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PYTHON(1)							     PYTHON(1)

NAME
       python  - an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming lan‐
       guage

SYNOPSIS
       python [ -d ] [ -E ] [ -h ] [ -i ] [ -m module-name ] [ -O ]
       [ -R ] [ -Q argument ] [ -S ] [ -t ] [ -u ]
	      [ -v ] [ -V ] [ -W argument ] [ -x ]
	      [ -c command | script | - ] [ arguments ]

DESCRIPTION
       Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming lan‐
       guage  that  combines  remarkable power with very clear syntax.	For an
       introduction to programming in Python you are referred  to  the	Python
       Tutorial.  The Python Library Reference documents built-in and standard
       types, constants, functions and modules.	 Finally, the Python Reference
       Manual describes the syntax and semantics of the core language in (per‐
       haps too) much detail.  (These documents may be located via the	INTER‐
       NET RESOURCES below; they may be installed on your system as well.)

       Python's basic power can be extended with your own modules written in C
       or C++.	On most	 systems  such	modules	 may  be  dynamically  loaded.
       Python is also adaptable as an extension language for existing applica‐
       tions.  See the internal documentation for hints.

       Documentation for installed Python modules and packages can  be	viewed
       by running the pydoc program.

COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
       -c command
	      Specify  the command to execute (see next section).  This termi‐
	      nates the option list (following options are passed as arguments
	      to the command).

       -d     Turn  on parser debugging output (for wizards only, depending on
	      compilation options).

       -E     Ignore environment variables like PYTHONPATH and PYTHONHOME that
	      modify the behavior of the interpreter.

       -h     Prints the usage for the interpreter executable and exits.

       -i     When  a  script  is passed as first argument or the -c option is
	      used, enter interactive mode after executing the script  or  the
	      command.	It does not read the $PYTHONSTARTUP file.  This can be
	      useful to inspect global variables  or  a	 stack	trace  when  a
	      script raises an exception.

       -m module-name
	      Searches	sys.path for the named module and runs the correspond‐
	      ing .py file as a script.

       -O     Turn on basic optimizations.  This changes the  filename	exten‐
	      sion  for	 compiled  (bytecode)  files from .pyc to .pyo.	 Given
	      twice, causes docstrings to be discarded.

       -R     Turn on "hash randomization", so that the hash() values of  str,
	      unicode, buffer and datetime objects are "salted" with an unpre‐
	      dictable pseudo-random  value.  Although	they  remain  constant
	      within  an  individual  Python process, they are not predictable
	      between repeated invocations of Python.

	      This is intended to provide protection against a denial of  ser‐
	      vice  caused  by	carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst
	      case performance of a dict construction, O(n^2) complexity.  See
	      http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for details.

       -Q argument
	      Division	control;  see  PEP  238.   The argument must be one of
	      "old" (the default, int/int  and	long/long  return  an  int  or
	      long), "new" (new division semantics, i.e. int/int and long/long
	      returns a float), "warn" (old division semantics with a  warning
	      for int/int and long/long), or "warnall" (old division semantics
	      with a warning for all use of the division operator).  For a use
	      of "warnall", see the Tools/scripts/fixdiv.py script.

       -S     Disable  the  import  of	the module site and the site-dependent
	      manipulations of sys.path that it entails.

       -t     Issue a warning when a source file mixes	tabs  and  spaces  for
	      indentation  in a way that makes it depend on the worth of a tab
	      expressed in spaces.  Issue an error when the  option  is	 given
	      twice.

       -u     Force  stdin,  stdout  and  stderr to be totally unbuffered.  On
	      systems where it matters, also put stdin, stdout and  stderr  in
	      binary  mode.   Note  that there is internal buffering in xread‐
	      lines(), readlines() and file-object  iterators  ("for  line  in
	      sys.stdin")  which  is  not  influenced by this option.  To work
	      around this, you will want to use "sys.stdin.readline()"	inside
	      a "while 1:" loop.

       -v     Print  a	message each time a module is initialized, showing the
	      place (filename or built-in module) from	which  it  is  loaded.
	      When  given twice, print a message for each file that is checked
	      for when searching for a module.	Also provides  information  on
	      module cleanup at exit.

       -V     Prints the Python version number of the executable and exits.

       -W argument
	      Warning  control.	  Python  sometimes  prints warning message to
	      sys.stderr.  A typical warning message has the  following	 form:
	      file:line:  category:  message.	By  default,  each  warning is
	      printed once for each source line where it occurs.  This	option
	      controls	how  often  warnings are printed.  Multiple -W options
	      may be given; when a warning matches more than one  option,  the
	      action  for  the	last matching option is performed.  Invalid -W
	      options are ignored (a warning message is printed about  invalid
	      options when the first warning is issued).  Warnings can also be
	      controlled from within a Python program using the warnings  mod‐
	      ule.

	      The  simplest  form  of  argument is one of the following action
	      strings (or a unique abbreviation): ignore to ignore  all	 warn‐
	      ings; default to explicitly request the default behavior (print‐
	      ing each warning once per source line); all to print  a  warning
	      each  time it occurs (this may generate many messages if a warn‐
	      ing is triggered repeatedly for the same source  line,  such  as
	      inside a loop); module to print each warning only only the first
	      time it occurs in each module; once to print each	 warning  only
	      the  first  time	it occurs in the program; or error to raise an
	      exception instead of printing a warning message.

	      The  full	 form  of  argument  is	  action:message:category:mod‐
	      ule:line.	  Here,	 action is as explained above but only applies
	      to messages that match the remaining fields.  Empty fields match
	      all  values;  trailing empty fields may be omitted.  The message
	      field matches the start of the  warning  message	printed;  this
	      match is case-insensitive.  The category field matches the warn‐
	      ing category.  This must be a class name; the match test whether
	      the  actual warning category of the message is a subclass of the
	      specified warning category.  The full class name must be	given.
	      The module field matches the (fully-qualified) module name; this
	      match is case-sensitive.	The line field matches the  line  num‐
	      ber,  where zero matches all line numbers and is thus equivalent
	      to an omitted line number.

       -x     Skip the first line of the source.  This is intended for	a  DOS
	      specific hack only.  Warning: the line numbers in error messages
	      will be off by one!

INTERPRETER INTERFACE
       The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell: when called
       with  standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for commands
       and executes them until an EOF is read; when called with	 a  file  name
       argument	 or  with  a  file  as standard input, it reads and executes a
       script from that file; when called with -c  command,  it	 executes  the
       Python  statement(s) given as command.  Here command may contain multi‐
       ple statements separated by newlines.  Leading whitespace  is  signifi‐
       cant  in	 Python statements!  In non-interactive mode, the entire input
       is parsed before it is executed.

       If available, the script name and additional arguments  thereafter  are
       passed  to the script in the Python variable sys.argv , which is a list
       of strings (you must first import sys to be able to access it).	If  no
       script  name  is	 given, sys.argv[0] is an empty string; if -c is used,
       sys.argv[0] contains the string '-c'.  Note that options interpreted by
       the Python interpreter itself are not placed in sys.argv.

       In  interactive	mode,  the  primary prompt is `>>>'; the second prompt
       (which appears when a command is not complete) is `...'.	  The  prompts
       can  be	changed	 by assignment to sys.ps1 or sys.ps2.  The interpreter
       quits when it reads an EOF at a prompt.	When  an  unhandled  exception
       occurs,	a  stack  trace	 is printed and control returns to the primary
       prompt; in non-interactive mode, the interpreter exits  after  printing
       the  stack  trace.   The	 interrupt signal raises the KeyboardInterrupt
       exception; other UNIX signals are not caught (except  that  SIGPIPE  is
       sometimes  ignored, in favor of the IOError exception).	Error messages
       are written to stderr.

FILES AND DIRECTORIES
       These are subject to difference depending on local installation conven‐
       tions;  ${prefix}  and  ${exec_prefix}  are  installation-dependent and
       should be interpreted as for GNU software; they may be the  same.   The
       default for both is /usr/local.

       ${exec_prefix}/bin/python
	      Recommended location of the interpreter.

       ${prefix}/lib/python<version>
       ${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version>
	      Recommended locations of the directories containing the standard
	      modules.

       ${prefix}/include/python<version>
       ${exec_prefix}/include/python<version>
	      Recommended locations of the directories containing the  include
	      files  needed for developing Python extensions and embedding the
	      interpreter.

       ~/.pythonrc.py
	      User-specific initialization file loaded by the user module; not
	      used by default or by most applications.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       PYTHONHOME
	      Change  the  location  of	 the  standard	Python	libraries.  By
	      default, the libraries are searched in ${prefix}/lib/python<ver‐
	      sion>  and  ${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version>,  where ${prefix}
	      and ${exec_prefix} are installation-dependent directories,  both
	      defaulting  to  /usr/local.  When $PYTHONHOME is set to a single
	      directory, its value replaces both ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix}.
	      To specify different values for these, set $PYTHONHOME to ${pre‐
	      fix}:${exec_prefix}.

       PYTHONPATH
	      Augments the default search path for module files.   The	format
	      is  the  same  as the shell's $PATH: one or more directory path‐
	      names  separated	by  colons.   Non-existent   directories   are
	      silently	ignored.   The	default	 search	 path  is installation
	      dependent, but generally begins  with  ${prefix}/lib/python<ver‐
	      sion> (see PYTHONHOME above).  The default search path is always
	      appended to $PYTHONPATH.	If a script  argument  is  given,  the
	      directory containing the script is inserted in the path in front
	      of $PYTHONPATH.  The search path can be manipulated from	within
	      a Python program as the variable sys.path .

       PYTHONSTARTUP
	      If  this	is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in
	      that file are executed before the first prompt is	 displayed  in
	      interactive  mode.   The file is executed in the same name space
	      where interactive commands are executed so that objects  defined
	      or  imported  in	it  can	 be  used without qualification in the
	      interactive session.  You can also change	 the  prompts  sys.ps1
	      and sys.ps2 in this file.

       PYTHONY2K
	      Set  this	 to  a	non-empty  string  to cause the time module to
	      require dates specified as strings  to  include  4-digit	years,
	      otherwise	 2-digit  years are converted based on rules described
	      in the time module documentation.

       PYTHONOPTIMIZE
	      If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to	speci‐
	      fying  the  -O option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to
	      specifying -O multiple times.

       PYTHONDEBUG
	      If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to	speci‐
	      fying  the  -d option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to
	      specifying -d multiple times.

       PYTHONINSPECT
	      If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to	speci‐
	      fying the -i option.

       PYTHONUNBUFFERED
	      If  this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to speci‐
	      fying the -u option.

       PYTHONVERBOSE
	      If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to	speci‐
	      fying  the  -v option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to
	      specifying -v multiple times.

       PYTHONHASHSEED
	      If this variable is set to "random", the effect is the  same  as
	      specifying  the  -R  option:  a random value is used to seed the
	      hashes of str, unicode, buffer and datetime objects.

	      If PYTHONHASHSEED is set to an integer value, it is  used	 as  a
	      fixed seed for generating the hash() of the types covered by the
	      hash randomization.  Its purpose is to allow repeatable hashing,
	      such  as for selftests for the interpreter itself, or to allow a
	      cluster of python processes to share hash values.

	      The  integer  must  be   a   decimal   number   in   the	 range
	      [0,4294967295].	Specifying  the	 value 0 will lead to the same
	      hash values as when hash randomization is disabled.

AUTHOR
       The Python Software Foundation: http://www.python.org/psf

INTERNET RESOURCES
       Main website:  http://www.python.org/
       Documentation:  http://docs.python.org/
       Community website:  http://starship.python.net/
       Developer resources:  http://www.python.org/dev/
       FTP:  ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/
       Module repository:  http://www.vex.net/parnassus/
       Newsgroups:  comp.lang.python, comp.lang.python.announce

LICENSING
       Python is distributed under an  Open  Source  license.	See  the  file
       "LICENSE"  in the Python source distribution for information on terms &
       conditions for accessing and otherwise using  Python  and  for  a  DIS‐
       CLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.

	     $Date: 2005-03-21 01:18:04 +1100 (Mon, 21 Mar 2005) $   PYTHON(1)
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