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PERLREPOSITORY(1)      Perl Programmers Reference Guide	     PERLREPOSITORY(1)

NAME
       perlrepository - Using the Perl source repository

SYNOPSIS
       All of Perl's source code is kept centrally in a Git repository at
       perl5.git.perl.org. The repository contains many Perl revisions from
       Perl 1 onwards and all the revisions from Perforce, the version control
       system we were using previously. This repository is accessible in
       different ways.

       The full repository takes up about 80MB of disk space. A check out of
       the blead branch (that is, the main development branch, which contains
       bleadperl, the development version of perl 5) takes up about 160MB of
       disk space (including the repository). A build of bleadperl takes up
       about 200MB (including the repository and the check out).

GETTING ACCESS TO THE REPOSITORY
   READ ACCESS VIA THE WEB
       You may access the repository over the web. This allows you to browse
       the tree, see recent commits, subscribe to RSS feeds for the changes,
       search for particular commits and more. You may access it at:

	 http://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git

       A mirror of the repository is found at:

	 http://github.com/github/perl

   READ ACCESS VIA GIT
       You will need a copy of Git for your computer. You can fetch a copy of
       the repository using the Git protocol (which uses port 9418):

	 git clone git://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git perl-git

       This clones the repository and makes a local copy in the perl-git
       directory.

       If your local network does not allow you to use port 9418, then you can
       fetch a copy of the repository over HTTP (this is slower):

	 git clone http://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git perl-http

       This clones the repository and makes a local copy in the perl-http
       directory.

   WRITE ACCESS TO THE REPOSITORY
       If you are a committer, then you can fetch a copy of the repository
       that you can push back on with:

	 git clone ssh://perl5.git.perl.org/gitroot/perl.git perl-ssh

       This clones the repository and makes a local copy in the perl-ssh
       directory.

       If you cloned using the git protocol, which is faster than ssh, then
       you will need to modify your config in order to enable pushing. Edit
       .git/config where you will see something like:

	 [remote "origin"]
	 url = git://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git

       change that to something like this:

	 [remote "origin"]
	 url = ssh://perl5.git.perl.org/gitroot/perl.git

       NOTE: there are symlinks set up so that the /gitroot is optional and
       since SSH is the default protocol you can actually shorten the "url" to
       "perl5.git.perl.org:/perl.git".

       You can also set up your user name and e-mail address. For example

	 % git config user.name "Leon Brocard"
	 % git config user.email acme@astray.com

       It is also possible to keep "origin" as a git remote, and add a new
       remote for ssh access:

	 % git remote add camel perl5.git.perl.org:/perl.git

       This allows you to update your local repository by pulling from
       "origin", which is faster and doesn't require you to authenticate, and
       to push your changes back with the "camel" remote:

	 % git fetch camel
	 % git push camel

       The "fetch" command just updates the "camel" refs, as the objects
       themselves should have been fetched when pulling from "origin".

       The committers have access to 2 servers that serve perl5.git.perl.org.
       One is camel.booking.com, which is the 'master' repository. The
       perl5.git.perl.org IP address also lives on this machine. The second
       one is dromedary.booking.com, which can be used for general testing and
       development. Dromedary syncs the git tree from camel every few minutes,
       you should not push there. Both machines also have a full CPAN mirror.
       To share files with the general public, dromedary serves your
       ~/public_html/ as http://users.perl5.git.perl.org/~yourlogin/

OVERVIEW OF THE REPOSITORY
       Once you have changed into the repository directory, you can inspect
       it.

       After a clone the repository will contain a single local branch, which
       will be the current branch as well, as indicated by the asterisk.

	 % git branch
	 * blead

       Using the -a switch to "branch" will also show the remote tracking
       branches in the repository:

	 % git branch -a
	 * blead
	   origin/HEAD
	   origin/blead
	 ...

       The branches that begin with "origin" correspond to the "git remote"
       that you cloned from (which is named "origin"). Each branch on the
       remote will be exactly tracked by theses branches. You should NEVER do
       work on these remote tracking branches. You only ever do work in a
       local branch. Local branches can be configured to automerge (on pull)
       from a designated remote tracking branch. This is the case with the
       default branch "blead" which will be configured to merge from the
       remote tracking branch "origin/blead".

       You can see recent commits:

	 % git log

       And pull new changes from the repository, and update your local
       repository (must be clean first)

	 % git pull

       Assuming we are on the branch "blead" immediately after a pull, this
       command would be more or less equivalent to:

	 % git fetch
	 % git merge origin/blead

       In fact if you want to update your local repository without touching
       your working directory you do:

	 % git fetch

       And if you want to update your remote-tracking branches for all defined
       remotes simultaneously you can do

	 % git remote update

       Neither of these last two commands will update your working directory,
       however both will update the remote-tracking branches in your
       repository.

       To switch to another branch:

	 % git checkout origin/maint-5.8-dor

       To make a local branch of a remote branch:

	 % git checkout -b maint-5.10 origin/maint-5.10

       To switch back to blead:

	 % git checkout blead

   FINDING OUT YOUR STATUS
       The most common git command you will use will probably be

	 % git status

       This command will produce as output a description of the current state
       of the repository, including modified files and unignored untracked
       files, and in addition it will show things like what files have been
       staged for the next commit, and usually some useful information about
       how to change things. For instance the following:

	 $ git status
	 # On branch blead
	 # Your branch is ahead of 'origin/blead' by 1 commit.
	 #
	 # Changes to be committed:
	 #   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
	 #
	 #	 modified:   pod/perlrepository.pod
	 #
	 # Changed but not updated:
	 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
	 #
	 #	 modified:   pod/perlrepository.pod
	 #
	 # Untracked files:
	 #   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
	 #
	 #	 deliberate.untracked

       This shows that there were changes to this document staged for commit,
       and that there were further changes in the working directory not yet
       staged. It also shows that there was an untracked file in the working
       directory, and as you can see shows how to change all of this. It also
       shows that there is one commit on the working branch "blead" which has
       not been pushed to the "origin" remote yet. NOTE: that this output is
       also what you see as a template if you do not provide a message to "git
       commit".

       Assuming we commit all the mentioned changes above:

	 % git commit -a -m'explain git status and stuff about remotes'
	 Created commit daf8e63: explain git status and stuff about remotes
	  1 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

       We can re-run git status and see something like this:

	 % git status
	 # On branch blead
	 # Your branch is ahead of 'origin/blead' by 2 commits.
	 #
	 # Untracked files:
	 #   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
	 #
	 #	 deliberate.untracked
	 nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

       When in doubt, before you do anything else, check your status and read
       it carefully, many questions are answered directly by the git status
       output.

SUBMITTING A PATCH
       If you have a patch in mind for Perl, you should first get a copy of
       the repository:

	 % git clone git://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git perl-git

       Then change into the directory:

	 % cd perl-git

       Alternatively, if you already have a Perl repository, you should ensure
       that you're on the blead branch, and your repository is up to date:

	 % git checkout blead
	 % git pull

       It's preferable to patch against the latest blead version, since this
       is where new development occurs for all changes other than critical bug
       fixes.  Critical bug fix patches should be made against the relevant
       maint branches, or should be submitted with a note indicating all the
       branches where the fix should be applied.

       Now that we have everything up to date, we need to create a temporary
       new branch for these changes and switch into it:

	 % git checkout -b orange

       which is the short form of

	 % git branch orange
	 % git checkout orange

       Then make your changes. For example, if Leon Brocard changes his name
       to Orange Brocard, we should change his name in the AUTHORS file:

	 % perl -pi -e 's{Leon Brocard}{Orange Brocard}' AUTHORS

       You can see what files are changed:

	 % git status
	 # On branch orange
	 # Changes to be committed:
	 #   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
	 #
	 #     modified:   AUTHORS
	 #

       And you can see the changes:

	 % git diff
	 diff --git a/AUTHORS b/AUTHORS
	 index 293dd70..722c93e 100644
	 --- a/AUTHORS
	 +++ b/AUTHORS
	 @@ -541,7 +541,7 @@	Lars Hecking		       <lhecking@nmrc.ucc.ie>
	  Laszlo Molnar			 <laszlo.molnar@eth.ericsson.se>
	  Leif Huhn			 <leif@hale.dkstat.com>
	  Len Johnson			 <lenjay@ibm.net>
	 -Leon Brocard			 <acme@astray.com>
	 +Orange Brocard		 <acme@astray.com>
	  Les Peters			 <lpeters@aol.net>
	  Lesley Binks			 <lesley.binks@gmail.com>
	  Lincoln D. Stein		 <lstein@cshl.org>

       Now commit your change locally:

	 % git commit -a -m 'Rename Leon Brocard to Orange Brocard'
	 Created commit 6196c1d: Rename Leon Brocard to Orange Brocard
	  1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)

       You can examine your last commit with:

	 % git show HEAD

       and if you are not happy with either the description or the patch
       itself you can fix it up by editing the files once more and then issue:

	 % git commit -a --amend

       Now you should create a patch file for all your local changes:

	 % git format-patch origin
	 0001-Rename-Leon-Brocard-to-Orange-Brocard.patch

       You should now send an email to perl5-porters@perl.org with a
       description of your changes, and include this patch file as an
       attachment.

       If you want to delete your temporary branch, you may do so with:

	 % git checkout blead
	 % git branch -d orange
	 error: The branch 'orange' is not an ancestor of your current HEAD.
	 If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D orange'.
	 % git branch -D orange
	 Deleted branch orange.

   A note on derived files
       Be aware that many files in the distribution are derivative--avoid
       patching them, because git won't see the changes to them, and the build
       process will overwrite them. Patch the originals instead.  Most
       utilities (like perldoc) are in this category, i.e. patch
       utils/perldoc.PL rather than utils/perldoc. Similarly, don't create
       patches for files under $src_root/ext from their copies found in
       $install_root/lib.  If you are unsure about the proper location of a
       file that may have gotten copied while building the source
       distribution, consult the "MANIFEST".

   A note on binary files
       Since the patch(1) utility cannot deal with binary files, it's
       important that you either avoid the use of binary files in your patch,
       generate the files dynamically, or that you encode any binary files
       using the uupacktool.pl utility.

       Assuming you needed to include a gzip-encoded file for a module's test
       suite, you might do this as follows using the uupacktool.pl utility:

	   $ perl uupacktool.pl -v -p -D lib/Some/Module/t/src/t.gz
	   Writing lib/Some/Module/t/src/t.gz into lib/Some/Module/t/src/t.gz.packed

       This will replace the "t.gz" file with an encoded counterpart. During
       "make test", before any tests are run, perl's Makefile will restore all
       the ".packed" files mentioned in the MANIFEST to their original name.
       This means that the test suite does not need to be aware of this
       packing scheme and will not need to be altered.

   Getting your patch accepted
       The first thing you should include with your patch is a description of
       the problem that the patch corrects.  If it is a code patch (rather
       than a documentation patch) you should also include a small test case
       that illustrates the bug (a patch to an existing test file is
       preferred).

       If you are submitting a code patch there are several other things that
       you need to do.

       Comments, Comments, Comments
	   Be sure to adequately comment your code.  While commenting every
	   line is unnecessary, anything that takes advantage of side effects
	   of operators, that creates changes that will be felt outside of the
	   function being patched, or that others may find confusing should be
	   documented.	If you are going to err, it is better to err on the
	   side of adding too many comments than too few.

       Style
	   In general, please follow the particular style of the code you are
	   patching.

	   In particular, follow these general guidelines for patching Perl
	   sources:

	       8-wide tabs (no exceptions!)
	       4-wide indents for code, 2-wide indents for nested CPP #defines
	       try hard not to exceed 79-columns
	       ANSI C prototypes
	       uncuddled elses and "K&R" style for indenting control constructs
	       no C++ style (//) comments
	       mark places that need to be revisited with XXX (and revisit often!)
	       opening brace lines up with "if" when conditional spans multiple
		   lines; should be at end-of-line otherwise
	       in function definitions, name starts in column 0 (return value is on
		   previous line)
	       single space after keywords that are followed by parens, no space
		   between function name and following paren
	       avoid assignments in conditionals, but if they're unavoidable, use
		   extra paren, e.g. "if (a && (b = c)) ..."
	       "return foo;" rather than "return(foo);"
	       "if (!foo) ..." rather than "if (foo == FALSE) ..." etc.

       Testsuite
	   When submitting a patch you should make every effort to also
	   include an addition to perl's regression tests to properly exercise
	   your patch.	Your testsuite additions should generally follow these
	   guidelines (courtesy of Gurusamy Sarathy <gsar@activestate.com>):

	       Know what you're testing.  Read the docs, and the source.
	       Tend to fail, not succeed.
	       Interpret results strictly.
	       Use unrelated features (this will flush out bizarre interactions).
	       Use non-standard idioms (otherwise you are not testing TIMTOWTDI).
	       Avoid using hardcoded test numbers whenever possible (the
		 EXPECTED/GOT found in t/op/tie.t is much more maintainable,
		 and gives better failure reports).
	       Give meaningful error messages when a test fails.
	       Avoid using qx// and system() unless you are testing for them.  If you
		 do use them, make sure that you cover _all_ perl platforms.
	       Unlink any temporary files you create.
	       Promote unforeseen warnings to errors with $SIG{__WARN__}.
	       Be sure to use the libraries and modules shipped with the version
		 being tested, not those that were already installed.
	       Add comments to the code explaining what you are testing for.
	       Make updating the '1..42' string unnecessary.  Or make sure that
		 you update it.
	       Test _all_ behaviors of a given operator, library, or function:
		 - All optional arguments
		 - Return values in various contexts (boolean, scalar, list, lvalue)
		 - Use both global and lexical variables
		 - Don't forget the exceptional, pathological cases.

ACCEPTING A PATCH
       If you have received a patch file generated using the above section,
       you should try out the patch.

       First we need to create a temporary new branch for these changes and
       switch into it:

	 % git checkout -b experimental

       Patches that were formatted by "git format-patch" are applied with "git
       am":

	 % git am 0001-Rename-Leon-Brocard-to-Orange-Brocard.patch
	 Applying Rename Leon Brocard to Orange Brocard

       If just a raw diff is provided, it is also possible use this two-step
       process:

	 % git apply bugfix.diff
	 % git commit -a -m "Some fixing" --author="That Guy <that.guy@internets.com>"

       Now we can inspect the change:

	 % git show HEAD
	 commit b1b3dab48344cff6de4087efca3dbd63548ab5e2
	 Author: Leon Brocard <acme@astray.com>
	 Date:	 Fri Dec 19 17:02:59 2008 +0000

	   Rename Leon Brocard to Orange Brocard

	 diff --git a/AUTHORS b/AUTHORS
	 index 293dd70..722c93e 100644
	 --- a/AUTHORS
	 +++ b/AUTHORS
	 @@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ Lars Hecking			 <lhecking@nmrc.ucc.ie>
	  Laszlo Molnar			 <laszlo.molnar@eth.ericsson.se>
	  Leif Huhn			 <leif@hale.dkstat.com>
	  Len Johnson			 <lenjay@ibm.net>
	 -Leon Brocard			 <acme@astray.com>
	 +Orange Brocard		 <acme@astray.com>
	  Les Peters			 <lpeters@aol.net>
	  Lesley Binks			 <lesley.binks@gmail.com>
	  Lincoln D. Stein		 <lstein@cshl.org>

       If you are a committer to Perl and you think the patch is good, you can
       then merge it into blead then push it out to the main repository:

	 % git checkout blead
	 % git merge experimental
	 % git push

       If you want to delete your temporary branch, you may do so with:

	 % git checkout blead
	 % git branch -d experimental
	 error: The branch 'experimental' is not an ancestor of your current HEAD.
	 If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D experimental'.
	 % git branch -D experimental
	 Deleted branch experimental.

CLEANING A WORKING DIRECTORY
       The command "git clean" can with varying arguments be used as a
       replacement for "make clean".

       To reset your working directory to a pristine condition you can do:

	 git clean -dxf

       However, be aware this will delete ALL untracked content. You can use

	 git clean -Xf

       to remove all ignored untracked files, such as build and test
       byproduct, but leave any	 manually created files alone.

       If you only want to cancel some uncommitted edits, you can use "git
       checkout" and give it a list of files to be reverted, or "git checkout
       -f" to revert them all.

       If you want to cancel one or several commits, you can use "git reset".

BISECTING
       "git" provides a built-in way to determine, with a binary search in the
       history, which commit should be blamed for introducing a given bug.

       Suppose that we have a script ~/testcase.pl that exits with 0 when some
       behaviour is correct, and with 1 when it's faulty. We need an helper
       script that automates building "perl" and running the testcase:

	 % cat ~/run
	 #!/bin/sh
	 git clean -dxf
	 # If you can use ccache, add -Dcc=ccache\ gcc -Dld=gcc to the Configure line
	 sh Configure -des -Dusedevel -Doptimize="-g"
	 test -f config.sh || exit 125
	 # Correct makefile for newer GNU gcc
	 perl -ni -we 'print unless /<(?:built-in|command)/' makefile x2p/makefile
	 # if you just need miniperl, replace test_prep with miniperl
	 make -j4 test_prep
	 -x ./perl || exit 125
	 ./perl -Ilib ~/testcase.pl
	 ret=$?
	 git clean -dxf
	 exit $ret

       This script may return 125 to indicate that the corresponding commit
       should be skipped. Otherwise, it returns the status of ~/testcase.pl.

       We first enter in bisect mode with:

	 % git bisect start

       For example, if the bug is present on "HEAD" but wasn't in 5.10.0,
       "git" will learn about this when you enter:

	 % git bisect bad
	 % git bisect good perl-5.10.0
	 Bisecting: 853 revisions left to test after this

       This results in checking out the median commit between "HEAD" and
       "perl-5.10.0". We can then run the bisecting process with:

	 % git bisect run ~/run

       When the first bad commit is isolated, "git bisect" will tell you so:

	 ca4cfd28534303b82a216cfe83a1c80cbc3b9dc5 is first bad commit
	 commit ca4cfd28534303b82a216cfe83a1c80cbc3b9dc5
	 Author: Dave Mitchell <davem@fdisolutions.com>
	 Date:	 Sat Feb 9 14:56:23 2008 +0000

	     [perl #49472] Attributes + Unknown Error
	     ...

	 bisect run success

       You can peek into the bisecting process with "git bisect log" and "git
       bisect visualize". "git bisect reset" will get you out of bisect mode.

       Please note that the first "good" state must be an ancestor of the
       first "bad" state. If you want to search for the commit that solved
       some bug, you have to negate your test case (i.e. exit with 1 if OK and
       0 if not) and still mark the lower bound as "good" and the upper as
       "bad". The "first bad commit" has then to be understood as the "first
       commit where the bug is solved".

       "git help bisect" has much more information on how you can tweak your
       binary searches.

SUBMITTING A PATCH VIA GITHUB
       GitHub is a website that makes it easy to fork and publish projects
       with Git. First you should set up a GitHub account and log in.

       Perl's git repository is mirrored on GitHub at this page:

	 http://github.com/github/perl/tree/blead

       Visit the page and click the "fork" button. This clones the Perl git
       repository for you and provides you with "Your Clone URL" from which
       you should clone:

	 % git clone git@github.com:USERNAME/perl.git perl-github

       We shall make the same patch as above, creating a new branch:

	 % cd perl-github
	 % git remote add upstream git://github.com/github/perl.git
	 % git pull upstream blead
	 % git checkout -b orange
	 % perl -pi -e 's{Leon Brocard}{Orange Brocard}' AUTHORS
	 % git commit -a -m 'Rename Leon Brocard to Orange Brocard'
	 % git push origin orange

       The orange branch has been pushed to GitHub, so you should now send an
       email to perl5-porters@perl.org with a description of your changes and
       the following information:

	 http://github.com/USERNAME/perl/tree/orange
	 git@github.com:USERNAME/perl.git branch orange

MERGING FROM A BRANCH VIA GITHUB
       If someone has provided a branch via GitHub and you are a committer,
       you should use the following in your perl-ssh directory:

	 % git remote add dandv git://github.com/dandv/perl.git
	 % git fetch

       Now you can see the differences between the branch and blead:

	 % git diff dandv/blead

       And you can see the commits:

	 % git log dandv/blead

       If you approve of a specific commit, you can cherry pick it:

	 % git cherry-pick 3adac458cb1c1d41af47fc66e67b49c8dec2323f

       Or you could just merge the whole branch if you like it all:

	 % git merge dandv/blead

       And then push back to the repository:

	 % git push

COMMITTING TO MAINTENANCE VERSIONS
       Maintenance versions should only be altered to add critical bug fixes.

       To commit to a maintenance version of perl, you need to create a local
       tracking branch:

	 % git checkout --track -b maint-5.005 origin/maint-5.005

       This creates a local branch named "maint-5.005", which tracks the
       remote branch "origin/maint-5.005". Then you can pull, commit, merge
       and push as before.

       You can also cherry-pick commits from blead and another branch, by
       using the "git cherry-pick" command. It is recommended to use the -x
       option to "git cherry-pick" in order to record the SHA1 of the original
       commit in the new commit message.

SEE ALSO
       The git documentation, accessible via "git help command".

perl v5.10.1			  2009-08-03		     PERLREPOSITORY(1)
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