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rsync(1)							      rsync(1)

NAME
       rsync - faster, flexible replacement for rcp

SYNOPSIS
       rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST:DEST

       rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST:SRC DEST

       rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... DEST

       rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST::SRC [DEST]

       rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST::DEST

       rsync [OPTION]... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC [DEST]

DESCRIPTION
       rsync is a program that behaves in much the same way that rcp does, but
       has many more options and uses  the  rsync  remote-update  protocol  to
       greatly	speed  up  file	 transfers  when  the destination file already
       exists.

       The rsync remote-update protocol allows rsync to transfer just the dif‐
       ferences	 between  two  sets of files across the network link, using an
       efficient checksum-search algorithm described in the  technical	report
       that accompanies this package.

       Some of the additional features of rsync are:

       o      support  for  copying links, devices, owners, groups and permis‐
	      sions

       o      exclude and exclude-from options similar to GNU tar

       o      a CVS exclude mode for ignoring the same files  that  CVS	 would
	      ignore

       o      can use any transparent remote shell, including rsh or ssh

       o      does not require root privileges

       o      pipelining of file transfers to minimize latency costs

       o      support  for anonymous or authenticated rsync servers (ideal for
	      mirroring)

GENERAL
       There are six different ways of using rsync. They are:

       o      for copying local files. This is invoked when neither source nor
	      destination path contains a : separator

       o      for  copying  from the local machine to a remote machine using a
	      remote shell program as the transport (such as rsh or ssh). This
	      is invoked when the destination path contains a single : separa‐
	      tor.

       o      for copying from a remote machine to the local machine  using  a
	      remote shell program. This is invoked when the source contains a
	      : separator.

       o      for copying from a remote rsync server  to  the  local  machine.
	      This  is invoked when the source path contains a :: separator or
	      a rsync:// URL.

       o      for copying from the local machine to  a	remote	rsync  server.
	      This  is invoked when the destination path contains a :: separa‐
	      tor.

       o      for listing files on a remote machine. This is done the same way
	      as  rsync transfers except that you leave off the local destina‐
	      tion.

       Note that in all cases (other than listing) at least one of the	source
       and destination paths must be local.

SETUP
       See the file README for installation instructions.

       Once  installed	you  can use rsync to any machine that you can use rsh
       to.  rsync uses rsh for its communications, unless both the source  and
       destination are local.

       You can also specify an alternative to rsh, either by using the -e com‐
       mand line option, or by setting the RSYNC_RSH environment variable.

       One common substitute is to use ssh, which  offers  a  high  degree  of
       security.

       Note  that  rsync  must be installed on both the source and destination
       machines.

USAGE
       You use rsync in the same way you use rcp. You must  specify  a	source
       and a destination, one of which may be remote.

       Perhaps the best way to explain the syntax is some examples:

	      rsync *.c foo:src/

       this would transfer all files matching the pattern *.c from the current
       directory to the directory src on the machine foo. If any of the	 files
       already	exist on the remote system then the rsync remote-update proto‐
       col is used to update the file by sending only the differences. See the
       tech report for details.

	      rsync -avz foo:src/bar /data/tmp

       this would recursively transfer all files from the directory src/bar on
       the machine foo into the /data/tmp/bar directory on the local  machine.
       The  files  are	transferred in "archive" mode, which ensures that sym‐
       bolic links, devices, attributes, permissions, ownerships etc are  pre‐
       served  in  the	transfer.   Additionally,  compression will be used to
       reduce the size of data portions of the transfer.

	      rsync -avz foo:src/bar/ /data/tmp

       a trailing slash on the source changes this behavior  to	 transfer  all
       files   from  the  directory  src/bar  on  the  machine	foo  into  the
       /data/tmp/.  A trailing / on a source name means "copy the contents  of
       this  directory".   Without  a trailing slash it means "copy the direc‐
       tory". This difference becomes particularly important  when  using  the
       --delete option.

       You  can	 also  use rsync in local-only mode, where both the source and
       destination don´t have a ´:´ in the name. In this case it behaves  like
       an improved copy command.

	      rsync somehost.mydomain.com::

       this  would  list all the anonymous rsync modules available on the host
       somehost.mydomain.com.  (See the following section for more details.)

CONNECTING TO AN RSYNC SERVER
       It is also possible to use rsync without using rsh or ssh as the trans‐
       port. In this case you will connect to a remote rsync server running on
       TCP port 873.

       You may establish the connection via a web proxy by setting  the	 envi‐
       ronment	variable  RSYNC_PROXY to a hostname:port pair pointing to your
       web proxy.  Note that your web proxy´s configuration must allow	proxy‐
       ing to port 873.

       Using  rsync in this way is the same as using it with rsh or ssh except
       that:

       o      you use a double colon :: instead of a single colon to  separate
	      the hostname from the path.

       o      the  remote  server may print a message of the day when you con‐
	      nect.

       o      if you specify no path name on the remote server then  the  list
	      of accessible paths on the server will be shown.

       o      if you specify no local destination then a listing of the speci‐
	      fied files on the remote server is provided.

       Some paths on the remote server may require authentication. If so  then
       you  will receive a password prompt when you connect. You can avoid the
       password prompt by setting the environment variable  RSYNC_PASSWORD  to
       the  password you want to use or using the --password-file option. This
       may be useful when scripting rsync.

       WARNING: On some systems	 environment  variables	 are  visible  to  all
       users. On those systems using --password-file is recommended.

RUNNING AN RSYNC SERVER
       An  rsync  server is configured using a config file which by default is
       called /etc/rsyncd.conf. Please see the	rsyncd.conf(5)	man  page  for
       more information.

EXAMPLES
       Here are some examples of how I use rsync.

       To  backup  my  wife´s  home directory, which consists of large MS Word
       files and mail folders, I use a cron job that runs

	      rsync -Cavz . arvidsjaur:backup

       each night over a PPP link to  a	 duplicate  directory  on  my  machine
       "arvidsjaur".

       To  synchronize my samba source trees I use the following Makefile tar‐
       gets:

	      get:
	      rsync -avuzb --exclude ´*~´ samba:samba/ .

	      put:
	      rsync -Cavuzb . samba:samba/

	      sync: get put

       this allows me to sync with a CVS directory at the  other  end  of  the
       link. I then do cvs operations on the remote machine, which saves a lot
       of time as the remote cvs protocol isn´t very efficient.

       I mirror a directory between my "old" and "new" ftp sites with the com‐
       mand

	      rsync    -az    -e    ssh	   --delete    ~ftp/pub/samba/	  nim‐
	      bus:"~ftp/pub/tridge/samba"

       this is launched from cron every few hours.

OPTIONS SUMMARY
       Here is a short summary of the options available in rsync. Please refer
       to the detailed description below for a complete description.

	-v, --verbose		    increase verbosity
	-q, --quiet		    decrease verbosity
	-c, --checksum		    always checksum
	-a, --archive		    archive mode
	-r, --recursive		    recurse into directories
	-R, --relative		    use relative path names
	-b, --backup		    make backups (default ~ suffix)
	    --backup-dir	    make backups into this directory
	    --suffix=SUFFIX	    override backup suffix
	-u, --update		    update only (don´t overwrite newer files)
	-l, --links		    copy symlinks as symlinks
	-L, --copy-links	    copy the referent of symlinks
	    --copy-unsafe-links	    copy links outside the source tree
	    --safe-links	    ignore links outside the destination tree
	-H, --hard-links	    preserve hard links
	-p, --perms		    preserve permissions
	-o, --owner		    preserve owner (root only)
	-g, --group		    preserve group
	-D, --devices		    preserve devices (root only)
	-t, --times		    preserve times
	-S, --sparse		    handle sparse files efficiently
	-n, --dry-run		    show what would have been transferred
	-W, --whole-file	    copy whole files, no incremental checks
	    --no-whole-file	    turn off --whole-file
	-x, --one-file-system	    don´t cross filesystem boundaries
	-B, --block-size=SIZE	    checksum blocking size (default 700)
	-e, --rsh=COMMAND	    specify rsh replacement
	    --rsync-path=PATH	    specify path to rsync on the remote machine
	-C, --cvs-exclude	    auto ignore files in the same way CVS does
	    --existing		    only update files that already exist
	    --ignore-existing	    ignore files that already exist on the receiving side
	    --delete		    delete files that don´t exist on the sending side
	    --delete-excluded	    also delete excluded files on the receiving side
	    --delete-after	    delete after transferring, not before
	    --ignore-errors	    delete even if there are IO errors
	    --max-delete=NUM	    don´t delete more than NUM files
	    --partial		    keep partially transferred files
	    --force		    force deletion of directories even if not empty
	    --numeric-ids	    don´t map uid/gid values by user/group name
	    --timeout=TIME	    set IO timeout in seconds
	-I, --ignore-times	    don´t exclude files that match length and time
	    --size-only		    only use file size when determining if a file should be transferred
	    --modify-window=NUM	    Timestamp window (seconds) for file match (default=0)
	-T  --temp-dir=DIR	    create temporary files in directory DIR
	    --compare-dest=DIR	    also compare destination files relative to DIR
	-P			    equivalent to --partial --progress
	-z, --compress		    compress file data
	    --exclude=PATTERN	    exclude files matching PATTERN
	    --exclude-from=FILE	    exclude patterns listed in FILE
	    --include=PATTERN	    don´t exclude files matching PATTERN
	    --include-from=FILE	    don´t exclude patterns listed in FILE
	    --version		    print version number
	    --daemon		    run as a rsync daemon
	    --no-detach		    do not detach from the parent
	    --address=ADDRESS	    bind to the specified address
	    --config=FILE	    specify alternate rsyncd.conf file
	    --port=PORT		    specify alternate rsyncd port number
	    --blocking-io	    use blocking IO for the remote shell
	    --no-blocking-io	    turn off --blocking-io
	    --stats		    give some file transfer stats
	    --progress		    show progress during transfer
	    --log-format=FORMAT	    log file transfers using specified format
	    --password-file=FILE    get password from FILE
	    --bwlimit=KBPS	    limit I/O bandwidth, KBytes per second
	    --read-batch=PREFIX	    read batch fileset starting with PREFIX
	    --write-batch=PREFIX    write batch fileset starting with PREFIX
	-h, --help		    show this help screen

OPTIONS
       rsync  uses  the	 GNU  long  options  package. Many of the command line
       options have two variants, one short and one  long.   These  are	 shown
       below, separated by commas. Some options only have a long variant.  The
       ´=´ for options that take a parameter is optional;  whitespace  can  be
       used instead.

       -h, --help
	      Print  a	short  help  page  describing the options available in
	      rsync

       --version
	      print the rsync version number and exit

       -v, --verbose
	      This option increases the amount of information  you  are	 given
	      during the transfer.  By default, rsync works silently. A single
	      -v will give you information about what files are	 being	trans‐
	      ferred  and  a  brief summary at the end. Two -v flags will give
	      you information on what files are	 being	skipped	 and  slightly
	      more  information at the end. More than two -v flags should only
	      be used if you are debugging rsync.

       -q, --quiet
	      This option decreases the amount of information  you  are	 given
	      during  the  transfer,  notably suppressing information messages
	      from the remote server. This flag is useful when invoking	 rsync
	      from cron.

       -I, --ignore-times
	      Normally	rsync  will  skip  any files that are already the same
	      length and have the same time-stamp. This option turns off  this
	      behavior.

       --size-only
	      Normally	rsync  will  skip  any files that are already the same
	      length and have the same time-stamp. With the --size-only option
	      files  will be skipped if they have the same size, regardless of
	      timestamp. This is useful when starting to use rsync after using
	      another  mirroring  system  which	 may  not  preserve timestamps
	      exactly.

       --modify-window
	      When comparing two timestamps rsync  treats  the	timestamps  as
	      being  equal if they are within the value of modify_window. This
	      is normally zero, but you may find it useful to set  this	 to  a
	      larger  value  in some situations. In particular, when transfer‐
	      ring to/from FAT filesystems which cannot represent times with a
	      1 second resolution this option is useful.

       -c, --checksum
	      This forces the sender to checksum all files using a 128-bit MD4
	      checksum	before	transfer.  The	checksum  is  then  explicitly
	      checked  on  the	receiver  and any files of the same name which
	      already exist and	 have  the  same  checksum  and	 size  on  the
	      receiver are skipped.  This option can be quite slow.

       -a, --archive
	      This  is equivalent to -rlptgoD. It is a quick way of saying you
	      want recursion and want to preserve almost everything.

	      Note however that -a does not preserve hardlinks, because	 find‐
	      ing  multiply-linked  files  is  expensive.  You must separately
	      specify -H.

       -r, --recursive
	      This tells rsync to copy directories recursively. If  you	 don´t
	      specify this then rsync won´t copy directories at all.

       -R, --relative
	      Use  relative  paths. This means that the full path names speci‐
	      fied on the command line are sent to the server rather than just
	      the  last	 parts	of  the filenames. This is particularly useful
	      when you want to send several different directories at the  same
	      time. For example, if you used the command

	      rsync foo/bar/foo.c remote:/tmp/

	      then  this  would	 create	 a  file  called foo.c in /tmp/ on the
	      remote machine. If instead you used

	      rsync -R foo/bar/foo.c remote:/tmp/

	      then a file called /tmp/foo/bar/foo.c would be  created  on  the
	      remote machine. The full path name is preserved.

       -b, --backup
	      With  this option preexisting destination files are renamed with
	      a ~ extension as each file is transferred.  You can control  the
	      backup suffix using the --suffix option.

       --backup-dir=DIR
	      In  combination  with  the  --backup option, this tells rsync to
	      store all backups in the specified directory. This is very  use‐
	      ful for incremental backups.

       --suffix=SUFFIX
	      This  option  allows  you	 to override the default backup suffix
	      used with the -b option. The default is a ~.

       -u, --update
	      This forces rsync to skip any files for  which  the  destination
	      file already exists and has a date later than the source file.

       -l, --links
	      When  symlinks are encountered, recreate the symlink on the des‐
	      tination.

       -L, --copy-links
	      When symlinks are encountered, the file that they	 point	to  is
	      copied, rather than the symlink.

       --copy-unsafe-links
	      This  tells  rsync  to  copy the referent of symbolic links that
	      point outside the	 source	 tree.	 Absolute  symlinks  are  also
	      treated  like  ordinary  files,  and  so are any symlinks in the
	      source path itself when --relative is used.

       --safe-links
	      This tells rsync to ignore any symbolic links which  point  out‐
	      side  the	 destination  tree.  All  absolute  symlinks  are also
	      ignored. Using this option in conjunction	 with  --relative  may
	      give unexpected results.

       -H, --hard-links
	      This  tells rsync to recreate hard  links	 on the	 remote system
	      to  be the same as the local system. Without  this  option  hard
	      links are treated like regular files.

	      Note  that rsync can only detect hard links if both parts of the
	      link are in the list of files being sent.

	      This option can be quite slow, so only use it if you need it.

       -W, --whole-file
	      With this option the incremental rsync algorithm is not used and
	      the  whole  file	is  sent  as-is	 instead.  The transfer may be
	      faster if this option is used when  the  bandwidth  between  the
	      source  and target machines is higher than the bandwidth to disk
	      (especially when the "disk" is actually a	 networked  file  sys‐
	      tem).   This  is the default when both the source and target are
	      on the local machine.

       --no-whole-file
	      Turn off --whole-file, for use when it is the default.

       -p, --perms
	      This option causes rsync to update the remote permissions to  be
	      the same as the local permissions.

       -o, --owner
	      This  option  causes  rsync  to set the owner of the destination
	      file to be the same as the source file.  On most	systems,  only
	      the super-user can set file ownership.

       -g, --group
	      This  option  causes  rsync  to set the group of the destination
	      file to be the same as the source file.  If the  receiving  pro‐
	      gram  is	not  running  as  the super-user, only groups that the
	      receiver is a member of will be preserved (by  group  name,  not
	      group id number).

       -D, --devices
	      This  option causes rsync to transfer character and block device
	      information to the remote system to recreate these devices. This
	      option is only available to the super-user.

       -t, --times
	      This  tells  rsync to transfer modification times along with the
	      files and update them on the remote system.  Note that  if  this
	      option  is  not  used, the optimization that excludes files that
	      have not been modified cannot be effective; in  other  words,  a
	      missing -t or -a will cause the next transfer to behave as if it
	      used -I, and all files will have their  checksums	 compared  and
	      show up in log messages even if they haven´t changed.

       -n, --dry-run
	      This  tells  rsync to not do any file transfers, instead it will
	      just report the actions it would have taken.

       -S, --sparse
	      Try to handle sparse files efficiently  so  they	take  up  less
	      space on the destination.

	      NOTE:  Don´t  use	 this option when the destination is a Solaris
	      "tmpfs" filesystem. It doesn´t seem to handle  seeks  over  null
	      regions correctly and ends up corrupting the files.

       -x, --one-file-system
	      This  tells  rsync  not  to  cross  filesystem  boundaries  when
	      recursing.  This	is useful for  transferring  the  contents  of
	      only one filesystem.

       --existing
	      This tells rsync not to create any new files - only update files
	      that already exist on the destination.

       --ignore-existing
	      This tells rsync not to update files that already exist  on  the
	      destination.

       --max-delete=NUM
	      This  tells  rsync not to delete more than NUM files or directo‐
	      ries. This is useful when mirroring very large trees to  prevent
	      disasters.

       --delete
	      This  tells rsync to delete any files on the receiving side that
	      aren´t on the sending  side.    Files  that  are	excluded  from
	      transfer	 are  excluded	from  being  deleted  unless  you  use
	      --delete-excluded.

	      This  option  has	 no  effect  if	 directory  recursion  is  not
	      selected.

	      This  option can be dangerous if used incorrectly!  It is a very
	      good idea to run first using the dry run option (-n) to see what
	      files  would  be	deleted	 to  make  sure important files aren´t
	      listed.

	      If the sending side detects any IO errors then the  deletion  of
	      any  files  at  the  destination will be automatically disabled.
	      This is to prevent temporary filesystem failures	(such  as  NFS
	      errors)  on the sending side causing a massive deletion of files
	      on the destination.  You can override this  with	the  --ignore-
	      errors option.

       --delete-excluded
	      In addition to deleting the files on the receiving side that are
	      not on the sending side, this tells rsync	 to  also  delete  any
	      files on the receiving side that are excluded (see --exclude).

       --delete-after
	      By  default  rsync does file deletions before transferring files
	      to try to ensure that there is sufficient space on the receiving
	      filesystem.  If  you  want to delete after transferring then use
	      the --delete-after switch.

       --ignore-errors
	      Tells --delete to go ahead and delete files even when there  are
	      IO errors.

       --force
	      This  options tells rsync to delete directories even if they are
	      not empty when they are to be replaced by non-directories.  This
	      is only relevant without --delete because deletions are now done
	      depth-first.  Requires the --recursive option (which is  implied
	      by -a) to have any effect.

       -B , --block-size=BLOCKSIZE
	      This  controls  the  block size used in the rsync algorithm. See
	      the technical report for details.

       -e, --rsh=COMMAND
	      This option allows you to choose	an  alternative	 remote	 shell
	      program  to  use	for communication between the local and remote
	      copies of rsync. By default, rsync will use  rsh,	 but  you  may
	      like to instead use ssh because of its high security.

	      You can also choose the remote shell program using the RSYNC_RSH
	      environment variable.

	      See also the --blocking-io option	 which	is  affected  by  this
	      option.

       --rsync-path=PATH
	      Use  this to specify the path to the copy of rsync on the remote
	      machine. Useful when it´s not in your path. Note	that  this  is
	      the  full	 path  to  the binary, not just the directory that the
	      binary is in.

       --exclude=PATTERN
	      This option allows you to selectively exclude certain files from
	      the list of files to be transferred. This is most useful in com‐
	      bination with a recursive transfer.

	      You may use as many --exclude options on the command line as you
	      like to build up the list of files to exclude.

	      See  the section on exclude patterns for information on the syn‐
	      tax of this option.

       --exclude-from=FILE
	      This option is similar to the --exclude option, but  instead  it
	      adds all exclude patterns listed in the file FILE to the exclude
	      list.  Blank lines in FILE and lines starting with  ´;´  or  ´#´
	      are ignored.

       --include=PATTERN
	      This  option tells rsync to not exclude the specified pattern of
	      filenames. This is useful as it allows you  to  build  up	 quite
	      complex exclude/include rules.

	      See  the section of exclude patterns for information on the syn‐
	      tax of this option.

       --include-from=FILE
	      This specifies a list of include patterns from a file.

       -C, --cvs-exclude
	      This is a useful shorthand for excluding a broad range of	 files
	      that  you	 often don´t want to transfer between systems. It uses
	      the same algorithm that CVS uses to determine if a  file	should
	      be ignored.

	      The exclude list is initialized to:

	      RCS  SCCS	 CVS  CVS.adm  RCSLOG  cvslog.*	 tags TAGS .make.state
	      .nse_depinfo *~ #* .#* ,* *.old *.bak *.BAK *.orig *.rej	.del-*
	      *.a *.o *.obj *.so *.Z *.elc *.ln core

	      then  files  listed  in a $HOME/.cvsignore are added to the list
	      and any files  listed  in	 the  CVSIGNORE	 environment  variable
	      (space delimited).

	      Finally, any file is ignored if it is in the same directory as a
	      .cvsignore file and matches one of the patterns listed  therein.
	      See the cvs(1) manual for more information.

       --csum-length=LENGTH
	      By  default  the primary checksum used in rsync is a very strong
	      16 byte MD4 checksum. In most cases you will find that  a	 trun‐
	      cated version of this checksum is quite efficient, and this will
	      decrease the size of the checksum data sent over the link,  mak‐
	      ing things faster.

	      You  can	choose	the  number of bytes in the truncated checksum
	      using the --csum-length option. Any value less than or equal  to
	      16 is valid.

	      Note that if you use this option then you run the risk of ending
	      up with an incorrect target file. The risk with a value of 16 is
	      microscopic  and can be safely ignored (the universe will proba‐
	      bly end before it fails) but with smaller	 values	 the  risk  is
	      higher.

	      Current versions of rsync actually use an adaptive algorithm for
	      the checksum length by default, using a 16 byte file checksum to
	      determine	 if  a 2nd pass is required with a longer block check‐
	      sum. Only use this option if you have read the source  code  and
	      know what you are doing.

       -T, --temp-dir=DIR
	      This  option  instructs  rsync to use DIR as a scratch directory
	      when creating temporary copies of the files transferred  on  the
	      receiving side.  The default behavior is to create the temporary
	      files in the receiving directory.

       --compare-dest=DIR
	      This option instructs  rsync  to	use  DIR  on  the  destination
	      machine  as an additional directory to compare destination files
	      against when doing transfers.  This is useful for	 doing	trans‐
	      fers  to	a new destination while leaving existing files intact,
	      and then doing a flash-cutover when all files have been success‐
	      fully  transferred (for example by moving directories around and
	      removing the old directory, although this	 requires  also	 doing
	      the  transfer  with  -I  to  avoid  skipping  files that haven´t
	      changed).	 This option increases	the  usefulness	 of  --partial
	      because  partially transferred files will remain in the new tem‐
	      porary destination until they have a chance to be completed.  If
	      DIR is a relative path, it is relative to the destination direc‐
	      tory.

       -z, --compress
	      With this option, rsync compresses any data from the files  that
	      it  sends	 to the destination machine.  This option is useful on
	      slow links.  The compression method used is the same method that
	      gzip uses.

	      Note  this  this	option	typically  achieves better compression
	      ratios that can be achieved by using a compressing remote shell,
	      or  a  compressing  transport,  as  it  takes  advantage	of the
	      implicit information sent for matching data blocks.

       --numeric-ids
	      With this option rsync will transfer numeric group and user  ids
	      rather  than using user and group names and mapping them at both
	      ends.

	      By default rsync will use the user name and group name to deter‐
	      mine  what  ownership  to	 give files. The special uid 0 and the
	      special group 0 are never mapped via user/group  names  even  if
	      the --numeric-ids option is not specified.

	      If  the  source system is a daemon using chroot, or if a user or
	      group name does not exist on the destination  system,  then  the
	      numeric id from the source system is used instead.

       --timeout=TIMEOUT
	      This  option  allows you to set a maximum IO timeout in seconds.
	      If no data is transferred for the specified time then rsync will
	      exit. The default is 0, which means no timeout.

       --daemon
	      This  tells rsync that it is to run as a daemon.	The daemon may
	      be accessed using the host::module or rsync://host/module/  syn‐
	      tax.

	      If  standard input is a socket then rsync will assume that it is
	      being run via inetd, otherwise it will detach from  the  current
	      terminal	and  become a background daemon.  The daemon will read
	      the config file (/etc/rsyncd.conf) on each  connect  made	 by  a
	      client   and   respond   to   requests   accordingly.   See  the
	      rsyncd.conf(5) man page for more details.

       --no-detach
	      When running as a daemon, this option  instructs	rsync  to  not
	      detach  itself  and become a background process.	This option is
	      required when running as a service on Cygwin, and	 may  also  be
	      useful when rsync is supervised by a program such as daemontools
	      or AIX´s System Resource Controller.  --no-detach is also recom‐
	      mended  when  rsync is run under a debugger.  This option has no
	      effect if rsync is run from inetd or sshd.

       --address
	      By default rsync will bind to the wildcard address when run as a
	      daemon  with  the	 --daemon option or when connecting to a rsync
	      server. The --address option allows you to specify a specific IP
	      address  (or  hostname)  to  bind to. This makes virtual hosting
	      possible in conjunction with the --config option.

       --config=FILE
	      This  specifies  an  alternate  config  file  than  the  default
	      /etc/rsyncd.conf.	 This is only relevant when --daemon is speci‐
	      fied.

       --port=PORT
	      This specifies an alternate TCP port number to use  rather  than
	      the default port 873.

       --blocking-io
	      This  tells  rsync  to  use  blocking IO when launching a remote
	      shell transport.	If -e or --rsh are not specified or are set to
	      the  default  "rsh",  this defaults to blocking IO, otherwise it
	      defaults to non-blocking IO.  You	 may  find  the	 --blocking-io
	      option  is  needed for some remote shells that can´t handle non-
	      blocking IO.  Ssh prefers blocking IO.

       --no-blocking-io
	      Turn off --blocking-io, for use when it is the default.

       --log-format=FORMAT
	      This allows you to specify exactly what the rsync client logs to
	      stdout  on  a  per-file basis. The log format is specified using
	      the  same	 format	 conventions  as  the  log  format  option  in
	      rsyncd.conf.

       --stats
	      This  tells  rsync  to  print a verbose set of statistics on the
	      file transfer, allowing you to  tell  how	 effective  the	 rsync
	      algorithm is for your data.

       --partial
	      By  default, rsync will delete any partially transferred file if
	      the transfer is interrupted. In some circumstances  it  is  more
	      desirable	 to keep partially transferred files. Using the --par‐
	      tial option tells rsync to keep the partial  file	 which	should
	      make a subsequent transfer of the rest of the file much faster.

       --progress
	      This  option  tells  rsync  to  print  information  showing  the
	      progress of the transfer. This gives a bored user	 something  to
	      watch.

	      This  option  is	normally  combined  with -v. Using this option
	      without the -v option will produce weird results	on  your  dis‐
	      play.

       -P     The  -P  option  is  equivalent to --partial --progress. I found
	      myself typing that combination  quite  often  so	I  created  an
	      option to make it easier.

       --password-file
	      This  option  allows  you	 to  provide  a password in a file for
	      accessing a remote rsync server. Note that this option  is  only
	      useful  when  accessing a rsync server using the built in trans‐
	      port, not when using a remote shell as the transport.  The  file
	      must  not be world readable. It should contain just the password
	      as a single line.

       --bwlimit=KBPS
	      This option allows you to specify a  maximum  transfer  rate  in
	      kilobytes	 per  second. This option is most effective when using
	      rsync with large files (several megabytes and up).  Due  to  the
	      nature  of  rsync	 transfers,  blocks  of data are sent, then if
	      rsync determines the transfer was too fast, it will wait	before
	      sending  the  next data block. The result is an average transfer
	      rate equalling the specified limit. A value of zero specifies no
	      limit.

       --write-batch=PREFIX
	      Generate	a  set	of  files  that	 can be transferred as a batch
	      update. Each filename in the set starts  with  PREFIX.  See  the
	      "BATCH MODE" section for details.

       --read-batch=PREFIX
	      Apply  a	previously  generated  change batch, using the fileset
	      whose filenames start with PREFIX. See the "BATCH MODE"  section
	      for details.

EXCLUDE PATTERNS
       The  exclude and include patterns specified to rsync allow for flexible
       selection of which files to transfer and which files to skip.

       rsync builds an ordered list of include/exclude options as specified on
       the command line. When a filename is encountered, rsync checks the name
       against each exclude/include pattern in turn. The first	matching  pat‐
       tern  is	 acted	on.  If	 it  is	 an exclude pattern, then that file is
       skipped. If it is an include pattern then that filename is not skipped.
       If  no  matching	 include/exclude pattern is found then the filename is
       not skipped.

       Note that when used with -r (which is implied by -a),  every  subcompo‐
       nent  of	 every	path is visited from top down, so include/exclude pat‐
       terns get applied recursively to each subcomponent.

       Note also that the --include and --exclude  options  take  one  pattern
       each.  To  add  multiple patterns use the --include-from and --exclude-
       from options or multiple --include and --exclude options.

       The patterns can take several forms. The rules are:

       o      if the pattern starts with a / then it is	 matched  against  the
	      start  of	 the filename, otherwise it is matched against the end
	      of the filename.	Thus "/foo" would match a file called "foo" at
	      the  base of the tree.  On the other hand, "foo" would match any
	      file called "foo" anywhere in the tree because the algorithm  is
	      applied  recursively  from  top down; it behaves as if each path
	      component gets a turn at being the end of the file name.

       o      if the pattern ends with a / then it will only  match  a	direc‐
	      tory, not a file, link or device.

       o      if  the  pattern	contains a wildcard character from the set *?[
	      then expression matching is applied  using  the  shell  filename
	      matching rules. Otherwise a simple string match is used.

       o      if  the  pattern	includes a double asterisk "**" then all wild‐
	      cards in the pattern will match  slashes,	 otherwise  they  will
	      stop at slashes.

       o      if  the pattern contains a / (not counting a trailing /) then it
	      is matched against the  full  filename,  including  any  leading
	      directory. If the pattern doesn´t contain a / then it is matched
	      only against the final component of the filename.	 Again, remem‐
	      ber that the algorithm is applied recursively so "full filename"
	      can actually be any portion of a path.

       o      if the pattern starts with "+ " (a plus  followed	 by  a	space)
	      then  it is always considered an include pattern, even if speci‐
	      fied as part of an exclude option. The "+ "  part	 is  discarded
	      before matching.

       o      if  the  pattern	starts with "- " (a minus followed by a space)
	      then it is always considered an exclude pattern, even if	speci‐
	      fied  as	part  of an include option. The "- " part is discarded
	      before matching.

       o      if the pattern is a single exclamation mark ! then  the  current
	      include/exclude  list  is reset, removing all previously defined
	      patterns.

       The +/- rules are most useful in exclude lists, allowing you to have  a
       single exclude list that contains both include and exclude options.

       If  you	end  an	 exclude  list with --exclude ´*´, note that since the
       algorithm is applied recursively that  unless  you  explicitly  include
       parent directories of files you want to include then the algorithm will
       stop at the parent directories and never see the files below them.   To
       include all directories, use --include ´*/´ before the --exclude ´*´.

       Here are some exclude/include examples:

       o      --exclude "*.o" would exclude all filenames matching *.o

       o      --exclude	 "/foo"	 would	exclude	 a  file in the base directory
	      called foo

       o      --exclude "foo/" would exclude any directory called foo

       o      --exclude "/foo/*/bar" would exclude any	file  called  bar  two
	      levels below a base directory called foo

       o      --exclude "/foo/**/bar" would exclude any file called bar two or
	      more levels below a base directory called foo

       o      --include "*/" --include "*.c" --exclude "*" would  include  all
	      directories and C source files

       o      --include	 "foo/"	 --include  "foo/bar.c"	 --exclude  "*"	 would
	      include only foo/bar.c (the foo/ directory  must	be  explicitly
	      included or it would be excluded by the "*")

BATCH MODE
       Note:  Batch  mode should be considered experimental in this version of
       rsync. The interface or behaviour may change before it stabilizes.

       Batch mode can be used to apply the same set of updates to many identi‐
       cal  systems. Suppose one has a tree which is replicated on a number of
       hosts.  Now suppose some changes have been made to this source tree and
       those  changes need to be propagated to the other hosts. In order to do
       this using batch mode, rsync is run  with  the  write-batch  option  to
       apply  the  changes  made  to the source tree to one of the destination
       trees.  The write-batch option causes the rsync	client	to  store  the
       information  needed  to repeat this operation against other destination
       trees in a batch update fileset (see below).  The filename of each file
       in  the	fileset starts with a prefix specified by the user as an argu‐
       ment to the write-batch option.	This fileset is then  copied  to  each
       remote host, where rsync is run with the read-batch option, again spec‐
       ifying the same prefix, and the destination tree.   Rsync  updates  the
       destination tree using the information stored in the batch update file‐
       set.

       The fileset consists of 4 files:

       o      <prefix>.rsync_argvs command-line arguments

       o      <prefix>.rsync_flist rsync internal file metadata

       o      <prefix>.rsync_csums rsync checksums

       o      <prefix>.rsync_delta data blocks for file update & change

       The .rsync_argvs file contains a command-line suitable for  updating  a
       destination  tree  using	 that batch update fileset. It can be executed
       using a Bourne(-like) shell, optionally passing in an alternate	desti‐
       nation  tree  pathname which is then used instead of the original path.
       This is useful when the destination tree path differs from the original
       destination tree path.

       Generating  the	batch  update fileset once saves having to perform the
       file status, checksum and data block generation	more  than  once  when
       updating	 multiple destination trees. Multicast transport protocols can
       be used to transfer the batch update files in parallel to many hosts at
       once, instead of sending the same data to every host individually.

       Example:

       $ rsync --write_batch=pfx -a /source/dir/ /adest/dir/
       $ rcp pfx.rsync_* remote:
       $ rsh remote rsync --read_batch=pfx -a /bdest/dir/
       # or alternatively
       $ rsh remote ./pfx.rsync_argvs /bdest/dir/

       In  this example, rsync is used to update /adest/dir/ with /source/dir/
       and the information to repeat this operation is	stored	in  the	 files
       pfx.rsync_*. These files are then copied to the machine named "remote".
       Rsync is then invoked on "remote" to update /bdest/dir/ the same way as
       /adest/dir/.  The  last	line  shows the rsync_argvs file being used to
       invoke rsync.

       Caveats:

       The read-batch option expects the  destination  tree  it	 is  meant  to
       update  to be identical to the destination tree that was used to create
       the batch update fileset.  When a difference  between  the  destination
       trees  is  encountered  the update will fail at that point, leaving the
       destination tree in a partially updated state. In that case, rsync  can
       be used in its regular (non-batch) mode of operation to fix up the des‐
       tination tree.

       The rsync version used on all destinations should be identical  to  the
       one used on the original destination.

       The -z/--compress option does not work in batch mode and yields a usage
       error. A separate compression tool can be used instead  to  reduce  the
       size of the batch update files for transport to the destination.

       The -n/--dryrun option does not work in batch mode and yields a runtime
       error.

       See http://www.ils.unc.edu/i2dsi/unc_rsync+.html for papers and techni‐
       cal reports.

SYMBOLIC LINKS
       Three  basic  behaviours	 are possible when rsync encounters a symbolic
       link in the source directory.

       By default, symbolic links are  not  transferred	 at  all.   A  message
       "skipping non-regular" file is emitted for any symlinks that exist.

       If --links is specified, then symlinks are recreated with the same tar‐
       get on the destination.	Note that --archive implies --links.

       If --copy-links is specified, then symlinks are "collapsed" by  copying
       their referent, rather than the symlink.

       rsync  also distinguishes "safe" and "unsafe" symbolic links.  An exam‐
       ple where this might be used is a web site mirror  that	wishes	ensure
       the  rsync  module  they	 copy  does  not  include  symbolic  links  to
       /etc/passwd in the public section of the	 site.	 Using	--copy-unsafe-
       links  will  cause  any links to be copied as the file they point to on
       the destination.	 Using --safe-links will  cause	 unsafe	 links	to  be
       ommitted altogether.

DIAGNOSTICS
       rsync occasionally produces error messages that may seem a little cryp‐
       tic. The one that seems to cause the most confusion is  "protocol  ver‐
       sion mismatch - is your shell clean?".

       This  message is usually caused by your startup scripts or remote shell
       facility producing unwanted garbage on the stream that rsync  is	 using
       for  its	 transport.  The  way  to diagnose this problem is to run your
       remote shell like this:

	  rsh remotehost /bin/true > out.dat

       then look at out.dat. If everything is working correctly	 then  out.dat
       should  be  a zero length file. If you are getting the above error from
       rsync then you will probably find that out.dat contains	some  text  or
       data.  Look  at	the contents and try to work out what is producing it.
       The most common cause is incorrectly configured shell  startup  scripts
       (such  as  .cshrc  or .profile) that contain output statements for non-
       interactive logins.

       If you are having trouble debugging include and exclude patterns,  then
       try  specifying	the -vv option.	 At this level of verbosity rsync will
       show why each individual file is included or excluded.

EXIT VALUES
       RERR_SYNTAX 1
	      Syntax or usage error

       RERR_PROTOCOL 2
	      Protocol incompatibility

       RERR_FILESELECT 3
	      Errors selecting input/output files, dirs

       RERR_UNSUPPORTED 4
	      Requested action not supported: an attempt was made  to  manipu‐
	      late  64-bit files on a platform that cannot support them; or an
	      option was speciifed that is supported by the client and not  by
	      the server.

       RERR_SOCKETIO 10
	      Error in socket IO

       RERR_FILEIO 11
	      Error in file IO

       RERR_STREAMIO 12
	      Error in rsync protocol data stream

       RERR_MESSAGEIO 13
	      Errors with program diagnostics

       RERR_IPC 14
	      Error in IPC code

       RERR_SIGNAL 20
	      Received SIGUSR1 or SIGINT

       RERR_WAITCHILD 21
	      Some error returned by waitpid()

       RERR_MALLOC 22
	      Error allocating core memory buffers

       RERR_TIMEOUT 30
	      Timeout in data send/receive

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       CVSIGNORE
	      The  CVSIGNORE  environment variable supplements any ignore pat‐
	      terns in .cvsignore files. See the --cvs-exclude option for more
	      details.

       RSYNC_RSH
	      The  RSYNC_RSH  environment  variable allows you to override the
	      default shell used as the transport for rsync. This can be  used
	      instead of the -e option.

       RSYNC_PROXY
	      The RSYNC_PROXY environment variable allows you to redirect your
	      rsync client to use a web proxy when connecting to a rsync  dae‐
	      mon. You should set RSYNC_PROXY to a hostname:port pair.

       RSYNC_PASSWORD
	      Setting  RSYNC_PASSWORD  to  the required password allows you to
	      run authenticated rsync connections to a	rsync  daemon  without
	      user  intervention. Note that this does not supply a password to
	      a shell transport such as ssh.

       USER or LOGNAME
	      The USER or LOGNAME environment variables are used to  determine
	      the default username sent to a rsync server.

       HOME   The HOME environment variable is used to find the user´s default
	      .cvsignore file.

FILES
       /etc/rsyncd.conf

SEE ALSO
       rsyncd.conf(5)

DIAGNOSTICS
BUGS
       times are transferred as unix time_t values

       file permissions, devices etc are transferred as native numerical  val‐
       ues

       see also the comments on the --delete option

       Please  report  bugs!  The  rsync  bug  tracking	 system	 is  online at
       http://rsync.samba.org/rsync/

VERSION
       This man page is current for version 2.0 of rsync

CREDITS
       rsync is distributed under the GNU public license.  See the file	 COPY‐
       ING for details.

       A  WEB site is available at http://rsync.samba.org/.  The site includes
       an FAQ-O-Matic which may cover  questions  unanswered  by  this	manual
       page.

       The primary ftp site for rsync is ftp://rsync.samba.org/pub/rsync.

       We would be delighted to hear from you if you like this program.

       This  program  uses  the	 excellent zlib compression library written by
       Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler.

THANKS
       Thanks to Richard Brent, Brendan Mackay, Bill Waite,  Stephen  Rothwell
       and  David  Bell for helpful suggestions, patches and testing of rsync.
       I´ve probably missed some people, my apologies if I have.

       Especial thanks also to: David Dykstra, Jos Backus, Sebastian Krahmer.

AUTHOR
       rsync was written by Andrew Tridgell <tridge@samba.org> and Paul	 Mack‐
       erras.

       rsync is now maintained by Martin Pool <mbp@samba.org>.

       Mailing	 lists	 for   support	 and   development  are	 available  at
       http://lists.samba.org

       If you suspect you have found a security vulnerability in rsync, please
       send  it	 directly  to  Martin  Pool  and  Andrew  Tridgell.  For other
       enquiries, please use the mailing list.

				  25 Jan 2002			      rsync(1)
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