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STDIO(3S)							     STDIO(3S)

NAME
       stdio - standard buffered input/output package

SYNOPSIS
       #include <stdio.h>

       FILE *stdin;
       FILE *stdout;
       FILE *stderr;

DESCRIPTION
       The functions described in section 3S constitute a user-level buffering
       scheme.	 The  in-line  macros  getc  and  putc(3S)  handle  characters
       quickly.	  The higher level routines gets, fgets, scanf, fscanf, fread,
       puts, fputs, printf, fprintf, fwrite all use getc and putc; they can be
       freely intermixed.

       A file with associated buffering is called a stream, and is declared to
       be a pointer  to	 a  defined  type  FILE.   Fopen(3S)  creates  certain
       descriptive  data  for  a stream and returns a pointer to designate the
       stream in all further transactions.   There  are	 three	normally  open
       streams with constant pointers declared in the include file and associ‐
       ated with the standard open files:

       stdin	 standard input file
       stdout	 standard output file
       stderr	 standard error file

       A constant `pointer' NULL (0) designates no stream at all.

       An integer constant EOF (-1) is returned upon end of file or  error  by
       integer functions that deal with streams.

       Any  routine  that  uses the standard input/output package must include
       the header file <stdio.h> of pertinent macro  definitions.   The	 func‐
       tions  and  constants  mentioned in sections labeled 3S are declared in
       the include file and need no further declaration.  The  constants,  and
       the  following  `functions' are implemented as macros; redeclaration of
       these names is perilous: getc, getchar, putc,  putchar,	feof,  ferror,
       fileno.

SEE ALSO
       open(2), close(2), read(2), write(2), fread(3S), fseek(3S), f*(3S)

DIAGNOSTICS
       The value EOF is returned uniformly to indicate that a FILE pointer has
       not been initialized with fopen, input (output) has been	 attempted  on
       an  output (input) stream, or a FILE pointer designates corrupt or oth‐
       erwise unintelligible FILE data.

       For purposes of efficiency, this implementation of the standard library
       has  been  changed  to  line buffer output to a terminal by default and
       attempts to do this transparently by flushing  the  output  whenever  a
       read(2)	from  the  standard input is necessary.	 This is almost always
       transparent, but may cause  confusion  or  malfunctioning  of  programs
       which use standard i/o routines but use read(2) themselves to read from
       the standard input.

       In cases where a large amount of computation  is	 done  after  printing
       part of a line on an output terminal, it is necessary to fflush(3S) the
       standard output before going off and computing so that the output  will
       appear.

BUGS
       The standard buffered functions do not interact well with certain other
       library and system functions, especially vfork and abort.

LIST OF FUNCTIONS
       Name	   Appears on Page    Description
       clearerr	     ferror.3s	  stream status inquiries
       fclose	     fclose.3s	  close or flush a stream
       fdopen	     fopen.3s	  open a stream
       feof	     ferror.3s	  stream status inquiries
       ferror	     ferror.3s	  stream status inquiries
       fflush	     fclose.3s	  close or flush a stream
       fgetc	     getc.3s	  get character or word from stream
       fgets	     gets.3s	  get a string from a stream
       fileno	     ferror.3s	  stream status inquiries
       fopen	     fopen.3s	  open a stream
       fprintf	     printf.3s	  formatted output conversion
       fputc	     putc.3s	  put character or word on a stream
       fputs	     puts.3s	  put a string on a stream
       fread	     fread.3s	  buffered binary input/output
       freopen	     fopen.3s	  open a stream
       fscanf	     scanf.3s	  formatted input conversion
       fseek	     fseek.3s	  reposition a stream
       ftell	     fseek.3s	  reposition a stream
       fwrite	     fread.3s	  buffered binary input/output
       getc	     getc.3s	  get character or word from stream
       getchar	     getc.3s	  get character or word from stream
       gets	     gets.3s	  get a string from a stream
       getw	     getc.3s	  get character or word from stream
       printf	     printf.3s	  formatted output conversion
       putc	     putc.3s	  put character or word on a stream
       putchar	     putc.3s	  put character or word on a stream
       puts	     puts.3s	  put a string on a stream
       putw	     putc.3s	  put character or word on a stream
       rewind	     fseek.3s	  reposition a stream
       scanf	     scanf.3s	  formatted input conversion
       setbuf	     setbuf.3s	  assign buffering to a stream
       setbuffer     setbuf.3s	  assign buffering to a stream
       setlinebuf    setbuf.3s	  assign buffering to a stream
       sprintf	     printf.3s	  formatted output conversion
       sscanf	     scanf.3s	  formatted input conversion
       ungetc	     ungetc.3s	  push character back into input stream

4th Berkeley Distribution	 May 13, 1986			     STDIO(3S)
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