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CBQ(8)				     Linux				CBQ(8)

NAME
       CBQ - Class Based Queueing

SYNOPSIS
       tc  qdisc  ...  dev  dev ( parent classid | root) [ handle major: ] cbq
       avpkt bytes bandwidth rate [ cell bytes ] [ ewma log ] [ mpu bytes ]

       tc class ... dev dev parent major:[minor] [ classid major:minor	]  cbq
       allot  bytes  [	bandwidth  rate ] [ rate rate ] prio priority [ weight
       weight ] [ minburst packets ] [ maxburst packets ] [ ewma log ] [  cell
       bytes ] avpkt bytes [ mpu bytes ] [ bounded isolated ] [ split handle &
       defmap defmap ] [ estimator interval timeconstant ]

DESCRIPTION
       Class Based Queueing  is	 a  classful  qdisc  that  implements  a  rich
       linksharing hierarchy of classes.  It contains shaping elements as well
       as prioritizing capabilities.  Shaping is  performed  using  link  idle
       time  calculations based on the timing of dequeue events and underlying
       link bandwidth.

SHAPING ALGORITHM
       Shaping is done using link idle time calculations, and actions taken if
       these calculations deviate from set limits.

       When  shaping  a	 10mbit/s connection to 1mbit/s, the link will be idle
       90% of the time. If it isn't, it needs to be throttled so  that	it  IS
       idle 90% of the time.

       From  the kernel's perspective, this is hard to measure, so CBQ instead
       derives the idle	 time  from  the  number  of  microseconds  (in	 fact,
       jiffies)	 that elapse between  requests from the device driver for more
       data. Combined with the	knowledge of packet sizes,  this  is  used  to
       approximate how full or empty the link is.

       This is rather circumspect and doesn't always arrive at proper results.
       For example, what is the actual link speed of an interface that is  not
       really  able to transmit the full 100mbit/s of data, perhaps because of
       a badly implemented driver? A  PCMCIA  network  card  will  also	 never
       achieve	100mbit/s  because of the way the bus is designed - again, how
       do we calculate the idle time?

       The physical link bandwidth may be ill defined in  case	of  not-quite-
       real  network  devices  like PPP over Ethernet or PPTP over TCP/IP. The
       effective bandwidth in that case is probably determined	by  the	 effi‐
       ciency of pipes to userspace - which not defined.

       During operations, the effective idletime is measured using an exponen‐
       tial weighted moving average (EWMA), which considers recent packets  to
       be exponentially more important than past ones. The Unix loadaverage is
       calculated in the same way.

       The calculated idle time is subtracted from the EWMA measured one,  the
       resulting  number  is  called 'avgidle'. A perfectly loaded link has an
       avgidle of zero: packets arrive exactly at the calculated interval.

       An overloaded link has a negative avgidle and if it gets too  negative,
       CBQ throttles and is then 'overlimit'.

       Conversely,  an	idle link might amass a huge avgidle, which would then
       allow infinite bandwidths after a few  hours  of	 silence.  To  prevent
       this, avgidle is capped at maxidle.

       If  overlimit, in theory, the CBQ could throttle itself for exactly the
       amount of time that was calculated to pass between  packets,  and  then
       pass  one  packet,  and	throttle  again.  Due to timer resolution con‐
       straints, this may not be feasible, see the minburst parameter below.

CLASSIFICATION
       Within the one CBQ instance many	 classes  may  exist.  Each  of	 these
       classes contains another qdisc, by default tc-pfifo(8).

       When enqueueing a packet, CBQ starts at the root and uses various meth‐
       ods to determine which class should receive the data. If a  verdict  is
       reached,	 this  process is repeated for the recipient class which might
       have further means of classifying traffic to its children, if any.

       CBQ has the following methods available to classify  a  packet  to  any
       child classes.

       (i)    skb->priority  class  encoding.  Can be set from userspace by an
	      application with the SO_PRIORITY setsockopt.  The	 skb->priority
	      class  encoding  only  applies  if  the  skb->priority  holds  a
	      major:minor handle of an existing class within  this qdisc.

       (ii)   tc filters attached to the class.

       (iii)  The defmap of a class, as set with the split  &  defmap  parame‐
	      ters.  The  defmap  may  contain	instructions for each possible
	      Linux packet priority.

       Each class also has a level.  Leaf nodes, attached to the bottom of the
       class hierarchy, have a level of 0.

CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM
       Classification  is a loop, which terminates when a leaf class is found.
       At any point the loop may jump to the fallback algorithm.

       The loop consists of the following steps:

       (i)    If the packet is generated  locally  and	has  a	valid  classid
	      encoded within its skb->priority, choose it and terminate.

       (ii)   Consult the tc filters, if any, attached to this child. If these
	      return a class which is not a leaf class, restart loop from  the
	      class returned.  If it is a leaf, choose it and terminate.

       (iii)  If the tc filters did not return a class, but did return a clas‐
	      sid, try to find a class with that id within this qdisc.	 Check
	      if  the  found class is of a lower level than the current class.
	      If so, and the returned class is not a leaf  node,  restart  the
	      loop at the found class. If it is a leaf node, terminate.	 If we
	      found an upward reference to a higher level, enter the  fallback
	      algorithm.

       (iv)   If  the tc filters did not return a class, nor a valid reference
	      to one, consider the minor number of the	reference  to  be  the
	      priority. Retrieve a class from the defmap of this class for the
	      priority. If this did not contain a class, consult the defmap of
	      this  class for the BEST_EFFORT class. If this is an upward ref‐
	      erence, or no BEST_EFFORT class was defined, enter the  fallback
	      algorithm.  If  a	 valid	class  was found, and it is not a leaf
	      node, restart the loop at this class. If it is a leaf, choose it
	      and  terminate. If neither the priority distilled from the clas‐
	      sid, nor the BEST_EFFORT priority yielded	 a  class,  enter  the
	      fallback algorithm.

       The fallback algorithm resides outside of the loop and is as follows.

       (i)    Consult  the  defmap  of the class at which the jump to fallback
	      occured. If the defmap contains a class for the priority of  the
	      class (which is related to the TOS field), choose this class and
	      terminate.

       (ii)   Consult the map for a class for  the  BEST_EFFORT	 priority.  If
	      found, choose it, and terminate.

       (iii)  Choose  the  class  at which break out to the fallback algorithm
	      occured. Terminate.

       The packet is enqueued to the class which was chosen when either	 algo‐
       rithm  terminated. It is therefore possible for a packet to be enqueued
       *not* at a leaf node, but in the middle of the hierarchy.

LINK SHARING ALGORITHM
       When dequeuing for sending to the network device, CBQ decides which  of
       its  classes  will be allowed to send. It does so with a Weighted Round
       Robin process in which each class with packets gets a chance to send in
       turn.  The  WRR	process	 starts by asking the highest priority classes
       (lowest numerically - highest semantically) for packets, and will  con‐
       tinue to do so until they have no more data to offer, in which case the
       process repeats for lower priorities.

       CERTAINTY ENDS HERE, ANK PLEASE HELP

       Each class is not allowed to send at length  though  -  they  can  only
       dequeue a configurable amount of data during each round.

       If  a class is about to go overlimit, and it is not bounded it will try
       to borrow avgidle from siblings that are not isolated.  This process is
       repeated from the bottom upwards. If a class is unable to borrow enough
       avgidle to send a packet, it is throttled and not asked	for  a	packet
       for enough time for the avgidle to increase above zero.

       I  REALLY  NEED HELP FIGURING THIS OUT. REST OF DOCUMENT IS PRETTY CER‐
       TAIN AGAIN.

QDISC
       The root qdisc of a CBQ class tree has the following parameters:

       parent major:minor | root
	      This  mandatory  parameter  determines  the  place  of  the  CBQ
	      instance, either at the root of an interface or within an exist‐
	      ing class.

       handle major:
	      Like all other qdiscs, the CBQ can be assigned a handle.	Should
	      consist only of a major number, followed by a colon. Optional.

       avpkt bytes
	      For  calculations,  the average packet size must be known. It is
	      silently capped at a minimum of 2/3 of the interface MTU. Manda‐
	      tory.

       bandwidth rate
	      To  determine the idle time, CBQ must know the bandwidth of your
	      underlying physical interface, or parent qdisc. This is a	 vital
	      parameter, more about it later. Mandatory.

       cell   The  cell	 size determines he granularity of packet transmission
	      time calculations. Has a sensible default.

       mpu    A zero sized packet may still take time to transmit. This	 value
	      is  the  lower  cap  for packet transmission time calculations -
	      packets smaller than this value are still deemed	to  have  this
	      size. Defaults to zero.

       ewma log
	      When  CBQ	 needs	to  measure  the average idle time, it does so
	      using an Exponentially Weighted Moving  Average  which  smoothes
	      out  measurements into a moving average. The EWMA LOG determines
	      how much smoothing occurs. Defaults to  5.  Lower	 values	 imply
	      greater sensitivity. Must be between 0 and 31.

       A CBQ qdisc does not shape out of its own accord. It only needs to know
       certain parameters about the underlying link. Actual shaping is done in
       classes.

CLASSES
       Classes have a host of parameters to configure their operation.

       parent major:minor
	      Place  of	 this class within the hierarchy. If attached directly
	      to a qdisc and not to  another  class,  minor  can  be  omitted.
	      Mandatory.

       classid major:minor
	      Like  qdiscs,  classes  can  be  named. The major number must be
	      equal to the major number of the	qdisc  to  which  it  belongs.
	      Optional, but needed if this class is going to have children.

       weight weight
	      When  dequeuing  to the interface, classes are tried for traffic
	      in a round-robin fashion. Classes with a higher configured qdisc
	      will  generally have more traffic to offer during each round, so
	      it makes sense to allow it to dequeue more traffic. All  weights
	      under  a	class  are  normalized,	 so  only  the	ratios matter.
	      Defaults to the configured rate, unless  the  priority  of  this
	      class is maximal, in which case it is set to 1.

       allot bytes
	      Allot  specifies	how many bytes a qdisc can dequeue during each
	      round of the process.  This  parameter  is  weighted  using  the
	      renormalized class weight described above.

       priority priority
	      In  the  round-robin  process,  classes with the lowest priority
	      field are tried for packets first. Mandatory.

       rate rate
	      Maximum rate this class and all its children combined  can  send
	      at. Mandatory.

       bandwidth rate
	      This  is	different from the bandwidth specified when creating a
	      CBQ disc. Only used to determine maxidle and offtime, which  are
	      only  calculated when specifying maxburst or minburst. Mandatory
	      if specifying maxburst or minburst.

       maxburst
	      This number of packets is used to calculate maxidle so that when
	      avgidle  is  at  maxidle,	 this number of average packets can be
	      burst before avgidle drops to 0. Set it higher to be more toler‐
	      ant  of  bursts.	You  can't set maxidle directly, only via this
	      parameter.

       minburst
	      As mentioned before, CBQ needs to throttle in case of overlimit.
	      The  ideal  solution is to do so for exactly the calculated idle
	      time, and pass 1 packet. However, Unix kernels generally have  a
	      hard  time  scheduling events shorter than 10ms, so it is better
	      to throttle for a longer period, and then pass minburst  packets
	      in one go, and then sleep minburst times longer.

	      The  time	 to  wait is called the offtime. Higher values of min‐
	      burst lead to more accurate shaping in the  long	term,  but  to
	      bigger bursts at millisecond timescales.

       minidle
	      If  avgidle is below 0, we are overlimits and need to wait until
	      avgidle will be big enough to send one packet. To prevent a sud‐
	      den  burst from shutting down the link for a prolonged period of
	      time, avgidle is reset to minidle if it gets too low.

	      Minidle is specified in negative microseconds, so 10 means  that
	      avgidle is capped at -10us.

       bounded
	      Signifies	 that  this  class  will not borrow bandwidth from its
	      siblings.

       isolated
	      Means that this class will not borrow bandwidth to its siblings

       split major:minor & defmap bitmap[/bitmap]
	      If consulting filters attached to a class did not	 give  a  ver‐
	      dict,  CBQ  can  also  classify  based on the packet's priority.
	      There are 16 priorities available, numbered from 0 to 15.

	      The defmap  specifies  which  priorities	this  class  wants  to
	      receive, specified as a bitmap. The Least Significant Bit corre‐
	      sponds to priority zero. The split parameter tells CBQ at	 which
	      class the decision must be made, which should be a (grand)parent
	      of the class you are adding.

	      As an example, 'tc class add ... classid 10:1 cbq .. split  10:0
	      defmap c0' configures class 10:0 to send packets with priorities
	      6 and 7 to 10:1.

	      The complimentary configuration would then be: 'tc class add ...
	      classid  10:2 cbq ... split 10:0 defmap 3f' Which would send all
	      packets 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 to 10:1.

       estimator interval timeconstant
	      CBQ can measure how much bandwidth each class is using, which tc
	      filters  can use to classify packets with. In order to determine
	      the bandwidth it uses a very simple estimator that measures once
	      every  interval  microseconds  how much traffic has passed. This
	      again is a EWMA, for which the time constant can	be  specified,
	      also in microseconds. The time constant corresponds to the slug‐
	      gishness of the measurement or, conversely, to  the  sensitivity
	      of  the  average to short bursts. Higher values mean less sensi‐
	      tivity.

SOURCES
       o      Sally Floyd and Van Jacobson, "Link-sharing and Resource Manage‐
	      ment  Models for Packet Networks", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Net‐
	      working, Vol.3, No.4, 1995

       o      Sally Floyd, "Notes on CBQ and Guarantee Service", 1995

       o      Sally Floyd, "Notes on  Class-Based  Queueing:  Setting  Parame‐
	      ters", 1996

       o      Sally  Floyd and Michael Speer, "Experimental Results for Class-
	      Based Queueing", 1998, not published.

SEE ALSO
       tc(8)

AUTHOR
       Alexey N. Kuznetsov, <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru>. This manpage maintained by
       bert hubert <ahu@ds9a.nl>

iproute2			8 December 2001				CBQ(8)
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