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SIGNAL.H(3HEAD)						       SIGNAL.H(3HEAD)

NAME
       signal.h, signal - base signals

SYNOPSIS
       #include <signal.h>

DESCRIPTION
       A  signal is an asynchronous notification of an event. A signal is said
       to be generated for (or sent to) a process when	the  event  associated
       with that signal first occurs. Examples of such events include hardware
       faults, timer expiration and terminal activity, as well as the  invoca‐
       tion of the kill(2) or sigsend(2) functions. In some circumstances, the
       same event generates signals for	 multiple  processes.  A  process  may
       request	a  detailed  notification  of the source of the signal and the
       reason why it was generated. See siginfo.h(3HEAD).

       Signals	can  be	 generated  synchronously  or  asynchronously.	Events
       directly	 caused by the execution of code by a thread, such as a refer‐
       ence to an unmapped, protected, or bad memory can generate  SIGSEGV  or
       SIGBUS;	a floating point exception can generate SIGFPE; and the execu‐
       tion of an illegal instruction can generate  SIGILL.  Such  events  are
       referred	 to  as	 traps; signals generated by traps are said to be syn‐
       chronously generated.  Synchronously generated signals are initiated by
       a specific thread and are delivered to and handled by that thread.

       Signals	may  also  be  generated  by  calling  kill(),	sigqueue(), or
       sigsend(). Events such as keyboard interrupts generate signals, such as
       SIGINT,	which are sent to the target process. Such events are referred
       to as interrupts; signals generated by interrupts are said to be	 asyn‐
       chronously generated. Asynchronously generated signals are not directed
       to a particular thread but are handled  by  an  arbitrary  thread  that
       meets either of the following conditions:

	   o	  The thread is blocked in a call to sigwait(2) whose argument
		  includes the type of signal generated.

	   o	  The thread has a signal mask that does not include the  type
		  of  signal  generated. See pthread_sigmask(3C). Each process
		  can specify a system action to be taken in response to  each
		  signal  sent	to  it,	 called	 the signal's disposition. All
		  threads in the process share the  disposition.  The  set  of
		  system signal actions for a process is initialized from that
		  of its parent.  Once an action is installed for  a  specific
		  signal,  it usually remains installed until another disposi‐
		  tion is explicitly requested by  a  call  to	either	sigac‐
		  tion(), signal() or  sigset(), or until the process execs().
		  See sigaction(2) and	signal(3C). When a process execs,  all
		  signals  whose  disposition has been set to catch the signal
		  will be set to SIG_DFL. Alternatively, a process may request
		  that	the  system  automatically  reset the disposition of a
		  signal to  SIG_DFL after it  has  been  caught.  See	sigac‐
		  tion(2) and signal(3C).

   SIGNAL DELIVERY
       A  signal is said to be delivered to a process when a thread within the
       process takes the appropriate action for	 the disposition of  the  sig‐
       nal.  Delivery  of  a  signal can be blocked. There are two methods for
       handling delivery of a signal in a multithreaded application. The first
       method  specifies  a signal handler function to execute when the signal
       is received by the process. See sigaction(2). The  second  method  uses
       sigwait(2)  to create a thread to handle the receipt of the signal. The
       sigaction() function can be  used  for  both  synchronously  and	 asyn‐
       chronously generated signals. The sigwait() function will work only for
       asynchronously generated signals, as  synchronously  generated  signals
       are sent to the thread that caused the event. The sigwait() function is
       the recommended for use with a multithreaded application.

   SIGNAL MASK
       Each thread has a signal mask  that defines the	set  of	 signals  cur‐
       rently  blocked from delivery to it. The signal mask of the main thread
       is inherited from the signal mask of the thread that created it in  the
       parent  process. The selection of the thread within the process that is
       to take the appropriate action for the signal is based on the method of
       signal  generation and the signal masks of the threads in the receiving
       process. Signals that are generated by action of	 a  particular	thread
       such  as	 hardware  faults  are delivered to the thread that caused the
       signal. See pthread_sigmask(3C) or  sigprocmask(2).  See	 alarm(2)  for
       current	semantics of delivery of SIGALRM. Signals that are directed to
       a  particular  thread   are  delivered  to  the	targeted  thread.  See
       pthread_kill(3C).  If  the  selected  thread has blocked the signal, it
       remains pending on the thread until it is  unblocked.   For  all	 other
       types of signal generation  (for example, kill(2), sigsend(2), terminal
       activity, and other external events  not	 ascribable  to	 a  particular
       thread)	one  of	 the  threads that does not have the signal blocked is
       selected to process the signal. If all the threads within  the  process
       block  the  signal, it remains pending on the process until a thread in
       the process unblocks it. If the action associated with a signal is  set
       to  ignore the signal then both currently pending and subsequently gen‐
       erated signals of this type are discarded immediately for this process.

       The determination of which action is taken in response to a signal   is
       made  at	 the  time  the	 signal	 is  delivered	to a thread within the
       process, allowing for any changes since the time of generation.	  This
       determination is independent of the means by which the signal was orig‐
       inally generated.

       The signals currently defined by <signal.h> are as follows:

	   Name	      Value   Default			Event
       SIGHUP	      1	      Exit	Hangup (see termio(7I))
       SIGINT	      2	      Exit	Interrupt (see termio(7I))
       SIGQUIT	      3	      Core	Quit (see termio(7I))
       SIGILL	      4	      Core	Illegal Instruction
       SIGTRAP	      5	      Core	Trace or Breakpoint Trap
       SIGABRT	      6	      Core	Abort
       SIGEMT	      7	      Core	Emulation Trap
       SIGFPE	      8	      Core	Arithmetic Exception
       SIGKILL	      9	      Exit	Killed
       SIGBUS	      10      Core	Bus Error
       SIGSEGV	      11      Core	Segmentation Fault
       SIGSYS	      12      Core	Bad System Call
       SIGPIPE	      13      Exit	Broken Pipe
       SIGALRM	      14      Exit	Alarm Clock
       SIGTERM	      15      Exit	Terminated
       SIGUSR1	      16      Exit	User Signal 1
       SIGUSR2	      17      Exit	User Signal 2
       SIGCHLD	      18      Ignore	Child Status Changed
       SIGPWR	      19      Ignore	Power Fail or Restart
       SIGWINCH	      20      Ignore	Window Size Change

       SIGURG	      21      Ignore	Urgent Socket Condition
       SIGPOLL	      22      Exit	Pollable Event (see streamio(7I))
       SIGSTOP	      23      Stop	Stopped (signal)
       SIGTSTP	      24      Stop	Stopped (user) (see termio(7I))
       SIGCONT	      25      Ignore	Continued
       SIGTTIN	      26      Stop	Stopped (tty input) (see termio(7I))
       SIGTTOU	      27      Stop	Stopped (tty output) (see termio(7I))
       SIGVTALRM      28      Exit	Virtual Timer Expired
       SIGPROF	      29      Exit	Profiling Timer Expired
       SIGXCPU	      30      Core	CPU time limit	exceeded  (see	getr‐
					limit(2))
       SIGXFSZ	      31      Core	File  size  limit exceeded (see getr‐
					limit(2))
       SIGWAITING     32      Ignore	Reserved
       SIGLWP	      33      Ignore	Reserved
       SIGFREEZE      34      Ignore	Check point Freeze
       SIGTHAW	      35      Ignore	Check point Thaw
       SIGCANCEL      36      Ignore	Reserved for threading support
       SIGLOST	      37      Exit	Resource lost (for  example,  record-
					lock lost)
       SIGXRES	      38      Ignore	Resource    control   exceeded	 (see
					setrctl(2))
       SIGJVM1	      39      Ignore	Reserved for Java Virtual Machine 1
       SIGJVM2	      40      Ignore	Reserved for Java Virtual Machine 2
       SIGINFO	      41      Ignore	Status request
       SIGRTMIN	      *	      Exit	First real time signal
       (SIGRTMIN+1)   *	      Exit	Second real time signal
       ...
       (SIGRTMAX-1)   *	      Exit	Second-to-last real time signal
       SIGRTMAX	      *	      Exit	Last real time signal

       The symbols SIGRTMIN through SIGRTMAX are evaluated dynamically to per‐
       mit future configurability.

       Applications should not use any of the signals marked "reserved" in the
       above table for any purpose, to avoid interfering with their use by the
       system.

   SIGNAL DISPOSITION
       A  process  using  a signal(3C), sigset(3C) or sigaction(2) system call
       can specify one of three dispositions for a signal:  take  the  default
       action for the signal, ignore the signal, or catch the signal.

   Default Action: SIG_DFL
       A  disposition  of   SIG_DFL  specifies the default action. The default
       action for each signal is listed in the table  above  and  is  selected
       from the following:

       Exit
		 When  it gets the signal, the receiving process is to be ter‐
		 minated with all the consequences outlined in exit(2).

       Core
		 When it gets the signal, the receiving process is to be  ter‐
		 minated  with	all  the  consequences outlined in exit(2). In
		 addition, a ``core image'' of the process is  constructed  in
		 the  current working directory.

       Stop
		 When  it  gets	 the signal, the receiving process is to stop.
		 When a process is stopped, all the threads within the process
		 also stop executing.

       Ignore
		 When  it  gets the signal, the receiving process is to ignore
		 it. This is identical to setting the disposition to SIG_IGN.

   Ignore Signal: SIG_IGN
       A disposition of SIG_IGN specifies that the signal is  to  be  ignored.
       Setting	a signal action to SIG_IGN for a signal that is pending causes
       the pending signal to be discarded, whether or not it is	 blocked.  Any
       queued  values  pending	are  also discarded, and the resources used to
       queue them are released and made available to queue other signals.

   Catch Signal: function address
       A disposition that is a function address specifies that, when  it  gets
       the  signal,  the thread within the process that is selected to process
       the signal will execute the signal handler at  the  specified  address.
       Normally,  the  signal  handler is passed the signal number as its only
       argument. If the disposition was set with  the  sigaction(2)  function,
       however, additional arguments can be requested. When the signal handler
       returns, the receiving process resumes execution at the	point  it  was
       interrupted,  unless the signal handler makes other arrangements. If an
       invalid function address is specified, results are undefined.

       If the disposition has been set with the sigset() or  sigaction(),  the
       signal is automatically blocked in the thread while it is executing the
       signal catcher. If a longjmp() is used to  leave	 the  signal  catcher,
       then  the  signal  must	be  explicitly	unblocked  by  the  user.  See
       setjmp(3C), signal(3C) and sigprocmask(2).

       If execution of the signal handler interrupts a blocked function	 call,
       the  handler  is executed and the interrupted function call returns  −1
       to the calling process with errno set to EINTR. If the SA_RESTART  flag
       is   set,   however,  certain  function	calls  will  be	 transparently
       restarted.

       Some signal-generating functions, such as high resolution timer expira‐
       tion,  asynchronous  I/O completion, inter-process message arrival, and
       the sigqueue(3C) function, support the specification of an  application
       defined	value, either explicitly as a parameter to the function, or in
       a sigevent structure parameter. The sigevent structure  is  defined  by
       <signal.h> and contains at least the following members:

	       Type			Name		       Description
       ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       int		       sigev_notify		 Notification type
       int		       sigev_signo		 Signal number
       ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       union sigval	       sigev_value		 Signal value
       ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       void(*)(union sigval)   sigev_notify_function	 Notification function
       ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       (pthread_attr_t *)      sigev_notify_attributes	 Notification attributes

       The sigval union is defined by <signal.h>and contains at least the fol‐
       lowing members:

	Type	  Name		Description
       ──────────────────────────────────────────
       int	sival_int   Integer signal value
       void *	sival_ptr   Pointer signal value

       The  sigev_notify member specifies the notification  mechanism  to  use
       when  an	 asynchronous  event  occurs.  The  sigev_notify member may be
       defined with the following values:

       SIGEV_NONE
		       No asynchronous	notification  is  delivered  when  the
		       event of interest occurs.

       SIGEV_SIGNAL
		       A  queued  signal, with its value equal to sigev_signo,
		       is generated when the event of interest occurs.

       SIGEV_THREAD
		       The sigev_notify_function is called,  with  sigev_value
		       as its argument, to perform notification when the asyn‐
		       chronous event occurs. The function is executed	in  an
		       environment as if it were the start routine for a newly
		       created	   thread     with	thread	    attributes
		       sigev_notify_attributes.	 If sigev_notify_attributes is
		       NULL, the thread runs as a detached thread with default
		       attributes.  Otherwise, the thread runs with the speci‐
		       fied attributes, but as a detached  thread  regardless.
		       The thread runs with all blockable signals blocked.

       SIGEV_PORT
		       An  asynchronous	 notification is delivered to an event
		       port  when  the	 event	 of   interest	 occurs.   The
		       sigev_value.sival_ptr  member points to a port_notify_t
		       structure defined in <port.h> (see port_associate(3C)).
		       The  event  port	 identifier as well as an application-
		       defined cookie are part of the port_notify_t structure.

       The sigev_signo member contains the  application-defined	 value	to  be
       passed	to   the   signal-catching  function  (for  notification  type
       SIGEV_SIGNAL) at the time of the signal delivery as the si_value member
       of  the	siginfo_t  structure,  or  as the argument to the notification
       function (for notification type SIGEV_THREAD) that is called  when  the
       asynchronous   event   occurs.	 For   notification  type  SIGEV_PORT,
       sigev_value.sival_ptr points to a port_notify_t structure  that	speci‐
       fies the port and an application-defined cookie.

       The  sigev_value	 member references the application defined value to be
       passed to the signal-catching function at the time of the signal deliv‐
       ery as the si_value member of the siginfo_t structure.

       The  sival_int  member is used when the application defined value is of
       type int, and the sival_ptr member is used when the application defined
       value is a pointer.

       When  a	signal	is  generated by sigqueue(3C) or any signal−generating
       function which supports the specification  of  an  application  defined
       value, the signal is marked pending and, if the	SA_SIGINFO flag is set
       for that signal, the signal is queued to the  process  along  with  the
       application  specified signal value. Multiple occurrences of signals so
       generated are queued in FIFO order. If the  SA_SIGINFO flag is not  set
       for  that signal, later occurrences of that signal's generation, when a
       signal is already queued, are silently discarded.

ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       ┌────────────────────┬───────────────────┐
       │  ATTRIBUTE TYPE    │  ATTRIBUTE VALUE	│
       ├────────────────────┼───────────────────┤
       │Interface Stability │ Committed		│
       ├────────────────────┼───────────────────┤
       │Standard	    │ See standards(5). │
       └────────────────────┴───────────────────┘

SEE ALSO
       lockd(1M),  Intro(2),  alarm(2),	  exit(2),   fcntl(2),	 getrlimit(2),
       ioctl(2),  kill(2), pause(2), setrctl(2), sigaction(2), sigaltstack(2),
       sigprocmask(2),	sigsend(2),  sigsuspend(2),   sigwait(2),   port_asso‐
       ciate(3C),  pthread_create(3C),	pthread_kill(3C), pthread_sigmask(3C),
       setjmp(3C), siginfo.h(3HEAD), signal(3C), sigqueue(3C),	sigsetops(3C),
       ucontext.h(3HEAD), wait(3C), attributes(5), standards(5)

NOTES
       The  dispositions  of the SIGKILL and SIGSTOP signals cannot be altered
       from their default values. The system generates an  error  if  this  is
       attempted.

       The SIGKILL, SIGSTOP, and SIGCANCEL signals cannot be blocked. The sys‐
       tem silently enforces this restriction.

       The SIGCANCEL signal cannot be directed to an individual	 thread	 using
       pthread_kill(3C),  but  it  can	be  sent  to  a process using kill(2),
       sigsend(2), or sigqueue(3C).

       Whenever a process receives a SIGSTOP,  SIGTSTP,	 SIGTTIN,  or  SIGTTOU
       signal,	regardless  of its disposition, any pending SIGCONT signal are
       discarded.

       Whenever a process receives a SIGCONT signal, regardless of its	dispo‐
       sition,	any  pending SIGSTOP, SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN, and SIGTTOU signals is
       discarded. In addition, if the process was stopped, it is continued.

       SIGPOLL is issued when a file descriptor	 corresponding	to  a  STREAMS
       file  has  a  "selectable"  event pending. See Intro(2). A process must
       specifically request that this signal be sent using the I_SETSIG	 ioctl
       call. Otherwise, the process will never receive SIGPOLL.

       If  the disposition of the SIGCHLD signal has been set with signal() or
       sigset(), or with sigaction() and the SA_NOCLDSTOP flag has been speci‐
       fied,  it  will	only  be sent to the calling process when its children
       exit; otherwise, it will also be sent when the calling process's	 chil‐
       dren are stopped or continued due to job control.

       The  name SIGCLD is also defined in this header and identifies the same
       signal as  SIGCHLD. SIGCLD is provided for backward compatibility,  new
       applications should use	SIGCHLD.

       The  disposition of signals that are inherited as SIG_IGN should not be
       changed.

       Signals which are generated synchronously should not be masked. If such
       a signal is blocked and delivered, the receiving process is killed.

				  Jan 4, 2014		       SIGNAL.H(3HEAD)
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