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SENDMAIL(8)					      SENDMAIL(8)

NAME
       sendmail - an electronic mail transport agent

SYNOPSIS
       sendmail [flags] [address ...]
       newaliases
       mailq [-v]
       hoststat
       purgestat
       smtpd

DESCRIPTION
       Sendmail	 sends a message to one or more recipients, rout-
       ing the message	over  whatever	networks  are  necessary.
       Sendmail	 does  internetwork  forwarding	 as  necessary to
       deliver the message to the correct place.

       Sendmail is not intended	 as  a	user  interface	 routine;
       other  programs provide user-friendly front ends; sendmail
       is used only to deliver pre-formatted messages.

       With no flags, sendmail reads its standard input up to  an
       end-of-file  or a line consisting only of a single dot and
       sends a copy of the message found  there	 to  all  of  the
       addresses  listed.   It	determines  the network(s) to use
       based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.

       Local addresses are looked up in a file and aliased appro-
       priately.   Aliasing  can  be  prevented	 by preceding the
       address with a backslash.  Beginning with 8.10, the sender
       is included in any alias expansions, e.g., if `john' sends
       to `group', and `group' includes `john' in the  expansion,
       then the letter will also be delivered to `john'.

   Parameters
       -Btype Set  the	body  type to type.  Current legal values
	      are 7BIT or 8BITMIME.

       -ba    Go into ARPANET mode.  All  input	 lines	must  end
	      with  a  CR-LF,  and all messages will be generated
	      with a CR-LF at the end.	Also, the  ``From:''  and
	      ``Sender:'' fields are examined for the name of the
	      sender.

       -bd    Run as  a	 daemon.   This	 requires  Berkeley  IPC.
	      Sendmail	will fork and run in background listening
	      on socket 25 for incoming SMTP  connections.   This
	      is normally run from /etc/rc.

       -bD    Same as -bd except runs in foreground.

       -bh    Print the persistent host status database.

       -bH    Purge  expired  entries  from  the  persistent host

		   $Date: 2000/12/14 23:08:15 $			1

SENDMAIL(8)					      SENDMAIL(8)

	      status database.

       -bi    Initialize the alias database.

       -bm    Deliver mail in the usual way (default).

       -bp    Print a listing of the queue.

       -bs    Use the SMTP protocol as	described  in  RFC821  on
	      standard	input  and output.  This flag implies all
	      the operations of the -ba flag that are  compatible
	      with SMTP.

       -bt    Run   in	 address  test	mode.	This  mode  reads
	      addresses and shows the steps  in	 parsing;  it  is
	      used for debugging configuration tables.

       -bv    Verify  names  only  -  do  not  try  to collect or
	      deliver a message.  Verify mode  is  normally  used
	      for validating users or mailing lists.

       -Cfile Use alternate configuration file.	 Sendmail refuses
	      to run as root if an alternate  configuration  file
	      is specified.

       -dX    Set debugging value to X.

       -Ffullname
	      Set the full name of the sender.

       -fname Sets  the	 name  of  the ``from'' person (i.e., the
	      envelope sender of the  mail).   This  address  may
	      also  be used in the From: header if that header is
	      missing during initial  submission.   The	 envelope
	      sender  address is used as the recipient for deliv-
	      ery status notifications and may also appear  in	a
	      Return-Path:  header.   -f  should  only be used by
	      ``trusted'' users (normally root, daemon, and  net-
	      work)  or if the person you are trying to become is
	      the same as the person you are.  Otherwise,  an  X-
	      Authentication-Warning  header will be added to the
	      message.

       -G     Relay (gateway) submission of a message, e.g., when
	      rmail calls sendmail .

       -hN    Set  the	hop  count to N.  The hop count is incre-
	      mented every time the mail is processed.	 When  it
	      reaches a limit, the mail is returned with an error
	      message, the victim of an aliasing  loop.	  If  not
	      specified,  ``Received:''	 lines in the message are
	      counted.

       -i     Ignore  dots  alone  on  lines  by  themselves   in

		   $Date: 2000/12/14 23:08:15 $			2

SENDMAIL(8)					      SENDMAIL(8)

	      incoming	messages.   This should be set if you are
	      reading data from a file.

       -L tag Set the identifier used in syslog messages  to  the
	      supplied tag.

       -N dsn Set delivery status notification conditions to dsn,
	      which can be `never'  for	 no  notifications  or	a
	      comma  separated list of the values `failure' to be
	      notified if delivery failed, `delay' to be notified
	      if  delivery  is delayed, and `success' to be noti-
	      fied when the message is successfully delivered.

       -n     Don't do aliasing.

       -O option=value
	      Set option option to  the	 specified  value.   This
	      form  uses long names.  See below for more details.

       -ox value
	      Set option x to the  specified  value.   This  form
	      uses  single character names only.  The short names
	      are not described in  this  manual  page;	 see  the
	      Sendmail	 Installation  and  Operation  Guide  for
	      details.

       -pprotocol
	      Set the name of the protocol used	 to  receive  the
	      message.	 This  can be a simple protocol name such
	      as ``UUCP'' or a protocol	 and  hostname,	 such  as
	      ``UUCP:ucbvax''.

       -q[time]
	      Processed	 saved	messages  in  the  queue at given
	      intervals.  If time is omitted, process  the  queue
	      once.   Time  is given as a tagged number, with `s'
	      being seconds, `m' being minutes, `h' being  hours,
	      `d'  being days, and `w' being weeks.  For example,
	      `-q1h30m' or `-q90m' would both set the timeout  to
	      one  hour	 thirty	 minutes.   If time is specified,
	      sendmail will run in the background.   This  option
	      can be used safely with -bd.

       -qIsubstr
	      Limit  processed jobs to those containing substr as
	      a substring of the queue id.

       -qRsubstr
	      Limit processed jobs to those containing substr  as
	      a substring of one of the recipients.

       -qSsubstr
	      Limit  processed jobs to those containing substr as
	      a substring of the sender.

		   $Date: 2000/12/14 23:08:15 $			3

SENDMAIL(8)					      SENDMAIL(8)

       -R return
	      Set the amount of the message to be returned if the
	      message  bounces.	  The  return  parameter  can  be
	      `full' to return the entire message  or  `hdrs'  to
	      return  only  the headers.  In the latter case also
	      local bounces return only the headers.

       -rname An alternate and obsolete form of the -f flag.

       -t     Read message for recipients.  To:,  Cc:,	and  Bcc:
	      lines will be scanned for recipient addresses.  The
	      Bcc: line will be deleted before transmission.

       -U     Initial (user) submission.  This should  always  be
	      set  when	 called from a user agent such as Mail or
	      exmh and never be set  when  called  by  a  network
	      delivery agent such as rmail.

       -V envid
	      Set  the	original envelope id.  This is propagated
	      across SMTP to servers that  support  DSNs  and  is
	      returned in DSN-compliant error messages.

       -v     Go  into	verbose	 mode.	 Alias expansions will be
	      announced, etc.

       -X logfile
	      Log all traffic in and out of mailers in the  indi-
	      cated log file.  This should only be used as a last
	      resort for debugging mailer bugs.	 It  will  log	a
	      lot of data very quickly.

       --     Stop  processing	command flags and use the rest of
	      the arguments as addresses.

   Options
       There are also a number of processing options that may  be
       set.   Normally these will only be used by a system admin-
       istrator.  Options may be set either on the  command  line
       using the -o flag (for short names), the -O flag (for long
       names), or in the configuration file.  This is  a  partial
       list limited to those options that are likely to be useful
       on the command line and only shows the long names;  for	a
       complete	 list (and details), consult the Sendmail Instal-
       lation and Operation Guide.  The options are:

       AliasFile=file
	      Use alternate alias file.

       HoldExpensive
	      On mailers that  are  considered	``expensive''  to
	      connect  to,  don't  initiate immediate connection.
	      This requires queueing.

		   $Date: 2000/12/14 23:08:15 $			4

SENDMAIL(8)					      SENDMAIL(8)

       CheckpointInterval=N
	      Checkpoint the queue file after every N  successful
	      deliveries  (default  10).   This	 avoids excessive
	      duplicate deliveries when sending to  long  mailing
	      lists interrupted by system crashes.

       DeliveryMode=x
	      Set the delivery mode to x.  Delivery modes are `i'
	      for interactive  (synchronous)  delivery,	 `b'  for
	      background  (asynchronous)  delivery, `q' for queue
	      only - i.e., actual delivery is done the next  time
	      the  queue  is run, and `d' for deferred - the same
	      as `q' except that database lookups for maps  which
	      have  set	 the -D option (default for the host map)
	      are avoided.

       ErrorMode=x
	      Set error processing to mode x.	Valid  modes  are
	      `m'   to	mail  back  the	 error	message,  `w'  to
	      ``write'' back the error message (or mail	 it  back
	      if  the  sender is not logged in), `p' to print the
	      errors on the terminal (default), `q' to throw away
	      error  messages (only exit status is returned), and
	      `e' to do special processing for the  BerkNet.   If
	      the text of the message is not mailed back by modes
	      `m' or `w' and if	 the  sender  is  local	 to  this
	      machine,	a  copy of the message is appended to the
	      file dead.letter in the sender's home directory.

       SaveFromLine
	      Save UNIX-style From lines at  the  front	 of  mes-
	      sages.

       MaxHopCount=N
	      The maximum number of times a message is allowed to
	      ``hop'' before we decide it is in a loop.

       IgnoreDots
	      Do not take dots on a line by themselves as a  mes-
	      sage terminator.

       SendMimeErrors
	      Send  error  messages  in MIME format.  If not set,
	      the DSN (Delivery Status Notification) SMTP  exten-
	      sion is disabled.

       ConnectionCacheTimeout=timeout
	      Set connection cache timeout.

       ConnectionCacheSize=N
	      Set connection cache size.

       LogLevel=n
	      The log level.

		   $Date: 2000/12/14 23:08:15 $			5

SENDMAIL(8)					      SENDMAIL(8)

       MeToo=False
	      Don't  send  to  ``me''  (the sender) if I am in an
	      alias expansion.

       CheckAliases
	      Validate the right hand side of  aliases	during	a
	      newaliases(1) command.

       OldStyleHeaders
	      If  set,	this  message may have old style headers.
	      If not set, this message is guaranteed to have  new
	      style  headers  (i.e.,  commas  instead  of  spaces
	      between addresses).  If set, an adaptive	algorithm
	      is  used	that  will correctly determine the header
	      format in most cases.

       QueueDirectory=queuedir
	      Select the directory in which to queue messages.

       StatusFile=file
	      Save statistics in the named file.

       Timeout.queuereturn=time
	      Set the timeout  on  undelivered	messages  in  the
	      queue  to	 the  specified time.  After delivery has
	      failed (e.g., because of a  host	being  down)  for
	      this  amount  of	time,  failed  messages	 will  be
	      returned to the sender.  The default is five  days.

       UserDatabaseSpec=userdatabase
	      If  set,	a  user database is consulted to get for-
	      warding information.   You  can  consider	 this  an
	      adjunct  to the aliasing mechanism, except that the
	      database is intended to be distributed; aliases are
	      local to a particular host.  This may not be avail-
	      able if your sendmail  does  not	have  the  USERDB
	      option compiled in.

       ForkEachJob
	      Fork each job during queue runs.	May be convenient
	      on memory-poor machines.

       SevenBitInput
	      Strip incoming messages to seven bits.

       EightBitMode=mode
	      Set the handling of eight bit input  to  seven  bit
	      destinations  to	mode:  m (mimefy) will convert to
	      seven-bit MIME format, p (pass)  will  pass  it  as
	      eight bits (but violates protocols), and s (strict)
	      will bounce the message.

       MinQueueAge=timeout
	      Sets how long a  job  must  ferment  in  the  queue

		   $Date: 2000/12/14 23:08:15 $			6

SENDMAIL(8)					      SENDMAIL(8)

	      between attempts to send it.

       DefaultCharSet=charset
	      Sets  the default character set used to label 8-bit
	      data that is not otherwise labelled.

       DialDelay=sleeptime
	      If opening a connection fails, sleep for	sleeptime
	      seconds  and  try	 again.	 Useful on dial-on-demand
	      sites.

       NoRecipientAction=action
	      Set the behaviour when there are no recipient head-
	      ers  (To:,  Cc:  or Bcc:) in the message to action:
	      none leaves the message unchanged,  add-to  adds	a
	      To: header with the envelope recipients, add-appar-
	      ently-to adds an	Apparently-To:	header	with  the
	      envelope	recipients,  add-bcc  adds  an empty Bcc:
	      header, and add-to-undisclosed adds a header  read-
	      ing `To: undisclosed-recipients:;'.

       MaxDaemonChildren=N
	      Sets  the maximum number of children that an incom-
	      ing SMTP daemon will allow to spawn at any time  to
	      N.

       ConnectionRateThrottle=N
	      Sets  the	 maximum number of connections per second
	      to the SMTP port to N.

       In aliases, the first character of a name may be a  verti-
       cal bar to cause interpretation of the rest of the name as
       a command to pipe the mail to.  It  may	be  necessary  to
       quote  the  name	 to  keep  sendmail  from suppressing the
       blanks from between  arguments.	 For  example,	a  common
       alias is:

	      msgs: "|/usr/bin/msgs -s"

       Aliases	may also have the syntax ``:include:filename'' to
       ask sendmail to read the named file for a list of  recipi-
       ents.  For example, an alias such as:

	      poets: ":include:/usr/local/lib/poets.list"

       would  read  /usr/local/lib/poets.list  for  the	 list  of
       addresses making up the group.

       Sendmail returns an exit status describing  what	 it  did.
       The codes are defined in <sysexits.h>:

       EX_OK  Successful completion on all addresses.

		   $Date: 2000/12/14 23:08:15 $			7

SENDMAIL(8)					      SENDMAIL(8)

       EX_NOUSER
	      User name not recognized.

       EX_UNAVAILABLE
	      Catchall	 meaning  necessary  resources	were  not
	      available.

       EX_SYNTAX
	      Syntax error in address.

       EX_SOFTWARE
	      Internal software error, including bad arguments.

       EX_OSERR
	      Temporary operating system error, such as	 ``cannot
	      fork''.

       EX_NOHOST
	      Host name not recognized.

       EX_TEMPFAIL
	      Message  could  not  be  sent  immediately, but was
	      queued.

       If invoked as newaliases, sendmail will rebuild the  alias
       database.   If  invoked	as mailq, sendmail will print the
       contents of the mail queue.  If invoked as hoststat, send-
       mail  will  print the persistent host status database.  If
       invoked as purgestat, sendmail will purge expired  entries
       from  the  persistent host status database.  If invoked as
       smtpd, sendmail will act as a daemon, as if the -bd option
       were specified.

NOTES
       sendmail	 often	gets  blamed  for  many problems that are
       actually the result of other problems, such as overly per-
       missive	modes  on directories.	For this reason, sendmail
       checks the modes on system directories and files to deter-
       mine if they can be trusted.  Although these checks can be
       turned off and your system security reduced by setting the
       DontBlameSendmail  option,  the permission problems should
       be fixed.  For more information, see:

       http://www.sendmail.org/tips/DontBlameSendmail.html

FILES
       Except for the file /etc/mail/sendmail.cf itself the  fol-
       lowing  pathnames  are  all  specified  in /etc/mail/send-
       mail.cf.	 Thus, these values are only approximations.

	/etc/mail/aliases
	      raw data for alias names

		   $Date: 2000/12/14 23:08:15 $			8

SENDMAIL(8)					      SENDMAIL(8)

	/etc/mail/aliases.db
	      data base of alias names

	/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
	      configuration file

	/etc/mail/helpfile
	      help file

	/etc/mail/statistics
	      collected statistics

	/var/spool/mqueue/*
	      temp files

SEE ALSO
       binmail(1),  mail(1),  rmail(1),	 syslog(3),   aliases(5),
       mailaddr(7), rc(8)

       DARPA   Internet	 Request  For  Comments	 RFC819,  RFC821,
       RFC822.	Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide, No. 8,
       SMM.

       http://www.sendmail.org/

HISTORY
       The sendmail command appeared in 4.2BSD.

		   $Date: 2000/12/14 23:08:15 $			9

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