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SYSTEMD.SPECIAL(7)		systemd.special		    SYSTEMD.SPECIAL(7)

NAME
       systemd.special - Special systemd units

SYNOPSIS
       basic.target, bluetooth.target, ctrl-alt-del.target, cryptsetup.target,
       cryptsetup-pre.target, dbus.service, dbus.socket, default.target,
       display-manager.service, emergency.target, exit.target, final.target,
       getty.target, graphical.target, halt.target, hibernate.target,
       hybrid-sleep.target, initrd-fs.target, kbrequest.target, kexec.target,
       local-fs.target, local-fs-pre.target, multi-user.target,
       network.target, network-online.target, nss-lookup.target,
       nss-user-lookup.target, paths.target, poweroff.target, printer.target,
       reboot.target, remote-fs.target, remote-fs-pre.target, rescue.target,
       initrd-root-fs.target, rpcbind.target, runlevel2.target,
       runlevel3.target, runlevel4.target, runlevel5.target, shutdown.target,
       sigpwr.target, sleep.target, smartcard.target, sockets.target,
       sound.target, suspend.target, swap.target, sysinit.target,
       syslog.socket, system-update.target, time-sync.target, timers.target,
       umount.target, -.slice, system.slice, user.slice, machine.slice

DESCRIPTION
       A few units are treated specially by systemd. They have special
       internal semantics and cannot be renamed.

SPECIAL SYSTEM UNITS
       basic.target
	   A special target unit covering basic boot-up.

	   systemd automatically adds dependencies of the types Requires= and
	   After= for this target unit to all services (except for those with
	   DefaultDependencies=no).

	   Usually this should pull-in all mount points, swap devices,
	   sockets, timers, and path units and other basic initialization
	   necessary for general purpose daemons.

       ctrl-alt-del.target
	   systemd starts this target whenever Control+Alt+Del is pressed on
	   the console. Usually this should be aliased (symlinked) to
	   reboot.target.

       cryptsetup.target
	   A target that pulls in setup services for all encrypted block
	   devices.

       dbus.service
	   A special unit for the D-Bus bus daemon. As soon as this service is
	   fully started up systemd will connect to it and register its
	   service.

       dbus.socket
	   A special unit for the D-Bus system bus socket. All units with
	   Type=dbus automatically gain a dependency on this unit.

       default.target
	   The default unit systemd starts at bootup. Usually this should be
	   aliased (symlinked) to multi-user.target or graphical.target.

	   The default unit systemd starts at bootup can be overridden with
	   the systemd.unit= kernel command line option.

       display-manager.service
	   The display manager service. Usually this should be aliased
	   (symlinked) to gdm.service or a similar display manager service.

       emergency.target
	   A special target unit that starts an emergency shell on the main
	   console. This unit is supposed to be used with the kernel command
	   line option systemd.unit= and has otherwise little use.

       final.target
	   A special target unit that is used during the shutdown logic and
	   may be used to pull in late services after all normal services are
	   already terminated and all mounts unmounted.

       getty.target
	   A special target unit that pulls in statically configured local TTY
	   getty instances.

       graphical.target
	   A special target unit for setting up a graphical login screen. This
	   pulls in multi-user.target.

	   Units that are needed for graphical logins shall add Wants=
	   dependencies for their unit to this unit (or multi-user.target)
	   during installation. This is best configured via
	   WantedBy=graphical.target in the unit's "[Install]" section.

       hibernate.target
	   A special target unit for hibernating the system. This pulls in
	   sleep.target.

       hybrid-sleep.target
	   A special target unit for hibernating and suspending the system at
	   the same time. This pulls in sleep.target.

       halt.target
	   A special target unit for shutting down and halting the system.
	   Note that this target is distinct from poweroff.target in that it
	   generally really just halts the system rather than powering it
	   down.

	   Applications wanting to halt the system should start this unit.

       initrd-fs.target
	   systemd-fstab-generator(3) automatically adds dependencies of type
	   Before= to sysroot-usr.mount and all mount points found in
	   /etc/fstab that have the auto and x-initrd.mount mount options set.

       kbrequest.target
	   systemd starts this target whenever Alt+ArrowUp is pressed on the
	   console. This is a good candidate to be aliased (symlinked) to
	   rescue.target.

       kexec.target
	   A special target unit for shutting down and rebooting the system
	   via kexec.

	   Applications wanting to reboot the system with kexec should start
	   this unit.

       local-fs.target
	   systemd-fstab-generator(3) automatically adds dependencies of type
	   Before= to all mount units that refer to local mount points for
	   this target unit. In addition, it adds dependencies of type Wants=
	   to this target unit for those mounts listed in /etc/fstab that have
	   the auto mount option set.

       multi-user.target
	   A special target unit for setting up a multi-user system
	   (non-graphical). This is pulled in by graphical.target.

	   Units that are needed for a multi-user system shall add Wants=
	   dependencies for their unit to this unit during installation. This
	   is best configured via WantedBy=multi-user.target in the unit's
	   "[Install]" section.

       network-online.target
	   Units that strictly require a configured network connection should
	   pull in network-online.target (via a Wants= type dependency) and
	   order themselves after it. This target unit is intended to pull in
	   a service that delays further execution until the network is
	   sufficiently set up. What precisely this requires is left to the
	   implementation of the network managing service.

	   Note the distinction between this unit and network.target. This
	   unit is an active unit (i.e. pulled in by the consumer rather than
	   the provider of this functionality) and pulls in a service which
	   possibly adds substantial delays to further execution. In contrast,
	   network.target is a passive unit (i.e. pulled in by the provider of
	   the functionality, rather than the consumer) that usually does not
	   delay execution much. Usually, network.target is part of the boot
	   of most systems, while network-online.target is not, except when at
	   least one unit requires it. Also see Running Services After the
	   Network is up[1] for more information.

	   All mount units for remote network file systems automatically pull
	   in this unit, and order themselves after it. Note that networking
	   daemons that simply provide functionality to other hosts generally
	   do not need to pull this in.

       paths.target
	   A special target unit that sets up all path units (see
	   systemd.path(5) for details) that shall be active after boot.

	   It is recommended that path units installed by applications get
	   pulled in via Wants= dependencies from this unit. This is best
	   configured via a WantedBy=paths.target in the path unit's
	   "[Install]" section.

       poweroff.target
	   A special target unit for shutting down and powering off the
	   system.

	   Applications wanting to power off the system should start this
	   unit.

	   runlevel0.target is an alias for this target unit, for
	   compatibility with SysV.

       reboot.target
	   A special target unit for shutting down and rebooting the system.

	   Applications wanting to reboot the system should start this unit.

	   runlevel6.target is an alias for this target unit, for
	   compatibility with SysV.

       remote-fs.target
	   Similar to local-fs.target, but for remote mount points.

	   systemd automatically adds dependencies of type After= for this
	   target unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB
	   header referring to the "$remote_fs" facility.

       rescue.target
	   A special target unit for setting up the base system and a rescue
	   shell.

	   runlevel1.target is an alias for this target unit, for
	   compatibility with SysV.

       initrd-root-fs.target
	   systemd-fstab-generator(3) automatically adds dependencies of type
	   Before= to the sysroot.mount unit, which is generated from the
	   kernel command line.

       runlevel2.target, runlevel3.target, runlevel4.target, runlevel5.target
	   These are targets that are called whenever the SysV compatibility
	   code asks for runlevel 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively. It is a good idea
	   to make this an alias for (i.e. symlink to) multi-user.target (for
	   runlevel 2) or graphical.target (the others).

       shutdown.target
	   A special target unit that terminates the services on system
	   shutdown.

	   Services that shall be terminated on system shutdown shall add
	   Conflicts= dependencies to this unit for their service unit, which
	   is implicitly done when DefaultDependencies=yes is set (the
	   default).

       sigpwr.target
	   A special target that is started when systemd receives the SIGPWR
	   process signal, which is normally sent by the kernel or UPS daemons
	   when power fails.

       sleep.target
	   A special target unit that is pulled in by suspend.target,
	   hibernate.target and hybrid-sleep.target and may be used to hook
	   units into the sleep state logic.

       sockets.target
	   A special target unit that sets up all socket units.(see
	   systemd.socket(5) for details) that shall be active after boot.

	   Services that can be socket-activated shall add Wants= dependencies
	   to this unit for their socket unit during installation. This is
	   best configured via a WantedBy=sockets.target in the socket unit's
	   "[Install]" section.

       suspend.target
	   A special target unit for suspending the system. This pulls in
	   sleep.target.

       swap.target
	   Similar to local-fs.target, but for swap partitions and swap files.

       sysinit.target
	   A special target unit covering early boot-up scripts.

       syslog.socket
	   The socket unit syslog implementations should listen on. All
	   userspace log messages will be made available on this socket. For
	   more information about syslog integration, please consult the
	   Syslog Interface[2] document.

       system-update.target
	   A special target unit that is used for off-line system updates.
	   systemd-system-update-generator(8) will redirect the boot process
	   to this target if /system-update exists. For more information see
	   the System Updates Specification[3].

       timers.target
	   A special target unit that sets up all timer units (see
	   systemd.timer(5) for details) that shall be active after boot.

	   It is recommended that timer units installed by applications get
	   pulled in via Wants= dependencies from this unit. This is best
	   configured via WantedBy=timers.target in the timer unit's
	   "[Install]" section.

       umount.target
	   A special target unit that umounts all mount and automount points
	   on system shutdown.

	   Mounts that shall be unmounted on system shutdown shall add
	   Conflicts dependencies to this unit for their mount unit, which is
	   implicitly done when DefaultDependencies=yes is set (the default).

SPECIAL SYSTEM UNITS FOR DEVICES
       Some target units are automatically pulled in as devices of certain
       kinds show up in the system. These may be used to automatically
       activate various services based on the specific type of the available
       hardware.

       bluetooth.target
	   This target is started automatically as soon as a Bluetooth
	   controller is plugged in or becomes available at boot.

	   This may be used to pull in Bluetooth management daemons
	   dynamically when Bluetooth hardware is found.

       printer.target
	   This target is started automatically as soon as a printer is
	   plugged in or becomes available at boot.

	   This may be used to pull in printer management daemons dynamically
	   when printer hardware is found.

       smartcard.target
	   This target is started automatically as soon as a smartcard
	   controller is plugged in or becomes available at boot.

	   This may be used to pull in smartcard management daemons
	   dynamically when smartcard hardware is found.

       sound.target
	   This target is started automatically as soon as a sound card is
	   plugged in or becomes available at boot.

	   This may be used to pull in audio management daemons dynamically
	   when audio hardware is found.

SPECIAL PASSIVE SYSTEM UNITS
       A number of special system targets are defined that can be used to
       properly order boot-up of optional services. These targets are
       generally not part of the initial boot transaction, unless they are
       explicitly pulled in by one of the implementing services. Note
       specifically that these passive target units are generally not pulled
       in by the consumer of a service, but by the provider of the service.
       This means: a consuming service should order itself after these targets
       (as appropriate), but not pull it in. A providing service should order
       itself before these targets (as appropriate) and pull it in (via a
       Wants= type dependency).

       Note that these passive units cannot be started manually, i.e.
       "systemctl start time-sync.target" will fail with an error. They can
       only be pulled in by dependency. This is enforced since they exist for
       ordering purposes only and thus are not useful as only unit within a
       transaction.

       cryptsetup-pre.target
	   This passive target unit may be pulled in by services that want to
	   run before any encrypted block device is set up. All encrypted
	   block devices are set up after this target has been reached. Since
	   the shutdown order is implicitly the reverse start-up order between
	   units this target is particularly useful to ensure that a service
	   is shut down only after all encrypted block devices are fully
	   stopped.

       local-fs-pre.target
	   This target unit is automatically ordered before all local mount
	   points marked with auto (see above). It can be used to execute
	   certain units before all local mounts.

       network.target
	   This unit is supposed to indicate when network functionality is
	   available, but it is only very weakly defined what that is supposed
	   to mean, with one exception: at shutdown, a unit that is ordered
	   after network.target will be stopped before the network -- to
	   whatever level it might be set up then -- is shut down. It is hence
	   useful when writing service files that require network access on
	   shutdown, which should order themselves after this target, but not
	   pull it in. Also see Running Services After the Network is up[1]
	   for more information. Also see network-online.target described
	   above.

	   systemd automatically adds dependencies of type After= for this
	   target unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB
	   header referring to the "$network" facility.

       nss-lookup.target
	   A target that should be used as synchronization point for all
	   host/network name service lookups. Note that this is independent of
	   user/group name lookups for which nss-user-lookup.target should be
	   used. All services for which the availability of full host/network
	   name resolution is essential should be ordered after this target,
	   but not pull it in. systemd automatically adds dependencies of type
	   After= for this target unit to all SysV init script service units
	   with an LSB header referring to the "$named" facility.

       nss-user-lookup.target
	   A target that should be used as synchronization point for all
	   user/group name service lookups. Note that this is independent of
	   host/network name lookups for which nss-lookup.target should be
	   used. All services for which the availability of the full
	   user/group database is essential should be ordered after this
	   target, but not pull it in. Note that system users are always
	   resolvable, and hence do not require any special ordering against
	   this target.

       remote-fs-pre.target
	   This target unit is automatically ordered before all remote mount
	   point units (see above). It can be used to run certain units before
	   the remote mounts are established. Note that this unit is generally
	   not part of the initial transaction, unless the unit that wants to
	   be ordered before all remote mounts pulls it in via a Wants= type
	   dependency. If the unit wants to be pulled in by the first remote
	   mount showing up, it should use network-online.target (see above).

       rpcbind.target
	   The portmapper/rpcbind pulls in this target and orders itself
	   before it, to indicate its availability. systemd automatically adds
	   dependencies of type After= for this target unit to all SysV init
	   script service units with an LSB header referring to the "$portmap"
	   facility.

       time-sync.target
	   Services responsible for synchronizing the system clock from a
	   remote source (such as NTP client implementations) should pull in
	   this target and order themselves before it. All services where
	   correct time is essential should be ordered after this unit, but
	   not pull it in. systemd automatically adds dependencies of type
	   After= for this target unit to all SysV init script service units
	   with an LSB header referring to the "$time" facility.

SPECIAL USER UNITS
       When systemd runs as a user instance, the following special units are
       available, which have similar definitions as their system counterparts:
       default.target, shutdown.target, sockets.target, timers.target,
       paths.target, bluetooth.target, printer.target, smartcard.target,
       sound.target.

       In addition, the following special unit is understood only when systemd
       runs as service instance:

       exit.target
	   A special service unit for shutting down the user service manager.

	   Applications wanting to terminate the user service manager should
	   start this unit. If systemd receives SIGTERM or SIGINT when running
	   as user service daemon, it will start this unit.

	   Normally, this pulls in shutdown.target which in turn should be
	   conflicted by all units that want to be shut down on user service
	   manager exit.

SPECIAL SLICE UNITS
       There are four ".slice" units which form the basis of the hierarchy for
       assignment of resources for services, users, and virtual machines or
       containers.

       -.slice
	   The root slice is the root of the hierarchy. It usually does not
	   contain units directly, but may be used to set defaults for the
	   whole tree.

       system.slice
	   By default, all services services started by systemd are found in
	   this slice.

       user.slice
	   By default, all user processes and services started on behalf of
	   the user, including the per-user systemd instance are found in this
	   slice.

       machine.slice
	   By defalt, all virtual machines and containers registered with
	   systemd-machined are found in this slice.

SEE ALSO
       systemd(1), systemd.unit(5), systemd.service(5), systemd.socket(5),
       systemd.target(5), systemd.slice(5), bootup(7), systemd-fstab-
       generator(8)

NOTES
	1. Running Services After the Network is up
	   http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/NetworkTarget

	2. Syslog Interface
	   http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/syslog

	3. System Updates Specification
	   http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/SystemUpdates

systemd 208						    SYSTEMD.SPECIAL(7)
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