *pb)
       {
	   if (*(int *) pa < *(int *) pb)
	       return -1;
	   if (*(int *) pa > *(int *) pb)
	       return 1;
	   return 0;
       }

       void
       action(const void *nodep, const VISIT which, const int depth)
       {
	   int *datap;

	   switch (which) {
	   case preorder:
	       break;
	   case postorder:
	       datap = *(int **) nodep;
	       printf("%6d\n", *datap);
	       break;
	   case endorder:
	       break;
	   case leaf:
	       datap = *(int **) nodep;
	       printf("%6d\n", *datap);
	       break;
	   }
       }

       int
       main(void)
       {
	   int i, *ptr;
	   void *val;

	   srand(time(NULL));
	   for (i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
	       ptr = (int *) xmalloc(sizeof(int));
	       *ptr = rand() & 0xff;
	       val = tsearch((void *) ptr, &root, compare);
	       if (val == NULL)
		   exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	       else if ((*(int **) val) != ptr)
		   free(ptr);
	   }
	   twalk(root, action);
	   tdestroy(root, free);
	   exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
       }

SEE ALSO
       bsearch(3), hsearch(3), lsearch(3), qsort(3), feature_test_macros(7)

COLOPHON
       This  page  is  part of release 3.23 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
       description of the project, and information about reporting  bugs,  can
       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

GNU				  2008-09-23			    TSEARCH(3)
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