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STANDARDS(7)		   Linux Programmer's Manual		  STANDARDS(7)

NAME
       standards - C and UNIX Standards

DESCRIPTION
       The  CONFORMING TO section that appears in many manual pages identifies
       various standards to which the documented interface conforms.  The fol‐
       lowing list briefly describes these standards.

       V7     Version 7, the ancestral UNIX from Bell Labs.

       4.2BSD This is an implementation standard defined by the 4.2 release of
	      the Berkeley Software Distribution, released by  the  University
	      of  California at Berkeley.  This was the first Berkeley release
	      that contained a TCP/IP stack and the sockets API.   4.2BSD  was
	      released in 1983.

	      Earlier  major  BSD  releases included 3BSD (1980), 4BSD (1980),
	      and 4.1BSD (1981).

       4.3BSD The successor to 4.2BSD, released in 1986.

       4.4BSD The successor to 4.3BSD, released in 1993.  This	was  the  last
	      major Berkeley release.

       System V
	      This  is	an implementation standard defined by AT&T's milestone
	      1983 release of its commercial System  V	(five)	release.   The
	      previous major AT&T release was System III, released in 1981.

       System V release 2 (SVr2)
	      This  was the next System V release, made in 1985.  The SVr2 was
	      formally described in the System V Interface Definition  version
	      1 (SVID 1) published in 1985.

       System V release 3 (SVr3)
	      This  was the successor to SVr2, released in 1986.  This release
	      was formally described in the System V Interface Definition ver‐
	      sion 2 (SVID 2).

       System V release 4 (SVr4)
	      This  was the successor to SVr3, released in 1989.  This version
	      of System V is described in the "Programmer's Reference  Manual:
	      Operating	 System	 API  (Intel processors)" (Prentice-Hall 1992,
	      ISBN 0-13-951294-2) This release was formally described  in  the
	      System V Interface Definition version 3 (SVID 3), and is consid‐
	      ered the definitive System V release.

       SVID 4 System V Interface Definition version 4, issued in 1995.	Avail‐
	      able online at http://www.sco.com/developers/devspecs/ .

       C89    This was the first C language standard, ratified by ANSI (Ameri‐
	      can National Standards Institute) in 1989 (X3.159-1989).	 Some‐
	      times  this  is  known  as ANSI C, but since C99 is also an ANSI
	      standard, this term is ambiguous.	 This standard was also	 rati‐
	      fied  by	ISO  (International  Standards	Organization)  in 1990
	      (ISO/IEC 9899:1990), and is thus occasionally referred to as ISO
	      C90.

       C99    This  revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in
	      1999 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999).	 Available online at  http://www.open-
	      std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.

       POSIX.1-1990
	      "Portable	 Operating  System  Interface  for  Computing Environ‐
	      ments".  IEEE 1003.1-1990	 part  1,  ratified  by	 ISO  in  1990
	      (ISO/IEC	9945-1:1990).	The term "POSIX" was coined by Richard
	      Stallman.

       POSIX.2
	      IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, describing commands and  utilities,	 rati‐
	      fied by ISO in 1993 (ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993).

       POSIX.1b (formerly known as POSIX.4)
	      IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993 describing real-time facilities for porta‐
	      ble  operating  systems,	ratified  by  ISO  in  1996   (ISO/IEC
	      9945-1:1996).

       POSIX.1c
	      IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995 describing the POSIX threads interfaces.

       POSIX.1d
	      IEEE  Std	 1003.1c-1999  describing  additional real-time exten‐
	      sions.

       POSIX.1g
	      IEEE Std	1003.1g-2000  describing  networking  APIs  (including
	      sockets).

       POSIX.1j
	      IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000 describing advanced real-time extensions.

       POSIX.1-1996
	      A	 1996  revision	 of  POSIX.1  which  incorporated POSIX.1b and
	      POSIX.1c.

       XPG3   Released in 1989, this was the first significant release of  the
	      X/Open Portability Guide, produced by the X/Open Company, a mul‐
	      tivendor consortium.  This multivolume guide was	based  on  the
	      POSIX standards.

       XPG4   A revision of the X/Open Portability Guide, released in 1992.

       XPG4v2 A 1994 revision of XPG4.	This is also referred to as Spec 1170,
	      where 1170 referred to the number of interfaces defined by  this
	      standard.

       SUS (SUSv1)
	      Single UNIX Specification.  This was a repackaging of XPG4v2 and
	      other X/Open standards (X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2,	X/Open
	      Networking  Service  (XNS) Issue 4).  Systems conforming to this
	      standard can be branded UNIX 95.

       SUSv2  Single UNIX Specification version 2.  Sometimes also referred to
	      as XPG5.	This standard appeared in 1997.	 Systems conforming to
	      this standard can be branded UNIX 98.  See also http://www.UNIX-
	      systems.org/version2/ .)

       POSIX.1-2001, SUSv3
	      This  was	 a  2001  revision  and	 consolidation of the POSIX.1,
	      POSIX.2, and SUS standards into  a  single  document,  conducted
	      under   the  auspices  of	 the  Austin  group  (http://www.open‐
	      group.org/austin/	 .)   The  standard  is	 available  online  at
	      http://www.unix-systems.org/version3/  , and the interfaces that
	      it describes are also available in the Linux manual pages	 pack‐
	      age under sections 1p and 3p (e.g., "man 3p open").

	      The  standard  defines  two levels of conformance: POSIX confor‐
	      mance, which is a baseline set of interfaces required of a  con‐
	      forming system; and XSI Conformance, which additionally mandates
	      a set  of	 interfaces  (the  "XSI	 extension")  which  are  only
	      optional	for  POSIX conformance.	 XSI-conformant systems can be
	      branded UNIX 03.	(XSI conformance constitutes the  Single  UNIX
	      Specification version 3 (SUSv3).)

	      The POSIX.1-2001 document is broken into four parts:

	      XBD:  Definitions,  terms	 and  concepts, header file specifica‐
	      tions.

	      XSH: Specifications of functions (i.e., system calls and library
	      functions in actual implementations).

	      XCU:  Specifications  of	commands and utilities (i.e., the area
	      formerly described by POSIX.2).

	      XRAT: Informative text on the other parts of the standard.

	      POSIX.1-2001 is aligned with C99, so that	 all  of  the  library
	      functions	  standardized	 in   C99  are	also  standardized  in
	      POSIX.1-2001.

	      Two Technical Corrigenda (minor fixes and improvements)  of  the
	      original	2001  standard have occurred: TC1 in 2003 (referred to
	      as POSIX.1-2003), and TC2 in 2004 (referred to as POSIX.1-2004).

       POSIX.1-2008, SUSv4
	      Work on the next revision of POSIX.1/SUS was completed and rati‐
	      fied in 2008.

	      The  changes  in	this  revision	are not as large as those that
	      occurred for POSIX.1-2001/SUSv3, but a number of new  interfaces
	      are  added  and  various	details of existing specifications are
	      modified.	  Many	of  the	 interfaces  that  were	 optional   in
	      POSIX.1-2001  become mandatory in the 2008 revision of the stan‐
	      dard.  A few interfaces that are	present	 in  POSIX.1-2001  are
	      marked as obsolete in POSIX.1-2008, or removed from the standard
	      altogether.

	      The revised standard is broken  into  the	 same  four  parts  as
	      POSIX.1-2001, and again there are two levels of conformance: the
	      baseline POSIX Conformance, and XSI Conformance, which  mandates
	      an  additional set of interfaces beyond those in the base speci‐
	      fication.

	      In general, where the CONFORMING TO section  of  a  manual  page
	      lists  POSIX.1-2001,  it	can be assumed that the interface also
	      conforms to POSIX.1-2008, unless otherwise noted.

	      Further information can be found on the Austin group  web	 site,
	      http://www.opengroup.org/austin/ .

SEE ALSO
       feature_test_macros(7), libc(7), posixoptions(7)

COLOPHON
       This  page  is  part of release 3.27 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
       description of the project, and information about reporting  bugs,  can
       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

Linux				  2009-06-01			  STANDARDS(7)
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