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PPPD(8)								       PPPD(8)

NAME
       pppd - Point-to-Point Protocol Daemon

SYNOPSIS
       pppd [ options ]

DESCRIPTION
       PPP  is	the protocol used for establishing internet links over dial-up
       modems, DSL connections, and many other types of point-to-point	links.
       The  pppd daemon works together with the kernel PPP driver to establish
       and maintain a PPP link with another system (called the	peer)  and  to
       negotiate  Internet  Protocol  (IP) addresses for each end of the link.
       Pppd can also authenticate the peer and/or supply authentication infor‐
       mation  to  the	peer.	PPP  can  be used with other network protocols
       besides IP, but such use is becoming increasingly rare.

FREQUENTLY USED OPTIONS
       ttyname
	      Use the serial port called ttyname to communicate with the peer.
	      The  string  "/dev/" is prepended to ttyname to form the name of
	      the device to open.  If no device name is given, or if the  name
	      of  the  terminal connected to the standard input is given, pppd
	      will use that terminal, and will not fork to put itself  in  the
	      background.   A  value  for this option from a privileged source
	      cannot be overridden by a non-privileged user.

       speed  An option that is a decimal number is taken as the desired  baud
	      rate  for the serial device.  On systems such as 4.4BSD and Net‐
	      BSD, any speed can be specified.	 Other	systems	 (e.g.	Linux,
	      SunOS) only support the commonly-used baud rates.

       asyncmap map
	      This option sets the Async-Control-Character-Map (ACCM) for this
	      end of the link.	The ACCM is a set of 32 bits, one for each  of
	      the ASCII control characters with values from 0 to 31, where a 1
	      bit indicates that the corresponding  control  character	should
	      not  be  used  in	 PPP  packets sent to this system.  The map is
	      encoded as a hexadecimal number (without a leading 0x) where the
	      least  significant bit (00000001) represents character 0 and the
	      most significant bit (80000000) represents character  31.	  Pppd
	      will  ask	 the  peer to send these characters as a 2-byte escape
	      sequence.	 If multiple asyncmap options are  given,  the	values
	      are  ORed together.  If no asyncmap option is given, the default
	      is zero, so pppd will ask the peer not  to  escape  any  control
	      characters.   To	escape	transmitted characters, use the escape
	      option.

       auth   Require the peer to authenticate itself before allowing  network
	      packets  to  be sent or received.	 This option is the default if
	      the system has a default route.  If neither this option nor  the
	      noauth option is specified, pppd will only allow the peer to use
	      IP addresses to which the system does not already have a route.

       call name
	      Read options from the file /etc/ppp/peers/name.  This  file  may
	      contain  privileged options, such as noauth, even if pppd is not
	      being run by root.  The name string may  not  begin  with	 /  or
	      include  ..  as a pathname component.  The format of the options
	      file is described below.

       connect script
	      Usually there is something which needs to be done to prepare the
	      link  before the PPP protocol can be started; for instance, with
	      a dial-up modem, commands need to be sent to the modem  to  dial
	      the  appropriate phone number.  This option specifies an command
	      for pppd to execute (by passing it to a shell) before attempting
	      to  start PPP negotiation.  The chat (8) program is often useful
	      here, as it provides a way to send arbitrary strings to a	 modem
	      and  respond  to	received  characters.  A value for this option
	      from a privileged source cannot be overridden  by	 a  non-privi‐
	      leged user.

       crtscts
	      Specifies	 that  pppd should set the serial port to use hardware
	      flow control using the RTS and CTS signals in the RS-232	inter‐
	      face.   If  neither  the crtscts, the nocrtscts, the cdtrcts nor
	      the nocdtrcts option is given, the hardware flow control setting
	      for  the serial port is left unchanged.  Some serial ports (such
	      as Macintosh serial ports) lack a true RTS output.  Such	serial
	      ports  use  this	mode to implement unidirectional flow control.
	      The serial port will suspend transmission when requested by  the
	      modem  (via CTS) but will be unable to request the modem to stop
	      sending to the computer. This mode retains the  ability  to  use
	      DTR as a modem control line.

       defaultroute
	      Add a default route to the system routing tables, using the peer
	      as the gateway, when IPCP negotiation is successfully completed.
	      This  entry  is removed when the PPP connection is broken.  This
	      option is privileged if the nodefaultroute option has been spec‐
	      ified.

       disconnect script
	      Execute  the  command  specified	by  script, by passing it to a
	      shell, after pppd has terminated the link.  This command	could,
	      for  example, issue commands to the modem to cause it to hang up
	      if hardware modem control signals were not available.  The  dis‐
	      connect  script  is not run if the modem has already hung up.  A
	      value for this option from a privileged source cannot  be	 over‐
	      ridden by a non-privileged user.

       escape xx,yy,...
	      Specifies that certain characters should be escaped on transmis‐
	      sion (regardless of whether the peer requests them to be escaped
	      with  its	 async	control	 character map).  The characters to be
	      escaped are specified as a list of hex numbers separated by com‐
	      mas.   Note  that	 almost any character can be specified for the
	      escape option, unlike the asyncmap option which only allows con‐
	      trol  characters	to be specified.  The characters which may not
	      be escaped are those with hex values 0x20 - 0x3f or 0x5e.

       file name
	      Read options from file name (the	format	is  described  below).
	      The file must be readable by the user who has invoked pppd.

       init script
	      Execute  the  command  specified	by  script, by passing it to a
	      shell, to initialize the serial line.  This script  would	 typi‐
	      cally  use  the chat(8) program to configure the modem to enable
	      auto answer.  A value for this option from a  privileged	source
	      cannot be overridden by a non-privileged user.

       lock   Specifies that pppd should create a UUCP-style lock file for the
	      serial device to ensure exclusive access to the device.

       mru n  Set the MRU [Maximum Receive Unit] value to n. Pppd will ask the
	      peer  to	send  packets of no more than n bytes.	The value of n
	      must be between 128 and 16384; the default is 1500.  A value  of
	      296  works well on very slow links (40 bytes for TCP/IP header +
	      256 bytes of data).  Note that for the IPv6  protocol,  the  MRU
	      must be at least 1280.

       mtu n  Set the MTU [Maximum Transmit Unit] value to n.  Unless the peer
	      requests a smaller value via MRU negotiation, pppd will  request
	      that  the	 kernel	 networking  code send data packets of no more
	      than n bytes through the PPP network interface.  Note  that  for
	      the IPv6 protocol, the MTU must be at least 1280.

       passive
	      Enables the "passive" option in the LCP.	With this option, pppd
	      will attempt to initiate a connection; if no reply  is  received
	      from  the	 peer,	pppd will then just wait passively for a valid
	      LCP packet from the peer, instead of exiting, as it would	 with‐
	      out this option.

OPTIONS
       <local_IP_address>:<remote_IP_address>
	      Set  the local and/or remote interface IP addresses.  Either one
	      may be omitted.  The IP addresses can be specified with  a  host
	      name  or	in  decimal  dot  notation  (e.g. 150.234.56.78).  The
	      default local address is the (first) IP address  of  the	system
	      (unless  the  noipdefault	 option is given).  The remote address
	      will be obtained from the peer if not specified in  any  option.
	      Thus,  in simple cases, this option is not required.  If a local
	      and/or remote IP address is specified  with  this	 option,  pppd
	      will  not	 accept	 a  different  value from the peer in the IPCP
	      negotiation,     unless	  the	  ipcp-accept-local	and/or
	      ipcp-accept-remote options are given, respectively.

       ipv6 <local_interface_identifier>,<remote_interface_identifier>
	      Set  the local and/or remote 64-bit interface identifier. Either
	      one may be omitted. The identifier must be specified in standard
	      ascii  notation  of  IPv6	 addresses  (e.g. ::dead:beef). If the
	      ipv6cp-use-ipaddr option is given, the local identifier  is  the
	      local  IPv4  address  (see  above).  On systems which supports a
	      unique persistent id, such as EUI-48 derived from	 the  Ethernet
	      MAC address, ipv6cp-use-persistent option can be used to replace
	      the ipv6 <local>,<remote> option. Otherwise  the	identifier  is
	      randomized.

       active-filter filter-expression
	      Specifies	 a  packet  filter  to	be  applied to data packets to
	      determine which packets are to be regarded as link activity, and
	      therefore	 reset the idle timer, or cause the link to be brought
	      up in demand-dialling mode.  This option is useful  in  conjunc‐
	      tion  with  the  idle  option if there are packets being sent or
	      received regularly over the link (for example, routing  informa‐
	      tion  packets)  which would otherwise prevent the link from ever
	      appearing to  be	idle.	The  filter-expression	syntax	is  as
	      described for tcpdump(1), except that qualifiers which are inap‐
	      propriate for a PPP link, such as ether and arp, are not permit‐
	      ted.  Generally the filter expression should be enclosed in sin‐
	      gle-quotes to prevent whitespace in the  expression  from	 being
	      interpreted  by  the shell. This option is currently only avail‐
	      able under Linux, and requires that the kernel was configured to
	      include PPP filtering support (CONFIG_PPP_FILTER).  Note that it
	      is possible to apply different constraints to incoming and  out‐
	      going packets using the inbound and outbound qualifiers.

       allow-ip address(es)
	      Allow  peers  to	use  the  given	 IP  address or subnet without
	      authenticating themselves.  The parameter is parsed as for  each
	      element of the list of allowed IP addresses in the secrets files
	      (see the AUTHENTICATION section below).

       allow-number number
	      Allow peers to connect  from  the	 given	telephone  number.   A
	      trailing `*' character will match all numbers beginning with the
	      leading part.

       bsdcomp nr,nt
	      Request that the peer compress packets that it sends, using  the
	      BSD-Compress  scheme,  with  a maximum code size of nr bits, and
	      agree to compress packets sent to the peer with a	 maximum  code
	      size  of	nt  bits.   If nt is not specified, it defaults to the
	      value given for nr.  Values in the range 9 to 15 may be used for
	      nr  and  nt;  larger  values give better compression but consume
	      more kernel memory for compression dictionaries.	Alternatively,
	      a	 value	of  0  for nr or nt disables compression in the corre‐
	      sponding direction.  Use nobsdcomp or bsdcomp 0 to disable  BSD-
	      Compress compression entirely.

       cdtrcts
	      Use  a non-standard hardware flow control (i.e. DTR/CTS) to con‐
	      trol the flow of data  on	 the  serial  port.   If  neither  the
	      crtscts,	the nocrtscts, the cdtrcts nor the nocdtrcts option is
	      given, the hardware flow control setting for the serial port  is
	      left  unchanged.	 Some  serial  ports (such as Macintosh serial
	      ports) lack a true RTS output. Such serial ports use  this  mode
	      to  implement true bi-directional flow control. The sacrifice is
	      that this flow control mode does not permit using DTR as a modem
	      control line.

       chap-interval n
	      If  this option is given, pppd will rechallenge the peer every n
	      seconds.

       chap-max-challenge n
	      Set the maximum number of	 CHAP  challenge  transmissions	 to  n
	      (default 10).

       chap-restart n
	      Set  the CHAP restart interval (retransmission timeout for chal‐
	      lenges) to n seconds (default 3).

       child-timeout n
	      When exiting, wait for up to n seconds for any  child  processes
	      (such  as	 the  command  specified with the pty command) to exit
	      before exiting.  At the end of the timeout,  pppd	 will  send  a
	      SIGTERM  signal  to  any	remaining child processes and exit.  A
	      value of 0 means no timeout, that is, pppd will wait  until  all
	      child processes have exited.

       connect-delay n
	      Wait  for up to n milliseconds after the connect script finishes
	      for a valid PPP packet from the peer.  At the end of this	 time,
	      or  when a valid PPP packet is received from the peer, pppd will
	      commence negotiation by  sending	its  first  LCP	 packet.   The
	      default value is 1000 (1 second).	 This wait period only applies
	      if the connect or pty option is used.

       debug  Enables connection debugging  facilities.	  If  this  option  is
	      given, pppd will log the contents of all control packets sent or
	      received in a readable form.  The	 packets  are  logged  through
	      syslog  with  facility daemon and level debug.  This information
	      can be directed to a file by setting up /etc/syslog.conf	appro‐
	      priately (see syslog.conf(5)).

       default-asyncmap
	      Disable  asyncmap negotiation, forcing all control characters to
	      be escaped for both the transmit and the receive direction.

       default-mru
	      Disable MRU  [Maximum  Receive  Unit]  negotiation.   With  this
	      option,  pppd  will  use the default MRU value of 1500 bytes for
	      both the transmit and receive direction.

       deflate nr,nt
	      Request that the peer compress packets that it sends, using  the
	      Deflate  scheme,	with a maximum window size of 2**nr bytes, and
	      agree to compress packets sent to the peer with a maximum window
	      size of 2**nt bytes.  If nt is not specified, it defaults to the
	      value given for nr.  Values in the range 9 to 15 may be used for
	      nr  and  nt;  larger  values give better compression but consume
	      more kernel memory for compression dictionaries.	Alternatively,
	      a	 value	of  0  for nr or nt disables compression in the corre‐
	      sponding direction.  Use	nodeflate  or  deflate	0  to  disable
	      Deflate compression entirely.  (Note: pppd requests Deflate com‐
	      pression in preference  to  BSD-Compress	if  the	 peer  can  do
	      either.)

       demand Initiate	the  link  only	 on  demand, i.e. when data traffic is
	      present.	With this option, the remote IP address must be speci‐
	      fied  by	the  user  on  the command line or in an options file.
	      Pppd will initially configure the interface and enable it for IP
	      traffic  without connecting to the peer.	When traffic is avail‐
	      able, pppd will connect to the  peer  and	 perform  negotiation,
	      authentication, etc.  When this is completed, pppd will commence
	      passing data packets (i.e., IP packets) across the link.

	      The demand option implies the persist option.  If this behaviour
	      is  not  desired,	 use  the  nopersist  option  after the demand
	      option.  The idle and holdoff options are also useful in conjuc‐
	      tion with the demand option.

       domain d
	      Append  the domain name d to the local host name for authentica‐
	      tion purposes.  For example, if gethostname() returns  the  name
	      porsche,	  but	 the	fully	qualified   domain   name   is
	      porsche.Quotron.COM, you could specify domain Quotron.COM.  Pppd
	      would  then  use	the  name  porsche.Quotron.COM	for looking up
	      secrets in the secrets file, and as the default name to send  to
	      the peer when authenticating itself to the peer.	This option is
	      privileged.

       dryrun With the dryrun option, pppd will print out all the option  val‐
	      ues which have been set and then exit, after parsing the command
	      line and options files  and  checking  the  option  values,  but
	      before  initiating  the  link.   The option values are logged at
	      level info, and also  printed  to	 standard  output  unless  the
	      device on standard output is the device that pppd would be using
	      to communicate with the peer.

       dump   With the dump option, pppd will print out all the option	values
	      which  have  been	 set.	This  option is like the dryrun option
	      except that pppd proceeds as normal rather than exiting.

       endpoint <epdisc>
	      Sets the endpoint discriminator sent by the local machine to the
	      peer  during  multilink negotiation to <epdisc>.	The default is
	      to use the MAC address of the first ethernet  interface  on  the
	      system,  if any, otherwise the IPv4 address corresponding to the
	      hostname, if any,	 provided  it  is  not	in  the	 multicast  or
	      locally-assigned	IP  address  ranges, or the localhost address.
	      The endpoint discriminator can be the string null or of the form
	      type:value, where type is a decimal number or one of the strings
	      local, IP, MAC, magic, or phone.	The value is an IP address  in
	      dotted-decimal notation for the IP type, or a string of bytes in
	      hexadecimal, separated by periods or colons for the other types.
	      For  the MAC type, the value may also be the name of an ethernet
	      or similar network interface.  This  option  is  currently  only
	      available under Linux.

       eap-interval n
	      If this option is given and pppd authenticates the peer with EAP
	      (i.e., is the server),  pppd  will  restart  EAP	authentication
	      every  n	seconds.   For EAP SRP-SHA1, see also the srp-interval
	      option, which enables lightweight rechallenge.

       eap-max-rreq n
	      Set the maximum number  of  EAP  Requests	 to  which  pppd  will
	      respond  (as  a  client) without hearing EAP Success or Failure.
	      (Default is 20.)

       eap-max-sreq n
	      Set the maximum number of EAP Requests that pppd will issue  (as
	      a server) while attempting authentication.  (Default is 10.)

       eap-restart n
	      Set  the	retransmit  timeout  for EAP Requests when acting as a
	      server (authenticator).  (Default is 3 seconds.)

       eap-timeout n
	      Set the maximum time to wait for the peer to send an EAP Request
	      when  acting  as	a client (authenticatee).  (Default is 20 sec‐
	      onds.)

       hide-password
	      When logging the contents of PAP	packets,  this	option	causes
	      pppd  to	exclude the password string from the log.  This is the
	      default.

       holdoff n
	      Specifies how many seconds to wait before re-initiating the link
	      after  it	 terminates.   This  option only has any effect if the
	      persist or demand option is used.	 The  holdoff  period  is  not
	      applied if the link was terminated because it was idle.

       idle n Specifies	 that pppd should disconnect if the link is idle for n
	      seconds.	The link is idle when no data packets (i.e.  IP	 pack‐
	      ets)  are	 being sent or received.  Note: it is not advisable to
	      use this option with  the	 persist  option  without  the	demand
	      option.	If  the	 active-filter	option	is given, data packets
	      which are rejected by the specified activity filter  also	 count
	      as the link being idle.

       ipcp-accept-local
	      With  this option, pppd will accept the peer's idea of our local
	      IP address, even if the local IP address	was  specified	in  an
	      option.

       ipcp-accept-remote
	      With  this  option,  pppd	 will  accept  the  peer's idea of its
	      (remote) IP address, even if the remote IP address was specified
	      in an option.

       ipcp-max-configure n
	      Set  the	maximum number of IPCP configure-request transmissions
	      to n (default 10).

       ipcp-max-failure n
	      Set the maximum number of IPCP  configure-NAKs  returned	before
	      starting to send configure-Rejects instead to n (default 10).

       ipcp-max-terminate n
	      Set  the	maximum number of IPCP terminate-request transmissions
	      to n (default 3).

       ipcp-restart n
	      Set the IPCP restart interval (retransmission timeout) to n sec‐
	      onds (default 3).

       ipparam string
	      Provides	an  extra  parameter to the ip-up and ip-down scripts.
	      If this option is given, the string supplied is given as the 6th
	      parameter to those scripts.

       ipv6cp-max-configure n
	      Set the maximum number of IPv6CP configure-request transmissions
	      to n (default 10).

       ipv6cp-max-failure n
	      Set the maximum number of IPv6CP configure-NAKs returned	before
	      starting to send configure-Rejects instead to n (default 10).

       ipv6cp-max-terminate n
	      Set the maximum number of IPv6CP terminate-request transmissions
	      to n (default 3).

       ipv6cp-restart n
	      Set the IPv6CP restart interval (retransmission  timeout)	 to  n
	      seconds (default 3).

       ipx    Enable  the  IPXCP  and IPX protocols.  This option is presently
	      only supported under Linux, and only if  your  kernel  has  been
	      configured to include IPX support.

       ipx-network n
	      Set  the IPX network number in the IPXCP configure request frame
	      to n, a hexadecimal number (without a leading 0x).  There is  no
	      valid  default.	If  this  option is not specified, the network
	      number is obtained from the peer.	 If the peer does not have the
	      network number, the IPX protocol will not be started.

       ipx-node n:m
	      Set  the	IPX  node  numbers. The two node numbers are separated
	      from each other with a colon character. The first	 number	 n  is
	      the  local  node	number. The second number m is the peer's node
	      number. Each node number is a hexadecimal	 number,  at  most  10
	      digits long. The node numbers on the ipx-network must be unique.
	      There is no valid default. If this option is not specified  then
	      the node numbers are obtained from the peer.

       ipx-router-name <string>
	      Set  the name of the router. This is a string and is sent to the
	      peer as information data.

       ipx-routing n
	      Set the routing protocol to be received  by  this	 option.  More
	      than  one	 instance  of ipx-routing may be specified. The 'none'
	      option (0) may be specified as the only instance of ipx-routing.
	      The values may be 0 for NONE, 2 for RIP/SAP, and 4 for NLSP.

       ipxcp-accept-local
	      Accept  the  peer's  NAK	for  the  node number specified in the
	      ipx-node option. If a node number was specified,	and  non-zero,
	      the  default is to insist that the value be used. If you include
	      this option then you will permit the peer to override the	 entry
	      of the node number.

       ipxcp-accept-network
	      Accept  the  peer's  NAK for the network number specified in the
	      ipx-network option. If a network number was specified, and  non-
	      zero,  the  default  is to insist that the value be used. If you
	      include this option then you will permit the  peer  to  override
	      the entry of the node number.

       ipxcp-accept-remote
	      Use the peer's network number specified in the configure request
	      frame. If a node number was specified  for  the  peer  and  this
	      option  was  not	specified,  the peer will be forced to use the
	      value which you have specified.

       ipxcp-max-configure n
	      Set the maximum number of IPXCP configure request	 frames	 which
	      the system will send to n. The default is 10.

       ipxcp-max-failure n
	      Set  the maximum number of IPXCP NAK frames which the local sys‐
	      tem will send before it rejects the options. The	default	 value
	      is 3.

       ipxcp-max-terminate n
	      Set  the	maximum nuber of IPXCP terminate request frames before
	      the local system considers that the peer	is  not	 listening  to
	      them. The default value is 3.

       kdebug n
	      Enable debugging code in the kernel-level PPP driver.  The argu‐
	      ment values depend on the specific kernel driver, but in general
	      a	 value	of 1 will enable general kernel debug messages.	 (Note
	      that these messages are usually only useful  for	debugging  the
	      kernel  driver  itself.)	For the Linux 2.2.x kernel driver, the
	      value is a sum of bits: 1 to enable general debug messages, 2 to
	      request  that the contents of received packets be printed, and 4
	      to request that the contents of transmitted packets be  printed.
	      On  most	systems,  messages printed by the kernel are logged by
	      syslog(1) to a file as directed in the /etc/syslog.conf configu‐
	      ration file.

       ktune  Enables  pppd  to	 alter	kernel settings as appropriate.	 Under
	      Linux,   pppd   will   enable   IP    forwarding	  (i.e.	   set
	      /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward  to	 1)  if the proxyarp option is
	      used, and will enable the dynamic IP address  option  (i.e.  set
	      /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_dynaddr  to 1) in demand mode if the local
	      address changes.

       lcp-echo-failure n
	      If this option is given, pppd will presume the peer to  be  dead
	      if  n  LCP  echo-requests are sent without receiving a valid LCP
	      echo-reply.  If this happens, pppd will  terminate  the  connec‐
	      tion.   Use  of  this  option  requires a non-zero value for the
	      lcp-echo-interval parameter.  This option can be used to	enable
	      pppd  to terminate after the physical connection has been broken
	      (e.g., the modem has hung up) in situations  where  no  hardware
	      modem control lines are available.

       lcp-echo-interval n
	      If  this	option	is  given,  pppd will send an LCP echo-request
	      frame to the peer every n seconds.   Normally  the  peer	should
	      respond  to  the	echo-request  by  sending an echo-reply.  This
	      option can be used with the lcp-echo-failure  option  to	detect
	      that the peer is no longer connected.

       lcp-max-configure n
	      Set the maximum number of LCP configure-request transmissions to
	      n (default 10).

       lcp-max-failure n
	      Set the maximum number of	 LCP  configure-NAKs  returned	before
	      starting to send configure-Rejects instead to n (default 10).

       lcp-max-terminate n
	      Set the maximum number of LCP terminate-request transmissions to
	      n (default 3).

       lcp-restart n
	      Set the LCP restart interval (retransmission timeout) to n  sec‐
	      onds (default 3).

       linkname name
	      Sets  the	 logical name of the link to name.  Pppd will create a
	      file named ppp-name.pid in /var/run (or /etc/ppp	on  some  sys‐
	      tems)  containing	 its process ID.  This can be useful in deter‐
	      mining which instance of pppd is responsible for the link	 to  a
	      given peer system.  This is a privileged option.

       local  Don't  use the modem control lines.  With this option, pppd will
	      ignore the state of the CD  (Carrier  Detect)  signal  from  the
	      modem  and  will	not change the state of the DTR (Data Terminal
	      Ready) signal.

       logfd n
	      Send log messages to file descriptor n.  Pppd will send log mes‐
	      sages to at most one file or file descriptor (as well as sending
	      the log messages to syslog), so  this  option  and  the  logfile
	      option  are mutually exclusive.  The default is for pppd to send
	      log messages to stdout (file descriptor 1),  unless  the	serial
	      port is already open on stdout.

       logfile filename
	      Append log messages to the file filename (as well as sending the
	      log messages to syslog).	The file is opened with the privileges
	      of the user who invoked pppd, in append mode.

       login  Use  the	system	password  database for authenticating the peer
	      using PAP, and record the user in the system  wtmp  file.	  Note
	      that  the	 peer  must  have an entry in the /etc/ppp/pap-secrets
	      file as well as the  system  password  database  to  be  allowed
	      access.

       maxconnect n
	      Terminate	 the connection when it has been available for network
	      traffic for n seconds (i.e. n seconds after  the	first  network
	      control protocol comes up).

       maxfail n
	      Terminate	 after	n  consecutive	failed connection attempts.  A
	      value of 0 means no limit.  The default value is 10.

       modem  Use the modem control lines.  This option is the default.	  With
	      this  option,  pppd will wait for the CD (Carrier Detect) signal
	      from the modem to be asserted when  opening  the	serial	device
	      (unless a connect script is specified), and it will drop the DTR
	      (Data Terminal Ready) signal briefly when the connection is ter‐
	      minated  and  before  executing  the connect script.  On Ultrix,
	      this option implies hardware flow control, as  for  the  crtscts
	      option.

       mp     Enables the use of PPP multilink; this is an alias for the `mul‐
	      tilink' option.  This option is currently only  available	 under
	      Linux.

       mppe-stateful
	      Allow  MPPE  to  use  stateful  mode.   Stateless	 mode is still
	      attempted first.	The default is to disallow stateful mode.

       mpshortseq
	      Enables the use of short (12-bit) sequence numbers in  multilink
	      headers,	as opposed to 24-bit sequence numbers.	This option is
	      only available under Linux, and only has any effect if multilink
	      is enabled (see the multilink option).

       mrru n Sets  the	 Maximum Reconstructed Receive Unit to n.  The MRRU is
	      the maximum size for a received packet on	 a  multilink  bundle,
	      and  is  analogous  to  the  MRU for the individual links.  This
	      option is currently only available under Linux, and only has any
	      effect if multilink is enabled (see the multilink option).

       ms-dns <addr>
	      If  pppd	is  acting  as a server for Microsoft Windows clients,
	      this option allows pppd to supply one or two  DNS	 (Domain  Name
	      Server)  addresses  to  the clients.  The first instance of this
	      option specifies the primary DNS address;	 the  second  instance
	      (if  given)  specifies  the secondary DNS address.  (This option
	      was present in some  older  versions  of	pppd  under  the  name
	      dns-addr.)

       ms-wins <addr>
	      If  pppd	is acting as a server for Microsoft Windows or "Samba"
	      clients, this option allows pppd to supply one or two WINS (Win‐
	      dows  Internet  Name  Services) server addresses to the clients.
	      The first instance of this option	 specifies  the	 primary  WINS
	      address;	the second instance (if given) specifies the secondary
	      WINS address.

       multilink
	      Enables the use of the PPP multilink protocol.  If the peer also
	      supports	multilink,  then this link can become part of a bundle
	      between the local system and the peer.  If there is an  existing
	      bundle  to  the  peer,  pppd will join this link to that bundle,
	      otherwise pppd will create a new bundle.	See the MULTILINK sec‐
	      tion  below.   This  option  is  currently  only available under
	      Linux.

       name name
	      Set the name of the local system for authentication purposes  to
	      name.  This is a privileged option.  With this option, pppd will
	      use lines in the secrets files which have	 name  as  the	second
	      field  when  looking  for	 a secret to use in authenticating the
	      peer.  In addition, unless overridden with the user option, name
	      will be used as the name to send to the peer when authenticating
	      the local system to the peer.  (Note that pppd does  not	append
	      the domain name to name.)

       noaccomp
	      Disable Address/Control compression in both directions (send and
	      receive).

       noauth Do not require the peer to authenticate itself.  This option  is
	      privileged.

       nobsdcomp
	      Disables	BSD-Compress  compression;  pppd  will	not request or
	      agree to compress packets using the BSD-Compress scheme.

       noccp  Disable CCP (Compression Control	Protocol)  negotiation.	  This
	      option  should  only  be	required if the peer is buggy and gets
	      confused by requests from pppd for CCP negotiation.

       nocrtscts
	      Disable hardware flow control (i.e. RTS/CTS) on the serial port.
	      If neither the crtscts nor the nocrtscts nor the cdtrcts nor the
	      nocdtrcts option is given, the hardware flow control setting for
	      the serial port is left unchanged.

       nocdtrcts
	      This  option is a synonym for nocrtscts. Either of these options
	      will disable both forms of hardware flow control.

       nodefaultroute
	      Disable the defaultroute option.	The system  administrator  who
	      wishes  to  prevent users from creating default routes with pppd
	      can do so by placing this option in the /etc/ppp/options file.

       nodeflate
	      Disables Deflate compression; pppd will not request or agree  to
	      compress packets using the Deflate scheme.

       nodetach
	      Don't  detach  from  the	controlling  terminal.	 Without  this
	      option, if a serial device other than the terminal on the	 stan‐
	      dard  input  is specified, pppd will fork to become a background
	      process.

       noendpoint
	      Disables pppd from sending an endpoint discriminator to the peer
	      or  accepting  one  from	the  peer  (see	 the MULTILINK section
	      below).  This option should only be  required  if	 the  peer  is
	      buggy.

       noip   Disable  IPCP  negotiation  and  IP  communication.  This option
	      should only be required if the peer is buggy and	gets  confused
	      by requests from pppd for IPCP negotiation.

       noipv6 Disable  IPv6CP  negotiation and IPv6 communication. This option
	      should only be required if the peer is buggy and	gets  confused
	      by requests from pppd for IPv6CP negotiation.

       noipdefault
	      Disables the default behaviour when no local IP address is spec‐
	      ified, which is to determine (if possible) the local IP  address
	      from the hostname.  With this option, the peer will have to sup‐
	      ply the local IP address	during	IPCP  negotiation  (unless  it
	      specified explicitly on the command line or in an options file).

       noipx  Disable the IPXCP and IPX protocols.  This option should only be
	      required if the peer is buggy and gets confused by requests from
	      pppd for IPXCP negotiation.

       noktune
	      Opposite of the ktune option; disables pppd from changing system
	      settings.

       nolog  Do not send log messages to a file  or  file  descriptor.	  This
	      option cancels the logfd and logfile options.

       nomagic
	      Disable magic number negotiation.	 With this option, pppd cannot
	      detect a looped-back line.  This option should only be needed if
	      the peer is buggy.

       nomp   Disables	the  use  of  PPP multilink.  This option is currently
	      only available under Linux.

       nomppe Disables MPPE (Microsoft Point to Point  Encryption).   This  is
	      the default.

       nomppe-40
	      Disable 40-bit encryption with MPPE.

       nomppe-128
	      Disable 128-bit encryption with MPPE.

       nomppe-stateful
	      Disable MPPE stateful mode.  This is the default.

       nompshortseq
	      Disables	the  use of short (12-bit) sequence numbers in the PPP
	      multilink protocol, forcing the use of 24-bit sequence  numbers.
	      This  option  is	currently only available under Linux, and only
	      has any effect if multilink is enabled.

       nomultilink
	      Disables the use of PPP multilink.   This	 option	 is  currently
	      only available under Linux.

       nopcomp
	      Disable  protocol	 field	compression  negotiation  in  both the
	      receive and the transmit direction.

       nopersist
	      Exit once a connection has been made and	terminated.   This  is
	      the  default unless the persist or demand option has been speci‐
	      fied.

       nopredictor1
	      Do not accept or agree to Predictor-1 compression.

       noproxyarp
	      Disable the  proxyarp  option.   The  system  administrator  who
	      wishes  to  prevent  users  from creating proxy ARP entries with
	      pppd can do so by placing this option  in	 the  /etc/ppp/options
	      file.

       notty  Normally,	 pppd  requires	 a terminal device.  With this option,
	      pppd will allocate itself a pseudo-tty master/slave pair and use
	      the  slave  as  its  terminal  device.  Pppd will create a child
	      process to act as a `character  shunt'  to  transfer  characters
	      between the pseudo-tty master and its standard input and output.
	      Thus pppd will transmit characters on its	 standard  output  and
	      receive  characters  on  its standard input even if they are not
	      terminal devices.	 This option increases	the  latency  and  CPU
	      overhead	of  transferring data over the ppp interface as all of
	      the characters sent and received must flow through the character
	      shunt process.  An explicit device name may not be given if this
	      option is used.

       novj   Disable Van Jacobson style TCP/IP header compression in both the
	      transmit and the receive direction.

       novjccomp
	      Disable  the  connection-ID  compression	option in Van Jacobson
	      style TCP/IP header compression.	With this  option,  pppd  will
	      not  omit	 the  connection-ID  byte from Van Jacobson compressed
	      TCP/IP headers, nor ask the peer to do so.

       papcrypt
	      Indicates that all  secrets  in  the  /etc/ppp/pap-secrets  file
	      which  are  used	for  checking  the  identity  of  the peer are
	      encrypted, and thus pppd should not  accept  a  password	which,
	      before   encryption,   is	 identical  to	the  secret  from  the
	      /etc/ppp/pap-secrets file.

       pap-max-authreq n
	      Set the maximum number of PAP authenticate-request transmissions
	      to n (default 10).

       pap-restart n
	      Set  the PAP restart interval (retransmission timeout) to n sec‐
	      onds (default 3).

       pap-timeout n
	      Set the maximum time that pppd will wait for the peer to authen‐
	      ticate itself with PAP to n seconds (0 means no limit).

       pass-filter filter-expression
	      Specifies	 a packet filter to applied to data packets being sent
	      or received to determine which  packets  should  be  allowed  to
	      pass.   Packets  which  are  rejected by the filter are silently
	      discarded.  This option can be used to prevent specific  network
	      daemons  (such as routed) using up link bandwidth, or to provide
	      a very basic firewall capability.	 The filter-expression	syntax
	      is as described for tcpdump(1), except that qualifiers which are
	      inappropriate for a PPP link, such as ether  and	arp,  are  not
	      permitted.   Generally  the filter expression should be enclosed
	      in single-quotes to prevent whitespace in	 the  expression  from
	      being  interpreted  by  the  shell.  Note that it is possible to
	      apply different constraints to  incoming	and  outgoing  packets
	      using  the  inbound and outbound qualifiers. This option is cur‐
	      rently only available under Linux, and requires that the	kernel
	      was configured to include PPP filtering support (CONFIG_PPP_FIL‐
	      TER).

       password password-string
	      Specifies the password to use for authenticating	to  the	 peer.
	      Use  of this option is discouraged, as the password is likely to
	      be visible to other users on the system (for example,  by	 using
	      ps(1)).

       persist
	      Do  not  exit  after  a connection is terminated; instead try to
	      reopen the connection. The maxfail option still has an effect on
	      persistent connections.

       plugin filename
	      Load  the shared library object file filename as a plugin.  This
	      is a privileged option.  If filename does not  contain  a	 slash
	      (/),  pppd  will look in the /usr/lib/pppd/version directory for
	      the plugin, where version is the version	number	of  pppd  (for
	      example, 2.4.2).

       predictor1
	      Request  that  the peer compress frames that it sends using Pre‐
	      dictor-1 compression, and agree to compress  transmitted	frames
	      with Predictor-1 if requested.  This option has no effect unless
	      the kernel driver supports Predictor-1 compression.

       privgroup group-name
	      Allows members of group group-name to  use  privileged  options.
	      This  is	a privileged option.  Use of this option requires care
	      as there is no guarantee that members of group-name  cannot  use
	      pppd  to	become	root  themselves.   Consider  it equivalent to
	      putting the members of group-name in the kmem or disk group.

       proxyarp
	      Add an entry to this system's ARP [Address Resolution  Protocol]
	      table  with  the IP address of the peer and the Ethernet address
	      of this system.  This will have the effect of  making  the  peer
	      appear to other systems to be on the local ethernet.

       pty script
	      Specifies	 that  the command script is to be used to communicate
	      rather than a specific  terminal	device.	  Pppd	will  allocate
	      itself  a	 pseudo-tty master/slave pair and use the slave as its
	      terminal device.	The script will be run in a child process with
	      the  pseudo-tty  master  as  its	standard input and output.  An
	      explicit device name may not be given if this  option  is	 used.
	      (Note:  if  the record option is used in conjuction with the pty
	      option, the child process will have pipes on its standard	 input
	      and output.)

       receive-all
	      With  this  option, pppd will accept all control characters from
	      the peer, including those marked in the receive asyncmap.	 With‐
	      out this option, pppd will discard those characters as specified
	      in RFC1662.  This option should only be needed if	 the  peer  is
	      buggy.

       record filename
	      Specifies	 that  pppd  should  record  all  characters  sent and
	      received to a file named	filename.   This  file	is  opened  in
	      append  mode,  using  the	 user's user-ID and permissions.  This
	      option is implemented using a pseudo-tty and a process to trans‐
	      fer  characters  between	the  pseudo-tty	 and  the  real serial
	      device, so it will increase the  latency	and  CPU  overhead  of
	      transferring  data  over	the ppp interface.  The characters are
	      stored in a tagged format with timestamps,  which	 can  be  dis‐
	      played in readable form using the pppdump(8) program.

       remotename name
	      Set  the	assumed	 name  of the remote system for authentication
	      purposes to name.

       remotenumber number
	      Set the assumed  telephone  number  of  the  remote  system  for
	      authentication purposes to number.

       refuse-chap
	      With  this option, pppd will not agree to authenticate itself to
	      the peer using CHAP.

       refuse-mschap
	      With this option, pppd will not agree to authenticate itself  to
	      the peer using MS-CHAP.

       refuse-mschap-v2
	      With  this option, pppd will not agree to authenticate itself to
	      the peer using MS-CHAPv2.

       refuse-eap
	      With this option, pppd will not agree to authenticate itself  to
	      the peer using EAP.

       refuse-pap
	      With  this option, pppd will not agree to authenticate itself to
	      the peer using PAP.

       require-chap
	      Require the peer to authenticate itself  using  CHAP  [Challenge
	      Handshake Authentication Protocol] authentication.

       require-mppe
	      Require  the  use of MPPE (Microsoft Point to Point Encryption).
	      This option disables all other compression types.	  This	option
	      enables  both  40-bit and 128-bit encryption.  In order for MPPE
	      to successfully come up, you must have authenticated with either
	      MS-CHAP  or  MS-CHAPv2.  This option is presently only supported
	      under Linux, and only if your  kernel  has  been	configured  to
	      include MPPE support.

       require-mppe-40
	      Require the use of MPPE, with 40-bit encryption.

       require-mppe-128
	      Require the use of MPPE, with 128-bit encryption.

       require-mschap
	      Require the peer to authenticate itself using MS-CHAP [Microsoft
	      Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol] authentication.

       require-mschap-v2
	      Require the peer to authenticate itself using MS-CHAPv2  [Micro‐
	      soft  Challenge  Handshake  Authentication  Protocol, Version 2]
	      authentication.

       require-eap
	      Require the peer to authenticate itself  using  EAP  [Extensible
	      Authentication Protocol] authentication.

       require-pap
	      Require  the  peer  to  authenticate  itself using PAP [Password
	      Authentication Protocol] authentication.

       show-password
	      When logging the contents of PAP	packets,  this	option	causes
	      pppd to show the password string in the log message.

       silent With this option, pppd will not transmit LCP packets to initiate
	      a connection until a valid LCP packet is received from the  peer
	      (as for the `passive' option with ancient versions of pppd).

       srp-interval n
	      If this parameter is given and pppd uses EAP SRP-SHA1 to authen‐
	      ticate the peer (i.e., is the server), then pppd	will  use  the
	      optional lightweight SRP rechallenge mechanism at intervals of n
	      seconds.	This option is faster than eap-interval	 reauthentica‐
	      tion  because it uses a hash-based mechanism and does not derive
	      a new session key.

       srp-pn-secret string
	      Set the long-term pseudonym-generating secret  for  the  server.
	      This  value  is  optional	 and  if set, needs to be known at the
	      server (authenticator) side only, and should  be	different  for
	      each  server  (or	 poll of identical servers).  It is used along
	      with the current date to generate a key to encrypt  and  decrypt
	      the client's identity contained in the pseudonym.

       srp-use-pseudonym
	      When  operating  as  an  EAP SRP-SHA1 client, attempt to use the
	      pseudonym stored in ~/.ppp_psuedonym first as the identity,  and
	      save  in	this  file  any	 pseudonym  offered by the peer during
	      authentication.

       sync   Use synchronous HDLC serial encoding  instead  of	 asynchronous.
	      The device used by pppd with this option must have sync support.
	      Currently supports Microgate SyncLink adapters under  Linux  and
	      FreeBSD 2.2.8 and later.

       unit num
	      Sets the ppp unit number (for a ppp0 or ppp1 etc interface name)
	      for outbound connections.

       updetach
	      With this option, pppd will detach from its controlling terminal
	      once  it has successfully established the ppp connection (to the
	      point where the first network control protocol, usually  the  IP
	      control protocol, has come up).

       usehostname
	      Enforce  the  use of the hostname (with domain name appended, if
	      given) as the name of the local system for  authentication  pur‐
	      poses  (overrides the name option).  This option is not normally
	      needed since the name option is privileged.

       usepeerdns
	      Ask the peer for up to 2 DNS server  addresses.	The  addresses
	      supplied	by  the peer (if any) are passed to the /etc/ppp/ip-up
	      script in the environment variables DNS1 and DNS2, and the envi‐
	      ronment variable USEPEERDNS will be set to 1.  In addition, pppd
	      will create an /etc/ppp/resolv.conf file containing one  or  two
	      nameserver lines with the address(es) supplied by the peer.

       user name
	      Sets  the	 name  used for authenticating the local system to the
	      peer to name.

       vj-max-slots n
	      Sets the number of connection slots to be used by the Van Jacob‐
	      son TCP/IP header compression and decompression code to n, which
	      must be between 2 and 16 (inclusive).

       welcome script
	      Run the executable or shell command specified by	script	before
	      initiating  PPP  negotiation,  after the connect script (if any)
	      has completed.  A value for this option from a privileged source
	      cannot be overridden by a non-privileged user.

       xonxoff
	      Use software flow control (i.e. XON/XOFF) to control the flow of
	      data on the serial port.

OPTIONS FILES
       Options can be taken from files as well	as  the	 command  line.	  Pppd
       reads   options	 from	the   files   /etc/ppp/options,	 ~/.ppprc  and
       /etc/ppp/options.ttyname (in that order) before processing the  options
       on the command line.  (In fact, the command-line options are scanned to
       find the terminal name before the options.ttyname file  is  read.)   In
       forming	the  name  of  the  options.ttyname file, the initial /dev/ is
       removed from the terminal name, and  any	 remaining  /  characters  are
       replaced with dots.

       An  options  file is parsed into a series of words, delimited by white‐
       space.  Whitespace can be included in a word by enclosing the  word  in
       double-quotes  (").  A backslash (\) quotes the following character.  A
       hash (#) starts a comment, which continues until the end of  the	 line.
       There  is  no  restriction  on using the file or call options within an
       options file.

SECURITY
       pppd provides system administrators with sufficient access control that
       PPP  access  to	a  server  machine can be provided to legitimate users
       without fear of compromising the security of the server or the  network
       it's  on.   This	 control  is provided through restrictions on which IP
       addresses the peer may use, based on  its  authenticated	 identity  (if
       any),  and  through restrictions on which options a non-privileged user
       may use.	 Several of pppd's options are privileged, in particular those
       which  permit  potentially  insecure  configurations; these options are
       only accepted in files which are under the control of the system admin‐
       istrator, or if pppd is being run by root.

       The  default  behaviour	of pppd is to allow an unauthenticated peer to
       use a given IP address only if the system does not already have a route
       to  that IP address.  For example, a system with a permanent connection
       to the wider internet will normally have a default route, and thus  all
       peers will have to authenticate themselves in order to set up a connec‐
       tion.  On such a system, the auth option is the default.	 On the	 other
       hand,  a system where the PPP link is the only connection to the inter‐
       net will not normally have a default route, so the peer will be able to
       use almost any IP address without authenticating itself.

       As  indicated  above,  some  security-sensitive options are privileged,
       which means that they may not be used  by  an  ordinary	non-privileged
       user  running  a	 setuid-root  pppd, either on the command line, in the
       user's ~/.ppprc file, or in an options file read using the file option.
       Privileged  options  may	 be  used  in  /etc/ppp/options	 file or in an
       options file read using the call option.	 If pppd is being run  by  the
       root user, privileged options can be used without restriction.

       When  opening  the device, pppd uses either the invoking user's user ID
       or the root UID (that is, 0), depending on whether the device name  was
       specified  by the user or the system administrator.  If the device name
       comes from a privileged source, that is, /etc/ppp/options or an options
       file  read  using  the call option, pppd uses full root privileges when
       opening the device.   Thus,  by	creating  an  appropriate  file	 under
       /etc/ppp/peers, the system administrator can allow users to establish a
       ppp connection via a device which they would not normally have  permis‐
       sion  to access.	 Otherwise pppd uses the invoking user's real UID when
       opening the device.

AUTHENTICATION
       Authentication is the process whereby one peer convinces the  other  of
       its  identity.	This  involves	the first peer sending its name to the
       other, together with some kind of secret information which  could  only
       come  from  the	genuine	 authorized  user  of  that  name.  In such an
       exchange, we will call the first peer the "client" and  the  other  the
       "server".   The	client has a name by which it identifies itself to the
       server, and the server also has a name by which it identifies itself to
       the  client.  Generally the genuine client shares some secret (or pass‐
       word) with the server, and authenticates	 itself	 by  proving  that  it
       knows  that secret.  Very often, the names used for authentication cor‐
       respond to the internet hostnames of the peers, but this is not	essen‐
       tial.

       At  present, pppd supports three authentication protocols: the Password
       Authentication Protocol (PAP), Challenge Handshake Authentication  Pro‐
       tocol  (CHAP),  and  Extensible	Authentication	Protocol  (EAP).   PAP
       involves the client sending its name and a cleartext  password  to  the
       server  to  authenticate itself.	 In contrast, the server initiates the
       CHAP authentication exchange by sending a challenge to the client  (the
       challenge  packet includes the server's name).  The client must respond
       with a response which includes its name plus a hash value derived  from
       the  shared  secret  and the challenge, in order to prove that it knows
       the secret.  EAP supports CHAP-style authentication, and also  includes
       the  SRP-SHA1 mechanism, which is resistant to dictionary-based attacks
       and does not require a cleartext password on the server side.

       The PPP protocol, being symmetrical, allows both peers to  require  the
       other  to authenticate itself.  In that case, two separate and indepen‐
       dent authentication exchanges will occur.  The two exchanges could  use
       different  authentication  protocols, and in principle, different names
       could be used in the two exchanges.

       The default behaviour of pppd is to agree to authenticate if requested,
       and  to	not  require authentication from the peer.  However, pppd will
       not agree to authenticate itself with a particular protocol if  it  has
       no secrets which could be used to do so.

       Pppd  stores  secrets  for  use	in  authentication  in	secrets	 files
       (/etc/ppp/pap-secrets for PAP, /etc/ppp/chap-secrets for CHAP, MS-CHAP,
       MS-CHAPv2,  and	EAP  MD5-Challenge,  and  /etc/ppp/srp-secrets for EAP
       SRP-SHA1).  All secrets files have the same format.  The secrets	 files
       can  contain  secrets for pppd to use in authenticating itself to other
       systems, as well as secrets for pppd to use when	 authenticating	 other
       systems to itself.

       Each  line  in  a  secrets file contains one secret.  A given secret is
       specific to a particular combination of client and server - it can only
       be  used	 by  that  client to authenticate itself to that server.  Thus
       each line in a secrets file has at least 3  fields:  the	 name  of  the
       client,	the  name  of the server, and the secret.  These fields may be
       followed by a list of the IP addresses that the	specified  client  may
       use when connecting to the specified server.

       A  secrets  file	 is  parsed  into  words as for a options file, so the
       client name, server name and secrets fields must each be one word, with
       any  embedded  spaces  or  other	 special characters quoted or escaped.
       Note that case is significant in the client and server names and in the
       secret.

       If  the	secret	starts	with an `@', what follows is assumed to be the
       name of a file from which to read the secret.  A "*" as the  client  or
       server  name matches any name.  When selecting a secret, pppd takes the
       best match, i.e.	 the match with the fewest wildcards.

       Any following words on the same line are taken to be a list of  accept‐
       able  IP	 addresses  for that client.  If there are only 3 words on the
       line, or if the first word is "-", then all  IP	addresses  are	disal‐
       lowed.  To allow any address, use "*".  A word starting with "!"	 indi‐
       cates that the specified address is not acceptable.  An address may  be
       followed	 by  "/"  and a number n, to indicate a whole subnet, i.e. all
       addresses which have the same value in the most significant n bits.  In
       this form, the address may be followed by a plus sign ("+") to indicate
       that one address from the subnet is authorized, based on the  ppp  net‐
       work  interface unit number in use.  In this case, the host part of the
       address will be set to the unit number plus one.

       Thus a secrets file contains both secrets  for  use  in	authenticating
       other  hosts, plus secrets which we use for authenticating ourselves to
       others.	When pppd is authenticating  the  peer	(checking  the	peer's
       identity),  it chooses a secret with the peer's name in the first field
       and the name of the local system in the second field.  The name of  the
       local system defaults to the hostname, with the domain name appended if
       the domain option is used.  This default can  be	 overridden  with  the
       name  option,  except  when  the	 usehostname option is used.  (For EAP
       SRP-SHA1, see the srp-entry(8) utility for generating proper  validator
       entries to be used in the "secret" field.)

       When  pppd  is choosing a secret to use in authenticating itself to the
       peer, it first determines what name it is  going	 to  use  to  identify
       itself  to  the	peer.  This name can be specified by the user with the
       user option.  If this option is not used, the name defaults to the name
       of the local system, determined as described in the previous paragraph.
       Then pppd looks for a secret with this name in the first field and  the
       peer's  name  in the second field.  Pppd will know the name of the peer
       if CHAP or EAP authentication is being used, because the peer will have
       sent  it	 in the challenge packet.  However, if PAP is being used, pppd
       will have to determine the peer's name from the	options	 specified  by
       the  user.   The	 user  can  specify  the peer's name directly with the
       remotename option.  Otherwise, if the remote IP address	was  specified
       by  a name (rather than in numeric form), that name will be used as the
       peer's name.  Failing that, pppd will use the null string as the peer's
       name.

       When  authenticating  the peer with PAP, the supplied password is first
       compared with the secret	 from  the  secrets  file.   If	 the  password
       doesn't	match  the secret, the password is encrypted using crypt() and
       checked against the secret again.  Thus secrets for authenticating  the
       peer  can  be  stored  in  encrypted  form if desired.  If the papcrypt
       option is given, the first (unencrypted)	 comparison  is	 omitted,  for
       better security.

       Furthermore,  if the login option was specified, the username and pass‐
       word are also checked against the system password database.  Thus,  the
       system  administrator  can  set	up  the	 pap-secrets file to allow PPP
       access only to certain users, and to restrict the set of	 IP  addresses
       that  each  user	 can use.  Typically, when using the login option, the
       secret in /etc/ppp/pap-secrets would be "", which will match any	 pass‐
       word  supplied  by  the	peer.	This  avoids the need to have the same
       secret in two places.

       Authentication must be satisfactorily completed	before	IPCP  (or  any
       other  Network  Control	Protocol)  can	be  started.   If  the peer is
       required to authenticate itself, and fails to do so, pppd  will	termi‐
       nated the link (by closing LCP).	 If IPCP negotiates an unacceptable IP
       address for the remote host, IPCP will be closed.  IP packets can  only
       be sent or received when IPCP is open.

       In some cases it is desirable to allow some hosts which can't authenti‐
       cate themselves to connect and use  one	of  a  restricted  set	of  IP
       addresses,  even when the local host generally requires authentication.
       If the peer refuses to authenticate itself when requested,  pppd	 takes
       that  as	 equivalent  to authenticating with PAP using the empty string
       for the	username  and  password.   Thus,  by  adding  a	 line  to  the
       pap-secrets  file  which	 specifies the empty string for the client and
       password, it is possible to allow  restricted  access  to  hosts	 which
       refuse to authenticate themselves.

ROUTING
       When  IPCP  negotiation is completed successfully, pppd will inform the
       kernel of the local and remote IP  addresses  for  the  ppp  interface.
       This  is	 sufficient  to	 create	 a host route to the remote end of the
       link, which will enable the peers to exchange IP	 packets.   Communica‐
       tion  with  other  machines  generally requires further modification to
       routing tables and/or ARP (Address  Resolution  Protocol)  tables.   In
       most  cases the defaultroute and/or proxyarp options are sufficient for
       this,  but  in  some  cases  further  intervention  is  required.   The
       /etc/ppp/ip-up script can be used for this.

       Sometimes  it  is  desirable  to add a default route through the remote
       host, as in the case of a machine whose only connection to the Internet
       is  through  the ppp interface.	The defaultroute option causes pppd to
       create such a default route when IPCP comes up, and delete it when  the
       link is terminated.

       In some cases it is desirable to use proxy ARP, for example on a server
       machine connected to a LAN, in order to allow other hosts  to  communi‐
       cate with the remote host.  The proxyarp option causes pppd to look for
       a network interface on the same subnet as the remote host (an interface
       supporting  broadcast  and ARP, which is up and not a point-to-point or
       loopback interface).  If found, pppd creates a permanent, published ARP
       entry  with  the IP address of the remote host and the hardware address
       of the network interface found.

       When the demand option is used, the interface IP addresses have already
       been set at the point when IPCP comes up.  If pppd has not been able to
       negotiate the same addresses that it used to  configure	the  interface
       (for  example  when  the	 peer  is  an ISP that uses dynamic IP address
       assignment), pppd has to change the interface IP addresses to the nego‐
       tiated  addresses.   This may disrupt existing connections, and the use
       of demand dialling with peers that do dynamic IP address assignment  is
       not recommended.

MULTILINK
       Multilink  PPP provides the capability to combine two or more PPP links
       between a pair of machines into a single `bundle', which appears	 as  a
       single  virtual	PPP link which has the combined bandwidth of the indi‐
       vidual links.  Currently, multilink PPP is only supported under Linux.

       Pppd detects that the link it is controlling is connected to  the  same
       peer  as	 another  link using the peer's endpoint discriminator and the
       authenticated identity of the peer (if it authenticates	itself).   The
       endpoint discriminator is a block of data which is hopefully unique for
       each peer.  Several types of  data  can	be  used,  including  locally-
       assigned	 strings  of  bytes,  IP  addresses,  MAC  addresses, randomly
       strings of bytes, or E-164 phone numbers.  The  endpoint	 discriminator
       sent to the peer by pppd can be set using the endpoint option.

       In  some circumstances the peer may send no endpoint discriminator or a
       non-unique value.  The bundle option adds  an  extra  string  which  is
       added  to  the peer's endpoint discriminator and authenticated identity
       when matching up links to be joined together in a bundle.   The	bundle
       option  can also be used to allow the establishment of multiple bundles
       between the local system and the peer.  Pppd uses  a  TDB  database  in
       /var/run/pppd2.tdb to match up links.

       Assuming that multilink is enabled and the peer is willing to negotiate
       multilink, then when pppd is invoked to bring up the first link to  the
       peer,  it  will	detect that no other link is connected to the peer and
       create a new bundle, that is, another ppp network interface unit.  When
       another	pppd  is invoked to bring up another link to the peer, it will
       detect the existing bundle and join its link to it.

       If the first link terminates (for example, because of  a	 hangup	 or  a
       received	 LCP  terminate-request)  the  bundle  is not destroyed unless
       there are no other links remaining in the bundle.  Rather than exiting,
       the  first  pppd keeps running after its link terminates, until all the
       links in the bundle have terminated.  If	 the  first  pppd  receives  a
       SIGTERM	or SIGINT signal, it will destroy the bundle and send a SIGHUP
       to the pppd processes for each of the links  in	the  bundle.   If  the
       first pppd receives a SIGHUP signal, it will terminate its link but not
       the bundle.

       Note: demand mode is not currently supported with multilink.

EXAMPLES
       The following examples assume that the /etc/ppp/options	file  contains
       the  auth  option  (as  in the default /etc/ppp/options file in the ppp
       distribution).

       Probably the most common use of pppd is to dial out to  an  ISP.	  This
       can be done with a command such as

	      pppd call isp

       where the /etc/ppp/peers/isp file is set up by the system administrator
       to contain something like this:

	      ttyS0 19200 crtscts
	      connect '/usr/sbin/chat -v -f /etc/ppp/chat-isp'
	      noauth

       In this example, we are using chat to  dial  the	 ISP's	modem  and  go
       through	any  logon sequence required.  The /etc/ppp/chat-isp file con‐
       tains the script used by chat; it could for example  contain  something
       like this:

	      ABORT "NO CARRIER"
	      ABORT "NO DIALTONE"
	      ABORT "ERROR"
	      ABORT "NO ANSWER"
	      ABORT "BUSY"
	      ABORT "Username/Password Incorrect"
	      "" "at"
	      OK "at&d0&c1"
	      OK "atdt2468135"
	      "name:" "^Umyuserid"
	      "word:" "\qmypassword"
	      "ispts" "\q^Uppp"
	      "~-^Uppp-~"

       See the chat(8) man page for details of chat scripts.

       Pppd  can  also be used to provide a dial-in ppp service for users.  If
       the users already have login accounts, the simplest way to set  up  the
       ppp  service  is to let the users log in to their accounts and run pppd
       (installed setuid-root) with a command such as

	      pppd proxyarp

       To allow a user to use the PPP facilities, you need to allocate	an  IP
       address	 for   that   user's   machine	 and   create	an   entry  in
       /etc/ppp/pap-secrets,  /etc/ppp/chap-secrets,  or  /etc/ppp/srp-secrets
       (depending on which authentication method the PPP implementation on the
       user's machine supports), so that the user's machine  can  authenticate
       itself.	 For  example, if Joe has a machine called "joespc" that is to
       be allowed to dial in to the machine called "server"  and  use  the  IP
       address	 joespc.my.net,	  you	would	add  an	 entry	like  this  to
       /etc/ppp/pap-secrets or /etc/ppp/chap-secrets:

	      joespc	server	  "joe's secret" joespc.my.net

       (See srp-entry(8) for a means  to  generate  the	 server's  entry  when
       SRP-SHA1	 is  in use.)  Alternatively, you can create a username called
       (for example) "ppp", whose login shell is pppd and whose home directory
       is  /etc/ppp.   Options to be used when pppd is run this way can be put
       in /etc/ppp/.ppprc.

       If your serial connection is any more complicated than a piece of wire,
       you  may need to arrange for some control characters to be escaped.  In
       particular, it is often useful to escape XON (^Q) and XOFF (^S),	 using
       asyncmap	 a0000.	  If  the  path includes a telnet, you probably should
       escape ^] as well (asyncmap 200a0000).  If the path includes an rlogin,
       you  will  need to use the escape ff option on the end which is running
       the rlogin client, since many rlogin implementations are not  transpar‐
       ent; they will remove the sequence [0xff, 0xff, 0x73, 0x73, followed by
       any 8 bytes] from the stream.

DIAGNOSTICS
       Messages are sent to  the  syslog  daemon  using	 facility  LOG_DAEMON.
       (This  can  be  overridden  by  recompiling pppd with the macro LOG_PPP
       defined as the desired facility.)  See the syslog(8) documentation  for
       details	of  where  the syslog daemon will write the messages.  On most
       systems, the syslog daemon uses the /etc/syslog.conf  file  to  specify
       the destination(s) for syslog messages.	You may need to edit that file
       to suit.

       The debug option causes the contents of all  control  packets  sent  or
       received	 to be logged, that is, all LCP, PAP, CHAP, EAP, or IPCP pack‐
       ets.  This can be useful if the PPP negotiation does not succeed or  if
       authentication  fails.	If  debugging  is enabled at compile time, the
       debug option also causes other debugging messages to be logged.

       Debugging can also be enabled or disabled by sending a  SIGUSR1	signal
       to the pppd process.  This signal acts as a toggle.

EXIT STATUS
       The  exit  status  of  pppd  is	set  to indicate whether any error was
       detected, or the reason for the link being terminated.  The values used
       are:

       0      Pppd  has detached, or otherwise the connection was successfully
	      established and terminated at the peer's request.

       1      An immediately fatal error of some kind  occurred,  such	as  an
	      essential system call failing, or running out of virtual memory.

       2      An  error	 was detected in processing the options given, such as
	      two mutually exclusive options being used.

       3      Pppd is not setuid-root and the invoking user is not root.

       4      The kernel does not support PPP, for  example,  the  PPP	kernel
	      driver is not included or cannot be loaded.

       5      Pppd  terminated because it was sent a SIGINT, SIGTERM or SIGHUP
	      signal.

       6      The serial port could not be locked.

       7      The serial port could not be opened.

       8      The connect script failed (returned a non-zero exit status).

       9      The command specified as the argument to the  pty	 option	 could
	      not be run.

       10     The  PPP	negotiation failed, that is, it didn't reach the point
	      where at least one network protocol (e.g. IP) was running.

       11     The peer system failed (or refused) to authenticate itself.

       12     The link was established successfully and terminated because  it
	      was idle.

       13     The link was established successfully and terminated because the
	      connect time limit was reached.

       14     Callback was negotiated  and  an	incoming  call	should	arrive
	      shortly.

       15     The  link	 was  terminated because the peer is not responding to
	      echo requests.

       16     The link was terminated by the modem hanging up.

       17     The PPP negotiation failed because serial loopback was detected.

       18     The init script failed (returned a non-zero exit status).

       19     We failed to authenticate ourselves to the peer.

SCRIPTS
       Pppd invokes scripts at various stages in its processing which  can  be
       used  to perform site-specific ancillary processing.  These scripts are
       usually shell scripts, but could	 be  executable	 code  files  instead.
       Pppd does not wait for the scripts to finish.  The scripts are executed
       as root (with the real and effective user-id set to 0),	so  that  they
       can  do things such as update routing tables or run privileged daemons.
       Be careful that the contents of these scripts do	 not  compromise  your
       system's	 security.   Pppd runs the scripts with standard input, output
       and error redirected to /dev/null, and  with  an	 environment  that  is
       empty except for some environment variables that give information about
       the link.  The environment variables that pppd sets are:

       DEVICE The name of the serial tty device being used.

       IFNAME The name of the network interface being used.

       IPLOCAL
	      The IP address for the local end of the link.  This is only  set
	      when IPCP has come up.

       IPREMOTE
	      The IP address for the remote end of the link.  This is only set
	      when IPCP has come up.

       PEERNAME
	      The authenticated name of the peer.  This is  only  set  if  the
	      peer authenticates itself.

       SPEED  The baud rate of the tty device.

       ORIG_UID
	      The real user-id of the user who invoked pppd.

       PPPLOGNAME
	      The  username  of	 the  real  user-id that invoked pppd. This is
	      always set.

       For the ip-down and auth-down scripts, pppd  also  sets	the  following
       variables giving statistics for the connection:

       CONNECT_TIME
	      The  number  of  seconds	from  when the PPP negotiation started
	      until the connection was terminated.

       BYTES_SENT
	      The number of bytes sent (at the level of the serial port)  dur‐
	      ing the connection.

       BYTES_RCVD
	      The  number  of bytes received (at the level of the serial port)
	      during the connection.

       LINKNAME
	      The logical name of the link, set with the linkname option.

       DNS1   If the peer supplies DNS server addresses, this variable is  set
	      to the first DNS server address supplied.

       DNS2   If  the peer supplies DNS server addresses, this variable is set
	      to the second DNS server address supplied.

       Pppd invokes the following scripts, if they exist.  It is not an	 error
       if they don't exist.

       /etc/ppp/auth-up
	      A	 program  or  script which is executed after the remote system
	      successfully authenticates itself.   It  is  executed  with  the
	      parameters

	      interface-name peer-name user-name tty-device speed

	      Note  that  this	script	is  not	 executed  if the peer doesn't
	      authenticate itself, for example when the noauth option is used.

       /etc/ppp/auth-down
	      A program or script which is executed when the link  goes	 down,
	      if  /etc/ppp/auth-up was previously executed.  It is executed in
	      the same manner with the same parameters as /etc/ppp/auth-up.

       /etc/ppp/ip-up
	      A program or script which is executed when the link is available
	      for  sending  and	 receiving  IP packets (that is, IPCP has come
	      up).  It is executed with the parameters

	      interface-name	  tty-device	  speed	      local-IP-address
	      remote-IP-address ipparam

       /etc/ppp/ip-down
	      A program or script which is executed when the link is no longer
	      available for sending and receiving IP packets.  This script can
	      be  used	for  undoing the effects of the /etc/ppp/ip-up script.
	      It is invoked in the same manner and with the same parameters as
	      the ip-up script.

       /etc/ppp/ipv6-up
	      Like /etc/ppp/ip-up, except that it is executed when the link is
	      available for sending and receiving IPv6 packets. It is executed
	      with the parameters

	      interface-name	tty-device    speed   local-link-local-address
	      remote-link-local-address ipparam

       /etc/ppp/ipv6-down
	      Similar to /etc/ppp/ip-down, but it is executed when IPv6	 pack‐
	      ets  can	no  longer  be transmitted on the link. It is executed
	      with the same parameters as the ipv6-up script.

       /etc/ppp/ipx-up
	      A program or script which is executed when the link is available
	      for  sending  and receiving IPX packets (that is, IPXCP has come
	      up).  It is executed with the parameters

	      interface-name	   tty-device	    speed	network-number
	      local-IPX-node-address  remote-IPX-node-address  local-IPX-rout‐
	      ing-protocol  remote-IPX-routing-protocol	 local-IPX-router-name
	      remote-IPX-router-name ipparam pppd-pid

	      The  local-IPX-routing-protocol  and remote-IPX-routing-protocol
	      field may be one of the following:

	      NONE	to indicate that there is no routing protocol
	      RIP	to indicate that RIP/SAP should be used
	      NLSP	to indicate that Novell NLSP should be used
	      RIP NLSP	to indicate that both RIP/SAP and NLSP should be used

       /etc/ppp/ipx-down
	      A program or script which is executed when the link is no longer
	      available	 for  sending  and receiving IPX packets.  This script
	      can be used for  undoing	the  effects  of  the  /etc/ppp/ipx-up
	      script.	It  is	invoked	 in  the same manner and with the same
	      parameters as the ipx-up script.

FILES
       /var/run/pppn.pid (BSD or Linux), /etc/ppp/pppn.pid (others)
	      Process-ID for pppd process on ppp interface unit n.

       /var/run/ppp-name.pid (BSD or Linux),
	      /etc/ppp/ppp-name.pid (others) Process-ID for pppd  process  for
	      logical link name (see the linkname option).

       /var/run/pppd2.tdb
	      Database containing information about pppd processes, interfaces
	      and links, used for matching links to bundles in multilink oper‐
	      ation.   May be examined by external programs to obtain informa‐
	      tion about running pppd instances, the  interfaces  and  devices
	      they     are     using,	 IP    address	  assignments,	  etc.
	      /etc/ppp/pap-secrets Usernames, passwords and IP	addresses  for
	      PAP  authentication.   This file should be owned by root and not
	      readable or writable by any other user.  Pppd will log a warning
	      if this is not the case.

       /etc/ppp/chap-secrets
	      Names,  secrets  and  IP	addresses  for	CHAP/MS-CHAP/MS-CHAPv2
	      authentication.  As for /etc/ppp/pap-secrets, this  file	should
	      be owned by root and not readable or writable by any other user.
	      Pppd will log a warning if this is not the case.

       /etc/ppp/srp-secrets
	      Names, secrets, and IP addresses for EAP authentication.	As for
	      /etc/ppp/pap-secrets,  this file should be owned by root and not
	      readable or writable by any other user.  Pppd will log a warning
	      if this is not the case.

       ~/.ppp_pseudonym
	      Saved client-side SRP-SHA1 pseudonym.  See the srp-use-pseudonym
	      option for details.

       /etc/ppp/options
	      System default  options  for  pppd,  read	 before	 user  default
	      options or command-line options.

       ~/.ppprc
	      User default options, read before /etc/ppp/options.ttyname.

       /etc/ppp/options.ttyname
	      System  default  options	for  the  serial port being used, read
	      after ~/.ppprc.  In forming the ttyname part of  this  filename,
	      an  initial  /dev/  is stripped from the port name (if present),
	      and any slashes in the remaining part are converted to dots.

       /etc/ppp/peers
	      A directory containing options files which  may  contain	privi‐
	      leged  options,  even  if	 pppd was invoked by a user other than
	      root.  The system administrator can create options files in this
	      directory	 to  permit  non-privileged  users to dial out without
	      requiring the peer to authenticate, but only to certain  trusted
	      peers.

SEE ALSO
       RFC1144
	      Jacobson,	 V.   Compressing  TCP/IP headers for low-speed serial
	      links.  February 1990.

       RFC1321
	      Rivest, R.  The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm.  April 1992.

       RFC1332
	      McGregor, G.  PPP Internet  Protocol  Control  Protocol  (IPCP).
	      May 1992.

       RFC1334
	      Lloyd, B.; Simpson, W.A.	PPP authentication protocols.  October
	      1992.

       RFC1661
	      Simpson, W.A.  The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).	 July 1994.

       RFC1662
	      Simpson, W.A.  PPP in HDLC-like Framing.	July 1994.

       RFC2284
	      Blunk, L.; Vollbrecht, J., PPP Extensible Authentication	Proto‐
	      col (EAP).  March 1998.

       RFC2472
	      Haskin, D.  IP Version 6 over PPP December 1998.

       RFC2945
	      Wu, T., The SRP Authentication and Key Exchange System September
	      2000.

       draft-ietf-pppext-eap-srp-03.txt
	      Carlson, J.; et al., EAP SRP-SHA1 Authentication Protocol.  July
	      2001.

NOTES
       Some  limited  degree  of  control can be exercised over a running pppd
       process by sending it a signal from the list below.

       SIGINT, SIGTERM
	      These signals cause pppd to terminate the link (by closing LCP),
	      restore the serial device settings, and exit.

       SIGHUP This  signal  causes  pppd  to  terminate	 the link, restore the
	      serial device settings, and close the  serial  device.   If  the
	      persist  or  demand  option has been specified, pppd will try to
	      reopen the serial device and start another connection (after the
	      holdoff  period).	  Otherwise pppd will exit.  If this signal is
	      received during the holdoff period, it causes pppd  to  end  the
	      holdoff period immediately.

       SIGUSR1
	      This signal toggles the state of the debug option.

       SIGUSR2
	      This signal causes pppd to renegotiate compression.  This can be
	      useful to re-enable compression after it has been disabled as  a
	      result  of  a  fatal  decompression error.  (Fatal decompression
	      errors generally indicate a bug in one or other implementation.)

AUTHORS
       Paul Mackerras  (paulus@samba.org),  based  on  earlier	work  by  Drew
       Perkins, Brad Clements, Karl Fox, Greg Christy, and Brad Parker.

COPYRIGHT
       Pppd  is	 copyrighted and made available under conditions which provide
       that it may be copied and used in source or binary forms provided  that
       the  conditions	listed below are met.  Portions of pppd are covered by
       the following copyright notices:

       Copyright  (c)  1984-2000  Carnegie  Mellon  University.	  All	rights
       reserved.
       Copyright (c) 1993-2004 Paul Mackerras. All rights reserved.
       Copyright (c) 1995 Pedro Roque Marques.	All rights reserved.
       Copyright (c) 1995 Eric Rosenquist.  All rights reserved.
       Copyright (c) 1999 Tommi Komulainen.  All rights reserved.
       Copyright (C) Andrew Tridgell 1999
       Copyright (c) 2000 by Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
       Copyright (c) 2001 by Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
       Copyright (c) 2002 Google, Inc.	All rights reserved.

       The copyright notices contain the following statements.

       Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without mod‐
       ification, are permitted provided that  the  following  conditions  are
       met:

       1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
	  notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

       2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
	  notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
	  the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
	  distribution.

       3. The name "Carnegie Mellon University" must not be used to
	  endorse or promote products derived from this software without
	  prior written permission. For permission or any legal
	  details, please contact
	    Office of Technology Transfer
	    Carnegie Mellon University
	    5000 Forbes Avenue
	    Pittsburgh, PA  15213-3890
	    (412) 268-4387, fax: (412) 268-7395
	    tech-transfer@andrew.cmu.edu

       3b. The name(s) of the authors of this software must not be used to
	  endorse or promote products derived from this software without
	  prior written permission.

       4. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
	  acknowledgments:
	  "This product includes software developed by Computing Services
	   at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/)."
	  "This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras
	   <paulus@samba.org>".
	  "This product includes software developed by Pedro Roque Marques
	   <pedro_m@yahoo.com>".
	  "This product includes software developed by Tommi Komulainen
	   <Tommi.Komulainen@iki.fi>".

       CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS
       SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND  FIT‐
       NESS,  IN  NO  EVENT SHALL CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR ANY
       SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR  ANY  DAMAGES  WHATSOEVER
       RESULTING  FROM	LOSS  OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
       CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING  OUT  OF	OR  IN
       CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

       THE  AUTHORS  OF	 THIS  SOFTWARE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
       THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY  AND
       FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDI‐
       RECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING  FROM
       LOSS  OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLI‐
       GENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR  IN  CONNECTION  WITH
       THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

								       PPPD(8)
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