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PERLVAR(1perl)	       Perl Programmers Reference Guide		PERLVAR(1perl)

NAME
       perlvar - Perl predefined variables

DESCRIPTION
   The Syntax of Variable Names
       Variable names in Perl can have several formats.	 Usually, they must
       begin with a letter or underscore, in which case they can be
       arbitrarily long (up to an internal limit of 251 characters) and may
       contain letters, digits, underscores, or the special sequence "::" or
       "'".  In this case, the part before the last "::" or "'" is taken to be
       a package qualifier; see perlmod.

       Perl variable names may also be a sequence of digits or a single
       punctuation or control character.  These names are all reserved for
       special uses by Perl; for example, the all-digits names are used to
       hold data captured by backreferences after a regular expression match.
       Perl has a special syntax for the single-control-character names: It
       understands "^X" (caret "X") to mean the control-"X" character.	For
       example, the notation $^W (dollar-sign caret "W") is the scalar
       variable whose name is the single character control-"W".	 This is
       better than typing a literal control-"W" into your program.

       Since Perl v5.6.0, Perl variable names may be alphanumeric strings that
       begin with control characters (or better yet, a caret).	These
       variables must be written in the form "${^Foo}"; the braces are not
       optional.  "${^Foo}" denotes the scalar variable whose name is a
       control-"F" followed by two "o"'s.  These variables are reserved for
       future special uses by Perl, except for the ones that begin with "^_"
       (control-underscore or caret-underscore).  No control-character name
       that begins with "^_" will acquire a special meaning in any future
       version of Perl; such names may therefore be used safely in programs.
       $^_ itself, however, is reserved.

       Perl identifiers that begin with digits, control characters, or
       punctuation characters are exempt from the effects of the "package"
       declaration and are always forced to be in package "main"; they are
       also exempt from "strict 'vars'" errors.	 A few other names are also
       exempt in these ways:

	   ENV	    STDIN
	   INC	    STDOUT
	   ARGV	    STDERR
	   ARGVOUT
	   SIG

       In particular, the special "${^_XYZ}" variables are always taken to be
       in package "main", regardless of any "package" declarations presently
       in scope.

SPECIAL VARIABLES
       The following names have special meaning to Perl.  Most punctuation
       names have reasonable mnemonics, or analogs in the shells.
       Nevertheless, if you wish to use long variable names, you need only
       say:

	   use English;

       at the top of your program.  This aliases all the short names to the
       long names in the current package.  Some even have medium names,
       generally borrowed from awk.  To avoid a performance hit, if you don't
       need the $PREMATCH, $MATCH, or $POSTMATCH it's best to use the
       "English" module without them:

	   use English '-no_match_vars';

       Before you continue, note the sort order for variables.	In general, we
       first list the variables in case-insensitive, almost-lexigraphical
       order (ignoring the "{" or "^" preceding words, as in "${^UNICODE}" or
       $^T), although $_ and @_ move up to the top of the pile.	 For variables
       with the same identifier, we list it in order of scalar, array, hash,
       and bareword.

   General Variables
       $ARG
       $_      The default input and pattern-searching space.  The following
	       pairs are equivalent:

		   while (<>) {...}    # equivalent only in while!
		   while (defined($_ = <>)) {...}

		   /^Subject:/
		   $_ =~ /^Subject:/

		   tr/a-z/A-Z/
		   $_ =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/

		   chomp
		   chomp($_)

	       Here are the places where Perl will assume $_ even if you don't
	       use it:

	       ·  The following functions use $_ as a default argument:

		  abs, alarm, chomp, chop, chr, chroot, cos, defined, eval,
		  evalbytes, exp, fc, glob, hex, int, lc, lcfirst, length,
		  log, lstat, mkdir, oct, ord, pos, print, printf, quotemeta,
		  readlink, readpipe, ref, require, reverse (in scalar context
		  only), rmdir, say, sin, split (for its second argument),
		  sqrt, stat, study, uc, ucfirst, unlink, unpack.

	       ·  All file tests ("-f", "-d") except for "-t", which defaults
		  to STDIN.  See "-X" in perlfunc

	       ·  The pattern matching operations "m//", "s///" and "tr///"
		  (aka "y///") when used without an "=~" operator.

	       ·  The default iterator variable in a "foreach" loop if no
		  other variable is supplied.

	       ·  The implicit iterator variable in the "grep()" and "map()"
		  functions.

	       ·  The implicit variable of "given()".

	       ·  The default place to put the next value or input record when
		  a "<FH>", "readline", "readdir" or "each" operation's result
		  is tested by itself as the sole criterion of a "while" test.
		  Outside a "while" test, this will not happen.

	       $_ is by default a global variable.  However, as of perl
	       v5.10.0, you can use a lexical version of $_ by declaring it in
	       a file or in a block with "my".	Moreover, declaring "our $_"
	       restores the global $_ in the current scope.  Though this
	       seemed like a good idea at the time it was introduced, lexical
	       $_ actually causes more problems than it solves.	 If you call a
	       function that expects to be passed information via $_, it may
	       or may not work, depending on how the function is written,
	       there not being any easy way to solve this.  Just avoid lexical
	       $_, unless you are feeling particularly masochistic.  For this
	       reason lexical $_ is still experimental and will produce a
	       warning unless warnings have been disabled.  As with other
	       experimental features, the behavior of lexical $_ is subject to
	       change without notice, including change into a fatal error.

	       Mnemonic: underline is understood in certain operations.

       @ARG
       @_      Within a subroutine the array @_ contains the parameters passed
	       to that subroutine.  Inside a subroutine, @_ is the default
	       array for the array operators "push", "pop", "shift", and
	       "unshift".

	       See perlsub.

       $LIST_SEPARATOR
       $"      When an array or an array slice is interpolated into a double-
	       quoted string or a similar context such as "/.../", its
	       elements are separated by this value.  Default is a space.  For
	       example, this:

		   print "The array is: @array\n";

	       is equivalent to this:

		   print "The array is: " . join($", @array) . "\n";

	       Mnemonic: works in double-quoted context.

       $PROCESS_ID
       $PID
       $$      The process number of the Perl running this script.  Though you
	       can set this variable, doing so is generally discouraged,
	       although it can be invaluable for some testing purposes.	 It
	       will be reset automatically across "fork()" calls.

	       Note for Linux and Debian GNU/kFreeBSD users: Before Perl
	       v5.16.0 perl would emulate POSIX semantics on Linux systems
	       using LinuxThreads, a partial implementation of POSIX Threads
	       that has since been superseded by the Native POSIX Thread
	       Library (NPTL).

	       LinuxThreads is now obsolete on Linux, and caching "getpid()"
	       like this made embedding perl unnecessarily complex (since
	       you'd have to manually update the value of $$), so now $$ and
	       "getppid()" will always return the same values as the
	       underlying C library.

	       Debian GNU/kFreeBSD systems also used LinuxThreads up until and
	       including the 6.0 release, but after that moved to FreeBSD
	       thread semantics, which are POSIX-like.

	       To see if your system is affected by this discrepancy check if
	       "getconf GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION | grep -q NPTL" returns a false
	       value. NTPL threads preserve the POSIX semantics.

	       Mnemonic: same as shells.

       $PROGRAM_NAME
       $0      Contains the name of the program being executed.

	       On some (but not all) operating systems assigning to $0
	       modifies the argument area that the "ps" program sees.  On some
	       platforms you may have to use special "ps" options or a
	       different "ps" to see the changes.  Modifying the $0 is more
	       useful as a way of indicating the current program state than it
	       is for hiding the program you're running.

	       Note that there are platform-specific limitations on the
	       maximum length of $0.  In the most extreme case it may be
	       limited to the space occupied by the original $0.

	       In some platforms there may be arbitrary amount of padding, for
	       example space characters, after the modified name as shown by
	       "ps".  In some platforms this padding may extend all the way to
	       the original length of the argument area, no matter what you do
	       (this is the case for example with Linux 2.2).

	       Note for BSD users: setting $0 does not completely remove
	       "perl" from the ps(1) output.  For example, setting $0 to
	       "foobar" may result in "perl: foobar (perl)" (whether both the
	       "perl: " prefix and the " (perl)" suffix are shown depends on
	       your exact BSD variant and version).  This is an operating
	       system feature, Perl cannot help it.

	       In multithreaded scripts Perl coordinates the threads so that
	       any thread may modify its copy of the $0 and the change becomes
	       visible to ps(1) (assuming the operating system plays along).
	       Note that the view of $0 the other threads have will not change
	       since they have their own copies of it.

	       If the program has been given to perl via the switches "-e" or
	       "-E", $0 will contain the string "-e".

	       On Linux as of perl v5.14.0 the legacy process name will be set
	       with prctl(2), in addition to altering the POSIX name via
	       "argv[0]" as perl has done since version 4.000.	Now system
	       utilities that read the legacy process name such as ps, top and
	       killall will recognize the name you set when assigning to $0.
	       The string you supply will be cut off at 16 bytes, this is a
	       limitation imposed by Linux.

	       Mnemonic: same as sh and ksh.

       $REAL_GROUP_ID
       $GID
       $(      The real gid of this process.  If you are on a machine that
	       supports membership in multiple groups simultaneously, gives a
	       space separated list of groups you are in.  The first number is
	       the one returned by "getgid()", and the subsequent ones by
	       "getgroups()", one of which may be the same as the first
	       number.

	       However, a value assigned to $( must be a single number used to
	       set the real gid.  So the value given by $( should not be
	       assigned back to $( without being forced numeric, such as by
	       adding zero.  Note that this is different to the effective gid
	       ($)) which does take a list.

	       You can change both the real gid and the effective gid at the
	       same time by using "POSIX::setgid()".  Changes to $( require a
	       check to $!  to detect any possible errors after an attempted
	       change.

	       Mnemonic: parentheses are used to group things.	The real gid
	       is the group you left, if you're running setgid.

       $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID
       $EGID
       $)      The effective gid of this process.  If you are on a machine
	       that supports membership in multiple groups simultaneously,
	       gives a space separated list of groups you are in.  The first
	       number is the one returned by "getegid()", and the subsequent
	       ones by "getgroups()", one of which may be the same as the
	       first number.

	       Similarly, a value assigned to $) must also be a space-
	       separated list of numbers.  The first number sets the effective
	       gid, and the rest (if any) are passed to "setgroups()".	To get
	       the effect of an empty list for "setgroups()", just repeat the
	       new effective gid; that is, to force an effective gid of 5 and
	       an effectively empty "setgroups()" list, say " $) = "5 5" ".

	       You can change both the effective gid and the real gid at the
	       same time by using "POSIX::setgid()" (use only a single numeric
	       argument).  Changes to $) require a check to $! to detect any
	       possible errors after an attempted change.

	       $<, $>, $( and $) can be set only on machines that support the
	       corresponding set[re][ug]id() routine.  $( and $) can be
	       swapped only on machines supporting "setregid()".

	       Mnemonic: parentheses are used to group things.	The effective
	       gid is the group that's right for you, if you're running
	       setgid.

       $REAL_USER_ID
       $UID
       $<      The real uid of this process.  You can change both the real uid
	       and the effective uid at the same time by using
	       "POSIX::setuid()".  Since changes to $< require a system call,
	       check $! after a change attempt to detect any possible errors.

	       Mnemonic: it's the uid you came from, if you're running setuid.

       $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID
       $EUID
       $>      The effective uid of this process.  For example:

		   $< = $>;	       # set real to effective uid
		   ($<,$>) = ($>,$<);  # swap real and effective uids

	       You can change both the effective uid and the real uid at the
	       same time by using "POSIX::setuid()".  Changes to $> require a
	       check to $! to detect any possible errors after an attempted
	       change.

	       $< and $> can be swapped only on machines supporting
	       "setreuid()".

	       Mnemonic: it's the uid you went to, if you're running setuid.

       $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR
       $SUBSEP
       $;      The subscript separator for multidimensional array emulation.
	       If you refer to a hash element as

		   $foo{$a,$b,$c}

	       it really means

		   $foo{join($;, $a, $b, $c)}

	       But don't put

		   @foo{$a,$b,$c}      # a slice--note the @

	       which means

		   ($foo{$a},$foo{$b},$foo{$c})

	       Default is "\034", the same as SUBSEP in awk.  If your keys
	       contain binary data there might not be any safe value for $;.

	       Consider using "real" multidimensional arrays as described in
	       perllol.

	       Mnemonic: comma (the syntactic subscript separator) is a semi-
	       semicolon.

       $a
       $b      Special package variables when using "sort()", see "sort" in
	       perlfunc.  Because of this specialness $a and $b don't need to
	       be declared (using "use vars", or "our()") even when using the
	       "strict 'vars'" pragma.	Don't lexicalize them with "my $a" or
	       "my $b" if you want to be able to use them in the "sort()"
	       comparison block or function.

       %ENV    The hash %ENV contains your current environment.	 Setting a
	       value in "ENV" changes the environment for any child processes
	       you subsequently "fork()" off.

       $SYSTEM_FD_MAX
       $^F     The maximum system file descriptor, ordinarily 2.  System file
	       descriptors are passed to "exec()"ed processes, while higher
	       file descriptors are not.  Also, during an "open()", system
	       file descriptors are preserved even if the "open()" fails
	       (ordinary file descriptors are closed before the "open()" is
	       attempted).  The close-on-exec status of a file descriptor will
	       be decided according to the value of $^F when the corresponding
	       file, pipe, or socket was opened, not the time of the "exec()".

       @F      The array @F contains the fields of each line read in when
	       autosplit mode is turned on.  See perlrun for the -a switch.
	       This array is package-specific, and must be declared or given a
	       full package name if not in package main when running under
	       "strict 'vars'".

       @INC    The array @INC contains the list of places that the "do EXPR",
	       "require", or "use" constructs look for their library files.
	       It initially consists of the arguments to any -I command-line
	       switches, followed by the default Perl library, probably
	       /usr/local/lib/perl, followed by ".", to represent the current
	       directory.  ("." will not be appended if taint checks are
	       enabled, either by "-T" or by "-t".)  If you need to modify
	       this at runtime, you should use the "use lib" pragma to get the
	       machine-dependent library properly loaded also:

		   use lib '/mypath/libdir/';
		   use SomeMod;

	       You can also insert hooks into the file inclusion system by
	       putting Perl code directly into @INC.  Those hooks may be
	       subroutine references, array references or blessed objects.
	       See "require" in perlfunc for details.

       %INC    The hash %INC contains entries for each filename included via
	       the "do", "require", or "use" operators.	 The key is the
	       filename you specified (with module names converted to
	       pathnames), and the value is the location of the file found.
	       The "require" operator uses this hash to determine whether a
	       particular file has already been included.

	       If the file was loaded via a hook (e.g. a subroutine reference,
	       see "require" in perlfunc for a description of these hooks),
	       this hook is by default inserted into %INC in place of a
	       filename.  Note, however, that the hook may have set the %INC
	       entry by itself to provide some more specific info.

       $INPLACE_EDIT
       $^I     The current value of the inplace-edit extension.	 Use "undef"
	       to disable inplace editing.

	       Mnemonic: value of -i switch.

       $^M     By default, running out of memory is an untrappable, fatal
	       error.  However, if suitably built, Perl can use the contents
	       of $^M as an emergency memory pool after "die()"ing.  Suppose
	       that your Perl were compiled with "-DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK" and
	       used Perl's malloc.  Then

		   $^M = 'a' x (1 << 16);

	       would allocate a 64K buffer for use in an emergency.  See the
	       INSTALL file in the Perl distribution for information on how to
	       add custom C compilation flags when compiling perl.  To
	       discourage casual use of this advanced feature, there is no
	       English long name for this variable.

	       This variable was added in Perl 5.004.

       $OSNAME
       $^O     The name of the operating system under which this copy of Perl
	       was built, as determined during the configuration process.  For
	       examples see "PLATFORMS" in perlport.

	       The value is identical to $Config{'osname'}.  See also Config
	       and the -V command-line switch documented in perlrun.

	       In Windows platforms, $^O is not very helpful: since it is
	       always "MSWin32", it doesn't tell the difference between
	       95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP/CE/.NET.  Use "Win32::GetOSName()" or
	       Win32::GetOSVersion() (see Win32 and perlport) to distinguish
	       between the variants.

	       This variable was added in Perl 5.003.

       %SIG    The hash %SIG contains signal handlers for signals.  For
	       example:

		   sub handler {   # 1st argument is signal name
		       my($sig) = @_;
		       print "Caught a SIG$sig--shutting down\n";
		       close(LOG);
		       exit(0);
		       }

		   $SIG{'INT'}	= \&handler;
		   $SIG{'QUIT'} = \&handler;
		   ...
		   $SIG{'INT'}	= 'DEFAULT';   # restore default action
		   $SIG{'QUIT'} = 'IGNORE';    # ignore SIGQUIT

	       Using a value of 'IGNORE' usually has the effect of ignoring
	       the signal, except for the "CHLD" signal.  See perlipc for more
	       about this special case.

	       Here are some other examples:

		   $SIG{"PIPE"} = "Plumber";   # assumes main::Plumber (not
					       # recommended)
		   $SIG{"PIPE"} = \&Plumber;   # just fine; assume current
					       # Plumber
		   $SIG{"PIPE"} = *Plumber;    # somewhat esoteric
		   $SIG{"PIPE"} = Plumber();   # oops, what did Plumber()
					       # return??

	       Be sure not to use a bareword as the name of a signal handler,
	       lest you inadvertently call it.

	       If your system has the "sigaction()" function then signal
	       handlers are installed using it.	 This means you get reliable
	       signal handling.

	       The default delivery policy of signals changed in Perl v5.8.0
	       from immediate (also known as "unsafe") to deferred, also known
	       as "safe signals".  See perlipc for more information.

	       Certain internal hooks can be also set using the %SIG hash.
	       The routine indicated by $SIG{__WARN__} is called when a
	       warning message is about to be printed.	The warning message is
	       passed as the first argument.  The presence of a "__WARN__"
	       hook causes the ordinary printing of warnings to "STDERR" to be
	       suppressed.  You can use this to save warnings in a variable,
	       or turn warnings into fatal errors, like this:

		   local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub { die $_[0] };
		   eval $proggie;

	       As the 'IGNORE' hook is not supported by "__WARN__", you can
	       disable warnings using the empty subroutine:

		   local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub {};

	       The routine indicated by $SIG{__DIE__} is called when a fatal
	       exception is about to be thrown.	 The error message is passed
	       as the first argument.  When a "__DIE__" hook routine returns,
	       the exception processing continues as it would have in the
	       absence of the hook, unless the hook routine itself exits via a
	       "goto &sub", a loop exit, or a "die()".	The "__DIE__" handler
	       is explicitly disabled during the call, so that you can die
	       from a "__DIE__" handler.  Similarly for "__WARN__".

	       Due to an implementation glitch, the $SIG{__DIE__} hook is
	       called even inside an "eval()".	Do not use this to rewrite a
	       pending exception in $@, or as a bizarre substitute for
	       overriding "CORE::GLOBAL::die()".  This strange action at a
	       distance may be fixed in a future release so that $SIG{__DIE__}
	       is only called if your program is about to exit, as was the
	       original intent.	 Any other use is deprecated.

	       "__DIE__"/"__WARN__" handlers are very special in one respect:
	       they may be called to report (probable) errors found by the
	       parser.	In such a case the parser may be in inconsistent
	       state, so any attempt to evaluate Perl code from such a handler
	       will probably result in a segfault.  This means that warnings
	       or errors that result from parsing Perl should be used with
	       extreme caution, like this:

		   require Carp if defined $^S;
		   Carp::confess("Something wrong") if defined &Carp::confess;
		   die "Something wrong, but could not load Carp to give "
		     . "backtrace...\n\t"
		     . "To see backtrace try starting Perl with -MCarp switch";

	       Here the first line will load "Carp" unless it is the parser
	       who called the handler.	The second line will print backtrace
	       and die if "Carp" was available.	 The third line will be
	       executed only if "Carp" was not available.

	       Having to even think about the $^S variable in your exception
	       handlers is simply wrong.  $SIG{__DIE__} as currently
	       implemented invites grievous and difficult to track down
	       errors.	Avoid it and use an "END{}" or CORE::GLOBAL::die
	       override instead.

	       See "die" in perlfunc, "warn" in perlfunc, "eval" in perlfunc,
	       and warnings for additional information.

       $BASETIME
       $^T     The time at which the program began running, in seconds since
	       the epoch (beginning of 1970).  The values returned by the -M,
	       -A, and -C filetests are based on this value.

       $PERL_VERSION
       $^V     The revision, version, and subversion of the Perl interpreter,
	       represented as a "version" object.

	       This variable first appeared in perl v5.6.0; earlier versions
	       of perl will see an undefined value.  Before perl v5.10.0 $^V
	       was represented as a v-string.

	       $^V can be used to determine whether the Perl interpreter
	       executing a script is in the right range of versions.  For
	       example:

		   warn "Hashes not randomized!\n" if !$^V or $^V lt v5.8.1

	       To convert $^V into its string representation use "sprintf()"'s
	       "%vd" conversion:

		   printf "version is v%vd\n", $^V;  # Perl's version

	       See the documentation of "use VERSION" and "require VERSION"
	       for a convenient way to fail if the running Perl interpreter is
	       too old.

	       See also $] for an older representation of the Perl version.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.6.0.

	       Mnemonic: use ^V for Version Control.

       ${^WIN32_SLOPPY_STAT}
	       If this variable is set to a true value, then "stat()" on
	       Windows will not try to open the file.  This means that the
	       link count cannot be determined and file attributes may be out
	       of date if additional hardlinks to the file exist.  On the
	       other hand, not opening the file is considerably faster,
	       especially for files on network drives.

	       This variable could be set in the sitecustomize.pl file to
	       configure the local Perl installation to use "sloppy" "stat()"
	       by default.  See the documentation for -f in perlrun for more
	       information about site customization.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.10.0.

       $EXECUTABLE_NAME
       $^X     The name used to execute the current copy of Perl, from C's
	       "argv[0]" or (where supported) /proc/self/exe.

	       Depending on the host operating system, the value of $^X may be
	       a relative or absolute pathname of the perl program file, or
	       may be the string used to invoke perl but not the pathname of
	       the perl program file.  Also, most operating systems permit
	       invoking programs that are not in the PATH environment
	       variable, so there is no guarantee that the value of $^X is in
	       PATH.  For VMS, the value may or may not include a version
	       number.

	       You usually can use the value of $^X to re-invoke an
	       independent copy of the same perl that is currently running,
	       e.g.,

		   @first_run = `$^X -le "print int rand 100 for 1..100"`;

	       But recall that not all operating systems support forking or
	       capturing of the output of commands, so this complex statement
	       may not be portable.

	       It is not safe to use the value of $^X as a path name of a
	       file, as some operating systems that have a mandatory suffix on
	       executable files do not require use of the suffix when invoking
	       a command.  To convert the value of $^X to a path name, use the
	       following statements:

		   # Build up a set of file names (not command names).
		   use Config;
		   my $this_perl = $^X;
		   if ($^O ne 'VMS') {
		       $this_perl .= $Config{_exe}
			 unless $this_perl =~ m/$Config{_exe}$/i;
		       }

	       Because many operating systems permit anyone with read access
	       to the Perl program file to make a copy of it, patch the copy,
	       and then execute the copy, the security-conscious Perl
	       programmer should take care to invoke the installed copy of
	       perl, not the copy referenced by $^X.  The following statements
	       accomplish this goal, and produce a pathname that can be
	       invoked as a command or referenced as a file.

		   use Config;
		   my $secure_perl_path = $Config{perlpath};
		   if ($^O ne 'VMS') {
		       $secure_perl_path .= $Config{_exe}
			   unless $secure_perl_path =~ m/$Config{_exe}$/i;
		       }

   Variables related to regular expressions
       Most of the special variables related to regular expressions are side
       effects.	 Perl sets these variables when it has a successful match, so
       you should check the match result before using them.  For instance:

	   if( /P(A)TT(ER)N/ ) {
	       print "I found $1 and $2\n";
	       }

       These variables are read-only and dynamically-scoped, unless we note
       otherwise.

       The dynamic nature of the regular expression variables means that their
       value is limited to the block that they are in, as demonstrated by this
       bit of code:

	   my $outer = 'Wallace and Grommit';
	   my $inner = 'Mutt and Jeff';

	   my $pattern = qr/(\S+) and (\S+)/;

	   sub show_n { print "\$1 is $1; \$2 is $2\n" }

	   {
	   OUTER:
	       show_n() if $outer =~ m/$pattern/;

	       INNER: {
		   show_n() if $inner =~ m/$pattern/;
		   }

	       show_n();
	   }

       The output shows that while in the "OUTER" block, the values of $1 and
       $2 are from the match against $outer.  Inside the "INNER" block, the
       values of $1 and $2 are from the match against $inner, but only until
       the end of the block (i.e. the dynamic scope).  After the "INNER" block
       completes, the values of $1 and $2 return to the values for the match
       against $outer even though we have not made another match:

	   $1 is Wallace; $2 is Grommit
	   $1 is Mutt; $2 is Jeff
	   $1 is Wallace; $2 is Grommit

       Due to an unfortunate accident of Perl's implementation, "use English"
       imposes a considerable performance penalty on all regular expression
       matches in a program because it uses the "$`", $&, and "$'", regardless
       of whether they occur in the scope of "use English".  For that reason,
       saying "use English" in libraries is strongly discouraged unless you
       import it without the match variables:

	   use English '-no_match_vars'

       The "Devel::NYTProf" and "Devel::FindAmpersand" modules can help you
       find uses of these problematic match variables in your code.

       Since Perl v5.10.0, you can use the "/p" match operator flag and the
       "${^PREMATCH}", "${^MATCH}", and "${^POSTMATCH}" variables instead so
       you only suffer the performance penalties.

       $<digits> ($1, $2, ...)
	       Contains the subpattern from the corresponding set of capturing
	       parentheses from the last successful pattern match, not
	       counting patterns matched in nested blocks that have been
	       exited already.

	       These variables are read-only and dynamically-scoped.

	       Mnemonic: like \digits.

       $MATCH
       $&      The string matched by the last successful pattern match (not
	       counting any matches hidden within a BLOCK or "eval()" enclosed
	       by the current BLOCK).

	       The use of this variable anywhere in a program imposes a
	       considerable performance penalty on all regular expression
	       matches.	 To avoid this penalty, you can extract the same
	       substring by using "@-".	 Starting with Perl v5.10.0, you can
	       use the "/p" match flag and the "${^MATCH}" variable to do the
	       same thing for particular match operations.

	       This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.

	       Mnemonic: like "&" in some editors.

       ${^MATCH}
	       This is similar to $& ($MATCH) except that it does not incur
	       the performance penalty associated with that variable, and is
	       only guaranteed to return a defined value when the pattern was
	       compiled or executed with the "/p" modifier.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.10.0.

	       This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.

       $PREMATCH
       $`      The string preceding whatever was matched by the last
	       successful pattern match, not counting any matches hidden
	       within a BLOCK or "eval" enclosed by the current BLOCK.

	       The use of this variable anywhere in a program imposes a
	       considerable performance penalty on all regular expression
	       matches.	 To avoid this penalty, you can extract the same
	       substring by using "@-".	 Starting with Perl v5.10.0, you can
	       use the "/p" match flag and the "${^PREMATCH}" variable to do
	       the same thing for particular match operations.

	       This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.

	       Mnemonic: "`" often precedes a quoted string.

       ${^PREMATCH}
	       This is similar to "$`" ($PREMATCH) except that it does not
	       incur the performance penalty associated with that variable,
	       and is only guaranteed to return a defined value when the
	       pattern was compiled or executed with the "/p" modifier.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.10.0

	       This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.

       $POSTMATCH
       $'      The string following whatever was matched by the last
	       successful pattern match (not counting any matches hidden
	       within a BLOCK or "eval()" enclosed by the current BLOCK).
	       Example:

		   local $_ = 'abcdefghi';
		   /def/;
		   print "$`:$&:$'\n";	       # prints abc:def:ghi

	       The use of this variable anywhere in a program imposes a
	       considerable performance penalty on all regular expression
	       matches.	 To avoid this penalty, you can extract the same
	       substring by using "@-".	 Starting with Perl v5.10.0, you can
	       use the "/p" match flag and the "${^POSTMATCH}" variable to do
	       the same thing for particular match operations.

	       This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.

	       Mnemonic: "'" often follows a quoted string.

       ${^POSTMATCH}
	       This is similar to "$'" ($POSTMATCH) except that it does not
	       incur the performance penalty associated with that variable,
	       and is only guaranteed to return a defined value when the
	       pattern was compiled or executed with the "/p" modifier.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.10.0.

	       This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.

       $LAST_PAREN_MATCH
       $+      The text matched by the last bracket of the last successful
	       search pattern.	This is useful if you don't know which one of
	       a set of alternative patterns matched.  For example:

		   /Version: (.*)|Revision: (.*)/ && ($rev = $+);

	       This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.

	       Mnemonic: be positive and forward looking.

       $LAST_SUBMATCH_RESULT
       $^N     The text matched by the used group most-recently closed (i.e.
	       the group with the rightmost closing parenthesis) of the last
	       successful search pattern.

	       This is primarily used inside "(?{...})" blocks for examining
	       text recently matched.  For example, to effectively capture
	       text to a variable (in addition to $1, $2, etc.), replace
	       "(...)" with

		   (?:(...)(?{ $var = $^N }))

	       By setting and then using $var in this way relieves you from
	       having to worry about exactly which numbered set of parentheses
	       they are.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.8.0.

	       Mnemonic: the (possibly) Nested parenthesis that most recently
	       closed.

       @LAST_MATCH_END
       @+      This array holds the offsets of the ends of the last successful
	       submatches in the currently active dynamic scope.  $+[0] is the
	       offset into the string of the end of the entire match.  This is
	       the same value as what the "pos" function returns when called
	       on the variable that was matched against.  The nth element of
	       this array holds the offset of the nth submatch, so $+[1] is
	       the offset past where $1 ends, $+[2] the offset past where $2
	       ends, and so on.	 You can use $#+ to determine how many
	       subgroups were in the last successful match.  See the examples
	       given for the "@-" variable.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.6.0.

       %LAST_PAREN_MATCH
       %+      Similar to "@+", the "%+" hash allows access to the named
	       capture buffers, should they exist, in the last successful
	       match in the currently active dynamic scope.

	       For example, $+{foo} is equivalent to $1 after the following
	       match:

		   'foo' =~ /(?<foo>foo)/;

	       The keys of the "%+" hash list only the names of buffers that
	       have captured (and that are thus associated to defined values).

	       The underlying behaviour of "%+" is provided by the
	       Tie::Hash::NamedCapture module.

	       Note: "%-" and "%+" are tied views into a common internal hash
	       associated with the last successful regular expression.
	       Therefore mixing iterative access to them via "each" may have
	       unpredictable results.  Likewise, if the last successful match
	       changes, then the results may be surprising.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.10.0.

	       This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.

       @LAST_MATCH_START
       @-      "$-[0]" is the offset of the start of the last successful
	       match.  "$-["n"]" is the offset of the start of the substring
	       matched by n-th subpattern, or undef if the subpattern did not
	       match.

	       Thus, after a match against $_, $& coincides with "substr $_,
	       $-[0], $+[0] - $-[0]".  Similarly, $n coincides with "substr
	       $_, $-[n], $+[n] - $-[n]" if "$-[n]" is defined, and $+
	       coincides with "substr $_, $-[$#-], $+[$#-] - $-[$#-]".	One
	       can use "$#-" to find the last matched subgroup in the last
	       successful match.  Contrast with $#+, the number of subgroups
	       in the regular expression.  Compare with "@+".

	       This array holds the offsets of the beginnings of the last
	       successful submatches in the currently active dynamic scope.
	       "$-[0]" is the offset into the string of the beginning of the
	       entire match.  The nth element of this array holds the offset
	       of the nth submatch, so "$-[1]" is the offset where $1 begins,
	       "$-[2]" the offset where $2 begins, and so on.

	       After a match against some variable $var:

	       "$`" is the same as "substr($var, 0, $-[0])"
	       $& is the same as "substr($var, $-[0], $+[0] - $-[0])"
	       "$'" is the same as "substr($var, $+[0])"
	       $1 is the same as "substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])"
	       $2 is the same as "substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])"
	       $3 is the same as "substr($var, $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])"

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.6.0.

       %LAST_MATCH_START
       %-      Similar to "%+", this variable allows access to the named
	       capture groups in the last successful match in the currently
	       active dynamic scope.  To each capture group name found in the
	       regular expression, it associates a reference to an array
	       containing the list of values captured by all buffers with that
	       name (should there be several of them), in the order where they
	       appear.

	       Here's an example:

		   if ('1234' =~ /(?<A>1)(?<B>2)(?<A>3)(?<B>4)/) {
		       foreach my $bufname (sort keys %-) {
			   my $ary = $-{$bufname};
			   foreach my $idx (0..$#$ary) {
			       print "\$-{$bufname}[$idx] : ",
				     (defined($ary->[$idx])
					 ? "'$ary->[$idx]'"
					 : "undef"),
				     "\n";
			   }
		       }
		   }

	       would print out:

		   $-{A}[0] : '1'
		   $-{A}[1] : '3'
		   $-{B}[0] : '2'
		   $-{B}[1] : '4'

	       The keys of the "%-" hash correspond to all buffer names found
	       in the regular expression.

	       The behaviour of "%-" is implemented via the
	       Tie::Hash::NamedCapture module.

	       Note: "%-" and "%+" are tied views into a common internal hash
	       associated with the last successful regular expression.
	       Therefore mixing iterative access to them via "each" may have
	       unpredictable results.  Likewise, if the last successful match
	       changes, then the results may be surprising.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.10.0.

	       This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.

       $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT
       $^R     The result of evaluation of the last successful "(?{ code })"
	       regular expression assertion (see perlre).  May be written to.

	       This variable was added in Perl 5.005.

       ${^RE_DEBUG_FLAGS}
	       The current value of the regex debugging flags.	Set to 0 for
	       no debug output even when the "re 'debug'" module is loaded.
	       See re for details.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.10.0.

       ${^RE_TRIE_MAXBUF}
	       Controls how certain regex optimisations are applied and how
	       much memory they utilize.  This value by default is 65536 which
	       corresponds to a 512kB temporary cache.	Set this to a higher
	       value to trade memory for speed when matching large
	       alternations.  Set it to a lower value if you want the
	       optimisations to be as conservative of memory as possible but
	       still occur, and set it to a negative value to prevent the
	       optimisation and conserve the most memory.  Under normal
	       situations this variable should be of no interest to you.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.10.0.

   Variables related to filehandles
       Variables that depend on the currently selected filehandle may be set
       by calling an appropriate object method on the "IO::Handle" object,
       although this is less efficient than using the regular built-in
       variables.  (Summary lines below for this contain the word HANDLE.)
       First you must say

	   use IO::Handle;

       after which you may use either

	   method HANDLE EXPR

       or more safely,

	   HANDLE->method(EXPR)

       Each method returns the old value of the "IO::Handle" attribute.	 The
       methods each take an optional EXPR, which, if supplied, specifies the
       new value for the "IO::Handle" attribute in question.  If not supplied,
       most methods do nothing to the current value--except for "autoflush()",
       which will assume a 1 for you, just to be different.

       Because loading in the "IO::Handle" class is an expensive operation,
       you should learn how to use the regular built-in variables.

       A few of these variables are considered "read-only".  This means that
       if you try to assign to this variable, either directly or indirectly
       through a reference, you'll raise a run-time exception.

       You should be very careful when modifying the default values of most
       special variables described in this document.  In most cases you want
       to localize these variables before changing them, since if you don't,
       the change may affect other modules which rely on the default values of
       the special variables that you have changed.  This is one of the
       correct ways to read the whole file at once:

	   open my $fh, "<", "foo" or die $!;
	   local $/; # enable localized slurp mode
	   my $content = <$fh>;
	   close $fh;

       But the following code is quite bad:

	   open my $fh, "<", "foo" or die $!;
	   undef $/; # enable slurp mode
	   my $content = <$fh>;
	   close $fh;

       since some other module, may want to read data from some file in the
       default "line mode", so if the code we have just presented has been
       executed, the global value of $/ is now changed for any other code
       running inside the same Perl interpreter.

       Usually when a variable is localized you want to make sure that this
       change affects the shortest scope possible.  So unless you are already
       inside some short "{}" block, you should create one yourself.  For
       example:

	   my $content = '';
	   open my $fh, "<", "foo" or die $!;
	   {
	       local $/;
	       $content = <$fh>;
	   }
	   close $fh;

       Here is an example of how your own code can go broken:

	   for ( 1..3 ){
	       $\ = "\r\n";
	       nasty_break();
	       print "$_";
	   }

	   sub nasty_break {
	       $\ = "\f";
	       # do something with $_
	   }

       You probably expect this code to print the equivalent of

	   "1\r\n2\r\n3\r\n"

       but instead you get:

	   "1\f2\f3\f"

       Why? Because "nasty_break()" modifies "$\" without localizing it first.
       The value you set in  "nasty_break()" is still there when you return.
       The fix is to add "local()" so the value doesn't leak out of
       "nasty_break()":

	   local $\ = "\f";

       It's easy to notice the problem in such a short example, but in more
       complicated code you are looking for trouble if you don't localize
       changes to the special variables.

       $ARGV   Contains the name of the current file when reading from "<>".

       @ARGV   The array @ARGV contains the command-line arguments intended
	       for the script.	$#ARGV is generally the number of arguments
	       minus one, because $ARGV[0] is the first argument, not the
	       program's command name itself.  See "$0" for the command name.

       ARGV    The special filehandle that iterates over command-line
	       filenames in @ARGV.  Usually written as the null filehandle in
	       the angle operator "<>".	 Note that currently "ARGV" only has
	       its magical effect within the "<>" operator; elsewhere it is
	       just a plain filehandle corresponding to the last file opened
	       by "<>".	 In particular, passing "\*ARGV" as a parameter to a
	       function that expects a filehandle may not cause your function
	       to automatically read the contents of all the files in @ARGV.

       ARGVOUT The special filehandle that points to the currently open output
	       file when doing edit-in-place processing with -i.  Useful when
	       you have to do a lot of inserting and don't want to keep
	       modifying $_.  See perlrun for the -i switch.

       IO::Handle->output_field_separator( EXPR )
       $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR
       $OFS
       $,      The output field separator for the print operator.  If defined,
	       this value is printed between each of print's arguments.
	       Default is "undef".

	       You cannot call "output_field_separator()" on a handle, only as
	       a static method.	 See IO::Handle.

	       Mnemonic: what is printed when there is a "," in your print
	       statement.

       HANDLE->input_line_number( EXPR )
       $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER
       $NR
       $.      Current line number for the last filehandle accessed.

	       Each filehandle in Perl counts the number of lines that have
	       been read from it.  (Depending on the value of $/, Perl's idea
	       of what constitutes a line may not match yours.)	 When a line
	       is read from a filehandle (via "readline()" or "<>"), or when
	       "tell()" or "seek()" is called on it, $. becomes an alias to
	       the line counter for that filehandle.

	       You can adjust the counter by assigning to $., but this will
	       not actually move the seek pointer.  Localizing $. will not
	       localize the filehandle's line count.  Instead, it will
	       localize perl's notion of which filehandle $. is currently
	       aliased to.

	       $. is reset when the filehandle is closed, but not when an open
	       filehandle is reopened without an intervening "close()".	 For
	       more details, see "I/O Operators" in perlop.  Because "<>"
	       never does an explicit close, line numbers increase across
	       "ARGV" files (but see examples in "eof" in perlfunc).

	       You can also use "HANDLE->input_line_number(EXPR)" to access
	       the line counter for a given filehandle without having to worry
	       about which handle you last accessed.

	       Mnemonic: many programs use "." to mean the current line
	       number.

       IO::Handle->input_record_separator( EXPR )
       $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR
       $RS
       $/      The input record separator, newline by default.	This
	       influences Perl's idea of what a "line" is.  Works like awk's
	       RS variable, including treating empty lines as a terminator if
	       set to the null string (an empty line cannot contain any spaces
	       or tabs).  You may set it to a multi-character string to match
	       a multi-character terminator, or to "undef" to read through the
	       end of file.  Setting it to "\n\n" means something slightly
	       different than setting to "", if the file contains consecutive
	       empty lines.  Setting to "" will treat two or more consecutive
	       empty lines as a single empty line.  Setting to "\n\n" will
	       blindly assume that the next input character belongs to the
	       next paragraph, even if it's a newline.

		   local $/;	       # enable "slurp" mode
		   local $_ = <FH>;    # whole file now here
		   s/\n[ \t]+/ /g;

	       Remember: the value of $/ is a string, not a regex.  awk has to
	       be better for something. :-)

	       Setting $/ to a reference to an integer, scalar containing an
	       integer, or scalar that's convertible to an integer will
	       attempt to read records instead of lines, with the maximum
	       record size being the referenced integer number of characters.
	       So this:

		   local $/ = \32768; # or \"32768", or \$var_containing_32768
		   open my $fh, "<", $myfile or die $!;
		   local $_ = <$fh>;

	       will read a record of no more than 32768 characters from $fh.
	       If you're not reading from a record-oriented file (or your OS
	       doesn't have record-oriented files), then you'll likely get a
	       full chunk of data with every read.  If a record is larger than
	       the record size you've set, you'll get the record back in
	       pieces.	Trying to set the record size to zero or less will
	       cause reading in the (rest of the) whole file.

	       On VMS only, record reads bypass PerlIO layers and any
	       associated buffering, so you must not mix record and non-record
	       reads on the same filehandle.  Record mode mixes with line mode
	       only when the same buffering layer is in use for both modes.

	       You cannot call "input_record_separator()" on a handle, only as
	       a static method.	 See IO::Handle.

	       See also "Newlines" in perlport.	 Also see "$.".

	       Mnemonic: / delimits line boundaries when quoting poetry.

       IO::Handle->output_record_separator( EXPR )
       $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR
       $ORS
       $\      The output record separator for the print operator.  If
	       defined, this value is printed after the last of print's
	       arguments.  Default is "undef".

	       You cannot call "output_record_separator()" on a handle, only
	       as a static method.  See IO::Handle.

	       Mnemonic: you set "$\" instead of adding "\n" at the end of the
	       print.  Also, it's just like $/, but it's what you get "back"
	       from Perl.

       HANDLE->autoflush( EXPR )
       $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH
       $|      If set to nonzero, forces a flush right away and after every
	       write or print on the currently selected output channel.
	       Default is 0 (regardless of whether the channel is really
	       buffered by the system or not; $| tells you only whether you've
	       asked Perl explicitly to flush after each write).  STDOUT will
	       typically be line buffered if output is to the terminal and
	       block buffered otherwise.  Setting this variable is useful
	       primarily when you are outputting to a pipe or socket, such as
	       when you are running a Perl program under rsh and want to see
	       the output as it's happening.  This has no effect on input
	       buffering.  See "getc" in perlfunc for that.  See "select" in
	       perlfunc on how to select the output channel.  See also
	       IO::Handle.

	       Mnemonic: when you want your pipes to be piping hot.

       ${^LAST_FH}
	       This read-only variable contains a reference to the last-read
	       filehandle.  This is set by "<HANDLE>", "readline", "tell",
	       "eof" and "seek".  This is the same handle that $. and "tell"
	       and "eof" without arguments use.	 It is also the handle used
	       when Perl appends ", <STDIN> line 1" to an error or warning
	       message.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.18.0.

       Variables related to formats

       The special variables for formats are a subset of those for
       filehandles.  See perlform for more information about Perl's formats.

       $ACCUMULATOR
       $^A     The current value of the "write()" accumulator for "format()"
	       lines.  A format contains "formline()" calls that put their
	       result into $^A.	 After calling its format, "write()" prints
	       out the contents of $^A and empties.  So you never really see
	       the contents of $^A unless you call "formline()" yourself and
	       then look at it.	 See perlform and "formline PICTURE,LIST" in
	       perlfunc.

       IO::Handle->format_formfeed(EXPR)
       $FORMAT_FORMFEED
       $^L     What formats output as a form feed.  The default is "\f".

	       You cannot call "format_formfeed()" on a handle, only as a
	       static method.  See IO::Handle.

       HANDLE->format_page_number(EXPR)
       $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER
       $%      The current page number of the currently selected output
	       channel.

	       Mnemonic: "%" is page number in nroff.

       HANDLE->format_lines_left(EXPR)
       $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT
       $-      The number of lines left on the page of the currently selected
	       output channel.

	       Mnemonic: lines_on_page - lines_printed.

       IO::Handle->format_line_break_characters EXPR
       $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS
       $:      The current set of characters after which a string may be
	       broken to fill continuation fields (starting with "^") in a
	       format.	The default is " \n-", to break on a space, newline,
	       or a hyphen.

	       You cannot call "format_line_break_characters()" on a handle,
	       only as a static method.	 See IO::Handle.

	       Mnemonic: a "colon" in poetry is a part of a line.

       HANDLE->format_lines_per_page(EXPR)
       $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE
       $=      The current page length (printable lines) of the currently
	       selected output channel.	 The default is 60.

	       Mnemonic: = has horizontal lines.

       HANDLE->format_top_name(EXPR)
       $FORMAT_TOP_NAME
       $^      The name of the current top-of-page format for the currently
	       selected output channel.	 The default is the name of the
	       filehandle with "_TOP" appended.	 For example, the default
	       format top name for the "STDOUT" filehandle is "STDOUT_TOP".

	       Mnemonic: points to top of page.

       HANDLE->format_name(EXPR)
       $FORMAT_NAME
       $~      The name of the current report format for the currently
	       selected output channel.	 The default format name is the same
	       as the filehandle name.	For example, the default format name
	       for the "STDOUT" filehandle is just "STDOUT".

	       Mnemonic: brother to $^.

   Error Variables
       The variables $@, $!, $^E, and $? contain information about different
       types of error conditions that may appear during execution of a Perl
       program.	 The variables are shown ordered by the "distance" between the
       subsystem which reported the error and the Perl process.	 They
       correspond to errors detected by the Perl interpreter, C library,
       operating system, or an external program, respectively.

       To illustrate the differences between these variables, consider the
       following Perl expression, which uses a single-quoted string.  After
       execution of this statement, perl may have set all four special error
       variables:

	   eval q{
	       open my $pipe, "/cdrom/install |" or die $!;
	       my @res = <$pipe>;
	       close $pipe or die "bad pipe: $?, $!";
	   };

       When perl executes the "eval()" expression, it translates the "open()",
       "<PIPE>", and "close" calls in the C run-time library and thence to the
       operating system kernel.	 perl sets $! to the C library's "errno" if
       one of these calls fails.

       $@ is set if the string to be "eval"-ed did not compile (this may
       happen if "open" or "close" were imported with bad prototypes), or if
       Perl code executed during evaluation "die()"d.  In these cases the
       value of $@ is the compile error, or the argument to "die" (which will
       interpolate $! and $?).	(See also Fatal, though.)

       Under a few operating systems, $^E may contain a more verbose error
       indicator, such as in this case, "CDROM tray not closed."  Systems that
       do not support extended error messages leave $^E the same as $!.

       Finally, $? may be set to non-0 value if the external program
       /cdrom/install fails.  The upper eight bits reflect specific error
       conditions encountered by the program (the program's "exit()" value).
       The lower eight bits reflect mode of failure, like signal death and
       core dump information.  See wait(2) for details.	 In contrast to $! and
       $^E, which are set only if error condition is detected, the variable $?
       is set on each "wait" or pipe "close", overwriting the old value.  This
       is more like $@, which on every "eval()" is always set on failure and
       cleared on success.

       For more details, see the individual descriptions at $@, $!, $^E, and
       $?.

       ${^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE}
	       The native status returned by the last pipe close, backtick
	       ("``") command, successful call to "wait()" or "waitpid()", or
	       from the "system()" operator.  On POSIX-like systems this value
	       can be decoded with the WIFEXITED, WEXITSTATUS, WIFSIGNALED,
	       WTERMSIG, WIFSTOPPED, WSTOPSIG and WIFCONTINUED functions
	       provided by the POSIX module.

	       Under VMS this reflects the actual VMS exit status; i.e. it is
	       the same as $? when the pragma "use vmsish 'status'" is in
	       effect.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.10.0.

       $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR
       $^E     Error information specific to the current operating system.  At
	       the moment, this differs from $! under only VMS, OS/2, and
	       Win32 (and for MacPerl).	 On all other platforms, $^E is always
	       just the same as $!.

	       Under VMS, $^E provides the VMS status value from the last
	       system error.  This is more specific information about the last
	       system error than that provided by $!.  This is particularly
	       important when $!  is set to EVMSERR.

	       Under OS/2, $^E is set to the error code of the last call to
	       OS/2 API either via CRT, or directly from perl.

	       Under Win32, $^E always returns the last error information
	       reported by the Win32 call "GetLastError()" which describes the
	       last error from within the Win32 API.  Most Win32-specific code
	       will report errors via $^E.  ANSI C and Unix-like calls set
	       "errno" and so most portable Perl code will report errors via
	       $!.

	       Caveats mentioned in the description of $! generally apply to
	       $^E, also.

	       This variable was added in Perl 5.003.

	       Mnemonic: Extra error explanation.

       $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT
       $^S     Current state of the interpreter.

		       $^S	   State
		       ---------   -------------------------------------
		       undef	   Parsing module, eval, or main program
		       true (1)	   Executing an eval
		       false (0)   Otherwise

	       The first state may happen in $SIG{__DIE__} and $SIG{__WARN__}
	       handlers.

	       The English name $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT is slightly
	       misleading, because the "undef" value does not indicate whether
	       exceptions are being caught, since compilation of the main
	       program does not catch exceptions.

	       This variable was added in Perl 5.004.

       $WARNING
       $^W     The current value of the warning switch, initially true if -w
	       was used, false otherwise, but directly modifiable.

	       See also warnings.

	       Mnemonic: related to the -w switch.

       ${^WARNING_BITS}
	       The current set of warning checks enabled by the "use warnings"
	       pragma.	It has the same scoping as the $^H and "%^H"
	       variables.  The exact values are considered internal to the
	       warnings pragma and may change between versions of Perl.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.6.0.

       $OS_ERROR
       $ERRNO
       $!      When referenced, $! retrieves the current value of the C
	       "errno" integer variable.  If $! is assigned a numerical value,
	       that value is stored in "errno".	 When referenced as a string,
	       $! yields the system error string corresponding to "errno".

	       Many system or library calls set "errno" if they fail, to
	       indicate the cause of failure.  They usually do not set "errno"
	       to zero if they succeed.	 This means "errno", hence $!, is
	       meaningful only immediately after a failure:

		   if (open my $fh, "<", $filename) {
			       # Here $! is meaningless.
			       ...
		   }
		   else {
			       # ONLY here is $! meaningful.
			       ...
			       # Already here $! might be meaningless.
		   }
		   # Since here we might have either success or failure,
		   # $! is meaningless.

	       Here, meaningless means that $! may be unrelated to the outcome
	       of the "open()" operator.  Assignment to $! is similarly
	       ephemeral.  It can be used immediately before invoking the
	       "die()" operator, to set the exit value, or to inspect the
	       system error string corresponding to error n, or to restore $!
	       to a meaningful state.

	       Mnemonic: What just went bang?

       %OS_ERROR
       %ERRNO
       %!      Each element of "%!" has a true value only if $! is set to that
	       value.  For example, $!{ENOENT} is true if and only if the
	       current value of $! is "ENOENT"; that is, if the most recent
	       error was "No such file or directory" (or its moral equivalent:
	       not all operating systems give that exact error, and certainly
	       not all languages).  To check if a particular key is meaningful
	       on your system, use "exists $!{the_key}"; for a list of legal
	       keys, use "keys %!".  See Errno for more information, and also
	       see "$!".

	       This variable was added in Perl 5.005.

       $CHILD_ERROR
       $?      The status returned by the last pipe close, backtick ("``")
	       command, successful call to "wait()" or "waitpid()", or from
	       the "system()" operator.	 This is just the 16-bit status word
	       returned by the traditional Unix "wait()" system call (or else
	       is made up to look like it).  Thus, the exit value of the
	       subprocess is really ("$? >> 8"), and "$? & 127" gives which
	       signal, if any, the process died from, and "$? & 128" reports
	       whether there was a core dump.

	       Additionally, if the "h_errno" variable is supported in C, its
	       value is returned via $? if any "gethost*()" function fails.

	       If you have installed a signal handler for "SIGCHLD", the value
	       of $? will usually be wrong outside that handler.

	       Inside an "END" subroutine $? contains the value that is going
	       to be given to "exit()".	 You can modify $? in an "END"
	       subroutine to change the exit status of your program.  For
	       example:

		   END {
		       $? = 1 if $? == 255;  # die would make it 255
		   }

	       Under VMS, the pragma "use vmsish 'status'" makes $? reflect
	       the actual VMS exit status, instead of the default emulation of
	       POSIX status; see "$?" in perlvms for details.

	       Mnemonic: similar to sh and ksh.

       $EVAL_ERROR
       $@      The Perl syntax error message from the last "eval()" operator.
	       If $@ is the null string, the last "eval()" parsed and executed
	       correctly (although the operations you invoked may have failed
	       in the normal fashion).

	       Warning messages are not collected in this variable.  You can,
	       however, set up a routine to process warnings by setting
	       $SIG{__WARN__} as described in "%SIG".

	       Mnemonic: Where was the syntax error "at"?

   Variables related to the interpreter state
       These variables provide information about the current interpreter
       state.

       $COMPILING
       $^C     The current value of the flag associated with the -c switch.
	       Mainly of use with -MO=... to allow code to alter its behavior
	       when being compiled, such as for example to "AUTOLOAD" at
	       compile time rather than normal, deferred loading.  Setting
	       "$^C = 1" is similar to calling "B::minus_c".

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.6.0.

       $DEBUGGING
       $^D     The current value of the debugging flags.  May be read or set.
	       Like its command-line equivalent, you can use numeric or
	       symbolic values, eg "$^D = 10" or "$^D = "st"".

	       Mnemonic: value of -D switch.

       ${^ENCODING}
	       The object reference to the "Encode" object that is used to
	       convert the source code to Unicode.  Thanks to this variable
	       your Perl script does not have to be written in UTF-8.  Default
	       is undef.  The direct manipulation of this variable is highly
	       discouraged.

	       This variable was added in Perl 5.8.2.

       ${^GLOBAL_PHASE}
	       The current phase of the perl interpreter.

	       Possible values are:

	       CONSTRUCT
		       The "PerlInterpreter*" is being constructed via
		       "perl_construct".  This value is mostly there for
		       completeness and for use via the underlying C variable
		       "PL_phase".  It's not really possible for Perl code to
		       be executed unless construction of the interpreter is
		       finished.

	       START   This is the global compile-time.	 That includes,
		       basically, every "BEGIN" block executed directly or
		       indirectly from during the compile-time of the top-
		       level program.

		       This phase is not called "BEGIN" to avoid confusion
		       with "BEGIN"-blocks, as those are executed during
		       compile-time of any compilation unit, not just the top-
		       level program.  A new, localised compile-time entered
		       at run-time, for example by constructs as "eval "use
		       SomeModule"" are not global interpreter phases, and
		       therefore aren't reflected by "${^GLOBAL_PHASE}".

	       CHECK   Execution of any "CHECK" blocks.

	       INIT    Similar to "CHECK", but for "INIT"-blocks, not "CHECK"
		       blocks.

	       RUN     The main run-time, i.e. the execution of
		       "PL_main_root".

	       END     Execution of any "END" blocks.

	       DESTRUCT
		       Global destruction.

	       Also note that there's no value for UNITCHECK-blocks.  That's
	       because those are run for each compilation unit individually,
	       and therefore is not a global interpreter phase.

	       Not every program has to go through each of the possible
	       phases, but transition from one phase to another can only
	       happen in the order described in the above list.

	       An example of all of the phases Perl code can see:

		   BEGIN { print "compile-time: ${^GLOBAL_PHASE}\n" }

		   INIT	 { print "init-time: ${^GLOBAL_PHASE}\n" }

		   CHECK { print "check-time: ${^GLOBAL_PHASE}\n" }

		   {
		       package Print::Phase;

		       sub new {
			   my ($class, $time) = @_;
			   return bless \$time, $class;
		       }

		       sub DESTROY {
			   my $self = shift;
			   print "$$self: ${^GLOBAL_PHASE}\n";
		       }
		   }

		   print "run-time: ${^GLOBAL_PHASE}\n";

		   my $runtime = Print::Phase->new(
		       "lexical variables are garbage collected before END"
		   );

		   END	 { print "end-time: ${^GLOBAL_PHASE}\n" }

		   our $destruct = Print::Phase->new(
		       "package variables are garbage collected after END"
		   );

	       This will print out

		   compile-time: START
		   check-time: CHECK
		   init-time: INIT
		   run-time: RUN
		   lexical variables are garbage collected before END: RUN
		   end-time: END
		   package variables are garbage collected after END: DESTRUCT

	       This variable was added in Perl 5.14.0.

       $^H     WARNING: This variable is strictly for internal use only.  Its
	       availability, behavior, and contents are subject to change
	       without notice.

	       This variable contains compile-time hints for the Perl
	       interpreter.  At the end of compilation of a BLOCK the value of
	       this variable is restored to the value when the interpreter
	       started to compile the BLOCK.

	       When perl begins to parse any block construct that provides a
	       lexical scope (e.g., eval body, required file, subroutine body,
	       loop body, or conditional block), the existing value of $^H is
	       saved, but its value is left unchanged.	When the compilation
	       of the block is completed, it regains the saved value.  Between
	       the points where its value is saved and restored, code that
	       executes within BEGIN blocks is free to change the value of
	       $^H.

	       This behavior provides the semantic of lexical scoping, and is
	       used in, for instance, the "use strict" pragma.

	       The contents should be an integer; different bits of it are
	       used for different pragmatic flags.  Here's an example:

		   sub add_100 { $^H |= 0x100 }

		   sub foo {
		       BEGIN { add_100() }
		       bar->baz($boon);
		   }

	       Consider what happens during execution of the BEGIN block.  At
	       this point the BEGIN block has already been compiled, but the
	       body of "foo()" is still being compiled.	 The new value of $^H
	       will therefore be visible only while the body of "foo()" is
	       being compiled.

	       Substitution of "BEGIN { add_100() }" block with:

		   BEGIN { require strict; strict->import('vars') }

	       demonstrates how "use strict 'vars'" is implemented.  Here's a
	       conditional version of the same lexical pragma:

		   BEGIN {
		       require strict; strict->import('vars') if $condition
		   }

	       This variable was added in Perl 5.003.

       %^H     The "%^H" hash provides the same scoping semantic as $^H.  This
	       makes it useful for implementation of lexically scoped pragmas.
	       See perlpragma.

	       When putting items into "%^H", in order to avoid conflicting
	       with other users of the hash there is a convention regarding
	       which keys to use.  A module should use only keys that begin
	       with the module's name (the name of its main package) and a "/"
	       character.  For example, a module "Foo::Bar" should use keys
	       such as "Foo::Bar/baz".

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.6.0.

       ${^OPEN}
	       An internal variable used by PerlIO.  A string in two parts,
	       separated by a "\0" byte, the first part describes the input
	       layers, the second part describes the output layers.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.8.0.

       $PERLDB
       $^P     The internal variable for debugging support.  The meanings of
	       the various bits are subject to change, but currently indicate:

	       0x01  Debug subroutine enter/exit.

	       0x02  Line-by-line debugging.  Causes "DB::DB()" subroutine to
		     be called for each statement executed.  Also causes
		     saving source code lines (like 0x400).

	       0x04  Switch off optimizations.

	       0x08  Preserve more data for future interactive inspections.

	       0x10  Keep info about source lines on which a subroutine is
		     defined.

	       0x20  Start with single-step on.

	       0x40  Use subroutine address instead of name when reporting.

	       0x80  Report "goto &subroutine" as well.

	       0x100 Provide informative "file" names for evals based on the
		     place they were compiled.

	       0x200 Provide informative names to anonymous subroutines based
		     on the place they were compiled.

	       0x400 Save source code lines into "@{"_<$filename"}".

	       Some bits may be relevant at compile-time only, some at run-
	       time only.  This is a new mechanism and the details may change.
	       See also perldebguts.

       ${^TAINT}
	       Reflects if taint mode is on or off.  1 for on (the program was
	       run with -T), 0 for off, -1 when only taint warnings are
	       enabled (i.e. with -t or -TU).

	       This variable is read-only.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.8.0.

       ${^UNICODE}
	       Reflects certain Unicode settings of Perl.  See perlrun
	       documentation for the "-C" switch for more information about
	       the possible values.

	       This variable is set during Perl startup and is thereafter
	       read-only.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.8.2.

       ${^UTF8CACHE}
	       This variable controls the state of the internal UTF-8 offset
	       caching code.  1 for on (the default), 0 for off, -1 to debug
	       the caching code by checking all its results against linear
	       scans, and panicking on any discrepancy.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.8.9.	It is subject to
	       change or removal without notice, but is currently used to
	       avoid recalculating the boundaries of multi-byte UTF-8-encoded
	       characters.

       ${^UTF8LOCALE}
	       This variable indicates whether a UTF-8 locale was detected by
	       perl at startup.	 This information is used by perl when it's in
	       adjust-utf8ness-to-locale mode (as when run with the "-CL"
	       command-line switch); see perlrun for more info on this.

	       This variable was added in Perl v5.8.8.

   Deprecated and removed variables
       Deprecating a variable announces the intent of the perl maintainers to
       eventually remove the variable from the language.  It may still be
       available despite its status.  Using a deprecated variable triggers a
       warning.

       Once a variable is removed, its use triggers an error telling you the
       variable is unsupported.

       See perldiag for details about error messages.

       $OFMT
       $#      $# was a variable that could be used to format printed numbers.
	       After a deprecation cycle, its magic was removed in Perl
	       v5.10.0 and using it now triggers a warning: "$# is no longer
	       supported".

	       This is not the sigil you use in front of an array name to get
	       the last index, like $#array.  That's still how you get the
	       last index of an array in Perl.	The two have nothing to do
	       with each other.

	       Deprecated in Perl 5.

	       Removed in Perl v5.10.0.

       $*      $* was a variable that you could use to enable multiline
	       matching.  After a deprecation cycle, its magic was removed in
	       Perl v5.10.0.  Using it now triggers a warning: "$* is no
	       longer supported".  You should use the "/s" and "/m" regexp
	       modifiers instead.

	       Deprecated in Perl 5.

	       Removed in Perl v5.10.0.

       $ARRAY_BASE
       $[      This variable stores the index of the first element in an
	       array, and of the first character in a substring.  The default
	       is 0, but you could theoretically set it to 1 to make Perl
	       behave more like awk (or Fortran) when subscripting and when
	       evaluating the index() and substr() functions.

	       As of release 5 of Perl, assignment to $[ is treated as a
	       compiler directive, and cannot influence the behavior of any
	       other file.  (That's why you can only assign compile-time
	       constants to it.)  Its use is highly discouraged.

	       Prior to Perl v5.10.0, assignment to $[ could be seen from
	       outer lexical scopes in the same file, unlike other compile-
	       time directives (such as strict).  Using local() on it would
	       bind its value strictly to a lexical block.  Now it is always
	       lexically scoped.

	       As of Perl v5.16.0, it is implemented by the arybase module.
	       See arybase for more details on its behaviour.

	       Under "use v5.16", or "no feature "array_base"", $[ no longer
	       has any effect, and always contains 0.  Assigning 0 to it is
	       permitted, but any other value will produce an error.

	       Mnemonic: [ begins subscripts.

	       Deprecated in Perl v5.12.0.

       $OLD_PERL_VERSION
       $]      See "$^V" for a more modern representation of the Perl version
	       that allows accurate string comparisons.

	       The version + patchlevel / 1000 of the Perl interpreter.	 This
	       variable can be used to determine whether the Perl interpreter
	       executing a script is in the right range of versions:

		   warn "No checksumming!\n" if $] < 3.019;

	       The floating point representation can sometimes lead to
	       inaccurate numeric comparisons.

	       See also the documentation of "use VERSION" and "require
	       VERSION" for a convenient way to fail if the running Perl
	       interpreter is too old.

	       Mnemonic: Is this version of perl in the right bracket?

perl v5.18.2			  2014-01-06			PERLVAR(1perl)
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