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POW(3)			   Linux Programmer's Manual			POW(3)

NAME
       pow, powf, powl - power functions

SYNOPSIS
       #include <math.h>

       double pow(double x, double y);
       float powf(float x, float y);
       long double powl(long double x, long double y);

       Link with -lm.

   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

       powf(), powl():
	   _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 600 ||
	   _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L;
	   or cc -std=c99

DESCRIPTION
       The pow() function returns the value of x raised to the power of y.

RETURN VALUE
       On success, these functions return the value of x to the power of y.

       If x is a finite value less than 0, and y is  a	finite	noninteger,  a
       domain error occurs, and a NaN is returned.

       If the result overflows, a range error occurs, and the functions return
       HUGE_VAL, HUGE_VALF, or HUGE_VALL, respectively,	 with  the  mathemati‐
       cally correct sign.

       If  result  underflows, and is not representable, a range error occurs,
       and 0.0 is returned.

       Except as specified below, if x or y is a NaN, the result is a NaN.

       If x is +1, the result is 1.0 (even if y is a NaN).

       If y is 0, the result is 1.0 (even if x is a NaN).

       If x is +0 (-0), and y is an odd integer greater than 0, the result  is
       +0 (-0).

       If  x  is 0, and y greater than 0 and not an odd integer, the result is
       +0.

       If x is -1, and y is positive infinity or negative infinity, the result
       is 1.0.

       If  the absolute value of x is less than 1, and y is negative infinity,
       the result is positive infinity.

       If the absolute value of x is greater than 1, and y is negative	infin‐
       ity, the result is +0.

       If  the absolute value of x is less than 1, and y is positive infinity,
       the result is +0.

       If the absolute value of x is greater than 1, and y is positive	infin‐
       ity, the result is positive infinity.

       If  x  is  negative  infinity, and y is an odd integer less than 0, the
       result is -0.

       If x is negative infinity, and y less than 0 and not  an	 odd  integer,
       the result is +0.

       If  x is negative infinity, and y is an odd integer greater than 0, the
       result is negative infinity.

       If x is negative infinity, and y greater than 0 and not an odd integer,
       the result is positive infinity.

       If x is positive infinity, and y less than 0, the result is +0.

       If x is positive infinity, and y greater than 0, the result is positive
       infinity.

       If x is +0 or -0, and y is an odd integer less than  0,	a  pole	 error
       occurs  and  HUGE_VAL,  HUGE_VALF,  or HUGE_VALL, is returned, with the
       same sign as x.

       If x is +0 or -0, and y is less than 0 and not an odd integer,  a  pole
       error occurs and +HUGE_VAL, +HUGE_VALF, or +HUGE_VALL, is returned.

ERRORS
       See  math_error(7) for information on how to determine whether an error
       has occurred when calling these functions.

       The following errors can occur:

       Domain error: x is negative, and y is a finite noninteger
	      errno is set  to	EDOM.	An  invalid  floating-point  exception
	      (FE_INVALID) is raised.

       Pole error: x is zero, and y is negative
	      errno  is set to ERANGE (but see BUGS).  A divide-by-zero float‐
	      ing-point exception (FE_DIVBYZERO) is raised.

       Range error: the result overflows
	      errno is set to ERANGE.  An  overflow  floating-point  exception
	      (FE_OVERFLOW) is raised.

       Range error: the result underflows
	      errno  is	 set to ERANGE.	 An underflow floating-point exception
	      (FE_UNDERFLOW) is raised.

CONFORMING TO
       C99, POSIX.1-2001.  The variant returning double also conforms to SVr4,
       4.3BSD, C89.

BUGS
       In  glibc  2.9  and  earlier, when a pole error occurs, errno is set to
       EDOM instead of the POSIX-mandated ERANGE.  Since version  2.10,	 glibc
       does the right thing.

       If  x is negative, then large negative or positive y values yield a NaN
       as the function	result,	 with  errno  set  to  EDOM,  and  an  invalid
       (FE_INVALID)  floating-point  exception.	  For example, with pow(), one
       sees this behavior when the absolute value of y is greater  than	 about
       9.223373e18.

       In  version  2.3.2  and	earlier,  when	an overflow or underflow error
       occurs, glibc's pow() generates a bogus invalid	floating-point	excep‐
       tion (FE_INVALID) in addition to the overflow or underflow exception.

SEE ALSO
       cbrt(3), cpow(3), sqrt(3)

COLOPHON
       This  page  is  part of release 3.65 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
       description of the project, and information about reporting  bugs,  can
       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

				  2010-09-12				POW(3)
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