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STANDARDS(7)		   Linux Programmer's Manual		  STANDARDS(7)

NAME
       Standards - C and UNIX Standards

DESCRIPTION
       The  CONFORMING TO section that appears in many manual pages identifies
       various standards to which the documented interface conforms.  The fol‐
       lowing list briefly describes these standards.

       V7     Version 7, the ancestral UNIX from Bell Labs.

       4.2BSD This is an implementation standard defined by the 4.2 release of
	      the Berkeley Software Distribution, released by  the  University
	      of  California at Berkeley.  This was the first Berkeley release
	      that contained a TCP/IP stack and the sockets API.   4.2BSD  was
	      released in 1983.

	      Earlier  major  BSD  releases included 3BSD (1980), 4BSD (1980),
	      and 4.1BSD (1981).

       4.3BSD The successor to 4.2BSD, released in 1986.

       4.4BSD The successor to 4.3BSD, released in 1993.  This	was  the  last
	      major Berkeley release.

       System V
	      This  is	an implementation standard defined by AT&T's milestone
	      1983 release of its commercial System  V	(five)	release.   The
	      previous major AT&T release was System III, released in 1981.

       System V release 2 (SVr2)
	      This  was the next System V release, made in 1985.  The SVr2 was
	      formally described in the System V Interface Definition  version
	      1 (SVID 1) published in 1985.

       System V release 3 (SVr3)
	      This  was the successor to SVr2, released in 1986.  This release
	      was formally described in the System V Interface Definition ver‐
	      sion 2 (SVID 2).

       System V release 4 (SVr4)
	      This  was the successor to SVr3, released in 1989.  This version
	      of System V is described in the "Programmer's Reference  Manual:
	      Operating	 System	 API  (Intel processors)" (Prentice-Hall 1992,
	      ISBN 0-13-951294-2) This release was formally described  in  the
	      System V Interface Definition version 3 (SVID 3), and is consid‐
	      ered the definitive System V release.

       SVID 4 System V Interface Definition version 4, issued in 1995.	Avail‐
	      able online at http://www.sco.com/developers/devspecs/ .

       C89    This was the first C language standard, ratified by ANSI (Ameri‐
	      can National Standards Institute) in 1989 (X3.159-1989).	 Some‐
	      times  this  is  known  as ANSI C, but since C99 is also an ANSI
	      standard, this term is ambiguous.	 This standard was also	 rati‐
	      fied  by	ISO  (International  Standards	Organization)  in 1990
	      (ISO/IEC 9899:1990), and is thus occasionally referred to as ISO
	      C90.

       C99    This  revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in
	      1999 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999).

       POSIX.1-1990
	      "Portable Operating  System  Interface  for  Computing  Environ‐
	      ments".	IEEE  1003.1-1990  part	 1,  ratified  by  ISO in 1990
	      (ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990).  Further information can be found in Don‐
	      ald  Lewine's "POSIX Programmer's Guide" (O'Reilly & Associates,
	      Inc., 1991, ISBN 0-937175-73-0).	The term "POSIX" was coined by
	      Richard Stallman.

       POSIX.2
	      IEEE  Std	 1003.2-1992, describing commands and utilities, rati‐
	      fied by ISO in 1993 (ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993).

       POSIX.1b (formerly known as POSIX.4)
	      IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993 describing real-time facilities for porta‐
	      ble   operating  systems,	 ratified  by  ISO  in	1996  (ISO/IEC
	      9945-1:1996).  For further information, see  "POSIX.4:  Program‐
	      ming  for the real world" by Bill O. Gallmeister (O'Reilly & As‐
	      sociates, Inc. ISBN 1-56592-074-0).

       POSIX.1c
	      IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995 describing the POSIX threads interfaces.

       POSIX.1d
	      IEEE Std 1003.1c-1999  describing	 additional  real-time	exten‐
	      sions.

       POSIX.1g
	      IEEE  Std	 1003.1g-2000  describing  networking  APIs (including
	      sockets).

       POSIX.1j
	      IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000 describing advanced real-time extensions.

       POSIX.1-1996
	      A 1996 revision  of  POSIX.1  which  incorporated	 POSIX.1b  and
	      POSIX.1c.

       XPG3   Released	in 1989, this was the first significant release of the
	      X/Open Portability Guide, produced  by  the  X/Open  Company,  a
	      multi-vendor  consortium.	  This multi-volume guide was based on
	      the POSIX standards.

       XPG4   A revision of the X/Open Portability Guide, released in 1992.

       XPG4v2 A 1994 revision of XPG4.	This is also referred to as Spec 1170,
	      where  1170 referred to the number of interfaces defined by this
	      standard.

       SUS (SUSv1)
	      Single UNIX Specification.  This was a repackaging of XPG4v2 and
	      other  X/Open standards (X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2, X/Open
	      Networking Service (XNS) Issue 4).  Systems conforming  to  this
	      standard can be branded UNIX 95.

       SUSv2  Single UNIX Specification version 2.  Sometimes also referred to
	      as XPG5.	This standard appeared in 1997.	 Systems conforming to
	      this standard can be branded UNIX 98.  See also http://www.UNIX-
	      systems.org/version2/ .)

       POSIX.1-2001, SUSv3
	      This was a 2001  revision	 and  consolidation  of	 the  POSIX.1,
	      POSIX.2,	and  SUS  standards  into a single document, conducted
	      under  the  auspices  of	the  Austin  group   (http://www.open‐
	      group.org/austin/	 .)   The  standard  is	 available  online  at
	      http://www.unix-systems.org/version3/ , and the interfaces  that
	      it  describes are also available in the Linux manual pages pack‐
	      age under sections 1p and 3p (e.g., "man 3p open").

	      The standard defines two levels of  conformance:	POSIX  confor‐
	      mance,  which is a baseline set of interfaces required of a con‐
	      forming system; and XSI Conformance, which additionally mandates
	      a	 set  of  interfaces  (the  "XSI  extension")  which  are only
	      optional for POSIX conformance.  XSI-conformant systems  can  be
	      branded  UNIX  03.  (XSI conformance constitutes the Single UNIX
	      Specification version 3 (SUSv3).)

	      The POSIX.1-2001 document is broken into four parts:

	      XBD: Definitions, terms and  concepts,  header  file  specifica‐
	      tions.

	      XSH: Specifications of functions (i.e., system calls and library
	      functions in actual implementations).

	      XCU: Specifications of commands and utilities  (i.e.,  the  area
	      formerly described by POSIX.2).

	      XRAT: Informative text on the other parts of the standard.

	      POSIX.1-2001  is	aligned	 with  C99, so that all of the library
	      functions	 standardised  in  C99	are   also   standardised   in
	      POSIX.1-1001.

	      Two  Technical  Corrigenda (minor fixes and improvements) of the
	      original 2001 standard have occurred: TC1 in 2003	 (referred  to
	      as POSIX.1-2003), and TC2 in 2004 (referred to as POSIX.1-2004).

SEE ALSO
       feature_test_macros(7)

Linux				  2006-08-03			  STANDARDS(7)
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