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STAT(1)			  BSD General Commands Manual		       STAT(1)

NAME
     stat, readlink — display file status

SYNOPSIS
     stat [-FLnq] [-f format | -l | -r | -s | -x] [-t timefmt] [file ...]
     readlink [-fn] [file ...]

DESCRIPTION
     The stat utility displays information about the file pointed to by file.
     Read, write, or execute permissions of the named file are not required,
     but all directories listed in the pathname leading to the file must be
     searchable.  If no argument is given, stat displays information about the
     file descriptor for standard input.

     When invoked as readlink, only the target of the symbolic link is
     printed.  If the given argument is not a symbolic link and the -f option
     is not specified, readlink will print nothing and exit with an error.  If
     the -f option is specified, the output is canonicalized by following
     every symlink in every component of the given path recursively.  readlink
     will resolve both absolute and relative paths, and return the absolute
     pathname corresponding to file.  In this case, the argument does not need
     to be a symbolic link.

     The information displayed is obtained by calling lstat(2) with the given
     argument and evaluating the returned structure.  The default format dis‐
     plays the st_dev, st_ino, st_mode, st_nlink, st_uid, st_gid, st_rdev,
     st_size, st_atime, st_mtime, st_ctime, st_birthtime, st_blksize,
     st_blocks, and st_flags fields, in that order.

     The options are as follows:

     -F		   As in ls(1), display a slash (‘/’) immediately after each
		   pathname that is a directory, an asterisk (‘*’) after each
		   that is executable, an at sign (‘@’) after each symbolic
		   link, a percent sign (‘%’) after each whiteout, an equal
		   sign (‘=’) after each socket, and a vertical bar (‘|’)
		   after each that is a FIFO.  The use of -F implies -l.

     -f format	   Display information using the specified format.  See the
		   FORMATS section for a description of valid formats.

     -L		   Use stat(2) instead of lstat(2).  The information reported
		   by stat will refer to the target of file, if file is a sym‐
		   bolic link, and not to file itself.

     -l		   Display output in ls -lT format.

     -n		   Do not force a newline to appear at the end of each piece
		   of output.

     -q		   Suppress failure messages if calls to stat(2) or lstat(2)
		   fail.  When run as readlink, error messages are automati‐
		   cally suppressed.

     -r		   Display raw information.  That is, for all the fields in
		   the stat-structure, display the raw, numerical value (for
		   example, times in seconds since the epoch, etc.)

     -s		   Display information in “shell output”, suitable for ini‐
		   tializing variables.

     -t timefmt	   Display timestamps using the specified format.  This format
		   is passed directly to strftime(3).

     -x		   Display information in a more verbose way as known from
		   some Linux distributions.

   FORMATS
     Format strings are similar to printf(3) formats in that they start with
     %, are then followed by a sequence of formatting characters, and end in a
     character that selects the field of the struct stat which is to be for‐
     matted.  If the % is immediately followed by one of n, t, %, or @, then a
     newline character, a tab character, a percent character, or the current
     file number is printed, otherwise the string is examined for the follow‐
     ing:

     Any of the following optional flags:

     #	     Selects an alternate output form for octal and hexadecimal out‐
	     put.  Non-zero octal output will have a leading zero, and non-
	     zero hexadecimal output will have “0x” prepended to it.

     +	     Asserts that a sign indicating whether a number is positive or
	     negative should always be printed.	 Non-negative numbers are not
	     usually printed with a sign.

     -	     Aligns string output to the left of the field, instead of to the
	     right.

     0	     Sets the fill character for left padding to the 0 character,
	     instead of a space.

     space   Reserves a space at the front of non-negative signed output
	     fields.  A ‘+’ overrides a space if both are used.

     Then the following fields:

     size    An optional decimal digit string specifying the minimum field
	     width.

     prec    An optional precision composed of a decimal point ‘.’ and a deci‐
	     mal digit string that indicates the maximum string length, the
	     number of digits to appear after the decimal point in floating
	     point output, or the minimum number of digits to appear in
	     numeric output.

     fmt     An optional output format specifier which is one of D, O, U, X,
	     F, or S.  These represent signed decimal output, octal output,
	     unsigned decimal output, hexadecimal output, floating point out‐
	     put, and string output, respectively.  Some output formats do not
	     apply to all fields.  Floating point output only applies to time‐
	     spec fields (the a, m, and c fields).

	     The special output specifier S may be used to indicate that the
	     output, if applicable, should be in string format.	 May be used
	     in combination with

	     amc     Display date in strftime(3) format.

	     dr	     Display actual device name.

	     gu	     Display group or user name.

	     p	     Display the mode of file as in ls -lTd.

	     N	     Displays the name of file.

	     T	     Displays the type of file.

	     Y	     Insert a `` -> '' into the output.	 Note that the default
		     output format for Y is a string, but if specified explic‐
		     itly, these four characters are prepended.

     sub     An optional sub field specifier (high, middle, or low).  Only
	     applies to the p, d, r, T, N, and z output formats.  It can be
	     one of the following:

	     H	     “High” -- depending on the datum:
		     d, r  Major number for devices
		     p	   “User” bits from the string form of permissions or
			   the file “type” bits from the numeric forms
		     T	   The long output form of file type
		     N	   Directory path of the file, similar to what
			   dirname(1) would show
		     z	   File size, rounded to the nearest gigabyte

	     M	     “Middle” -- depending on the datum:
		     p	   The “group” bits from the string form of permis‐
			   sions or the “suid”, “sgid”, and “sticky” bits from
			   the numeric forms
		     z	   File size, rounded to the nearest megabyte

	     L	     “Low” -- depending on the datum:
		     r, d  Minor number for devices
		     p	   The “other” bits from the string form of permis‐
			   sions or the “user”, “group”, and “other” bits from
			   the numeric forms
		     T	   The ls -F style output character for file type (the
			   use of L here is optional)
		     N	   Base filename of the file, similar to what
			   basename(1) would show
		     z	   File size, rounded to the nearest kilobyte

     datum   A required field specifier, being one of the following:

	     d		  Device upon which file resides (st_dev).

	     i		  file's inode number (st_ino).

	     p		  File type and permissions (st_mode).

	     l		  Number of hard links to file (st_nlink).

	     u, g	  User-id and group-id of file's owner (st_uid,
			  st_gid).

	     r		  Device number for character and block device special
			  files (st_rdev).

	     a, m, c, B	  The time file was last accessed or modified, or when
			  the inode was last changed, or the birth time of the
			  inode (st_atime, st_mtime, st_ctime, st_birthtime).

	     z		  The size of file in bytes (st_size).

	     b		  Number of blocks allocated for file (st_blocks).

	     k		  Optimal file system I/O operation block size
			  (st_blksize).

	     f		  User defined flags for file (st_flags).

	     v		  Inode generation number (st_gen).

	     The following five field specifiers are not drawn directly from
	     the data in struct stat, but are:

	     N	     The name of the file.

	     R	     The absolute pathname corresponding to the file.

	     T	     The file type, either as in ls -F or in a more descrip‐
		     tive form if the sub field specifier H is given.

	     Y	     The target of a symbolic link.

	     Z	     Expands to “major,minor” from the rdev field for charac‐
		     ter or block special devices and gives size output for
		     all others.

     Only the % and the field specifier are required.  Most field specifiers
     default to U as an output form, with the exception of p which defaults to
     O; a, m, and c which default to D; and Y, T, and N, which default to S.

EXIT STATUS
     stat exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurred.

EXAMPLES
     If no options are specified, the default format is "%d %i %Sp %l %Su %Sg
     %r %z \"%Sa\" \"%Sm\" \"%Sc\" \"%SB\" %k %b %#Xf %N".

	   > stat /tmp/bar
	   0 78852 -rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 0 0 "Jul  8 10:26:03 2004" "Jul  8 10:26:03 2004" "Jul  8 10:28:13 2004" "Jan  1 09:00:00 1970" 16384 0 0 /tmp/bar

     Given a symbolic link “foo” that points from /tmp/foo to /, you would use
     stat as follows:

	   > stat -F /tmp/foo
	   lrwxrwxrwx 1 jschauma cs 1 Apr 24 16:37:28 2002 /tmp/foo@ -> /

	   > stat -LF /tmp/foo
	   drwxr-xr-x 16 root wheel 512 Apr 19 10:57:54 2002 /tmp/foo/

     To initialize some shell-variables, you could use the -s flag as follows:

	   > csh
	   % eval set `stat -s .cshrc`
	   % echo $st_size $st_mtime
	   1148 1015432481

	   > sh
	   $ eval $(stat -s .profile)
	   $ echo $st_size $st_mtime
	   1148 1015432481

     In order to get a list of the kind of files including files pointed to if
     the file is a symbolic link, you could use the following format:

	   $ stat -f "%N: %HT%SY" /tmp/*
	   /tmp/bar: Symbolic Link -> /tmp/foo
	   /tmp/output25568: Regular File
	   /tmp/blah: Directory
	   /tmp/foo: Symbolic Link -> /

     In order to get a list of the devices, their types and the major and
     minor device numbers, formatted with tabs and linebreaks, you could use
     the following format:

	   stat -f "Name: %N%n%tType: %HT%n%tMajor: %Hr%n%tMinor: %Lr%n%n" /dev/*
	   [...]
	   Name: /dev/wt8
		   Type: Block Device
		   Major: 3
		   Minor: 8

	   Name: /dev/zero
		   Type: Character Device
		   Major: 2
		   Minor: 12

     In order to determine the permissions set on a file separately, you could
     use the following format:

	   > stat -f "%Sp -> owner=%SHp group=%SMp other=%SLp" .
	   drwxr-xr-x -> owner=rwx group=r-x other=r-x

     In order to determine the three files that have been modified most
     recently, you could use the following format:

	   > stat -f "%m%t%Sm %N" /tmp/* | sort -rn | head -3 | cut -f2-
	   Apr 25 11:47:00 2002 /tmp/blah
	   Apr 25 10:36:34 2002 /tmp/bar
	   Apr 24 16:47:35 2002 /tmp/foo

SEE ALSO
     basename(1), dirname(1), file(1), ls(1), lstat(2), readlink(2), stat(2),
     printf(3), strftime(3)

HISTORY
     The stat utility appeared in NetBSD 1.6.

AUTHORS
     The stat utility was written by Andrew Brown ⟨atatat@NetBSD.org⟩.	This
     man page was written by Jan Schaumann ⟨jschauma@NetBSD.org⟩.

BSD			       November 7, 2008				   BSD
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