proc man page on Knoppix

Man page or keyword search:  
man Server   3132 pages
apropos Keyword Search (all sections)
Output format
Knoppix logo
[printable version]

PROC(5)			   Linux Programmer's Manual		       PROC(5)

NAME
       proc - process information pseudo-file system

DESCRIPTION
       The proc file system is a pseudo-file system which is used as an inter‐
       face to kernel data structures.	It is commonly mounted at /proc.  Most
       of  it  is  read-only,  but  some  files	 allow	kernel variables to be
       changed.

       The following outline gives a quick tour through the /proc hierarchy.

       /proc/[pid]
	      There is a numerical subdirectory for each running process;  the
	      subdirectory is named by the process ID.	Each such subdirectory
	      contains the following pseudo-files and directories.

       /proc/[pid]/auxv (since 2.6.0-test7)
	      This contains the contents of the	 ELF  interpreter  information
	      passed  to the process at exec time.  The format is one unsigned
	      long ID plus one unsigned long value for each entry.   The  last
	      entry contains two zeros.

       /proc/[pid]/cgroup (since Linux 2.6.24)
	      This  file  describes  control  groups to which the process/task
	      belongs.	For each cgroup hierarchy there is one entry  contain‐
	      ing colon-separated fields of the form:

		  5:cpuacct,cpu,cpuset:/daemons

	      The colon-separated fields are, from left to right:

		  1. hierarchy ID number

		  2. set of subsystems bound to the hierarchy

		  3. control  group  in	 the  hierarchy	 to  which the process
		     belongs

	      This file is only present if the CONFIG_CGROUPS kernel  configu‐
	      ration option is enabled.

       /proc/[pid]/cmdline
	      This holds the complete command line for the process, unless the
	      process is a zombie.  In the latter case, there  is  nothing  in
	      this  file:  that	 is, a read on this file will return 0 charac‐
	      ters.  The command-line arguments appear in this file as	a  set
	      of  strings  separated by null bytes ('\0'), with a further null
	      byte after the last string.

       /proc/[pid]/coredump_filter (since kernel 2.6.23)
	      See core(5).

       /proc/[pid]/cpuset (since kernel 2.6.12)
	      See cpuset(7).

       /proc/[pid]/cwd
	      This is a symbolic link to the current working directory of  the
	      process.	 To  find out the current working directory of process
	      20, for instance, you can do this:

		  $ cd /proc/20/cwd; /bin/pwd

	      Note that the pwd command is often a shell built-in,  and	 might
	      not work properly.  In bash(1), you may use pwd -P.

	      In  a  multithreaded process, the contents of this symbolic link
	      are not available if the	main  thread  has  already  terminated
	      (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).

       /proc/[pid]/environ
	      This file contains the environment for the process.  The entries
	      are separated by null bytes ('\0'), and there may be a null byte
	      at  the  end.   Thus, to print out the environment of process 1,
	      you would do:

		  $ (cat /proc/1/environ; echo) | tr '\000' '\n'

       /proc/[pid]/exe
	      Under Linux 2.2 and later, this file is a symbolic link contain‐
	      ing  the actual pathname of the executed command.	 This symbolic
	      link can be dereferenced normally; attempting to	open  it  will
	      open  the	 executable.  You can even type /proc/[pid]/exe to run
	      another copy of the same executable as is being run  by  process
	      [pid].   In  a  multithreaded process, the contents of this sym‐
	      bolic link are not available if the main thread has already ter‐
	      minated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).

	      Under  Linux 2.0 and earlier /proc/[pid]/exe is a pointer to the
	      binary which was executed, and appears as a  symbolic  link.   A
	      readlink(2)  call	 on this file under Linux 2.0 returns a string
	      in the format:

		  [device]:inode

	      For example, [0301]:1502 would be inode 1502 on device major  03
	      (IDE,  MFM,  etc. drives) minor 01 (first partition on the first
	      drive).

	      find(1) with the -inum option can be used to locate the file.

       /proc/[pid]/fd
	      This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file	 which
	      the process has open, named by its file descriptor, and which is
	      a symbolic link to the actual file.  Thus, 0 is standard	input,
	      1 standard output, 2 standard error, etc.

	      In  a  multithreaded process, the contents of this directory are
	      not available if the main thread has already  terminated	(typi‐
	      cally by calling pthread_exit(3)).

	      Programs	that  will take a filename as a command-line argument,
	      but will not take input from standard input if  no  argument  is
	      supplied,	 or that write to a file named as a command-line argu‐
	      ment, but will not send their output to standard	output	if  no
	      argument	is  supplied, can nevertheless be made to use standard
	      input or standard out using /proc/[pid]/fd.  For example, assum‐
	      ing  that -i is the flag designating an input file and -o is the
	      flag designating an output file:

		  $ foobar -i /proc/self/fd/0 -o /proc/self/fd/1 ...

	      and you have a working filter.

	      /proc/self/fd/N is approximately the same as /dev/fd/N  in  some
	      UNIX and UNIX-like systems.  Most Linux MAKEDEV scripts symboli‐
	      cally link /dev/fd to /proc/self/fd, in fact.

	      Most systems provide symbolic links /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, and
	      /dev/stderr, which respectively link to the files 0, 1, and 2 in
	      /proc/self/fd.  Thus the example command above could be  written
	      as:

		  $ foobar -i /dev/stdin -o /dev/stdout ...

       /proc/[pid]/fdinfo/ (since kernel 2.6.22)
	      This  is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file which
	      the process has open, named by its file  descriptor.   The  con‐
	      tents  of	 each file can be read to obtain information about the
	      corresponding file descriptor, for example:

		  $ cat /proc/12015/fdinfo/4
		  pos:	  1000
		  flags:  01002002

	      The pos field is a decimal number showing the current file  off‐
	      set.   The flags field is an octal number that displays the file
	      access mode and file status flags (see open(2)).

	      The files in this directory are readable only by	the  owner  of
	      the process.

       /proc/[pid]/limits (since kernel 2.6.24)
	      This file displays the soft limit, hard limit, and units of mea‐
	      surement for each of the process's resource  limits  (see	 getr‐
	      limit(2)).   The	file is protected to only allow reading by the
	      real UID of the process.

       /proc/[pid]/maps
	      A file containing the currently mapped memory regions and	 their
	      access permissions.

	      The format is:

	      address		perms offset  dev   inode   pathname
	      08048000-08056000 r-xp 00000000 03:0c 64593   /usr/sbin/gpm
	      08056000-08058000 rw-p 0000d000 03:0c 64593   /usr/sbin/gpm
	      08058000-0805b000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0
	      40000000-40013000 r-xp 00000000 03:0c 4165    /lib/ld-2.2.4.so
	      40013000-40015000 rw-p 00012000 03:0c 4165    /lib/ld-2.2.4.so
	      4001f000-40135000 r-xp 00000000 03:0c 45494   /lib/libc-2.2.4.so
	      40135000-4013e000 rw-p 00115000 03:0c 45494   /lib/libc-2.2.4.so
	      4013e000-40142000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
	      bffff000-c0000000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0

	      where  "address"	is  the	 address  space in the process that it
	      occupies, "perms" is a set of permissions:

		   r = read
		   w = write
		   x = execute
		   s = shared
		   p = private (copy on write)

	      "offset" is the offset into  the	file/whatever,	"dev"  is  the
	      device  (major:minor),  and "inode" is the inode on that device.
	      0 indicates that no inode is associated with the memory  region,
	      as the case would be with BSS (uninitialized data).

	      Under Linux 2.0 there is no field giving pathname.

       /proc/[pid]/mem
	      This  file can be used to access the pages of a process's memory
	      through open(2), read(2), and lseek(2).

       /proc/[pid]/mountinfo (since Linux 2.6.26)
	      This file contains information about mount points.  It  contains
	      lines of the form:

	      36 35 98:0 /mnt1 /mnt2 rw,noatime master:1 - ext3 /dev/root rw,errors=continue
	      (1)(2)(3)	  (4)	(5)	 (6)	  (7)	(8) (9)	  (10)	       (11)

	      The  numbers  in	parentheses  are  labels  for the descriptions
	      below:

	      (1)  mount ID: unique identifier of the  mount  (may  be	reused
		   after umount(2)).

	      (2)  parent  ID:	ID  of parent mount (or of self for the top of
		   the mount tree).

	      (3)  major:minor: value of st_dev for files on file system  (see
		   stat(2)).

	      (4)  root: root of the mount within the file system.

	      (5)  mount point: mount point relative to the process's root.

	      (6)  mount options: per-mount options.

	      (7)  optional   fields:	zero   or  more	 fields	 of  the  form
		   "tag[:value]".

	      (8)  separator: marks the end of the optional fields.

	      (9)  file	 system	 type:	name  of  file	system	in  the	  form
		   "type[.subtype]".

	      (10) mount source: file system-specific information or "none".

	      (11) super options: per-super block options.

	      Parsers  should  ignore  all unrecognized optional fields.  Cur‐
	      rently the possible optional fields are:

		   shared:X	     mount is shared in peer group X

		   master:X	     mount is slave to peer group X

		   propagate_from:X  mount is slave and	 receives  propagation
				     from peer group X (*)

		   unbindable	     mount is unbindable

	      (*)  X  is  the  closest dominant peer group under the process's
	      root.  If X is the immediate master of the mount, or if there is
	      no  dominant peer group under the same root, then only the "mas‐
	      ter:X" field is present and not the "propagate_from:X" field.

	      For  more	 information  on  mount	 propagation  see:  Documenta‐
	      tion/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt  in  the  Linux kernel source
	      tree.

       /proc/[pid]/mounts (since Linux 2.4.19)
	      This is a list of all the file systems currently mounted in  the
	      process's	 mount	namespace.   The  format of this file is docu‐
	      mented in fstab(5).  Since kernel version 2.6.15, this  file  is
	      pollable:	 after	opening the file for reading, a change in this
	      file (i.e., a file system mount or unmount) causes select(2)  to
	      mark   the   file	  descriptor  as  readable,  and  poll(2)  and
	      epoll_wait(2) mark the file as having an error condition.

       /proc/[pid]/mountstats (since Linux 2.6.17)
	      This file exports information (statistics, configuration	infor‐
	      mation)  about  the  mount  points  in the process's name space.
	      Lines in this file have the form:

	      device /dev/sda7 mounted on /home with fstype ext3 [statistics]
	      (	      1	     )		  ( 2 )		    (3 ) (4)

	      The fields in each line are:

	      (1)  The name of the mounted device (or "nodevice" if  there  is
		   no corresponding device).

	      (2)  The mount point within the file system tree.

	      (3)  The file system type.

	      (4)  Optional  statistics	 and  configuration information.  Cur‐
		   rently (as at Linux 2.6.26), only NFS file  systems	export
		   information via this field.

	      This file is only readable by the owner of the process.

       /proc/[pid]/ns/ (since Linux 3.0)
	      This  is	a subdirectory containing one entry for each namespace
	      that supports being manipulated by  setns(2).   For  information
	      about namespaces, see clone(2).

       /proc/[pid]/ns/ipc (since Linux 3.0)
	      Bind  mounting this file (see mount(2)) to somewhere else in the
	      filesystem keeps the IPC namespace of the process	 specified  by
	      pid  alive even if all processes currently in the namespace ter‐
	      minate.

	      Opening this file returns a file handle for the IPC namespace of
	      the  process  specified by pid.  As long as this file descriptor
	      remains open, the IPC namespace will remain alive, even  if  all
	      processes	 in  the namespace terminate.  The file descriptor can
	      be passed to setns(2).

       /proc/[pid]/ns/net (since Linux 3.0)
	      Bind mounting this file (see mount(2)) to somewhere else in  the
	      filesystem  keeps the network namespace of the process specified
	      by pid alive even if all processes in the namespace terminate.

	      Opening this file returns a file handle for the  network	names‐
	      pace  of	the  process  specified	 by pid.  As long as this file
	      descriptor remains  open,	 the  network  namespace  will	remain
	      alive,  even  if	all processes in the namespace terminate.  The
	      file descriptor can be passed to setns(2).

       /proc/[pid]/ns/uts (since Linux 3.0)
	      Bind mounting this file (see mount(2)) to somewhere else in  the
	      filesystem  keeps	 the UTS namespace of the process specified by
	      pid alive even if all processes currently in the namespace  ter‐
	      minate.

	      Opening this file returns a file handle for the UTS namespace of
	      the process specified by pid.  As long as this  file  descriptor
	      remains  open,  the UTS namespace will remain alive, even if all
	      processes in the namespace terminate.  The file  descriptor  can
	      be passed to setns(2).

       /proc/[pid]/numa_maps (since Linux 2.6.14)
	      See numa(7).

       /proc/[pid]/oom_adj (since Linux 2.6.11)
	      This  file  can be used to adjust the score used to select which
	      process should be killed in an  out-of-memory  (OOM)  situation.
	      The  kernel  uses	 this  value  for a bit-shift operation of the
	      process's oom_score value: valid values are in the range -16  to
	      +15,  plus  the  special	value  -17, which disables OOM-killing
	      altogether for this process.  A  positive	 score	increases  the
	      likelihood  of  this  process  being killed by the OOM-killer; a
	      negative score decreases the likelihood.	The default value  for
	      this file is 0; a new process inherits its parent's oom_adj set‐
	      ting.  A process must be privileged (CAP_SYS_RESOURCE) to update
	      this file.

       /proc/[pid]/oom_score (since Linux 2.6.11)
	      This  file  displays  the current score that the kernel gives to
	      this process for the purpose of selecting a process for the OOM-
	      killer.  A higher score means that the process is more likely to
	      be selected by the OOM-killer.  The basis for this score is  the
	      amount  of  memory  used	by  the process, with increases (+) or
	      decreases (-) for factors including:

	      * whether the process creates a lot of  children	using  fork(2)
		(+);

	      * whether	 the process has been running a long time, or has used
		a lot of CPU time (-);

	      * whether the process has a low nice value (i.e., > 0) (+);

	      * whether the process is privileged (-); and

	      * whether the process is making direct hardware access (-).

	      The oom_score also reflects the bit-shift	 adjustment  specified
	      by the oom_adj setting for the process.

       /proc/[pid]/root
	      UNIX  and	 Linux	support	 the idea of a per-process root of the
	      file system, set by the chroot(2) system call.  This file	 is  a
	      symbolic	link  that points to the process's root directory, and
	      behaves as exe, fd/*, etc. do.

	      In a multithreaded process, the contents of this	symbolic  link
	      are  not	available  if  the  main thread has already terminated
	      (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).

       /proc/[pid]/smaps (since Linux 2.6.14)
	      This file shows memory consumption for  each  of	the  process's
	      mappings.	  For each of mappings there is a series of lines such
	      as the following:

		  08048000-080bc000 r-xp 00000000 03:02 13130	   /bin/bash
		  Size:		      464 kB
		  Rss:		      424 kB
		  Shared_Clean:	      424 kB
		  Shared_Dirty:		0 kB
		  Private_Clean:	0 kB
		  Private_Dirty:	0 kB

	      The first of these lines shows the same information as  is  dis‐
	      played for the mapping in /proc/[pid]/maps.  The remaining lines
	      show the size of the mapping, the amount of the mapping that  is
	      currently	 resident in RAM, the number of clean and dirty shared
	      pages in the mapping, and the number of clean and dirty  private
	      pages in the mapping.

	      This file is only present if the CONFIG_MMU kernel configuration
	      option is enabled.

       /proc/[pid]/stat
	      Status information about the process.  This is  used  by	ps(1).
	      It is defined in /usr/src/linux/fs/proc/array.c.

	      The  fields,  in order, with their proper scanf(3) format speci‐
	      fiers, are:

	      pid %d	  The process ID.

	      comm %s	  The filename	of  the	 executable,  in  parentheses.
			  This	is  visible  whether  or not the executable is
			  swapped out.

	      state %c	  One character from the string "RSDZTW"  where	 R  is
			  running,  S  is sleeping in an interruptible wait, D
			  is waiting in uninterruptible disk sleep, Z is  zom‐
			  bie,	T is traced or stopped (on a signal), and W is
			  paging.

	      ppid %d	  The PID of the parent.

	      pgrp %d	  The process group ID of the process.

	      session %d  The session ID of the process.

	      tty_nr %d	  The controlling terminal of the process.  (The minor
			  device  number  is  contained	 in the combination of
			  bits 31 to 20 and 7 to 0; the major device number is
			  in bits 15 to 8.)

	      tpgid %d	  The  ID  of the foreground process group of the con‐
			  trolling terminal of the process.

	      flags %u (%lu before Linux 2.6.22)
			  The kernel flags word of the process.	 For bit mean‐
			  ings,	 see  the  PF_*	 defines  in  the Linux kernel
			  source file include/linux/sched.h.   Details	depend
			  on the kernel version.

	      minflt %lu  The  number  of  minor  faults  the process has made
			  which have not required loading a memory  page  from
			  disk.

	      cminflt %lu The  number  of  minor  faults  that	the  process's
			  waited-for children have made.

	      majflt %lu  The number of major  faults  the  process  has  made
			  which have required loading a memory page from disk.

	      cmajflt %lu The  number  of  major  faults  that	the  process's
			  waited-for children have made.

	      utime %lu	  Amount of time that this process has been  scheduled
			  in  user  mode,  measured  in clock ticks (divide by
			  sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).  This	includes  guest	 time,
			  guest_time  (time  spent  running a virtual CPU, see
			  below), so that applications that are not  aware  of
			  the  guest  time  field  do  not lose that time from
			  their calculations.

	      stime %lu	  Amount of time that this process has been  scheduled
			  in  kernel  mode, measured in clock ticks (divide by
			  sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

	      cutime %ld  Amount of time that this process's waited-for	 chil‐
			  dren	have  been scheduled in user mode, measured in
			  clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).	  (See
			  also	 times(2).)    This   includes	 guest	 time,
			  cguest_time (time spent running a virtual  CPU,  see
			  below).

	      cstime %ld  Amount  of time that this process's waited-for chil‐
			  dren have been scheduled in kernel mode, measured in
			  clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

	      priority %ld
			  (Explanation	for Linux 2.6) For processes running a
			  real-time  scheduling	 policy	 (policy  below;   see
			  sched_setscheduler(2)), this is the negated schedul‐
			  ing priority, minus one; that is, a  number  in  the
			  range -2 to -100, corresponding to real-time priori‐
			  ties 1 to 99.	 For processes running	under  a  non-
			  real-time  scheduling	 policy,  this is the raw nice
			  value (setpriority(2)) as represented in the kernel.
			  The  kernel  stores  nice  values  as numbers in the
			  range 0 (high) to 39	(low),	corresponding  to  the
			  user-visible nice range of -20 to 19.

			  Before  Linux	 2.6, this was a scaled value based on
			  the scheduler weighting given to this process.

	      nice %ld	  The nice value (see setpriority(2)), a value in  the
			  range 19 (low priority) to -20 (high priority).

	      num_threads %ld
			  Number of threads in this process (since Linux 2.6).
			  Before kernel 2.6, this field was hard coded to 0 as
			  a placeholder for an earlier removed field.

	      itrealvalue %ld
			  The  time in jiffies before the next SIGALRM is sent
			  to the process due to an interval timer.  Since ker‐
			  nel  2.6.17, this field is no longer maintained, and
			  is hard coded as 0.

	      starttime %llu (was %lu before Linux 2.6)
			  The time the process started after system boot.   In
			  kernels  before  Linux 2.6, this value was expressed
			  in jiffies.  Since Linux 2.6, the value is expressed
			  in clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

	      vsize %lu	  Virtual memory size in bytes.

	      rss %ld	  Resident  Set	 Size: number of pages the process has
			  in real memory.  This is just the pages which	 count
			  toward  text,	 data,	or stack space.	 This does not
			  include pages which have not been demand-loaded  in,
			  or which are swapped out.

	      rsslim %lu  Current  soft	 limit	in  bytes  on  the  rss of the
			  process; see the description of RLIMIT_RSS in	 getr‐
			  limit(2).

	      startcode %lu
			  The address above which program text can run.

	      endcode %lu The address below which program text can run.

	      startstack %lu
			  The  address	of  the	 start	(i.e.,	bottom) of the
			  stack.

	      kstkesp %lu The current value of ESP (stack pointer),  as	 found
			  in the kernel stack page for the process.

	      kstkeip %lu The current EIP (instruction pointer).

	      signal %lu  The  bitmap of pending signals, displayed as a deci‐
			  mal number.  Obsolete, because it does  not  provide
			  information	  on	 real-time     signals;	   use
			  /proc/[pid]/status instead.

	      blocked %lu The bitmap of blocked signals, displayed as a	 deci‐
			  mal  number.	 Obsolete, because it does not provide
			  information	 on	real-time     signals;	   use
			  /proc/[pid]/status instead.

	      sigignore %lu
			  The  bitmap of ignored signals, displayed as a deci‐
			  mal number.  Obsolete, because it does  not  provide
			  information	  on	 real-time     signals;	   use
			  /proc/[pid]/status instead.

	      sigcatch %lu
			  The bitmap of caught signals, displayed as a decimal
			  number.   Obsolete,  because	it  does  not  provide
			  information	 on	real-time     signals;	   use
			  /proc/[pid]/status instead.

	      wchan %lu	  This	is the "channel" in which the process is wait‐
			  ing.	It is the address of a system call, and can be
			  looked  up in a namelist if you need a textual name.
			  (If you have an up-to-date /etc/psdatabase, then try
			  ps -l to see the WCHAN field in action.)

	      nswap %lu	  Number of pages swapped (not maintained).

	      cnswap %lu  Cumulative  nswap  for  child	 processes  (not main‐
			  tained).

	      exit_signal %d (since Linux 2.1.22)
			  Signal to be sent to parent when we die.

	      processor %d (since Linux 2.2.8)
			  CPU number last executed on.

	      rt_priority %u (since Linux 2.5.19; was %lu before Linux 2.6.22)
			  Real-time scheduling priority, a number in the range
			  1  to	 99  for processes scheduled under a real-time
			  policy,  or  0,  for	non-real-time  processes  (see
			  sched_setscheduler(2)).

	      policy %u (since Linux 2.5.19; was %lu before Linux 2.6.22)
			  Scheduling   policy	(see   sched_setscheduler(2)).
			  Decode using the SCHED_* constants in linux/sched.h.

	      delayacct_blkio_ticks %llu (since Linux 2.6.18)
			  Aggregated block I/O delays, measured in clock ticks
			  (centiseconds).

	      guest_time %lu (since Linux 2.6.24)
			  Guest time of the process (time spent running a vir‐
			  tual CPU for a guest operating system), measured  in
			  clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

	      cguest_time %ld (since Linux 2.6.24)
			  Guest	 time  of  the process's children, measured in
			  clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

       /proc/[pid]/statm
	      Provides information about memory usage, measured in pages.  The
	      columns are:

		  size	     total program size
			     (same as VmSize in /proc/[pid]/status)
		  resident   resident set size
			     (same as VmRSS in /proc/[pid]/status)
		  share	     shared pages (from shared mappings)
		  text	     text (code)
		  lib	     library (unused in Linux 2.6)
		  data	     data + stack
		  dt	     dirty pages (unused in Linux 2.6)

       /proc/[pid]/status
	      Provides	 much  of  the	information  in	 /proc/[pid]/stat  and
	      /proc/[pid]/statm in a format that's easier for humans to parse.
	      Here's an example:

		  $ cat /proc/$$/status
		  Name:	  bash
		  State:  S (sleeping)
		  Tgid:	  3515
		  Pid:	  3515
		  PPid:	  3452
		  TracerPid:	  0
		  Uid:	  1000	  1000	  1000	  1000
		  Gid:	  100	  100	  100	  100
		  FDSize: 256
		  Groups: 16 33 100
		  VmPeak:     9136 kB
		  VmSize:     7896 kB
		  VmLck:	 0 kB
		  VmHWM:      7572 kB
		  VmRSS:      6316 kB
		  VmData:     5224 kB
		  VmStk:	88 kB
		  VmExe:       572 kB
		  VmLib:      1708 kB
		  VmPTE:	20 kB
		  Threads:	  1
		  SigQ:	  0/3067
		  SigPnd: 0000000000000000
		  ShdPnd: 0000000000000000
		  SigBlk: 0000000000010000
		  SigIgn: 0000000000384004
		  SigCgt: 000000004b813efb
		  CapInh: 0000000000000000
		  CapPrm: 0000000000000000
		  CapEff: 0000000000000000
		  CapBnd: ffffffffffffffff
		  Cpus_allowed:	  00000001
		  Cpus_allowed_list:	  0
		  Mems_allowed:	  1
		  Mems_allowed_list:	  0
		  voluntary_ctxt_switches:	  150
		  nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches:	  545

	      The fields are as follows:

	      * Name: Command run by this process.

	      * State: Current state of the process.  One of "R (running)", "S
		(sleeping)", "D (disk  sleep)",	 "T  (stopped)",  "T  (tracing
		stop)", "Z (zombie)", or "X (dead)".

	      * Tgid: Thread group ID (i.e., Process ID).

	      * Pid: Thread ID (see gettid(2)).

	      * PPid: PID of parent process.

	      * TracerPid: PID of process tracing this process (0 if not being
		traced).

	      * Uid, Gid: Real, effective, saved set,  and  file  system  UIDs
		(GIDs).

	      * FDSize: Number of file descriptor slots currently allocated.

	      * Groups: Supplementary group list.

	      * VmPeak: Peak virtual memory size.

	      * VmSize: Virtual memory size.

	      * VmLck: Locked memory size (see mlock(3)).

	      * VmHWM: Peak resident set size ("high water mark").

	      * VmRSS: Resident set size.

	      * VmData, VmStk, VmExe: Size of data, stack, and text segments.

	      * VmLib: Shared library code size.

	      * VmPTE: Page table entries size (since Linux 2.6.10).

	      * Threads: Number of threads in process containing this thread.

	      * SigQ:  This  field  contains  two slash-separated numbers that
		relate to queued signals for the real user ID of this process.
		The  first  of these is the number of currently queued signals
		for this real user ID, and the second is the resource limit on
		the  number  of	 queued	 signals  for  this  process  (see the
		description of RLIMIT_SIGPENDING in getrlimit(2)).

	      * SigPnd, ShdPnd: Number of signals pending for thread  and  for
		process as a whole (see pthreads(7) and signal(7)).

	      * SigBlk,	  SigIgn,   SigCgt:  Masks  indicating	signals	 being
		blocked, ignored, and caught (see signal(7)).

	      * CapInh, CapPrm,	 CapEff:  Masks	 of  capabilities  enabled  in
		inheritable,  permitted,  and  effective  sets	(see capabili‐
		ties(7)).

	      * CapBnd: Capability Bounding  set  (since  kernel  2.6.26,  see
		capabilities(7)).

	      * Cpus_allowed:  Mask  of	 CPUs  on  which  this process may run
		(since Linux 2.6.24, see cpuset(7)).

	      * Cpus_allowed_list: Same as  previous,  but  in	"list  format"
		(since Linux 2.6.26, see cpuset(7)).

	      * Mems_allowed:  Mask  of	 memory	 nodes allowed to this process
		(since Linux 2.6.24, see cpuset(7)).

	      * Mems_allowed_list: Same as  previous,  but  in	"list  format"
		(since Linux 2.6.26, see cpuset(7)).

	      * voluntary_context_switches,	nonvoluntary_context_switches:
		Number of voluntary and involuntary  context  switches	(since
		Linux 2.6.23).

       /proc/[pid]/task (since Linux 2.6.0-test6)
	      This  is	a  directory  that  contains one subdirectory for each
	      thread in the process.  The name of  each	 subdirectory  is  the
	      numerical	 thread	 ID  ([tid])  of  the  thread (see gettid(2)).
	      Within each of these subdirectories, there is  a	set  of	 files
	      with the same names and contents as under the /proc/[pid] direc‐
	      tories.  For attributes that are shared by all threads, the con‐
	      tents  for each of the files under the task/[tid] subdirectories
	      will be the same as in the  corresponding	 file  in  the	parent
	      /proc/[pid]  directory (e.g., in a multithreaded process, all of
	      the task/[tid]/cwd  files	 will  have  the  same	value  as  the
	      /proc/[pid]/cwd  file  in the parent directory, since all of the
	      threads in a process share a working directory).	For attributes
	      that are distinct for each thread, the corresponding files under
	      task/[tid] may have different values (e.g.,  various  fields  in
	      each  of	the  task/[tid]/status files may be different for each
	      thread).

	      In a multithreaded process, the contents of the /proc/[pid]/task
	      directory	 are not available if the main thread has already ter‐
	      minated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).

       /proc/apm
	      Advanced power management version and battery  information  when
	      CONFIG_APM is defined at kernel compilation time.

       /proc/bus
	      Contains subdirectories for installed busses.

       /proc/bus/pccard
	      Subdirectory  for	 PCMCIA	 devices  when CONFIG_PCMCIA is set at
	      kernel compilation time.

       /proc/bus/pccard/drivers

       /proc/bus/pci
	      Contains various bus subdirectories and pseudo-files  containing
	      information  about  PCI  busses,	installed  devices, and device
	      drivers.	Some of these files are not ASCII.

       /proc/bus/pci/devices
	      Information about PCI devices.  They  may	 be  accessed  through
	      lspci(8) and setpci(8).

       /proc/cmdline
	      Arguments	 passed	 to the Linux kernel at boot time.  Often done
	      via a boot manager such as lilo(8) or grub(8).

       /proc/config.gz (since Linux 2.6)
	      This file exposes the configuration options that	were  used  to
	      build  the  currently running kernel, in the same format as they
	      would be shown in the .config file that resulted when  configur‐
	      ing  the	kernel	(using make xconfig, make config, or similar).
	      The file contents are compressed;	 view  or  search  them	 using
	      zcat(1), zgrep(1), etc.  As long as no changes have been made to
	      the following file, the contents of /proc/config.gz are the same
	      as those provided by :

		  cat /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build/.config

	      /proc/config.gz  is  only	 provided  if the kernel is configured
	      with CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC.

       /proc/cpuinfo
	      This is a collection of CPU and  system  architecture  dependent
	      items,  for  each	 supported architecture a different list.  Two
	      common  entries  are  processor  which  gives  CPU  number   and
	      bogomips;	 a  system  constant  that is calculated during kernel
	      initialization.  SMP machines have information for each CPU.

       /proc/devices
	      Text listing of major numbers and device groups.	 This  can  be
	      used by MAKEDEV scripts for consistency with the kernel.

       /proc/diskstats (since Linux 2.5.69)
	      This  file  contains  disk  I/O statistics for each disk device.
	      See the Linux kernel source file	Documentation/iostats.txt  for
	      further information.

       /proc/dma
	      This  is a list of the registered ISA DMA (direct memory access)
	      channels in use.

       /proc/driver
	      Empty subdirectory.

       /proc/execdomains
	      List of the execution domains (ABI personalities).

       /proc/fb
	      Frame buffer information when CONFIG_FB is defined during kernel
	      compilation.

       /proc/filesystems
	      A	 text  listing	of the file systems which are supported by the
	      kernel, namely file systems which were compiled into the	kernel
	      or  whose	 kernel	 modules  are  currently  loaded.   (See  also
	      filesystems(5).)	If a file system is marked with "nodev",  this
	      means  that  it  does  not  require a block device to be mounted
	      (e.g., virtual file system, network file system).

	      Incidentally, this file may be used by  mount(8)	when  no  file
	      system  is  specified and it didn't manage to determine the file
	      system type.  Then file systems contained in this file are tried
	      (excepted those that are marked with "nodev").

       /proc/fs
	      Empty subdirectory.

       /proc/ide
	      This  directory  exists  on systems with the IDE bus.  There are
	      directories for each IDE channel	and  attached  device.	 Files
	      include:

		  cache		     buffer size in KB
		  capacity	     number of sectors
		  driver	     driver version
		  geometry	     physical and logical geometry
		  identify	     in hexadecimal
		  media		     media type
		  model		     manufacturer's model number
		  settings	     drive settings
		  smart_thresholds   in hexadecimal
		  smart_values	     in hexadecimal

	      The  hdparm(8)  utility provides access to this information in a
	      friendly format.

       /proc/interrupts
	      This is used to record the number of interrupts per CPU  per  IO
	      device.	Since  Linux 2.6.24, for the i386 and x86_64 architec‐
	      tures, at least, this also includes interrupts internal  to  the
	      system  (that is, not associated with a device as such), such as
	      NMI (nonmaskable interrupt), LOC (local  timer  interrupt),  and
	      for  SMP	systems,  TLB (TLB flush interrupt), RES (rescheduling
	      interrupt), CAL (remote function call interrupt),	 and  possibly
	      others.  Very easy to read formatting, done in ASCII.

       /proc/iomem
	      I/O memory map in Linux 2.4.

       /proc/ioports
	      This is a list of currently registered Input-Output port regions
	      that are in use.

       /proc/kallsyms (since Linux 2.5.71)
	      This holds the kernel exported symbol definitions	 used  by  the
	      modules(X)  tools to dynamically link and bind loadable modules.
	      In Linux 2.5.47 and earlier, a similar file with	slightly  dif‐
	      ferent syntax was named ksyms.

       /proc/kcore
	      This  file  represents  the physical memory of the system and is
	      stored in the ELF core file format.  With this pseudo-file,  and
	      an unstripped kernel (/usr/src/linux/vmlinux) binary, GDB can be
	      used to examine the current state of any kernel data structures.

	      The total length of the file is  the  size  of  physical	memory
	      (RAM) plus 4KB.

       /proc/kmsg
	      This  file  can  be used instead of the syslog(2) system call to
	      read kernel messages.  A process must have superuser  privileges
	      to  read	this file, and only one process should read this file.
	      This file should not be read if  a  syslog  process  is  running
	      which uses the syslog(2) system call facility to log kernel mes‐
	      sages.

	      Information in this file is retrieved with the dmesg(1) program.

       /proc/ksyms (Linux 1.1.23-2.5.47)
	      See /proc/kallsyms.

       /proc/loadavg
	      The first three fields in this file  are	load  average  figures
	      giving  the number of jobs in the run queue (state R) or waiting
	      for disk I/O (state D) averaged over 1, 5, and 15 minutes.  They
	      are  the same as the load average numbers given by uptime(1) and
	      other programs.  The fourth field consists of two numbers	 sepa‐
	      rated  by a slash (/).  The first of these is the number of cur‐
	      rently runnable kernel scheduling entities (processes, threads).
	      The  value  after	 the  slash is the number of kernel scheduling
	      entities that currently exist on the system.  The fifth field is
	      the  PID	of  the	 process that was most recently created on the
	      system.

       /proc/locks
	      This file shows current file locks (flock(2) and	fcntl(2))  and
	      leases (fcntl(2)).

       /proc/malloc (only up to and including Linux 2.2)
	      This  file  is  only  present if CONFIG_DEBUG_MALLOC was defined
	      during compilation.

       /proc/meminfo
	      This file reports statistics about memory usage on  the  system.
	      It is used by free(1) to report the amount of free and used mem‐
	      ory (both physical and swap) on the system as well as the shared
	      memory  and  buffers  used by the kernel.	 Each line of the file
	      consists of a parameter name, followed by a colon, the value  of
	      the  parameter,  and an option unit of measurement (e.g., "kB").
	      The list below describes the  parameter  names  and  the	format
	      specifier	 required  to  read  the field value.  Except as noted
	      below, all of the fields have been present since at least	 Linux
	      2.6.0.  Some fileds are only displayed if the kernel was config‐
	      ured with various options; those dependencies are noted  in  the
	      list.

	      MemTotal %lu
		     Total  usable RAM (i.e. physical RAM minus a few reserved
		     bits and the kernel binary code).

	      MemFree %lu
		     The sum of LowFree+HighFree.

	      Buffers %lu
		     Relatively temporary storage for  raw  disk  blocks  that
		     shouldn't get tremendously large (20MB or so).

	      Cached %lu
		     In-memory	cache  for  files read from the disk (the page
		     cache).  Doesn't include SwapCached.

	      SwapCached %lu
		     Memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in  but
		     still  also  is in the swap file.	(If memory pressure is
		     high, these pages don't need  to  be  swapped  out	 again
		     because  they  are	 already in the swap file.  This saves
		     I/O.)

	      Active %lu
		     Memory that has been used more recently and  usually  not
		     reclaimed unless absolutely necessary.

	      Inactive %lu
		     Memory  which  has	 been  less recently used.  It is more
		     eligible to be reclaimed for other purposes.

	      Active(anon) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
		     [To be documented.]

	      Inactive(anon) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
		     [To be documented.]

	      Active(file) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
		     [To be documented.]

	      Inactive(file) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
		     [To be documented.]

	      Unevictable %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
		     (From Linux 2.6.28 to 2.6.30, CONFIG_UNEVICTABLE_LRU  was
		     required.)	 [To be documented.]

	      Mlock %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
		     (From  Linux 2.6.28 to 2.6.30, CONFIG_UNEVICTABLE_LRU was
		     required.)	 [To be documented.]

	      HighTotal %lu
		     (Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is required.)
		     Total  amount  of	highmem.   Highmem is all memory above
		     ~860MB of physical memory.	 Highmem areas are for use  by
		     user-space	 programs,  or for the page cache.  The kernel
		     must use tricks to access this memory, making  it	slower
		     to access than lowmem.

	      HighFree %lu
		     (Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is required.)
		     Amount of free highmem.

	      LowTotal %lu
		     (Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is required.)
		     Total  amount  of	lowmem.	 Lowmem is memory which can be
		     used for everything that highmem can be used for, but  it
		     is	 also  available for the kernel's use for its own data
		     structures.  Among many other things, it is where	every‐
		     thing  from  Slab	is  allocated.	Bad things happen when
		     you're out of lowmem.

	      LowFree %lu
		     (Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is required.)
		     Amount of free lowmem.

	      MmapCopy %lu (since Linux 2.6.29)
		     (CONFIG_MMU is required.)	[To be documented.]

	      SwapTotal %lu
		     Total amount of swap space available.

	      SwapFree %lu
		     Memory  which has been evicted from RAM, and is temporar‐
		     ily on the disk.

	      Dirty %lu
		     Memory which is waiting to get written back to the disk.

	      Writeback %lu
		     Memory which is actively being written back to the disk.

	      AnonPages %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
		     Non-file backed pages mapped into user-space page tables.

	      Mapped %lu
		     Files which have been mmaped, such as libraries.

	      Shmem %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)
		     [To be documented.]

	      Slab %lu
		     In-kernel data structures cache.

	      SReclaimable %lu (since Linux 2.6.19)
		     Part of Slab, that might be reclaimed, such as caches.

	      SUnreclaim %lu (since Linux 2.6.19)
		     Part of Slab, that cannot be reclaimed  on	 memory	 pres‐
		     sure.

	      KernelStack %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)
		     Amount of memory allocated to kernel stacks.

	      PageTables %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
		     Amount  of	 memory	 dedicated to the lowest level of page
		     tables.

	      Quicklists %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
		     (CONFIG_QUICKLIST is required.)  [To be documented.]

	      NFS_Unstable %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
		     NFS pages sent to the server, but not  yet	 committed  to
		     stable storage.

	      Bounce %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
		     Memory used for block device "bounce buffers".

	      WritebackTmp %lu (since Linux 2.6.26)
		     Memory used by FUSE for temporary writeback buffers.

	      CommitLimit %lu (since Linux 2.6.10)
		     Based  on	the  overcommit ratio ('vm.overcommit_ratio'),
		     this is the total amount of  memory  currently  available
		     to be allocated on the system. This limit is only adhered
		     to if strict overcommit accounting is enabled (mode 2  in
		     /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio).   The CommitLimit is cal‐
		     culated using the following formula:

			 CommitLimit = (overcommit_ratio  *  Physical  RAM)  +
		     Swap

		     For example, on a system with 1GB of physical RAM and 7GB
		     of swap with  a  overcommit_ratio	of  30,	 this  formula
		     yields a CommitLimit of 7.3GB.  For more details, see the
		     memory overcommit documentation in the kernel source file
		     Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting.

	      Committed_AS %lu
		     The  amount  of memory presently allocated on the system.
		     The committed memory is a sum of all of the memory	 which
		     has  been allocated by processes, even if it has not been
		     "used" by them as of yet.	A process which allocates  1GB
		     of	 memory (using malloc(3) or similar), but only touches
		     300MB of that memory will only show up as using 300MB  of
		     memory even if it has the address space allocated for the
		     entire 1GB.  This 1GB is memory which has	been  "commit‐
		     ted"  to  by  the	VM  and can be used at any time by the
		     allocating application.  With strict  overcommit  enabled
		     on	 the  system  (mode 2 /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory),
		     allocations which would exceed the CommitLimit  (detailed
		     above)  will  not	be  permitted.	 This is useful if one
		     needs to guarantee that processes will not	 fail  due  to
		     lack  of  memory  once  that memory has been successfully
		     allocated.

	      VmallocTotal %lu
		     Total size of vmalloc memory area.

	      VmallocUsed %lu
		     Amount of vmalloc area which is used.

	      VmallocChunk %lu
		     Largest contiguous block of vmalloc area which is free.

	      HardwareCorrupted %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)
		     (CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE is required.)  [To be documented.]

	      AnonHugePages %lu (since Linux 2.6.38)
		     (CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE  is	required.)    Non-file
		     backed huge pages mapped into user-space page tables.

	      HugePages_Total %lu
		     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE  is required.)  The size of the pool
		     of huge pages.

	      HugePages_Free %lu
		     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.)	 The  number  of  huge
		     pages in the pool that are not yet allocated.

	      HugePages_Rsvd %lu (since Linux 2.6.17)
		     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.)	 This is the number of
		     huge pages for which a commitment to  allocate  from  the
		     pool  has been made, but no allocation has yet been made.
		     These reserved huge pages guarantee that  an  application
		     will  be  able  to	 allocate a huge page from the pool of
		     huge pages at fault time.

	      HugePages_Surp %lu (since Linux 2.6.24)
		     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.)	 This is the number of
		     huge   pages   in	 the   pool   above   the   value   in
		     /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages.	 The maximum number of surplus
		     huge  pages  is  controlled  by  /proc/sys/vm/nr_overcom‐
		     mit_hugepages.

	      Hugepagesize %lu
		     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is  required.)   The	size  of  huge
		     pages.

       /proc/modules
	      A	 text list of the modules that have been loaded by the system.
	      See also lsmod(8).

       /proc/mounts
	      Before kernel 2.4.19, this file was a list of all the file  sys‐
	      tems  currently mounted on the system.  With the introduction of
	      per-process mount namespaces in Linux 2.4.19, this file became a
	      link  to	/proc/self/mounts, which lists the mount points of the
	      process's own mount namespace.  The format of this file is docu‐
	      mented in fstab(5).

       /proc/mtrr
	      Memory  Type  Range Registers.  See the Linux kernel source file
	      Documentation/mtrr.txt for details.

       /proc/net
	      various net pseudo-files, all of which give the status  of  some
	      part  of the networking layer.  These files contain ASCII struc‐
	      tures and are, therefore, readable with  cat(1).	 However,  the
	      standard	netstat(8) suite provides much cleaner access to these
	      files.

       /proc/net/arp
	      This holds an ASCII readable dump of the kernel ARP  table  used
	      for  address resolutions.	 It will show both dynamically learned
	      and preprogrammed ARP entries.  The format is:

	IP address     HW type	 Flags	   HW address	       Mask   Device
	192.168.0.50   0x1	 0x2	   00:50:BF:25:68:F3   *      eth0
	192.168.0.250  0x1	 0xc	   00:00:00:00:00:00   *      eth0

	      Here "IP address" is the IPv4 address of the machine and the "HW
	      type"  is	 the  hardware	type of the address from RFC 826.  The
	      flags are the internal flags of the ARP structure (as defined in
	      /usr/include/linux/if_arp.h)  and	 the  "HW address" is the data
	      link layer mapping for that IP address if it is known.

       /proc/net/dev
	      The dev pseudo-file contains network device status  information.
	      This  gives  the number of received and sent packets, the number
	      of errors and collisions and other basic statistics.  These  are
	      used  by	the  ifconfig(8) program to report device status.  The
	      format is:

 Inter-|   Receive						  |  Transmit
  face |bytes	 packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes    packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
     lo: 2776770   11307    0	 0    0	    0	       0	 0  2776770   11307    0    0	 0     0       0	  0
   eth0: 1215645    2751    0	 0    0	    0	       0	 0  1782404    4324    0    0	 0   427       0	  0
   ppp0: 1622270    5552    1	 0    0	    0	       0	 0   354130    5669    0    0	 0     0       0	  0
   tap0:    7714      81    0	 0    0	    0	       0	 0     7714	 81    0    0	 0     0       0	  0

       /proc/net/dev_mcast
	      Defined in /usr/src/linux/net/core/dev_mcast.c:
		   indx interface_name	dmi_u dmi_g dmi_address
		   2	eth0		1     0	    01005e000001
		   3	eth1		1     0	    01005e000001
		   4	eth2		1     0	    01005e000001

       /proc/net/igmp
	      Internet	  Group	   Management	 Protocol.	Defined	    in
	      /usr/src/linux/net/core/igmp.c.

       /proc/net/rarp
	      This  file uses the same format as the arp file and contains the
	      current reverse mapping database used to provide rarp(8) reverse
	      address  lookup  services.   If  RARP is not configured into the
	      kernel, this file will not be present.

       /proc/net/raw
	      Holds a dump of the RAW socket table.  Much of  the  information
	      is  not of use apart from debugging.  The "sl" value is the ker‐
	      nel hash slot for the socket, the "local_address" is  the	 local
	      address  and  protocol number pair.  "St" is the internal status
	      of the socket.  The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are	 the  outgoing
	      and  incoming  data  queue in terms of kernel memory usage.  The
	      "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields are not used by RAW.  The
	      "uid"  field  holds  the	effective  UID	of  the creator of the
	      socket.

       /proc/net/snmp
	      This file holds the ASCII data needed for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and
	      UDP management information bases for an SNMP agent.

       /proc/net/tcp
	      Holds  a	dump of the TCP socket table.  Much of the information
	      is not of use apart from debugging.  The "sl" value is the  ker‐
	      nel  hash	 slot for the socket, the "local_address" is the local
	      address and port number pair.  The "rem_address" is  the	remote
	      address and port number pair (if connected).  "St" is the inter‐
	      nal status of the socket.	 The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the
	      outgoing	and  incoming  data  queue  in	terms of kernel memory
	      usage.  The "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields hold internal
	      information  of  the kernel socket state and are only useful for
	      debugging.  The "uid" field holds the effective UID of the  cre‐
	      ator of the socket.

       /proc/net/udp
	      Holds  a	dump of the UDP socket table.  Much of the information
	      is not of use apart from debugging.  The "sl" value is the  ker‐
	      nel  hash	 slot for the socket, the "local_address" is the local
	      address and port number pair.  The "rem_address" is  the	remote
	      address  and port number pair (if connected). "St" is the inter‐
	      nal status of the socket.	 The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the
	      outgoing	and  incoming  data  queue  in	terms of kernel memory
	      usage.  The "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields are not  used
	      by  UDP.	The "uid" field holds the effective UID of the creator
	      of the socket.  The format is:

 sl  local_address rem_address	 st tx_queue rx_queue tr rexmits  tm->when uid
  1: 01642C89:0201 0C642C89:03FF 01 00000000:00000001 01:000071BA 00000000 0
  1: 00000000:0801 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 6F000100 0
  1: 00000000:0201 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 0

       /proc/net/unix
	      Lists the UNIX domain sockets  present  within  the  system  and
	      their status.  The format is:
	      Num RefCount Protocol Flags    Type St Path
	       0: 00000002 00000000 00000000 0001 03
	       1: 00000001 00000000 00010000 0001 01 /dev/printer

	      Here  "Num"  is  the kernel table slot number, "RefCount" is the
	      number of users of the socket, "Protocol" is currently always 0,
	      "Flags"  represent  the internal kernel flags holding the status
	      of the socket.  Currently, type is always "1" (UNIX domain data‐
	      gram  sockets are not yet supported in the kernel).  "St" is the
	      internal state of the socket and Path is the bound path (if any)
	      of the socket.

       /proc/partitions
	      Contains	major  and  minor numbers of each partition as well as
	      number of blocks and partition name.

       /proc/pci
	      This is a listing of all PCI devices found  during  kernel  ini‐
	      tialization and their configuration.

	      This  file has been deprecated in favor of a new /proc interface
	      for PCI  (/proc/bus/pci).	  It  became  optional	in  Linux  2.2
	      (available  with CONFIG_PCI_OLD_PROC set at kernel compilation).
	      It became once more nonoptionally enabled in Linux  2.4.	 Next,
	      it  was  deprecated  in  Linux  2.6  (still  available with CON‐
	      FIG_PCI_LEGACY_PROC set), and finally removed  altogether	 since
	      Linux 2.6.17.

       /proc/scsi
	      A directory with the scsi mid-level pseudo-file and various SCSI
	      low-level driver directories, which contain a file for each SCSI
	      host  in	this system, all of which give the status of some part
	      of the SCSI IO subsystem.	 These files contain ASCII  structures
	      and are, therefore, readable with cat(1).

	      You  can also write to some of the files to reconfigure the sub‐
	      system or switch certain features on or off.

       /proc/scsi/scsi
	      This is a listing of all SCSI devices known to the kernel.   The
	      listing  is  similar  to	the one seen during bootup.  scsi cur‐
	      rently supports only the add-single-device command which	allows
	      root to add a hotplugged device to the list of known devices.

	      The command

		  echo 'scsi add-single-device 1 0 5 0' > /proc/scsi/scsi

	      will  cause host scsi1 to scan on SCSI channel 0 for a device on
	      ID 5 LUN 0.  If there is already a device known on this  address
	      or the address is invalid, an error will be returned.

       /proc/scsi/[drivername]
	      [drivername]  can	 currently  be	NCR53c7xx,  aha152x,  aha1542,
	      aha1740, aic7xxx, buslogic, eata_dma, eata_pio, fdomain, in2000,
	      pas16,  qlogic,  scsi_debug, seagate, t128, u15-24f, ultrastore,
	      or wd7000.  These directories show up for all drivers that  reg‐
	      istered  at  least  one  SCSI HBA.  Every directory contains one
	      file per registered host.	 Every host-file is  named  after  the
	      number the host was assigned during initialization.

	      Reading these files will usually show driver and host configura‐
	      tion, statistics, etc.

	      Writing to these files  allows  different	 things	 on  different
	      hosts.   For  example,  with the latency and nolatency commands,
	      root can switch on and off command latency measurement  code  in
	      the  eata_dma driver.  With the lockup and unlock commands, root
	      can control bus lockups simulated by the scsi_debug driver.

       /proc/self
	      This directory refers to the process accessing  the  /proc  file
	      system,  and  is	identical  to the /proc directory named by the
	      process ID of the same process.

       /proc/slabinfo
	      Information about kernel caches.	Since Linux 2.6.16  this  file
	      is  only	present if the CONFIG_SLAB kernel configuration option
	      is enabled.  The columns in /proc/slabinfo are:

		  cache-name
		  num-active-objs
		  total-objs
		  object-size
		  num-active-slabs
		  total-slabs
		  num-pages-per-slab

	      See slabinfo(5) for details.

       /proc/stat
	      kernel/system statistics.	  Varies  with	architecture.	Common
	      entries include:

	      cpu  3357 0 4313 1362393
		     The   amount  of  time,  measured	in  units  of  USER_HZ
		     (1/100ths	of  a  second  on  most	  architectures,   use
		     sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) to obtain the right value), that the
		     system spent in user mode, user mode  with	 low  priority
		     (nice),  system  mode,  and  the idle task, respectively.
		     The last value should be USER_HZ times the	 second	 entry
		     in the uptime pseudo-file.

		     In Linux 2.6 this line includes three additional columns:
		     iowait - time waiting for I/O to complete (since 2.5.41);
		     irq  -  time  servicing  interrupts  (since 2.6.0-test4);
		     softirq - time servicing softirqs (since 2.6.0-test4).

		     Since Linux 2.6.11, there is an eighth  column,  steal  -
		     stolen  time,  which is the time spent in other operating
		     systems when running in a virtualized environment

		     Since Linux 2.6.24, there is a ninth column, guest, which
		     is the time spent running a virtual CPU for guest operat‐
		     ing systems under the control of the Linux kernel.

	      page 5741 1808
		     The number of pages the system paged in  and  the	number
		     that were paged out (from disk).

	      swap 1 0
		     The  number  of  swap pages that have been brought in and
		     out.

	      intr 1462898
		     This line shows counts of interrupts serviced since  boot
		     time,  for	 each  of the possible system interrupts.  The
		     first column is the total	of  all	 interrupts  serviced;
		     each  subsequent  column  is  the	total for a particular
		     interrupt.

	      disk_io: (2,0):(31,30,5764,1,2) (3,0):...
		     (major,disk_idx):(noinfo,	   read_io_ops,	    blks_read,
		     write_io_ops, blks_written)
		     (Linux 2.4 only)

	      ctxt 115315
		     The number of context switches that the system underwent.

	      btime 769041601
		     boot   time,  in  seconds	since  the  Epoch,  1970-01-01
		     00:00:00 +0000 (UTC).

	      processes 86031
		     Number of forks since boot.

	      procs_running 6
		     Number of processes in  runnable  state.	(Linux	2.5.45
		     onward.)

	      procs_blocked 2
		     Number  of processes blocked waiting for I/O to complete.
		     (Linux 2.5.45 onward.)

       /proc/swaps
	      Swap areas in use.  See also swapon(8).

       /proc/sys
	      This directory (present since 1.3.57) contains a number of files
	      and  subdirectories  corresponding  to  kernel variables.	 These
	      variables can be read and sometimes  modified  using  the	 /proc
	      file system, and the (deprecated) sysctl(2) system call.

       /proc/sys/abi (since Linux 2.4.10)
	      This  directory may contain files with application binary infor‐
	      mation.	See  the   Linux   kernel   source   file   Documenta‐
	      tion/sysctl/abi.txt for more information.

       /proc/sys/debug
	      This directory may be empty.

       /proc/sys/dev
	      This   directory	contains  device-specific  information	(e.g.,
	      dev/cdrom/info).	On some systems, it may be empty.

       /proc/sys/fs
	      This directory contains the files and subdirectories for	kernel
	      variables related to file systems.

       /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
	      Documentation  for  files	 in this directory can be found in the
	      Linux kernel sources in Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt.

       /proc/sys/fs/dentry-state (since Linux 2.2)
	      This file contains information about the status of the directory
	      cache  (dcache).	 The  file  contains  six  numbers, nr_dentry,
	      nr_unused,  age_limit  (age  in  seconds),   want_pages	(pages
	      requested by system) and two dummy values.

	      * nr_dentry   is	 the  number  of  allocated  dentries  (dcache
		entries).  This field is unused in Linux 2.2.

	      * nr_unused is the number of unused dentries.

	      * age_limit is the age in seconds after which dcache entries can
		be reclaimed when memory is short.

	      * want_pages   is	  nonzero   when   the	 kernel	  has	called
		shrink_dcache_pages() and the dcache isn't pruned yet.

       /proc/sys/fs/dir-notify-enable
	      This file can be used to disable or enable the dnotify interface
	      described	 in  fcntl(2) on a system-wide basis.  A value of 0 in
	      this file disables the interface, and a value of 1 enables it.

       /proc/sys/fs/dquot-max
	      This file shows the maximum number of cached disk quota entries.
	      On some (2.4) systems, it is not present.	 If the number of free
	      cached disk quota entries is very low and you have some  awesome
	      number of simultaneous system users, you might want to raise the
	      limit.

       /proc/sys/fs/dquot-nr
	      This file shows the number of allocated disk quota  entries  and
	      the number of free disk quota entries.

       /proc/sys/fs/epoll (since Linux 2.6.28)
	      This  directory contains the file max_user_watches, which can be
	      used to limit the amount of kernel memory consumed by the	 epoll
	      interface.  For further details, see epoll(7).

       /proc/sys/fs/file-max
	      This  file  defines  a  system-wide  limit on the number of open
	      files for all processes.	(See also setrlimit(2), which  can  be
	      used  by	a process to set the per-process limit, RLIMIT_NOFILE,
	      on the number of files it may open.)  If you get lots  of	 error
	      messages	about running out of file handles, try increasing this
	      value:

		  echo 100000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max

	      The kernel constant NR_OPEN imposes an upper limit on the	 value
	      that may be placed in file-max.

	      If  you  increase	 /proc/sys/fs/file-max,	 be  sure  to increase
	      /proc/sys/fs/inode-max  to  3-4	times	the   new   value   of
	      /proc/sys/fs/file-max, or you will run out of inodes.

	      Privileged  processes  (CAP_SYS_ADMIN) can override the file-max
	      limit.

       /proc/sys/fs/file-nr
	      This (read-only)	file  gives  the  number  of  files  presently
	      opened.  It contains three numbers: the number of allocated file
	      handles; the number of free file handles; and the maximum number
	      of file handles.	The kernel allocates file handles dynamically,
	      but it doesn't free them again.	If  the	 number	 of  allocated
	      files  is	 close	to the maximum, you should consider increasing
	      the maximum.  When the number of free  file  handles  is	large,
	      you've  encountered a peak in your usage of file handles and you
	      probably don't need to increase the maximum.

       /proc/sys/fs/inode-max
	      This file contains the maximum number of in-memory  inodes.   On
	      some (2.4) systems, it may not be present.  This value should be
	      3-4 times larger than the value in file-max, since stdin, stdout
	      and network sockets also need an inode to handle them.  When you
	      regularly run out of inodes, you need to increase this value.

       /proc/sys/fs/inode-nr
	      This file contains the first two values from inode-state.

       /proc/sys/fs/inode-state
	      This file contains  seven	 numbers:  nr_inodes,  nr_free_inodes,
	      preshrink,  and  four  dummy values.  nr_inodes is the number of
	      inodes the system has allocated.	This can be slightly more than
	      inode-max	 because Linux allocates them one page full at a time.
	      nr_free_inodes represents the number of free inodes.   preshrink
	      is  nonzero  when the nr_inodes > inode-max and the system needs
	      to prune the inode list instead of allocating more.

       /proc/sys/fs/inotify (since Linux 2.6.13)
	      This     directory     contains	  files	    max_queued_events,
	      max_user_instances,  and	max_user_watches,  that can be used to
	      limit the amount of kernel memory consumed by the inotify inter‐
	      face.  For further details, see inotify(7).

       /proc/sys/fs/lease-break-time
	      This file specifies the grace period that the kernel grants to a
	      process holding a file lease (fcntl(2)) after it has sent a sig‐
	      nal to that process notifying it that another process is waiting
	      to open the file.	 If the lease holder does not remove or	 down‐
	      grade  the  lease	 within this grace period, the kernel forcibly
	      breaks the lease.

       /proc/sys/fs/leases-enable
	      This  file  can  be  used	 to  enable  or	 disable  file	leases
	      (fcntl(2))  on  a	 system-wide basis.  If this file contains the
	      value 0, leases are disabled.  A nonzero value enables leases.

       /proc/sys/fs/mqueue (since Linux 2.6.6)
	      This  directory  contains	 files	 msg_max,   msgsize_max,   and
	      queues_max,  controlling	the  resources	used  by POSIX message
	      queues.  See mq_overview(7) for details.

       /proc/sys/fs/overflowgid and /proc/sys/fs/overflowuid
	      These files allow you to change the value of the fixed  UID  and
	      GID.   The  default  is  65534.	Some file systems only support
	      16-bit UIDs and GIDs, although in Linux UIDs  and	 GIDs  are  32
	      bits.   When  one	 of  these file systems is mounted with writes
	      enabled, any UID or GID that would exceed 65535 is translated to
	      the overflow value before being written to disk.

       /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size (since Linux 2.6.35)
	      The  value  in  this file defines an upper limit for raising the
	      capacity of a pipe using the  fcntl(2)  F_SETPIPE_SZ  operation.
	      This  limit applies only to unprivileged processes.  The default
	      value for this file is 1,048,576.	 The value  assigned  to  this
	      file  may	 be  rounded  upward,  to  reflect  the value actually
	      employed for a  convenient  implementation.   To	determine  the
	      rounded-up  value,  display  the	contents  of  this  file after
	      assigning a value to it.	The minimum value that can be assigned
	      to this file is the system page size.

       /proc/sys/fs/protected_hardlinks (since Linux 3.6)
	      When  the value in this file is 0, no restrictions are placed on
	      the creation of hard links (i.e., this is the historical	behav‐
	      iour  before  Linux  3.6).   When the value in this file is 1, a
	      hard link can be created to a target file only  if  one  of  the
	      following conditions is true:

	      *	 The caller has the CAP_FOWNER capability.

	      *	 The  file system UID of the process creating the link matches
		 the owner (UID) of the target file (as described  in  creden‐
		 tials(7), a process's file system UID is normally the same as
		 its effective UID).

	      *	 All of the following conditions are true:

		  ·  the target is a regular file;

		  ·  the target file does not have its set-user-ID  permission
		     bit enabled;

		  ·  the  target  file does not have both its set-group-ID and
		     group-executable permission bits enabled; and

		  ·  the caller has permission to read and  write  the	target
		     file  (either  via the file's permissions mask or because
		     it has suitable capabilities).

	      The default value in this file is 0.  Setting  the  value	 to  1
	      prevents a longstanding class of security issues caused by hard-
	      link-based time-of-check, time-of-use races, most commonly  seen
	      in  world-writable  directories such as /tmp.  The common method
	      of exploiting this flaw is to cross  privilege  boundaries  when
	      following a given hard link (i.e., a root process follows a hard
	      link created by another user).  Additionally, on systems without
	      separated	 partitions,  this stops unauthorized users from "pin‐
	      ning" vulnerable	set-user-ID  and  set-group-ID	files  against
	      being  upgraded  by  the	administrator,	or  linking to special
	      files.

       /proc/sys/fs/protected_symlinks (since Linux 3.6)
	      When the value in this file is 0, no restrictions are placed  on
	      following symbolic links (i.e., this is the historical behaviour
	      before Linux 3.6).  When the value in this file is  1,  symbolic
	      links are followed only in the following circumstances:

	      *	 the file system UID of the process following the link matches
		 the owner (UID) of the symbolic link (as described in creden‐
		 tials(7), a process's file system UID is normally the same as
		 its effective UID);

	      *	 the link is not in a sticky world-writable directory; or

	      *	 the symbolic link and and its parent directory have the  same
		 owner (UID)

	      A	 system	 call  that fails to follow a symbolic link because of
	      the above restrictions returns the error EACCES in errno.

	      The default value in this file is 0.  Setting  the  value	 to  1
	      avoids a longstanding class of security issues based on time-of-
	      check, time-of-use races when accessing symbolic links.

       /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable (since Linux 2.6.13)
	      The value in this file determines whether core  dump  files  are
	      produced	for  set-user-ID  or otherwise protected/tainted bina‐
	      ries.  Three different integer values can be specified:

	      0 (default) This provides	 the  traditional  (pre-Linux  2.6.13)
	      behavior.	  A core dump will not be produced for a process which
	      has changed credentials (by calling  seteuid(2),	setgid(2),  or
	      similar,	or by executing a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program)
	      or whose binary does not have read permission enabled.

	      1 ("debug") All processes dump core  when	 possible.   The  core
	      dump  is owned by the file system user ID of the dumping process
	      and no security is applied.  This is intended for system	debug‐
	      ging situations only.  Ptrace is unchecked.

	      2 ("suidsafe")  Any  binary  which  normally would not be dumped
	      (see "0" above) is dumped readable by root  only.	  This	allows
	      the  user	 to remove the core dump file but not to read it.  For
	      security reasons core dumps in this mode will not overwrite  one
	      another  or other files.	This mode is appropriate when adminis‐
	      trators are attempting to debug problems in  a  normal  environ‐
	      ment.

       /proc/sys/fs/super-max
	      This  file  controls the maximum number of superblocks, and thus
	      the maximum number of mounted file systems the kernel can	 have.
	      You  only	 need  to increase super-max if you need to mount more
	      file systems than the current value in super-max allows you to.

       /proc/sys/fs/super-nr
	      This file contains the number of file systems currently mounted.

       /proc/sys/kernel
	      This directory contains files  controlling  a  range  of	kernel
	      parameters, as described below.

       /proc/sys/kernel/acct
	      This  file contains three numbers: highwater, lowwater, and fre‐
	      quency.  If BSD-style process accounting is enabled these values
	      control  its  behavior.	If free space on file system where the
	      log lives goes below lowwater percent accounting	suspends.   If
	      free  space  gets	 above	highwater  percent accounting resumes.
	      frequency determines how often the kernel checks the  amount  of
	      free  space  (value is in seconds).  Default values are 4, 2 and
	      30.  That is, suspend accounting if 2% or less  space  is	 free;
	      resume  it  if  4%  or  more space is free; consider information
	      about amount of free space valid for 30 seconds.

       /proc/sys/kernel/cap-bound (from Linux 2.2 to 2.6.24)
	      This file holds the value of the kernel capability bounding  set
	      (expressed  as  a	 signed	 decimal  number).   This set is ANDed
	      against  the  capabilities  permitted  to	  a   process	during
	      execve(2).  Starting with Linux 2.6.25, the system-wide capabil‐
	      ity bounding set disappeared, and was replaced by	 a  per-thread
	      bounding set; see capabilities(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern
	      See core(5).

       /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid
	      See core(5).

       /proc/sys/kernel/ctrl-alt-del
	      This  file  controls  the handling of Ctrl-Alt-Del from the key‐
	      board.  When the value  in  this	file  is  0,  Ctrl-Alt-Del  is
	      trapped  and  sent  to  the init(8) program to handle a graceful
	      restart.	When the value is greater than zero, Linux's  reaction
	      to  a Vulcan Nerve Pinch (tm) will be an immediate reboot, with‐
	      out even syncing its dirty buffers.  Note: when a program	 (like
	      dosemu)  has  the	 keyboard  in  "raw" mode, the ctrl-alt-del is
	      intercepted by the program before it ever reaches the kernel tty
	      layer, and it's up to the program to decide what to do with it.

       /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
	      This  file  contains the path for the hotplug policy agent.  The
	      default value in this file is /sbin/hotplug.

       /proc/sys/kernel/domainname and /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
	      can be used to set the NIS/YP domainname	and  the  hostname  of
	      your  box	 in exactly the same way as the commands domainname(1)
	      and hostname(1), that is:

		  # echo 'darkstar' > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
		  # echo 'mydomain' > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname

	      has the same effect as

		  # hostname 'darkstar'
		  # domainname 'mydomain'

	      Note, however, that the classic darkstar.frop.org has the	 host‐
	      name "darkstar" and DNS (Internet Domain Name Server) domainname
	      "frop.org", not to be confused with the NIS (Network Information
	      Service)	or  YP	(Yellow	 Pages)	 domainname.  These two domain
	      names are in general different.  For a detailed  discussion  see
	      the hostname(1) man page.

       /proc/sys/kernel/htab-reclaim
	      (PowerPC	only) If this file is set to a nonzero value, the Pow‐
	      erPC htab (see kernel  file  Documentation/powerpc/ppc_htab.txt)
	      is pruned each time the system hits the idle loop.

       /proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict (since Linux 2.6.38)
	      The  value  in this file determines whether kernel addresses are
	      exposed via /proc files and other interfaces.  A value of	 0  in
	      this  file  imposes  no restrictions.  If the value is 1, kernel
	      pointers printed using the %pK format specifier will be replaced
	      with  zeros  unless  the user has the CAP_SYSLOG capability.  If
	      the value is 2, kernel pointers printed  using  the  %pK	format
	      specifier	 will  be replaced with zeros regardless of the user's
	      capabilities.  The initial default value for this	 file  was  1,
	      but the default was changed to 0 in Linux 2.6.39.

       /proc/sys/kernel/l2cr
	      (PowerPC	only)  This  file contains a flag that controls the L2
	      cache of G3 processor boards.  If	 0,  the  cache	 is  disabled.
	      Enabled if nonzero.

       /proc/sys/kernel/modprobe
	      This  file  contains the path for the kernel module loader.  The
	      default value is /sbin/modprobe.	The file is  only  present  if
	      the  kernel  is  built  with  the CONFIG_MODULES (CONFIG_KMOD in
	      Linux 2.6.26 and earlier) option enabled.	 It  is	 described  by
	      the   Linux  kernel  source  file	 Documentation/kmod.txt	 (only
	      present in kernel 2.4 and earlier).

       /proc/sys/kernel/modules_disabled (since Linux 2.6.31)
	      A toggle value indicating if modules are allowed to be loaded in
	      an  otherwise  modular kernel.  This toggle defaults to off (0),
	      but can be set true (1).	Once  true,  modules  can  be  neither
	      loaded nor unloaded, and the toggle cannot be set back to false.
	      The file is only present if the kernel is built  with  the  CON‐
	      FIG_MODULES option enabled.

       /proc/sys/kernel/msgmax
	      This  file  defines  a  system-wide limit specifying the maximum
	      number of bytes in a single message written on a System  V  mes‐
	      sage queue.

       /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni
	      This file defines the system-wide limit on the number of message
	      queue identifiers.  (This file is	 only  present	in  Linux  2.4
	      onward.)

       /proc/sys/kernel/msgmnb
	      This file defines a system-wide parameter used to initialize the
	      msg_qbytes setting for subsequently created message queues.  The
	      msg_qbytes  setting  specifies  the maximum number of bytes that
	      may be written to the message queue.

       /proc/sys/kernel/ostype and /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease
	      These files give substrings of /proc/version.

       /proc/sys/kernel/overflowgid and /proc/sys/kernel/overflowuid
	      These files duplicate  the  files	 /proc/sys/fs/overflowgid  and
	      /proc/sys/fs/overflowuid.

       /proc/sys/kernel/panic
	      This  file  gives	 read/write  access  to	 the  kernel  variable
	      panic_timeout.  If this is zero,	the  kernel  will  loop	 on  a
	      panic; if nonzero it indicates that the kernel should autoreboot
	      after this number of seconds.  When you use the software	watch‐
	      dog device driver, the recommended setting is 60.

       /proc/sys/kernel/panic_on_oops (since Linux 2.5.68)
	      This  file controls the kernel's behavior when an oops or BUG is
	      encountered.  If this file contains 0, then the system tries  to
	      continue	operation.  If it contains 1, then the system delays a
	      few seconds (to give klogd time to record the oops  output)  and
	      then panics.  If the /proc/sys/kernel/panic file is also nonzero
	      then the machine will be rebooted.

       /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max (since Linux 2.5.34)
	      This file specifies the value at which PIDs wrap	around	(i.e.,
	      the  value  in  this  file is one greater than the maximum PID).
	      The default value for this file,	32768,	results	 in  the  same
	      range of PIDs as on earlier kernels.  On 32-bit platforms, 32768
	      is the maximum value for pid_max.	 On  64-bit  systems,  pid_max
	      can be set to any value up to 2^22 (PID_MAX_LIMIT, approximately
	      4 million).

       /proc/sys/kernel/powersave-nap (PowerPC only)
	      This file contains a flag.  If set, Linux-PPC will use the "nap"
	      mode of powersaving, otherwise the "doze" mode will be used.

       /proc/sys/kernel/printk
	      The  four values in this file are console_loglevel, default_mes‐
	      sage_loglevel,	minimum_console_level,	  and	  default_con‐
	      sole_loglevel.   These  values  influence printk() behavior when
	      printing or logging error messages.  See syslog(2) for more info
	      on  the  different  loglevels.   Messages with a higher priority
	      than console_loglevel will be printed to the console.   Messages
	      without  an  explicit  priority  will  be	 printed with priority
	      default_message_level.  minimum_console_loglevel is the  minimum
	      (highest)	  value	  to   which   console_loglevel	 can  be  set.
	      default_console_loglevel	is  the	  default   value   for	  con‐
	      sole_loglevel.

       /proc/sys/kernel/pty (since Linux 2.6.4)
	      This directory contains two files relating to the number of UNIX
	      98 pseudoterminals (see pts(4)) on the system.

       /proc/sys/kernel/pty/max
	      This file defines the maximum number of pseudoterminals.

       /proc/sys/kernel/pty/nr
	      This read-only file indicates how many pseudoterminals are  cur‐
	      rently in use.

       /proc/sys/kernel/random
	      This directory contains various parameters controlling the oper‐
	      ation of the file /dev/random.  See random(4) for further infor‐
	      mation.

       /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
	      This file is documented in the Linux kernel source file Documen‐
	      tation/initrd.txt.

       /proc/sys/kernel/reboot-cmd (Sparc only)
	      This file seems to be a way to give an  argument	to  the	 SPARC
	      ROM/Flash	 boot  loader.	 Maybe	to  tell  it  what to do after
	      rebooting?

       /proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-max
	      (Only in kernels up to and including  2.6.7;  see	 setrlimit(2))
	      This  file can be used to tune the maximum number of POSIX real-
	      time (queued) signals that can be outstanding in the system.

       /proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-nr
	      (Only in kernels up to and including 2.6.7.)   This  file	 shows
	      the number POSIX real-time signals currently queued.

       /proc/sys/kernel/sem (since Linux 2.4)
	      This  file  contains  4 numbers defining limits for System V IPC
	      semaphores.  These fields are, in order:

	      SEMMSL  The maximum semaphores per semaphore set.

	      SEMMNS  A system-wide limit on the number of semaphores  in  all
		      semaphore sets.

	      SEMOPM  The  maximum  number of operations that may be specified
		      in a semop(2) call.

	      SEMMNI  A system-wide limit on the maximum number	 of  semaphore
		      identifiers.

       /proc/sys/kernel/sg-big-buff
	      This file shows the size of the generic SCSI device (sg) buffer.
	      You can't tune it just yet, but you could change it  at  compile
	      time  by	editing	 include/scsi/sg.h  and	 changing the value of
	      SG_BIG_BUFF.  However, there shouldn't be any reason  to	change
	      this value.

       /proc/sys/kernel/shmall
	      This  file contains the system-wide limit on the total number of
	      pages of System V shared memory.

       /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
	      This file can be used to query and set the run-time limit on the
	      maximum  (System	V  IPC) shared memory segment size that can be
	      created.	Shared memory segments up to 1GB are now supported  in
	      the kernel.  This value defaults to SHMMAX.

       /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni
	      (available in Linux 2.4 and onward) This file specifies the sys‐
	      tem-wide maximum number of System V shared memory segments  that
	      can be created.

       /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
	      This  file  controls  the functions allowed to be invoked by the
	      SysRq key.  By default, the file contains 1 meaning  that	 every
	      possible	SysRq  request	is  allowed (in older kernel versions,
	      SysRq was disabled by default, and you were required to specifi‐
	      cally enable it at run-time, but this is not the case any more).
	      Possible values in this file are:

		 0 - disable sysrq completely
		 1 - enable all functions of sysrq
		>1 - bitmask of allowed sysrq functions, as follows:
			2 - enable control of console logging level
			4 - enable control of keyboard (SAK, unraw)
			8 - enable debugging dumps of processes etc.
		       16 - enable sync command
		       32 - enable remount read-only
		       64 - enable signalling of processes (term,  kill,  oom-
	      kill)
		      128 - allow reboot/poweroff
		      256 - allow nicing of all real-time tasks

	      This  file is only present if the CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ kernel con‐
	      figuration option is enabled.  For further details see the Linux
	      kernel source file Documentation/sysrq.txt.

       /proc/sys/kernel/version
	      This file contains a string like:

		  #5 Wed Feb 25 21:49:24 MET 1998

	      The  "#5"	 means	that  this is the fifth kernel built from this
	      source base and the date behind it indicates the time the kernel
	      was built.

       /proc/sys/kernel/threads-max (since Linux 2.3.11)
	      This  file  specifies  the  system-wide  limit  on the number of
	      threads (tasks) that can be created on the system.

       /proc/sys/kernel/zero-paged (PowerPC only)
	      This file contains a flag.  When	enabled	 (nonzero),  Linux-PPC
	      will  pre-zero  pages  in	 the  idle  loop, possibly speeding up
	      get_free_pages.

       /proc/sys/net
	      This directory contains networking stuff.	 Explanations for some
	      of  the  files  under  this directory can be found in tcp(7) and
	      ip(7).

       /proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn
	      This file defines a ceiling value for the	 backlog  argument  of
	      listen(2); see the listen(2) manual page for details.

       /proc/sys/proc
	      This directory may be empty.

       /proc/sys/sunrpc
	      This  directory  supports	 Sun remote procedure call for network
	      file system (NFS).  On some systems, it is not present.

       /proc/sys/vm
	      This directory contains files for memory management tuning, buf‐
	      fer and cache management.

       /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches (since Linux 2.6.16)
	      Writing  to  this	 file  causes the kernel to drop clean caches,
	      dentries and inodes from memory, causing that memory  to	become
	      free.

	      To  free	pagecache,  use	 echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches; to
	      free dentries and inodes, use echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches;
	      to   free	  pagecache,   dentries	 and  inodes,  use  echo  3  >
	      /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches.

	      Because this is a nondestructive operation and dirty objects are
	      not freeable, the user should run sync(8) first.

       /proc/sys/vm/legacy_va_layout (since Linux 2.6.9)
	      If  nonzero, this disables the new 32-bit memory-mapping layout;
	      the kernel will use the legacy (2.4) layout for all processes.

       /proc/sys/vm/memory_failure_early_kill (since Linux 2.6.32)
	      Control how to kill processes when an uncorrected	 memory	 error
	      (typically a 2-bit error in a memory module) that cannot be han‐
	      dled by the kernel is detected in the  background	 by  hardware.
	      In some cases (like the page still having a valid copy on disk),
	      the kernel will handle the failure transparently without affect‐
	      ing  any applications.  But if there is no other up-to-date copy
	      of the data, it will kill processes to prevent any data  corrup‐
	      tions from propagating.

	      The file has one of the following values:

	      1:  Kill	all  processes that have the corrupted-and-not-reload‐
		  able page mapped as soon  as	the  corruption	 is  detected.
		  Note	this  is  not supported for a few types of pages, like
		  kernel internally allocated data  or	the  swap  cache,  but
		  works for the majority of user pages.

	      0:  Only	unmap  the  corrupted page from all processes and only
		  kill a process who tries to access it.

	      The kill is performed using a SIGBUS signal with si_code set  to
	      BUS_MCEERR_AO.   Processes  can handle this if they want to; see
	      sigaction(2) for more details.

	      This feature is  only  active  on	 architectures/platforms  with
	      advanced	machine	 check	handling  and  depends on the hardware
	      capabilities.

	      Applications can override the memory_failure_early_kill  setting
	      individually with the prctl(2) PR_MCE_KILL operation.

	      Only  present  if	 the  kernel  was  configured with CONFIG_MEM‐
	      ORY_FAILURE.

       /proc/sys/vm/memory_failure_recovery (since Linux 2.6.32)
	      Enable memory failure recovery (when supported by the platform)

	      1:  Attempt recovery.

	      0:  Always panic on a memory failure.

	      Only present if  the  kernel  was	 configured  with  CONFIG_MEM‐
	      ORY_FAILURE.

       /proc/sys/vm/oom_dump_tasks (since Linux 2.6.25)
	      Enables a system-wide task dump (excluding kernel threads) to be
	      produced when the kernel	performs  an  OOM-killing.   The  dump
	      includes	the  following	information  for  each	task  (thread,
	      process): thread ID, real user ID, thread group ID (process ID),
	      virtual memory size, resident set size, the CPU that the task is
	      scheduled	 on,   oom_adj	 score	 (see	the   description   of
	      /proc/[pid]/oom_adj),  and  command  name.   This	 is helpful to
	      determine why the OOM-killer was invoked	and  to	 identify  the
	      rogue task that caused it.

	      If this contains the value zero, this information is suppressed.
	      On very large systems with thousands of tasks,  it  may  not  be
	      feasible	to  dump  the  memory  state information for each one.
	      Such systems should not be forced to incur a performance penalty
	      in OOM situations when the information may not be desired.

	      If  this	is  set to nonzero, this information is shown whenever
	      the OOM-killer actually kills a memory-hogging task.

	      The default value is 0.

       /proc/sys/vm/oom_kill_allocating_task (since Linux 2.6.24)
	      This enables or disables killing the OOM-triggering task in out-
	      of-memory situations.

	      If  this	is  set	 to zero, the OOM-killer will scan through the
	      entire tasklist and select a task based on heuristics  to	 kill.
	      This  normally selects a rogue memory-hogging task that frees up
	      a large amount of memory when killed.

	      If this is set to nonzero, the OOM-killer simply kills the  task
	      that  triggered the out-of-memory condition.  This avoids a pos‐
	      sibly expensive tasklist scan.

	      If /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom is  nonzero,	 it  takes  precedence
	      over  whatever  value  is used in /proc/sys/vm/oom_kill_allocat‐
	      ing_task.

	      The default value is 0.

       /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
	      This file contains the kernel virtual  memory  accounting	 mode.
	      Values are:

		     0: heuristic overcommit (this is the default)
		     1: always overcommit, never check
		     2: always check, never overcommit

	      In  mode 0, calls of mmap(2) with MAP_NORESERVE are not checked,
	      and the default check is very weak, leading to the risk of  get‐
	      ting  a process "OOM-killed".  Under Linux 2.4 any nonzero value
	      implies mode 1.  In mode 2  (available  since  Linux  2.6),  the
	      total  virtual  address  space on the system is limited to (SS +
	      RAM*(r/100)), where SS is the size of the swap space, and RAM is
	      the  size	 of  the physical memory, and r is the contents of the
	      file /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio.

       /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio
	      See the description of /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory.

       /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom (since Linux 2.6.18)
	      This enables or disables a kernel panic in an out-of-memory sit‐
	      uation.

	      If this file is set to the value 0, the kernel's OOM-killer will
	      kill some rogue process.	Usually, the  OOM-killer  is  able  to
	      kill a rogue process and the system will survive.

	      If  this	file  is  set to the value 1, then the kernel normally
	      panics when out-of-memory happens.  However, if a process limits
	      allocations  to  certain	nodes  using memory policies (mbind(2)
	      MPOL_BIND) or cpusets (cpuset(7)) and those nodes	 reach	memory
	      exhaustion  status, one process may be killed by the OOM-killer.
	      No panic occurs in this case: because other nodes' memory may be
	      free,  this  means the system as a whole may not have reached an
	      out-of-memory situation yet.

	      If this file is set to the value 2,  the	kernel	always	panics
	      when an out-of-memory condition occurs.

	      The default value is 0.  1 and 2 are for failover of clustering.
	      Select either according to your policy of failover.

       /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
	      The value in this file controls how aggressively the kernel will
	      swap memory pages.  Higher values increase aggressiveness, lower
	      values decrease aggressiveness.  The default value is 60.

       /proc/sysrq-trigger (since Linux 2.4.21)
	      Writing a character to this file triggers the same  SysRq	 func‐
	      tion  as	typing	ALT-SysRq-<character>  (see the description of
	      /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq).	This file is normally only writable by
	      root.  For further details see the Linux kernel source file Doc‐
	      umentation/sysrq.txt.

       /proc/sysvipc
	      Subdirectory containing  the  pseudo-files  msg,	sem  and  shm.
	      These  files  list the System V Interprocess Communication (IPC)
	      objects (respectively: message queues,  semaphores,  and	shared
	      memory)  that  currently	exist on the system, providing similar
	      information to that available via	 ipcs(1).   These  files  have
	      headers  and  are	 formatted  (one IPC object per line) for easy
	      understanding.  svipc(7)	provides  further  background  on  the
	      information shown by these files.

       /proc/tty
	      Subdirectory  containing the pseudo-files and subdirectories for
	      tty drivers and line disciplines.

       /proc/uptime
	      This file contains two numbers: the uptime of the	 system	 (sec‐
	      onds), and the amount of time spent in idle process (seconds).

       /proc/version
	      This string identifies the kernel version that is currently run‐
	      ning.  It	 includes  the	contents  of  /proc/sys/kernel/ostype,
	      /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease  and  /proc/sys/kernel/version.   For
	      example:
	    Linux version 1.0.9 (quinlan@phaze) #1 Sat May 14 01:51:54 EDT 1994

       /proc/vmstat (since Linux 2.6)
	      This file displays various virtual memory statistics.

       /proc/zoneinfo (since Linux 2.6.13)
	      This file display information about memory zones.	 This is  use‐
	      ful for analyzing virtual memory behavior.

NOTES
       Many strings (i.e., the environment and command line) are in the inter‐
       nal format, with subfields terminated by null bytes ('\0'), so you  may
       find  that  things are more readable if you use od -c or tr "\000" "\n"
       to read them.  Alternatively, echo `cat <file>` works well.

       This manual page is incomplete, possibly inaccurate, and is the kind of
       thing that needs to be updated very often.

SEE ALSO
       cat(1), dmesg(1), find(1), free(1), ps(1), tr(1), uptime(1), chroot(2),
       mmap(2), readlink(2), syslog(2), slabinfo(5), hier(7), time(7), arp(8),
       hdparm(8),  ifconfig(8),	 init(8),  lsmod(8),  lspci(8), mount(8), net‐
       stat(8), procinfo(8), route(8)

       The Linux kernel source files:  Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt  and
       Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt.

COLOPHON
       This  page  is  part of release 3.44 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
       description of the project, and information about reporting  bugs,  can
       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

Linux				  2012-10-27			       PROC(5)
[top]

List of man pages available for Knoppix

Copyright (c) for man pages and the logo by the respective OS vendor.

For those who want to learn more, the polarhome community provides shell access and support.

[legal] [privacy] [GNU] [policy] [cookies] [netiquette] [sponsors] [FAQ]
Tweet
Polarhome, production since 1999.
Member of Polarhome portal.
Based on Fawad Halim's script.
....................................................................
Vote for polarhome
Free Shell Accounts :: the biggest list on the net