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RESOLVER(3)		 BSD Library Functions Manual		   RESOLVER(3)

NAME
     res_ninit, res_ourserver_p, fp_resstat, res_hostalias, res_pquery,
     res_nquery, res_nsearch, res_nquerydomain, res_nmkquery, res_nsend,
     res_nupdate, res_nmkupdate, res_nclose, res_nsendsigned, res_findzonecut,
     res_getservers, res_setservers, res_ndestroy, dn_comp, dn_expand,
     res_init, res_isourserver, fp_nquery, p_query, hostalias, res_query,
     res_search, res_querydomain, res_mkquery, res_send, res_update,
     res_close, — resolver routines

LIBRARY
     Standard C Library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS
     #include <sys/types.h>
     #include <netinet/in.h>
     #include <arpa/nameser.h>
     #include <resolv.h>
     #include <res_update.h>

     typedef struct __res_state *res_state;

     int
     res_ninit(res_state statp);

     int
     res_ourserver_p(const res_state statp, const struct sockaddr_in *addr);

     void
     fp_resstat(const res_state statp, FILE *fp);

     const char *
     res_hostalias(const res_state statp, const char *name, char *buf,
	 size_t buflen);

     int
     res_pquery(const res_state statp, const u_char *msg, int msglen,
	 FILE *fp);

     int
     res_nquery(res_state statp, const char *dname, int class, int type,
	 u_char *answer, int anslen);

     int
     res_nsearch(res_state statp, const char *dname, int class, int type,
	 u_char * answer, int anslen);

     int
     res_nquerydomain(res_state statp, const char *name, const char *domain,
	 int class, int type, u_char *answer, int anslen);

     int
     res_nmkquery(res_state statp, int op, const char *dname, int class,
	 int type, const u_char *data, int datalen, const u_char *newrr,
	 u_char *buf, int buflen);

     int
     res_nsend(res_state statp, const u_char *msg, int msglen, u_char *answer,
	 int anslen);

     int
     res_nupdate(res_state statp, ns_updrec *rrecp_in);

     int
     res_nmkupdate(res_state statp, ns_updrec *rrecp_in, u_char *buf,
	 int buflen);

     void
     res_nclose(res_state statp);

     int
     res_nsendsigned(res_state statp, const u_char *msg, int msglen,
	 ns_tsig_key *key, u_char *answer, int anslen);

     int
     res_findzonecut(res_state statp, const char *dname, ns_class class,
	 int options, char *zname, size_t zsize, struct in_addr *addrs,
	 int naddrs);

     int
     res_getservers(res_state statp, union res_sockaddr_union *set, int cnt);

     void
     res_setservers(res_state statp, const union res_sockaddr_union *set,
	 int cnt);

     void
     res_ndestroy(res_state statp);

     int
     dn_comp(const char *exp_dn, u_char *comp_dn, int length, u_char **dnptrs,
	 u_char **lastdnptr);

     int
     dn_expand(const u_char *msg, const u_char *eomorig,
	 const u_char *comp_dn, char *exp_dn, int length);

   DEPRECATED
     #include <sys/types.h>
     #include <netinet/in.h>
     #include <arpa/nameser.h>
     #include <resolv.h>
     #include <res_update.h>

     int
     res_init(void);

     int
     res_isourserver(const struct sockaddr_in *addr);

     int
     fp_nquery(const u_char *msg, int msglen, FILE *fp);

     void
     p_query(const u_char *msg, FILE *fp);

     const char *
     hostalias(const char *name);

     int
     res_query(const char *dname, int class, int type, u_char *answer,
	 int anslen);

     int
     res_search(const char *dname, int class, int type, u_char *answer,
	 int anslen);

     int
     res_querydomain(const char *name, const char *domain, int class,
	 int type, u_char *answer, int anslen);

     int
     res_mkquery(int op, const char *dname, int class, int type,
	 const char *data, int datalen, struct rrec *newrr, u_char *buf,
	 int buflen);

     int
     res_send(const u_char *msg, int msglen, u_char *answer, int anslen);

     int
     res_update(ns_updrec *rrecp_in);

     void
     res_close(void);

DESCRIPTION
     These routines are used for making, sending and interpreting query and
     reply messages with Internet domain name servers.

     State information is kept in statp and is used to control the behavior of
     these functions.  statp should be set to all zeros prior to the first
     call to any of these functions.

     The functions res_init(), res_isourserver(), fp_nquery(), p_query(),
     hostalias(), res_query(), res_search(), res_querydomain(), res_mkquery(),
     res_send(), res_update(), res_close() are deprecated and are supplied for
     compatability with old source code.  They use global configuration and
     state information that is kept in the structure _res rather than that
     referenced through statp.

     Most of the values in statp and _res are initialized on the first call to
     res_ninit() / res_init() to reasonable defaults and can be ignored.
     Options stored in statp->options / _res.options are defined in resolv.h
     and are as follows.  Options are stored as a simple bit mask containing
     the bitwise “OR” of the options enabled.

     RES_INIT	    True if the initial name server address and default domain
		    name are initialized (i.e., res_ninit() / res_init() has
		    been called).

     RES_DEBUG	    Print debugging messages.

     RES_AAONLY	    Accept authoritative answers only.	Should continue until
		    it finds an authoritative answer or finds an error.	 Cur‐
		    rently this is not implemented.

     RES_USEVC	    Use TCP connections for queries instead of UDP datagrams.

     RES_STAYOPEN   Used with RES_USEVC to keep the TCP connection open
		    between queries.  This is useful only in programs that
		    regularly do many queries.	UDP should be the normal mode
		    used.

     RES_IGNTC	    Ignore truncation errors, i.e., don't retry with TCP.

     RES_RECURSE    Set the recursion-desired bit in queries.  This is the
		    default.  (res_nsend() / res_send() does not do iterative
		    queries and expects the name server to handle recursion.)

     RES_DEFNAMES   If set, res_nsearch() / res_search() will append the
		    default domain name to single-component names (those that
		    do not contain a dot).  This option is enabled by default.

     RES_DNSRCH	    If this option is set, res_nsearch() / res_search() will
		    search for host names in the current domain and in parent
		    domains; see hostname(7).  This is used by the standard
		    host lookup routine gethostbyname(3).  This option is
		    enabled by default.

     RES_USE_INET6  Enables support for IPv6-only applications.	 This causes
		    IPv4 addresses to be returned as an IPv4 mapped address.
		    For example, 10.1.1.1 will be returned as ::ffff:10.1.1.1.
		    The option is meaningful with certain kernel configuration
		    only.

     RES_USE_EDNS0  Enables support for OPT pseudo-RR for EDNS0 extension.
		    With the option, resolver code will attach OPT pseudo-RR
		    into DNS queries, to inform of our receive buffer size.
		    The option will allow DNS servers to take advantage of
		    non-default receive buffer size, and to send larger
		    replies.  DNS query packets with EDNS0 extension is not
		    compatible with non-EDNS0 DNS servers.

     RES_NOALIASES  This option turns off the user level aliasing feature con‐
		    trolled by the HOSTALIASES environment variable.  Network
		    daemons should set this option.

     RES_ROTATE	    This options causes the res_nsend() / res_send() to rotate
		    the list of nameservers in statp->nsaddr_list /
		    _res.nsaddr_list.

     RES_KEEPTSIG   This option causes res_nsendsigned() to leave the message
		    unchanged after TSIG verification; otherwise the TSIG
		    record would be removed and the header updated.

     RES_NOTLDQUERY
		    This option causes res_nsearch() to not attempt to resolve
		    an unqualified name as if it were a top level domain
		    (TLD).  This option can cause problems if the site has
		    "localhost" as a TLD rather than having localhost on one
		    or more elements of the search list.  This option has no
		    effect if neither RES_DEFNAMES or RES_DNSRCH is set.

     The res_ninit() / res_init() routine reads the configuration file (if
     any; see resolv.conf(5)) to get the default domain name, search list and
     the Internet address of the local name server(s).	If no server is con‐
     figured, the host running the resolver is tried.  The current domain name
     is defined by the hostname if not specified in the configuration file; it
     can be overridden by the environment variable LOCALDOMAIN.	 This environ‐
     ment variable may contain several blank-separated tokens if you wish to
     override the search list on a per-process basis.  This is similar to the
     search command in the configuration file.	Another environment variable
     RES_OPTIONS can be set to override certain internal resolver options
     which are otherwise set by changing fields in the statp / _res structure
     or are inherited from the configuration file's options command.  The syn‐
     tax of the RES_OPTIONS environment variable is explained in
     resolv.conf(5).  Initialization normally occurs on the first call to one
     of the other resolver routines.

     The memory referred to by statp must be set to all zeros prior to the
     first call to res_ninit().	 res_ndestroy() should be call to free memory
     allocated by res_ninit() after last use.

     The res_nquery() / res_query() functions provides interfaces to the
     server query mechanism.  They constructs a query, sends it to the local
     server, awaits a response, and makes preliminary checks on the reply.
     The query requests information of the specified type and class for the
     specified fully-qualified domain name dname.  The reply message is left
     in the answer buffer with length anslen supplied by the caller.
     res_nquery() / res_query() return -1 on error or the length of the
     answer.

     The res_nsearch() / res_search() routines make a query and awaits a
     response like res_nquery() / res_query(), but in addition, it implements
     the default and search rules controlled by the RES_DEFNAMES and
     RES_DNSRCH options.  It returns the length of the first successful reply
     which is stored in answer or -1 on error.

     The remaining routines are lower-level routines used by res_nquery() /
     res_query().  The res_nmkquery() / res_mkquery() functions constructs a
     standard query message and places it in buf.  It returns the size of the
     query, or -1 if the query is larger than buflen.  The query type op is
     usually QUERY, but can be any of the query types defined in
     <arpa/nameser.h>.	The domain name for the query is given by dname.
     newrr is currently unused but is intended for making update messages.

     The res_nsend() / res_send() / res_nsendsigned() routines sends a pre-
     formatted query and returns an answer.  It will call res_ninit() /
     res_init() if RES_INIT is not set, send the query to the local name
     server, and handle timeouts and retries.  Additionally, res_nsendsigned()
     will use TSIG signatures to add authentication to the query and verify
     the response.  In this case, only one nameserver will be contacted.  The
     length of the reply message is returned, or -1 if there were errors.

     res_nquery() / res_query(), res_nsearch() / res_search() and res_nsend()
     / res_send() return a length that may be bigger than anslen.  In that
     case the query should be retried with a bigger buffer.  NOTE the answer
     to the second query may be larger still so supplying a buffer that bigger
     that the answer returned by the previous query is recommended.

     answer MUST be big enough to receive a maximum UDP response from the
     server or parts of the answer will be silently discarded.	The default
     maximum UDP response size is 512 bytes.

     The function res_ourserver_p() returns true when inp is one of the
     servers in statp->nsaddr_list / _res.nsaddr_list.

     The functions fp_nquery() / p_query() print out the query and any answer
     in msg on fp.  p_query() is equivalent to fp_nquery() with msglen set to
     512.

     The function fp_resstat() prints out the active flag bits in
     statp->options preceeded by the text ";; res options:" on file.

     The functions res_hostalias() / hostalias() lookup up name in the file
     referred to by the HOSTALIASES files return a fully qualified hostname if
     found or NULL if not found or an error occurred.  res_hostalias() uses
     buf to store the result in, hostalias() uses a static buffer.

     The functions res_getservers() and res_setservers() are used to get and
     set the list of server to be queried.

     The functions res_nupdate() / res_update() take a list of ns_updrec
     rrecp_in.	Identifies the containing zone for each record and groups the
     records according to containing zone maintaining in zone order then sends
     and update request to the servers for these zones.	 The number of zones
     updated is returned or -1 on error.  Note that res_nupdate() will perform
     TSIG authenticated dynamic update operations if the key is not NULL.

     The function res_findzonecut() discovers the closest enclosing zone cut
     for a specified domain name, and finds the IP addresses of the zone's
     master servers.

     The functions res_nmkupdate() / res_mkupdate() take a linked list of
     ns_updrec rrecp_in and construct a UPDATE message in buf.
     res_nmkupdate() / res_mkupdate() return the length of the constructed
     message on no error or one of the following error values.

     -1 An error occurred parsing rrecp_in.

     -2 The buffer buf was too small.

     -3 The first record was not a zone section or there was a section order
     problem.  The section order is S_ZONE, S_PREREQ and S_UPDATE.

     -4 A number overflow occurred.

     -5 Unknown operation or no records.

     The functions res_nclose() / res_close() close any open files referenced
     through statp / _res.

     The function res_ndestroy() calls res_nclose() then frees any memory
     allocated by res_ninit().

     The dn_comp() function compresses the domain name exp_dn and stores it in
     comp_dn.  The size of the compressed name is returned or -1 if there were
     errors.  The size of the array pointed to by comp_dn is given by length.
     The compression uses an array of pointers dnptrs to previously-compressed
     names in the current message.  The first pointer points to the beginning
     of the message and the list ends with NULL.  The limit to the array is
     specified by lastdnptr.  A side effect of dn_comp() is to update the list
     of pointers for labels inserted into the message as the name is com‐
     pressed.  If dnptr is NULL, names are not compressed.  If lastdnptr is
     NULL, the list of labels is not updated.

     The dn_expand() entry expands the compressed domain name comp_dn to a
     full domain name.	The compressed name is contained in a query or reply
     message; msg is a pointer to the beginning of the message.	 eomorig is a
     pointer to the first location after the message.  The uncompressed name
     is placed in the buffer indicated by exp_dn which is of size length.  The
     size of compressed name is returned or -1 if there was an error.

     The variables statp->res_h_errno / _res.res_h_errno and external variable
     h_errno is set whenever an error occurs during resolver operation.	 The
     following definitions are given in <netdb.h>:

     #define NETDB_INTERNAL -1
     /* see errno */
     #define NETDB_SUCCESS  0
     /* no problem */
     #define HOST_NOT_FOUND 1
     /* Authoritative Answer Host not found */
     #define TRY_AGAIN	    2
     /* Non-Authoritative not found, or SERVFAIL */
     #define NO_RECOVERY    3
     /* Non-Recoverable: FORMERR, REFUSED, NOTIMP */
     #define NO_DATA	    4
     /* Valid name, no data for requested type */

FILES
     ~			   /etc/resolv.conf The configuration file, see
			   resolv.conf(5).

SEE ALSO
     gethostbyname(3), hostname(7), resolv.conf(5), named(8)

     RFC 974, RFC 1032, RFC 1033, RFC 1034, RFC 1035, RFC 1535

     Name Server Operations Guide for BIND.

HISTORY
     The res_ninit function appeared in 4.3BSD.

BSD				 July 4, 2000				   BSD
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