PERLAPI(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLAPI(1)NAMEperlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public
API
DESCRIPTION
This file contains the documentation of the perl public API
generated by embed.pl, specifically a listing of functions,
macros, flags, and variables that may be used by extension
writers. The interfaces of any functions that are not
listed here are subject to change without notice. For this
reason, blindly using functions listed in proto.h is to be
avoided when writing extensions.
Note that all Perl API global variables must be referenced
with the "PL_" prefix. Some macros are provided for compa-
tibility with the older, unadorned names, but this support
may be disabled in a future release.
The listing is alphabetical, case insensitive.
"Gimme" Values
GIMME A backward-compatible version of "GIMME_V" which can
only return "G_SCALAR" or "G_ARRAY"; in a void con-
text, it returns "G_SCALAR". Deprecated. Use
"GIMME_V" instead.
U32 GIMME
GIMME_V The XSUB-writer's equivalent to Perl's "wantarray".
Returns "G_VOID", "G_SCALAR" or "G_ARRAY" for void,
scalar or list context, respectively.
U32 GIMME_V
G_ARRAY Used to indicate list context. See "GIMME_V",
"GIMME" and perlcall.
G_DISCARD
Indicates that arguments returned from a callback
should be discarded. See perlcall.
G_EVAL Used to force a Perl "eval" wrapper around a call-
back. See perlcall.
G_NOARGS
Indicates that no arguments are being sent to a
callback. See perlcall.
G_SCALAR
Used to indicate scalar context. See "GIMME_V",
"GIMME", and perlcall.
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G_VOID Used to indicate void context. See "GIMME_V" and
perlcall.
Array Manipulation Functions
AvFILL Same as "av_len()". Deprecated, use "av_len()"
instead.
int AvFILL(AV* av)
av_clear
Clears an array, making it empty. Does not free the
memory used by the array itself.
void av_clear(AV* ar)
av_delete
Deletes the element indexed by "key" from the array.
Returns the deleted element. If "flags" equals
"G_DISCARD", the element is freed and null is
returned.
SV* av_delete(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 flags)
av_exists
Returns true if the element indexed by "key" has
been initialized.
This relies on the fact that uninitialized array
elements are set to &PL_sv_undef.
bool av_exists(AV* ar, I32 key)
av_extend
Pre-extend an array. The "key" is the index to
which the array should be extended.
void av_extend(AV* ar, I32 key)
av_fetch
Returns the SV at the specified index in the array.
The "key" is the index. If "lval" is set then the
fetch will be part of a store. Check that the
return value is non-null before dereferencing it to
a "SV*".
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to
use this function on tied arrays.
SV** av_fetch(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 lval)
av_fill Ensure than an array has a given number of elements,
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equivalent to Perl's "$#array = $fill;".
void av_fill(AV* ar, I32 fill)
av_len Returns the highest index in the array. Returns -1
if the array is empty.
I32 av_len(AV* ar)
av_make Creates a new AV and populates it with a list of
SVs. The SVs are copied into the array, so they may
be freed after the call to av_make. The new AV will
have a reference count of 1.
AV* av_make(I32 size, SV** svp)
av_pop Pops an SV off the end of the array. Returns
&PL_sv_undef if the array is empty.
SV* av_pop(AV* ar)
av_push Pushes an SV onto the end of the array. The array
will grow automatically to accommodate the addition.
void av_push(AV* ar, SV* val)
av_shift
Shifts an SV off the beginning of the array.
SV* av_shift(AV* ar)
av_store
Stores an SV in an array. The array index is speci-
fied as "key". The return value will be NULL if the
operation failed or if the value did not need to be
actually stored within the array (as in the case of
tied arrays). Otherwise it can be dereferenced to
get the original "SV*". Note that the caller is
responsible for suitably incrementing the reference
count of "val" before the call, and decrementing it
if the function returned NULL.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to
use this function on tied arrays.
SV** av_store(AV* ar, I32 key, SV* val)
av_undef
Undefines the array. Frees the memory used by the
array itself.
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void av_undef(AV* ar)
av_unshift
Unshift the given number of "undef" values onto the
beginning of the array. The array will grow
automatically to accommodate the addition. You must
then use "av_store" to assign values to these new
elements.
void av_unshift(AV* ar, I32 num)
get_av Returns the AV of the specified Perl array. If
"create" is set and the Perl variable does not exist
then it will be created. If "create" is not set and
the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
AV* get_av(const char* name, I32 create)
newAV Creates a new AV. The reference count is set to 1.
AV* newAV()
sortsv Sort an array. Here is an example:
sortsv(AvARRAY(av), av_len(av)+1, Perl_sv_cmp_locale);
See lib/sort.pm for details about controlling the
sorting algorithm.
void sortsv(SV** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp)
Callback Functions
call_argv
Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See
perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 call_argv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags, char** argv)
call_method
Performs a callback to the specified Perl method.
The blessed object must be on the stack. See perl-
call.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 call_method(const char* methname, I32 flags)
call_pv Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See
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perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 call_pv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags)
call_sv Performs a callback to the Perl sub whose name is in
the SV. See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 call_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
ENTER Opening bracket on a callback. See "LEAVE" and
perlcall.
ENTER;
eval_pv Tells Perl to "eval" the given string and return an
SV* result.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
SV* eval_pv(const char* p, I32 croak_on_error)
eval_sv Tells Perl to "eval" the string in the SV.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 eval_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
FREETMPS
Closing bracket for temporaries on a callback. See
"SAVETMPS" and perlcall.
FREETMPS;
LEAVE Closing bracket on a callback. See "ENTER" and
perlcall.
LEAVE;
SAVETMPS
Opening bracket for temporaries on a callback. See
"FREETMPS" and perlcall.
SAVETMPS;
Character classes
isALNUM Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is
an ASCII alphanumeric character (including under-
score) or digit.
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bool isALNUM(char ch)
isALPHA Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is
an ASCII alphabetic character.
bool isALPHA(char ch)
isDIGIT Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is
an ASCII digit.
bool isDIGIT(char ch)
isLOWER Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is
a lowercase character.
bool isLOWER(char ch)
isSPACE Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is
whitespace.
bool isSPACE(char ch)
isUPPER Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is
an uppercase character.
bool isUPPER(char ch)
toLOWER Converts the specified character to lowercase.
char toLOWER(char ch)
toUPPER Converts the specified character to uppercase.
char toUPPER(char ch)
Cloning an interpreter
perl_clone
Create and return a new interpreter by cloning the
current one.
perl_clone takes these flags as parameters:
CLONEf_COPY_STACKS - is used to, well, copy the
stacks also, without it we only clone the data and
zero the stacks, with it we copy the stacks and the
new perl interpreter is ready to run at the exact
same point as the previous one. The pseudo-fork code
uses COPY_STACKS while the threads->new doesn't.
CLONEf_KEEP_PTR_TABLE perl_clone keeps a ptr_table
with the pointer of the old variable as a key and
the new variable as a value, this allows it to check
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if something has been cloned and not clone it again
but rather just use the value and increase the
refcount. If KEEP_PTR_TABLE is not set then
perl_clone will kill the ptr_table using the func-
tion "ptr_table_free(PL_ptr_table); PL_ptr_table =
NULL;", reason to keep it around is if you want to
dup some of your own variable who are outside the
graph perl scans, example of this code is in
threads.xs create
CLONEf_CLONE_HOST This is a win32 thing, it is
ignored on unix, it tells perls win32host code
(which is c++) to clone itself, this is needed on
win32 if you want to run two threads at the same
time, if you just want to do some stuff in a
separate perl interpreter and then throw it away and
return to the original one, you don't need to do
anything.
PerlInterpreter* perl_clone(PerlInterpreter* interp, UV flags)
CV Manipulation Functions
CvSTASH Returns the stash of the CV.
HV* CvSTASH(CV* cv)
get_cv Returns the CV of the specified Perl subroutine. If
"create" is set and the Perl subroutine does not
exist then it will be declared (which has the same
effect as saying "sub name;"). If "create" is not
set and the subroutine does not exist then NULL is
returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
CV* get_cv(const char* name, I32 create)
Embedding Functions
cv_undef
Clear out all the active components of a CV. This
can happen either by an explicit "undef &foo", or by
the reference count going to zero. In the former
case, we keep the CvOUTSIDE pointer, so that any
anonymous children can still follow the full lexical
scope chain.
void cv_undef(CV* cv)
load_module
Loads the module whose name is pointed to by the
string part of name. Note that the actual module
name, not its filename, should be given. Eg,
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"Foo::Bar" instead of "Foo/Bar.pm". flags can be
any of PERL_LOADMOD_DENY, PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT, or
PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS (or 0 for no flags). ver, if
specified, provides version semantics similar to
"use Foo::Bar VERSION". The optional trailing SV*
arguments can be used to specify arguments to the
module's import() method, similar to "use Foo::Bar
VERSION LIST".
void load_module(U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, ...)
nothreadhook
Stub that provides thread hook for perl_destruct
when there are no threads.
int nothreadhook()
perl_alloc
Allocates a new Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
PerlInterpreter* perl_alloc()
perl_construct
Initializes a new Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
void perl_construct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
perl_destruct
Shuts down a Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
int perl_destruct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
perl_free
Releases a Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
void perl_free(PerlInterpreter* interp)
perl_parse
Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script.
See perlembed.
int perl_parse(PerlInterpreter* interp, XSINIT_t xsinit, int argc, char** argv, char** env)
perl_run
Tells a Perl interpreter to run. See perlembed.
int perl_run(PerlInterpreter* interp)
require_pv
Tells Perl to "require" the file named by the string
argument. It is analogous to the Perl code "eval
"require '$file'"". It's even implemented that way;
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consider using load_module instead.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
void require_pv(const char* pv)
Functions in file pp_pack.c
packlist
The engine implementing pack() Perl function.
void packlist(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist)
pack_cat
The engine implementing pack() Perl function. Note:
parameters next_in_list and flags are not used. This
call should not be used; use packlist instead.
void pack_cat(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist, SV ***next_in_list, U32 flags)
unpackstring
The engine implementing unpack() Perl function.
"unpackstring" puts the extracted list items on the
stack and returns the number of elements. Issue
"PUTBACK" before and "SPAGAIN" after the call to
this function.
I32 unpackstring(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strend, U32 flags)
unpack_str
The engine implementing unpack() Perl function.
Note: parameters strbeg, new_s and ocnt are not
used. This call should not be used, use unpackstring
instead.
I32 unpack_str(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strbeg, char *strend, char **new_s, I32 ocnt, U32 flags)
Global Variables
PL_modglobal
"PL_modglobal" is a general purpose, interpreter
global HV for use by extensions that need to keep
information on a per-interpreter basis. In a pinch,
it can also be used as a symbol table for extensions
to share data among each other. It is a good idea
to use keys prefixed by the package name of the
extension that owns the data.
HV* PL_modglobal
PL_na A convenience variable which is typically used with
"SvPV" when one doesn't care about the length of the
string. It is usually more efficient to either
declare a local variable and use that instead or to
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use the "SvPV_nolen" macro.
STRLEN PL_na
PL_sv_no
This is the "false" SV. See "PL_sv_yes". Always
refer to this as &PL_sv_no.
SV PL_sv_no
PL_sv_undef
This is the "undef" SV. Always refer to this as
&PL_sv_undef.
SV PL_sv_undef
PL_sv_yes
This is the "true" SV. See "PL_sv_no". Always
refer to this as &PL_sv_yes.
SV PL_sv_yes
GV Functions
GvSV Return the SV from the GV.
SV* GvSV(GV* gv)
gv_fetchmeth
Returns the glob with the given "name" and a defined
subroutine or "NULL". The glob lives in the given
"stash", or in the stashes accessible via @ISA and
UNIVERSAL::.
The argument "level" should be either 0 or -1. If
"level==0", as a side-effect creates a glob with the
given "name" in the given "stash" which in the case
of success contains an alias for the subroutine, and
sets up caching info for this glob. Similarly for
all the searched stashes.
This function grants "SUPER" token as a postfix of
the stash name. The GV returned from "gv_fetchmeth"
may be a method cache entry, which is not visible to
Perl code. So when calling "call_sv", you should
not use the GV directly; instead, you should use the
method's CV, which can be obtained from the GV with
the "GvCV" macro.
GV* gv_fetchmeth(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
gv_fetchmethod
See gv_fetchmethod_autoload.
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GV* gv_fetchmethod(HV* stash, const char* name)
gv_fetchmethod_autoload
Returns the glob which contains the subroutine to
call to invoke the method on the "stash". In fact
in the presence of autoloading this may be the glob
for "AUTOLOAD". In this case the corresponding
variable $AUTOLOAD is already setup.
The third parameter of "gv_fetchmethod_autoload"
determines whether AUTOLOAD lookup is performed if
the given method is not present: non-zero means yes,
look for AUTOLOAD; zero means no, don't look for
AUTOLOAD. Calling "gv_fetchmethod" is equivalent to
calling "gv_fetchmethod_autoload" with a non-zero
"autoload" parameter.
These functions grant "SUPER" token as a prefix of
the method name. Note that if you want to keep the
returned glob for a long time, you need to check for
it being "AUTOLOAD", since at the later time the
call may load a different subroutine due to $AUTO-
LOAD changing its value. Use the glob created via a
side effect to do this.
These functions have the same side-effects and as
"gv_fetchmeth" with "level==0". "name" should be
writable if contains ':' or "' ''". The warning
against passing the GV returned by "gv_fetchmeth" to
"call_sv" apply equally to these functions.
GV* gv_fetchmethod_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, I32 autoload)
gv_fetchmeth_autoload
Same as gv_fetchmeth(), but looks for autoloaded
subroutines too. Returns a glob for the subroutine.
For an autoloaded subroutine without a GV, will
create a GV even if "level < 0". For an autoloaded
subroutine without a stub, GvCV() of the result may
be zero.
GV* gv_fetchmeth_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
gv_stashpv
Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified pack-
age. "name" should be a valid UTF-8 string and must
be null-terminated. If "create" is set then the
package will be created if it does not already
exist. If "create" is not set and the package does
not exist then NULL is returned.
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HV* gv_stashpv(const char* name, I32 create)
gv_stashpvn
Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified pack-
age. "name" should be a valid UTF-8 string. The
"namelen" parameter indicates the length of the
"name", in bytes. If "create" is set then the pack-
age will be created if it does not already exist.
If "create" is not set and the package does not
exist then NULL is returned.
HV* gv_stashpvn(const char* name, U32 namelen, I32 create)
gv_stashsv
Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified pack-
age, which must be a valid UTF-8 string. See
"gv_stashpv".
HV* gv_stashsv(SV* sv, I32 create)
Handy Values
Nullav Null AV pointer.
Nullch Null character pointer.
Nullcv Null CV pointer.
Nullhv Null HV pointer.
Nullsv Null SV pointer.
Hash Manipulation Functions
get_hv Returns the HV of the specified Perl hash. If
"create" is set and the Perl variable does not exist
then it will be created. If "create" is not set and
the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
HV* get_hv(const char* name, I32 create)
HEf_SVKEY
This flag, used in the length slot of hash entries
and magic structures, specifies the structure con-
tains an "SV*" pointer where a "char*" pointer is to
be expected. (For information only--not to be used).
HeHASH Returns the computed hash stored in the hash entry.
U32 HeHASH(HE* he)
HeKEY Returns the actual pointer stored in the key slot of
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the hash entry. The pointer may be either "char*" or
"SV*", depending on the value of "HeKLEN()". Can be
assigned to. The "HePV()" or "HeSVKEY()" macros are
usually preferable for finding the value of a key.
void* HeKEY(HE* he)
HeKLEN If this is negative, and amounts to "HEf_SVKEY", it
indicates the entry holds an "SV*" key. Otherwise,
holds the actual length of the key. Can be assigned
to. The "HePV()" macro is usually preferable for
finding key lengths.
STRLEN HeKLEN(HE* he)
HePV Returns the key slot of the hash entry as a "char*"
value, doing any necessary dereferencing of possibly
"SV*" keys. The length of the string is placed in
"len" (this is a macro, so do not use &len). If you
do not care about what the length of the key is, you
may use the global variable "PL_na", though this is
rather less efficient than using a local variable.
Remember though, that hash keys in perl are free to
contain embedded nulls, so using "strlen()" or simi-
lar is not a good way to find the length of hash
keys. This is very similar to the "SvPV()" macro
described elsewhere in this document.
char* HePV(HE* he, STRLEN len)
HeSVKEY Returns the key as an "SV*", or "Nullsv" if the hash
entry does not contain an "SV*" key.
SV* HeSVKEY(HE* he)
HeSVKEY_force
Returns the key as an "SV*". Will create and return
a temporary mortal "SV*" if the hash entry contains
only a "char*" key.
SV* HeSVKEY_force(HE* he)
HeSVKEY_set
Sets the key to a given "SV*", taking care to set
the appropriate flags to indicate the presence of an
"SV*" key, and returns the same "SV*".
SV* HeSVKEY_set(HE* he, SV* sv)
HeVAL Returns the value slot (type "SV*") stored in the
hash entry.
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SV* HeVAL(HE* he)
HvNAME Returns the package name of a stash. See "SvSTASH",
"CvSTASH".
char* HvNAME(HV* stash)
hv_clear
Clears a hash, making it empty.
void hv_clear(HV* tb)
hv_clear_placeholders
Clears any placeholders from a hash. If a res-
tricted hash has any of its keys marked as readonly
and the key is subsequently deleted, the key is not
actually deleted but is marked by assigning it a
value of &PL_sv_placeholder. This tags it so it
will be ignored by future operations such as iterat-
ing over the hash, but will still allow the hash to
have a value reassigned to the key at some future
point. This function clears any such placeholder
keys from the hash. See Hash::Util::lock_keys() for
an example of its use.
void hv_clear_placeholders(HV* hb)
hv_delete
Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV
is removed from the hash and returned to the caller.
The "klen" is the length of the key. The "flags"
value will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD
then NULL will be returned.
SV* hv_delete(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 flags)
hv_delete_ent
Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV
is removed from the hash and returned to the caller.
The "flags" value will normally be zero; if set to
G_DISCARD then NULL will be returned. "hash" can be
a valid precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it
to be computed.
SV* hv_delete_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 flags, U32 hash)
hv_exists
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
hash key exists. The "klen" is the length of the
key.
bool hv_exists(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen)
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hv_exists_ent
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
hash key exists. "hash" can be a valid precomputed
hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be computed.
bool hv_exists_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, U32 hash)
hv_fetch
Returns the SV which corresponds to the specified
key in the hash. The "klen" is the length of the
key. If "lval" is set then the fetch will be part
of a store. Check that the return value is non-null
before dereferencing it to an "SV*".
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to
use this function on tied hashes.
SV** hv_fetch(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 lval)
hv_fetch_ent
Returns the hash entry which corresponds to the
specified key in the hash. "hash" must be a valid
precomputed hash number for the given "key", or 0 if
you want the function to compute it. IF "lval" is
set then the fetch will be part of a store. Make
sure the return value is non-null before accessing
it. The return value when "tb" is a tied hash is a
pointer to a static location, so be sure to make a
copy of the structure if you need to store it some-
where.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to
use this function on tied hashes.
HE* hv_fetch_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 lval, U32 hash)
hv_iterinit
Prepares a starting point to traverse a hash table.
Returns the number of keys in the hash (i.e. the
same as "HvKEYS(tb)"). The return value is
currently only meaningful for hashes without tie
magic.
NOTE: Before version 5.004_65, "hv_iterinit" used to
return the number of hash buckets that happen to be
in use. If you still need that esoteric value, you
can get it through the macro "HvFILL(tb)".
I32 hv_iterinit(HV* tb)
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hv_iterkey
Returns the key from the current position of the
hash iterator. See "hv_iterinit".
char* hv_iterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen)
hv_iterkeysv
Returns the key as an "SV*" from the current posi-
tion of the hash iterator. The return value will
always be a mortal copy of the key. Also see
"hv_iterinit".
SV* hv_iterkeysv(HE* entry)
hv_iternext
Returns entries from a hash iterator. See
"hv_iterinit".
You may call "hv_delete" or "hv_delete_ent" on the
hash entry that the iterator currently points to,
without losing your place or invalidating your
iterator. Note that in this case the current entry
is deleted from the hash with your iterator holding
the last reference to it. Your iterator is flagged
to free the entry on the next call to "hv_iternext",
so you must not discard your iterator immediately
else the entry will leak - call "hv_iternext" to
trigger the resource deallocation.
HE* hv_iternext(HV* tb)
hv_iternextsv
Performs an "hv_iternext", "hv_iterkey", and
"hv_iterval" in one operation.
SV* hv_iternextsv(HV* hv, char** key, I32* retlen)
hv_iternext_flags
Returns entries from a hash iterator. See
"hv_iterinit" and "hv_iternext". The "flags" value
will normally be zero; if
HV_ITERNEXT_WANTPLACEHOLDERS is set the placeholders
keys (for restricted hashes) will be returned in
addition to normal keys. By default placeholders are
automatically skipped over. Currently a placeholder
is implemented with a value that is
&Perl_sv_placeholder. Note that the implementation
of placeholders and restricted hashes may change,
and the implementation currently is insufficiently
abstracted for any change to be tidy.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change
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or be removed without notice.
HE* hv_iternext_flags(HV* tb, I32 flags)
hv_iterval
Returns the value from the current position of the
hash iterator. See "hv_iterkey".
SV* hv_iterval(HV* tb, HE* entry)
hv_magic
Adds magic to a hash. See "sv_magic".
void hv_magic(HV* hv, GV* gv, int how)
hv_scalar
Evaluates the hash in scalar context and returns the
result. Handles magic when the hash is tied.
SV* hv_scalar(HV* hv)
hv_store
Stores an SV in a hash. The hash key is specified
as "key" and "klen" is the length of the key. The
"hash" parameter is the precomputed hash value; if
it is zero then Perl will compute it. The return
value will be NULL if the operation failed or if the
value did not need to be actually stored within the
hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise it
can be dereferenced to get the original "SV*". Note
that the caller is responsible for suitably incre-
menting the reference count of "val" before the
call, and decrementing it if the function returned
NULL. Effectively a successful hv_store takes own-
ership of one reference to "val". This is usually
what you want; a newly created SV has a reference
count of one, so if all your code does is create SVs
then store them in a hash, hv_store will own the
only reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't
need to do anything further to tidy up. hv_store is
not implemented as a call to hv_store_ent, and does
not create a temporary SV for the key, so if your
key data is not already in SV form then use hv_store
in preference to hv_store_ent.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to
use this function on tied hashes.
SV** hv_store(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash)
hv_store_ent
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Stores "val" in a hash. The hash key is specified
as "key". The "hash" parameter is the precomputed
hash value; if it is zero then Perl will compute it.
The return value is the new hash entry so created.
It will be NULL if the operation failed or if the
value did not need to be actually stored within the
hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise the
contents of the return value can be accessed using
the "He?" macros described here. Note that the
caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the
reference count of "val" before the call, and decre-
menting it if the function returned NULL. Effec-
tively a successful hv_store_ent takes ownership of
one reference to "val". This is usually what you
want; a newly created SV has a reference count of
one, so if all your code does is create SVs then
store them in a hash, hv_store will own the only
reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't need
to do anything further to tidy up. Note that
hv_store_ent only reads the "key"; unlike "val" it
does not take ownership of it, so maintaining the
correct reference count on "key" is entirely the
caller's responsibility. hv_store is not imple-
mented as a call to hv_store_ent, and does not
create a temporary SV for the key, so if your key
data is not already in SV form then use hv_store in
preference to hv_store_ent.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to
use this function on tied hashes.
HE* hv_store_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, SV* val, U32 hash)
hv_undef
Undefines the hash.
void hv_undef(HV* tb)
newHV Creates a new HV. The reference count is set to 1.
HV* newHV()Magical Functions
mg_clear
Clear something magical that the SV represents. See
"sv_magic".
int mg_clear(SV* sv)
mg_copy Copies the magic from one SV to another. See
"sv_magic".
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int mg_copy(SV* sv, SV* nsv, const char* key, I32 klen)
mg_find Finds the magic pointer for type matching the SV.
See "sv_magic".
MAGIC* mg_find(SV* sv, int type)
mg_free Free any magic storage used by the SV. See
"sv_magic".
int mg_free(SV* sv)
mg_get Do magic after a value is retrieved from the SV.
See "sv_magic".
int mg_get(SV* sv)
mg_length
Report on the SV's length. See "sv_magic".
U32 mg_length(SV* sv)
mg_magical
Turns on the magical status of an SV. See
"sv_magic".
void mg_magical(SV* sv)
mg_set Do magic after a value is assigned to the SV. See
"sv_magic".
int mg_set(SV* sv)
SvGETMAGIC
Invokes "mg_get" on an SV if it has 'get' magic.
This macro evaluates its argument more than once.
void SvGETMAGIC(SV* sv)
SvLOCK Arranges for a mutual exclusion lock to be obtained
on sv if a suitable module has been loaded.
void SvLOCK(SV* sv)
SvSETMAGIC
Invokes "mg_set" on an SV if it has 'set' magic.
This macro evaluates its argument more than once.
void SvSETMAGIC(SV* sv)
SvSetMagicSV
Like "SvSetSV", but does any set magic required
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afterwards.
void SvSetMagicSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
SvSetMagicSV_nosteal
Like "SvSetSV_nosteal", but does any set magic
required afterwards.
void SvSetMagicSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
SvSetSV Calls "sv_setsv" if dsv is not the same as ssv. May
evaluate arguments more than once.
void SvSetSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
SvSetSV_nosteal
Calls a non-destructive version of "sv_setsv" if dsv
is not the same as ssv. May evaluate arguments more
than once.
void SvSetSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
SvSHARE Arranges for sv to be shared between threads if a
suitable module has been loaded.
void SvSHARE(SV* sv)
SvUNLOCK
Releases a mutual exclusion lock on sv if a suitable
module has been loaded.
void SvUNLOCK(SV* sv)
Memory Management
Copy The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memcpy" func-
tion. The "src" is the source, "dest" is the desti-
nation, "nitems" is the number of items, and "type"
is the type. May fail on overlapping copies. See
also "Move".
void Copy(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
CopyD Like "Copy" but returns dest. Useful for encouraging
compilers to tail-call optimise.
void * CopyD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
Move The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memmove" func-
tion. The "src" is the source, "dest" is the desti-
nation, "nitems" is the number of items, and "type"
is the type. Can do overlapping moves. See also
"Copy".
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void Move(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
MoveD Like "Move" but returns dest. Useful for encouraging
compilers to tail-call optimise.
void * MoveD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
Newx The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc" func-
tion.
void Newx(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
Newxc The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc" func-
tion, with cast.
void Newxc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
Newxz The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc" func-
tion. The allocated memory is zeroed with "mem-
zero".
In 5.9.3, we removed the 1st parameter, a debug aid,
from the api. It was used to uniquely identify each
usage of these allocation functions, but was deemed
unnecessary with the availability of better memory
tracking tools, valgrind for example.
void Newxz(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
Poison Fill up memory with a pattern (byte 0xAB over and
over again) that hopefully catches attempts to
access uninitialized memory.
void Poison(void* dest, int nitems, type)
Renew The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "realloc" func-
tion.
void Renew(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
Renewc The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "realloc" func-
tion, with cast.
void Renewc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
Safefree
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "free" func-
tion.
void Safefree(void* ptr)
savepv Perl's version of "strdup()". Returns a pointer to a
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newly allocated string which is a duplicate of "pv".
The size of the string is determined by "strlen()".
The memory allocated for the new string can be freed
with the "Safefree()" function.
char* savepv(const char* pv)
savepvn Perl's version of what "strndup()" would be if it
existed. Returns a pointer to a newly allocated
string which is a duplicate of the first "len" bytes
from "pv". The memory allocated for the new string
can be freed with the "Safefree()" function.
char* savepvn(const char* pv, I32 len)
savesharedpv
A version of "savepv()" which allocates the dupli-
cate string in memory which is shared between
threads.
char* savesharedpv(const char* pv)
savesvpv
A version of "savepv()"/"savepvn()" which gets the
string to duplicate from the passed in SV using
"SvPV()"
char* savesvpv(SV* sv)
StructCopy
This is an architecture-independent macro to copy
one structure to another.
void StructCopy(type src, type dest, type)
Zero The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memzero" func-
tion. The "dest" is the destination, "nitems" is
the number of items, and "type" is the type.
void Zero(void* dest, int nitems, type)
ZeroD Like "Zero" but returns dest. Useful for encouraging
compilers to tail-call optimise.
void * ZeroD(void* dest, int nitems, type)
Miscellaneous Functions
fbm_compile
Analyses the string in order to make fast searches
on it using fbm_instr()-- the Boyer-Moore algo-
rithm.
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void fbm_compile(SV* sv, U32 flags)
fbm_instr
Returns the location of the SV in the string delim-
ited by "str" and "strend". It returns "Nullch" if
the string can't be found. The "sv" does not have
to be fbm_compiled, but the search will not be as
fast then.
char* fbm_instr(unsigned char* big, unsigned char* bigend, SV* littlesv, U32 flags)
form Takes a sprintf-style format pattern and conven-
tional (non-SV) arguments and returns the formatted
string.
(char *) Perl_form(pTHX_ const char* pat, ...)
can be used any place a string (char *) is required:
char * s = Perl_form("%d.%d",major,minor);
Uses a single private buffer so if you want to for-
mat several strings you must explicitly copy the
earlier strings away (and free the copies when you
are done).
char* form(const char* pat, ...)
getcwd_sv
Fill the sv with current working directory
int getcwd_sv(SV* sv)
strEQ Test two strings to see if they are equal. Returns
true or false.
bool strEQ(char* s1, char* s2)
strGE Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is
greater than or equal to the second, "s2". Returns
true or false.
bool strGE(char* s1, char* s2)
strGT Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is
greater than the second, "s2". Returns true or
false.
bool strGT(char* s1, char* s2)
strLE Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is less
than or equal to the second, "s2". Returns true or
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false.
bool strLE(char* s1, char* s2)
strLT Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is less
than the second, "s2". Returns true or false.
bool strLT(char* s1, char* s2)
strNE Test two strings to see if they are different.
Returns true or false.
bool strNE(char* s1, char* s2)
strnEQ Test two strings to see if they are equal. The
"len" parameter indicates the number of bytes to
compare. Returns true or false. (A wrapper for
"strncmp").
bool strnEQ(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
strnNE Test two strings to see if they are different. The
"len" parameter indicates the number of bytes to
compare. Returns true or false. (A wrapper for
"strncmp").
bool strnNE(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
sv_nolocking
Dummy routine which "locks" an SV when there is no
locking module present. Exists to avoid test for a
NULL function pointer and because it could poten-
tially warn under some level of strict-ness.
void sv_nolocking(SV *)
sv_nosharing
Dummy routine which "shares" an SV when there is no
sharing module present. Exists to avoid test for a
NULL function pointer and because it could poten-
tially warn under some level of strict-ness.
void sv_nosharing(SV *)
sv_nounlocking
Dummy routine which "unlocks" an SV when there is no
locking module present. Exists to avoid test for a
NULL function pointer and because it could poten-
tially warn under some level of strict-ness.
void sv_nounlocking(SV *)
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grok_bin
converts a string representing a binary number to
numeric form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan,
*flags gives conversion flags, and result should be
NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the
end of the string, or the first invalid character.
Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set in *flags,
encountering an invalid character will also trigger
a warning. On return *len is set to the length of
the scanned string, and *flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= "UV_MAX" it is returned as a UV,
the output flags are clear, and nothing is written
to *result. If the value is > UV_MAX "grok_bin"
returns UV_MAX, sets "PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX"
in the output flags, and writes the value to *result
(or the value is discarded if result is NULL).
The binary number may optionally be prefixed with
"0b" or "b" unless "PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX" is
set in *flags on entry. If
"PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES" is set in *flags then
the binary number may use '_' characters to separate
digits.
UV grok_bin(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)
grok_hex
converts a string representing a hex number to
numeric form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan,
*flags gives conversion flags, and result should be
NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the
end of the string, or the first invalid character.
Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set in *flags,
encountering an invalid character will also trigger
a warning. On return *len is set to the length of
the scanned string, and *flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV,
the output flags are clear, and nothing is written
to *result. If the value is > UV_MAX "grok_hex"
returns UV_MAX, sets "PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX"
in the output flags, and writes the value to *result
(or the value is discarded if result is NULL).
The hex number may optionally be prefixed with "0x"
or "x" unless "PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX" is set in
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*flags on entry. If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES" is
set in *flags then the hex number may use '_' char-
acters to separate digits.
UV grok_hex(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)
grok_number
Recognise (or not) a number. The type of the number
is returned (0 if unrecognised), otherwise it is a
bit-ORed combination of IS_NUMBER_IN_UV,
IS_NUMBER_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX, IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT,
IS_NUMBER_NEG, IS_NUMBER_INFINITY, IS_NUMBER_NAN
(defined in perl.h).
If the value of the number can fit an in UV, it is
returned in the *valuep IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set
to indicate that *valuep is valid, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV
will never be set unless *valuep is valid, but
*valuep may have been assigned to during processing
even though IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set on return. If
valuep is NULL, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set for the
same cases as when valuep is non-NULL, but no actual
assignment (or SEGV) will occur.
IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT will be set with IS_NUMBER_IN_UV
if trailing decimals were seen (in which case
*valuep gives the true value truncated to an
integer), and IS_NUMBER_NEG if the number is nega-
tive (in which case *valuep holds the absolute
value). IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set if e notation
was used or the number is larger than a UV.
int grok_number(const char *pv, STRLEN len, UV *valuep)
grok_numeric_radix
Scan and skip for a numeric decimal separator
(radix).
bool grok_numeric_radix(const char **sp, const char *send)
grok_oct
converts a string representing an octal number to
numeric form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan,
*flags gives conversion flags, and result should be
NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the
end of the string, or the first invalid character.
Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set in *flags,
encountering an invalid character will also trigger
a warning. On return *len is set to the length of
the scanned string, and *flags gives output flags.
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If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV,
the output flags are clear, and nothing is written
to *result. If the value is > UV_MAX "grok_oct"
returns UV_MAX, sets "PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX"
in the output flags, and writes the value to *result
(or the value is discarded if result is NULL).
If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES" is set in *flags
then the octal number may use '_' characters to
separate digits.
UV grok_oct(char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags, NV *result)
scan_bin
For backwards compatibility. Use "grok_bin" instead.
NV scan_bin(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
scan_hex
For backwards compatibility. Use "grok_hex" instead.
NV scan_hex(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
scan_oct
For backwards compatibility. Use "grok_oct" instead.
NV scan_oct(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
Optree Manipulation Functions
cv_const_sv
If "cv" is a constant sub eligible for inlining.
returns the constant value returned by the sub.
Otherwise, returns NULL.
Constant subs can be created with "newCONSTSUB" or
as described in "Constant Functions" in perlsub.
SV* cv_const_sv(CV* cv)
newCONSTSUB
Creates a constant sub equivalent to Perl "sub FOO
() { 123 }" which is eligible for inlining at
compile-time.
CV* newCONSTSUB(HV* stash, char* name, SV* sv)
newXS Used by "xsubpp" to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs.
Pad Data Structures
pad_sv Get the value at offset po in the current pad. Use
macro PAD_SV instead of calling this function
directly.
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SV* pad_sv(PADOFFSET po)
Stack Manipulation Macros
dMARK Declare a stack marker variable, "mark", for the
XSUB. See "MARK" and "dORIGMARK".
dMARK;
dORIGMARK
Saves the original stack mark for the XSUB. See
"ORIGMARK".
dORIGMARK;
dSP Declares a local copy of perl's stack pointer for
the XSUB, available via the "SP" macro. See "SP".
dSP;
EXTEND Used to extend the argument stack for an XSUB's
return values. Once used, guarantees that there is
room for at least "nitems" to be pushed onto the
stack.
void EXTEND(SP, int nitems)
MARK Stack marker variable for the XSUB. See "dMARK".
mPUSHi Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Does
not use "TARG". See also "PUSHi", "mXPUSHi" and
"XPUSHi".
void mPUSHi(IV iv)
mPUSHn Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Does
not use "TARG". See also "PUSHn", "mXPUSHn" and
"XPUSHn".
void mPUSHn(NV nv)
mPUSHp Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. The "len" indicates the
length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Does
not use "TARG". See also "PUSHp", "mXPUSHp" and
"XPUSHp".
void mPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
mPUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack
must have room for this element. Handles 'set'
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magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "PUSHu",
"mXPUSHu" and "XPUSHu".
void mPUSHu(UV uv)
mXPUSHi Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack
if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use
"TARG". See also "XPUSHi", "mPUSHi" and "PUSHi".
void mXPUSHi(IV iv)
mXPUSHn Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use
"TARG". See also "XPUSHn", "mPUSHn" and "PUSHn".
void mXPUSHn(NV nv)
mXPUSHp Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. The "len" indicates the length of the
string. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG".
See also "XPUSHp", "mPUSHp" and "PUSHp".
void mXPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
mXPUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending
the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Does
not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHu", "mPUSHu" and
"PUSHu".
void mXPUSHu(UV uv)
ORIGMARK
The original stack mark for the XSUB. See "dORIG-
MARK".
POPi Pops an integer off the stack.
IV POPi
POPl Pops a long off the stack.
long POPl
POPn Pops a double off the stack.
NV POPn
POPp Pops a string off the stack. Deprecated. New code
should use POPpx.
char* POPp
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POPpbytex
Pops a string off the stack which must consist of
bytes i.e. characters < 256.
char* POPpbytex
POPpx Pops a string off the stack.
char* POPpx
POPs Pops an SV off the stack.
SV* POPs
PUSHi Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses
"TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called
to declare it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented
macros to return lists from XSUB's - see "mPUSHi"
instead. See also "XPUSHi" and "mXPUSHi".
void PUSHi(IV iv)
PUSHMARK
Opening bracket for arguments on a callback. See
"PUTBACK" and perlcall.
void PUSHMARK(SP)
PUSHmortal
Push a new mortal SV onto the stack. The stack must
have room for this element. Does not handle 'set'
magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "PUSHs",
"XPUSHmortal" and "XPUSHs".
void PUSHmortal()
PUSHn Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses
"TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called
to declare it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented
macros to return lists from XSUB's - see "mPUSHn"
instead. See also "XPUSHn" and "mXPUSHn".
void PUSHn(NV nv)
PUSHp Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. The "len" indicates the
length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses
"TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called
to declare it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented
macros to return lists from XSUB's - see "mPUSHp"
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instead. See also "XPUSHp" and "mXPUSHp".
void PUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
PUSHs Push an SV onto the stack. The stack must have room
for this element. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does
not use "TARG". See also "PUSHmortal", "XPUSHs" and
"XPUSHmortal".
void PUSHs(SV* sv)
PUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack
must have room for this element. Handles 'set'
magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG"
should be called to declare it. Do not call multi-
ple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from
XSUB's - see "mPUSHu" instead. See also "XPUSHu"
and "mXPUSHu".
void PUSHu(UV uv)
PUTBACK Closing bracket for XSUB arguments. This is usually
handled by "xsubpp". See "PUSHMARK" and perlcall for
other uses.
PUTBACK;
SP Stack pointer. This is usually handled by "xsubpp".
See "dSP" and "SPAGAIN".
SPAGAIN Refetch the stack pointer. Used after a callback.
See perlcall.
SPAGAIN;
XPUSHi Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack
if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so
"dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare
it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to
return lists from XSUB's - see "mXPUSHi" instead.
See also "PUSHi" and "mPUSHi".
void XPUSHi(IV iv)
XPUSHmortal
Push a new mortal SV onto the stack, extending the
stack if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic.
Does not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHs", "PUSHmor-
tal" and "PUSHs".
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XPUSHn Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so
"dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare
it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to
return lists from XSUB's - see "mXPUSHn" instead.
See also "PUSHn" and "mPUSHn".
void XPUSHn(NV nv)
XPUSHp Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. The "len" indicates the length of the
string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so
"dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare
it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to
return lists from XSUB's - see "mXPUSHp" instead.
See also "PUSHp" and "mPUSHp".
void XPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
XPUSHs Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not
use "TARG". See also "XPUSHmortal", "PUSHs" and
"PUSHmortal".
void XPUSHs(SV* sv)
XPUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending
the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses
"TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called
to declare it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented
macros to return lists from XSUB's - see "mXPUSHu"
instead. See also "PUSHu" and "mPUSHu".
void XPUSHu(UV uv)
XSRETURN
Return from XSUB, indicating number of items on the
stack. This is usually handled by "xsubpp".
void XSRETURN(int nitems)
XSRETURN_EMPTY
Return an empty list from an XSUB immediately.
XSRETURN_EMPTY;
XSRETURN_IV
Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mIV".
void XSRETURN_IV(IV iv)
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XSRETURN_NO
Return &PL_sv_no from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mNO".
XSRETURN_NO;
XSRETURN_NV
Return a double from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mNV".
void XSRETURN_NV(NV nv)
XSRETURN_PV
Return a copy of a string from an XSUB immediately.
Uses "XST_mPV".
void XSRETURN_PV(char* str)
XSRETURN_UNDEF
Return &PL_sv_undef from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mUNDEF".
XSRETURN_UNDEF;
XSRETURN_UV
Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mUV".
void XSRETURN_UV(IV uv)
XSRETURN_YES
Return &PL_sv_yes from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mYES".
XSRETURN_YES;
XST_mIV Place an integer into the specified position "pos"
on the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal
SV.
void XST_mIV(int pos, IV iv)
XST_mNO Place &PL_sv_no into the specified position "pos" on
the stack.
void XST_mNO(int pos)
XST_mNV Place a double into the specified position "pos" on
the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal SV.
void XST_mNV(int pos, NV nv)
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XST_mPV Place a copy of a string into the specified position
"pos" on the stack. The value is stored in a new
mortal SV.
void XST_mPV(int pos, char* str)
XST_mUNDEF
Place &PL_sv_undef into the specified position "pos"
on the stack.
void XST_mUNDEF(int pos)
XST_mYES
Place &PL_sv_yes into the specified position "pos"
on the stack.
void XST_mYES(int pos)
SV Flags
svtype An enum of flags for Perl types. These are found in
the file sv.h in the "svtype" enum. Test these
flags with the "SvTYPE" macro.
SVt_IV Integer type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
SVt_NV Double type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
SVt_PV Pointer type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
SVt_PVAV
Type flag for arrays. See "svtype".
SVt_PVCV
Type flag for code refs. See "svtype".
SVt_PVHV
Type flag for hashes. See "svtype".
SVt_PVMG
Type flag for blessed scalars. See "svtype".
SV Manipulation Functions
get_sv Returns the SV of the specified Perl scalar. If
"create" is set and the Perl variable does not exist
then it will be created. If "create" is not set and
the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
SV* get_sv(const char* name, I32 create)
looks_like_number
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Test if the content of an SV looks like a number (or
is a number). "Inf" and "Infinity" are treated as
numbers (so will not issue a non-numeric warning),
even if your atof() doesn't grok them.
I32 looks_like_number(SV* sv)
newRV_inc
Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference
count for the original SV is incremented.
SV* newRV_inc(SV* sv)
newRV_noinc
Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference
count for the original SV is not incremented.
SV* newRV_noinc(SV *sv)
NEWSV Creates a new SV. A non-zero "len" parameter indi-
cates the number of bytes of preallocated string
space the SV should have. An extra byte for a tail-
ing NUL is also reserved. (SvPOK is not set for the
SV even if string space is allocated.) The refer-
ence count for the new SV is set to 1. "id" is an
integer id between 0 and 1299 (used to identify
leaks).
SV* NEWSV(int id, STRLEN len)
newSV Create a new null SV, or if len > 0, create a new
empty SVt_PV type SV with an initial PV allocation
of len+1. Normally accessed via the "NEWSV" macro.
SV* newSV(STRLEN len)
newSVhek
Creates a new SV from the hash key structure. It
will generate scalars that point to the shared
string table where possible. Returns a new (unde-
fined) SV if the hek is NULL.
SV* newSVhek(const HEK *hek)
newSViv Creates a new SV and copies an integer into it. The
reference count for the SV is set to 1.
SV* newSViv(IV i)
newSVnv Creates a new SV and copies a floating point value
into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
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SV* newSVnv(NV n)
newSVpv Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The
reference count for the SV is set to 1. If "len" is
zero, Perl will compute the length using strlen().
For efficiency, consider using "newSVpvn" instead.
SV* newSVpv(const char* s, STRLEN len)
newSVpvf
Creates a new SV and initializes it with the string
formatted like "sprintf".
SV* newSVpvf(const char* pat, ...)
newSVpvn
Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The
reference count for the SV is set to 1. Note that
if "len" is zero, Perl will create a zero length
string. You are responsible for ensuring that the
source string is at least "len" bytes long. If the
"s" argument is NULL the new SV will be undefined.
SV* newSVpvn(const char* s, STRLEN len)
newSVpvn_share
Creates a new SV with its SvPVX_const pointing to a
shared string in the string table. If the string
does not already exist in the table, it is created
first. Turns on READONLY and FAKE. The string's
hash is stored in the UV slot of the SV; if the
"hash" parameter is non-zero, that value is used;
otherwise the hash is computed. The idea here is
that as the string table is used for shared hash
keys these strings will have SvPVX_const == HeKEY
and hash lookup will avoid string compare.
SV* newSVpvn_share(const char* s, I32 len, U32 hash)
newSVrv Creates a new SV for the RV, "rv", to point to. If
"rv" is not an RV then it will be upgraded to one.
If "classname" is non-null then the new SV will be
blessed in the specified package. The new SV is
returned and its reference count is 1.
SV* newSVrv(SV* rv, const char* classname)
newSVsv Creates a new SV which is an exact duplicate of the
original SV. (Uses "sv_setsv").
SV* newSVsv(SV* old)
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newSVuv Creates a new SV and copies an unsigned integer into
it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
SV* newSVuv(UV u)
SvCUR Returns the length of the string which is in the SV.
See "SvLEN".
STRLEN SvCUR(SV* sv)
SvCUR_set
Set the current length of the string which is in the
SV. See "SvCUR" and "SvIV_set".
void SvCUR_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvEND Returns a pointer to the last character in the
string which is in the SV. See "SvCUR". Access the
character as *(SvEND(sv)).
char* SvEND(SV* sv)
SvGROW Expands the character buffer in the SV so that it
has room for the indicated number of bytes (remember
to reserve space for an extra trailing NUL charac-
ter). Calls "sv_grow" to perform the expansion if
necessary. Returns a pointer to the character
buffer.
char * SvGROW(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvIOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
an integer.
bool SvIOK(SV* sv)
SvIOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
an integer. Checks the private setting. Use
"SvIOK".
bool SvIOKp(SV* sv)
SvIOK_notUV
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
a signed integer.
bool SvIOK_notUV(SV* sv)
SvIOK_off
Unsets the IV status of an SV.
void SvIOK_off(SV* sv)
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SvIOK_on
Tells an SV that it is an integer.
void SvIOK_on(SV* sv)
SvIOK_only
Tells an SV that it is an integer and disables all
other OK bits.
void SvIOK_only(SV* sv)
SvIOK_only_UV
Tells and SV that it is an unsigned integer and dis-
ables all other OK bits.
void SvIOK_only_UV(SV* sv)
SvIOK_UV
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
an unsigned integer.
bool SvIOK_UV(SV* sv)
SvIsCOW Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is
Copy-On-Write. (either shared hash key scalars, or
full Copy On Write scalars if 5.9.0 is configured
for COW)
bool SvIsCOW(SV* sv)
SvIsCOW_shared_hash
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is
Copy-On-Write shared hash key scalar.
bool SvIsCOW_shared_hash(SV* sv)
SvIV Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it.
See "SvIVx" for a version which guarantees to
evaluate sv only once.
IV SvIV(SV* sv)
SvIVX Returns the raw value in the SV's IV slot, without
checks or conversions. Only use when you are sure
SvIOK is true. See also "SvIV()".
IV SvIVX(SV* sv)
SvIVx Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it.
Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use the more
efficient "SvIV" otherwise.
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IV SvIVx(SV* sv)
SvIV_set
Set the value of the IV pointer in sv to val. It is
possible to perform the same function of this macro
with an lvalue assignment to "SvIVX". With future
Perls, however, it will be more efficient to use
"SvIV_set" instead of the lvalue assignment to
"SvIVX".
void SvIV_set(SV* sv, IV val)
SvLEN Returns the size of the string buffer in the SV, not
including any part attributable to "SvOOK". See
"SvCUR".
STRLEN SvLEN(SV* sv)
SvLEN_set
Set the actual length of the string which is in the
SV. See "SvIV_set".
void SvLEN_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvMAGIC_set
Set the value of the MAGIC pointer in sv to val.
See "SvIV_set".
void SvMAGIC_set(SV* sv, MAGIC* val)
SvNIOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
a number, integer or double.
bool SvNIOK(SV* sv)
SvNIOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
a number, integer or double. Checks the private
setting. Use "SvNIOK".
bool SvNIOKp(SV* sv)
SvNIOK_off
Unsets the NV/IV status of an SV.
void SvNIOK_off(SV* sv)
SvNOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
a double.
bool SvNOK(SV* sv)
SvNOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
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a double. Checks the private setting. Use "SvNOK".
bool SvNOKp(SV* sv)
SvNOK_off
Unsets the NV status of an SV.
void SvNOK_off(SV* sv)
SvNOK_on
Tells an SV that it is a double.
void SvNOK_on(SV* sv)
SvNOK_only
Tells an SV that it is a double and disables all
other OK bits.
void SvNOK_only(SV* sv)
SvNV Coerce the given SV to a double and return it. See
"SvNVx" for a version which guarantees to evaluate
sv only once.
NV SvNV(SV* sv)
SvNVX Returns the raw value in the SV's NV slot, without
checks or conversions. Only use when you are sure
SvNOK is true. See also "SvNV()".
NV SvNVX(SV* sv)
SvNVx Coerces the given SV to a double and returns it.
Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use the more
efficient "SvNV" otherwise.
NV SvNVx(SV* sv)
SvNV_set
Set the value of the NV pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvNV_set(SV* sv, NV val)
SvOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the value is an
SV. It also tells whether the value is defined or
not.
bool SvOK(SV* sv)
SvOOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SvIVX is a
valid offset value for the SvPVX. This hack is used
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internally to speed up removal of characters from
the beginning of a SvPV. When SvOOK is true, then
the start of the allocated string buffer is really
(SvPVX - SvIVX).
bool SvOOK(SV* sv)
SvPOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
a character string.
bool SvPOK(SV* sv)
SvPOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
a character string. Checks the private setting. Use
"SvPOK".
bool SvPOKp(SV* sv)
SvPOK_off
Unsets the PV status of an SV.
void SvPOK_off(SV* sv)
SvPOK_on
Tells an SV that it is a string.
void SvPOK_on(SV* sv)
SvPOK_only
Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all
other OK bits. Will also turn off the UTF-8 status.
void SvPOK_only(SV* sv)
SvPOK_only_UTF8
Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all
other OK bits, and leaves the UTF-8 status as it
was.
void SvPOK_only_UTF8(SV* sv)
SvPV Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a
stringified form of the SV if the SV does not con-
tain a string. The SV may cache the stringified
version becoming "SvPOK". Handles 'get' magic. See
also "SvPVx" for a version which guarantees to
evaluate sv only once.
char* SvPV(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbyte
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to byte representation
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first if necessary.
char* SvPVbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbytex
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to byte representation
first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only
once; use the more efficient "SvPVbyte" otherwise.
char* SvPVbytex(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbytex_force
Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to byte represen-
tation first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv
only once; use the more efficient "SvPVbyte_force"
otherwise.
char* SvPVbytex_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbyte_force
Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to byte represen-
tation first if necessary.
char* SvPVbyte_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbyte_nolen
Like "SvPV_nolen", but converts sv to byte represen-
tation first if necessary.
char* SvPVbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
SvPVutf8
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to utf8 first if neces-
sary.
char* SvPVutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8x
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to utf8 first if neces-
sary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the
more efficient "SvPVutf8" otherwise.
char* SvPVutf8x(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8x_force
Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to utf8 first if
necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use
the more efficient "SvPVutf8_force" otherwise.
char* SvPVutf8x_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8_force
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Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to utf8 first if
necessary.
char* SvPVutf8_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8_nolen
Like "SvPV_nolen", but converts sv to utf8 first if
necessary.
char* SvPVutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
SvPVX Returns a pointer to the physical string in the SV.
The SV must contain a string.
char* SvPVX(SV* sv)
SvPVx A version of "SvPV" which guarantees to evaluate sv
only once.
char* SvPVx(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPV_force
Like "SvPV" but will force the SV into containing
just a string ("SvPOK_only"). You want force if you
are going to update the "SvPVX" directly.
char* SvPV_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPV_force_nomg
Like "SvPV" but will force the SV into containing
just a string ("SvPOK_only"). You want force if you
are going to update the "SvPVX" directly. Doesn't
process magic.
char* SvPV_force_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPV_nolen
Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a
stringified form of the SV if the SV does not con-
tain a string. The SV may cache the stringified
form becoming "SvPOK". Handles 'get' magic.
char* SvPV_nolen(SV* sv)
SvPV_set
Set the value of the PV pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvPV_set(SV* sv, char* val)
SvREFCNT
Returns the value of the object's reference count.
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U32 SvREFCNT(SV* sv)
SvREFCNT_dec
Decrements the reference count of the given SV.
void SvREFCNT_dec(SV* sv)
SvREFCNT_inc
Increments the reference count of the given SV.
SV* SvREFCNT_inc(SV* sv)
SvROK Tests if the SV is an RV.
bool SvROK(SV* sv)
SvROK_off
Unsets the RV status of an SV.
void SvROK_off(SV* sv)
SvROK_on
Tells an SV that it is an RV.
void SvROK_on(SV* sv)
SvRV Dereferences an RV to return the SV.
SV* SvRV(SV* sv)
SvRV_set
Set the value of the RV pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvRV_set(SV* sv, SV* val)
SvSTASH Returns the stash of the SV.
HV* SvSTASH(SV* sv)
SvSTASH_set
Set the value of the STASH pointer in sv to val.
See "SvIV_set".
void SvSTASH_set(SV* sv, STASH* val)
SvTAINT Taints an SV if tainting is enabled.
void SvTAINT(SV* sv)
SvTAINTED
Checks to see if an SV is tainted. Returns TRUE if
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it is, FALSE if not.
bool SvTAINTED(SV* sv)
SvTAINTED_off
Untaints an SV. Be very careful with this routine,
as it short-circuits some of Perl's fundamental
security features. XS module authors should not use
this function unless they fully understand all the
implications of unconditionally untainting the
value. Untainting should be done in the standard
perl fashion, via a carefully crafted regexp, rather
than directly untainting variables.
void SvTAINTED_off(SV* sv)
SvTAINTED_on
Marks an SV as tainted if tainting is enabled.
void SvTAINTED_on(SV* sv)
SvTRUE Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would
evaluate the SV as true or false, defined or unde-
fined. Does not handle 'get' magic.
bool SvTRUE(SV* sv)
SvTYPE Returns the type of the SV. See "svtype".
svtype SvTYPE(SV* sv)
SvUOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
an unsigned integer.
void SvUOK(SV* sv)
SvUPGRADE
Used to upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Uses
"sv_upgrade" to perform the upgrade if necessary.
See "svtype".
void SvUPGRADE(SV* sv, svtype type)
SvUTF8 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
UTF-8 encoded data.
bool SvUTF8(SV* sv)
SvUTF8_off
Unsets the UTF-8 status of an SV.
void SvUTF8_off(SV *sv)
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SvUTF8_on
Turn on the UTF-8 status of an SV (the data is not
changed, just the flag). Do not use frivolously.
void SvUTF8_on(SV *sv)
SvUV Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and
returns it. See "SvUVx" for a version which guaran-
tees to evaluate sv only once.
UV SvUV(SV* sv)
SvUVX Returns the raw value in the SV's UV slot, without
checks or conversions. Only use when you are sure
SvIOK is true. See also "SvUV()".
UV SvUVX(SV* sv)
SvUVx Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and
returns it. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use
the more efficient "SvUV" otherwise.
UV SvUVx(SV* sv)
SvUV_set
Set the value of the UV pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvUV_set(SV* sv, UV val)
sv_2bool
This function is only called on magical items, and
is only used by sv_true() or its macro equivalent.
bool sv_2bool(SV* sv)
sv_2cv Using various gambits, try to get a CV from an SV;
in addition, try if possible to set *st and *gvp to
the stash and GV associated with it.
CV* sv_2cv(SV* sv, HV** st, GV** gvp, I32 lref)
sv_2io Using various gambits, try to get an IO from an SV:
the IO slot if its a GV; or the recursive result if
we're an RV; or the IO slot of the symbol named
after the PV if we're a string.
IO* sv_2io(SV* sv)
sv_2iv Return the integer value of an SV, doing any neces-
sary string conversion, magic etc. Normally used via
the "SvIV(sv)" and "SvIVx(sv)" macros.
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IV sv_2iv(SV* sv)
sv_2mortal
Marks an existing SV as mortal. The SV will be des-
troyed "soon", either by an explicit call to
FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as
statement boundaries. SvTEMP() is turned on which
means that the SV's string buffer can be "stolen" if
this SV is copied. See also "sv_newmortal" and
"sv_mortalcopy".
SV* sv_2mortal(SV* sv)
sv_2nv Return the num value of an SV, doing any necessary
string or integer conversion, magic etc. Normally
used via the "SvNV(sv)" and "SvNVx(sv)" macros.
NV sv_2nv(SV* sv)
sv_2pvbyte
Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation
of the SV, and set *lp to its length. May cause the
SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVbyte" macro.
char* sv_2pvbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_2pvbyte_nolen
Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation
of the SV. May cause the SV to be downgraded from
UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVbyte_nolen" macro.
char* sv_2pvbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
sv_2pvutf8
Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation
of the SV, and set *lp to its length. May cause the
SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVutf8" macro.
char* sv_2pvutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_2pvutf8_nolen
Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation
of the SV. May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8
as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVutf8_nolen" macro.
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char* sv_2pvutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
sv_2pv_flags
Returns a pointer to the string value of an SV, and
sets *lp to its length. If flags includes SV_GMAGIC,
does an mg_get() first. Coerces sv to a string if
necessary. Normally invoked via the "SvPV_flags"
macro. "sv_2pv()" and "sv_2pv_nomg" usually end up
here too.
char* sv_2pv_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
sv_2pv_nolen
Like "sv_2pv()", but doesn't return the length too.
You should usually use the macro wrapper
"SvPV_nolen(sv)" instead.
char* sv_2pv_nolen(SV* sv)
sv_2uv Return the unsigned integer value of an SV, doing
any necessary string conversion, magic etc. Normally
used via the "SvUV(sv)" and "SvUVx(sv)" macros.
UV sv_2uv(SV* sv)
sv_backoff
Remove any string offset. You should normally use
the "SvOOK_off" macro wrapper instead.
int sv_backoff(SV* sv)
sv_bless
Blesses an SV into a specified package. The SV must
be an RV. The package must be designated by its
stash (see "gv_stashpv()"). The reference count of
the SV is unaffected.
SV* sv_bless(SV* sv, HV* stash)
sv_catpv
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string
which is in the SV. If the SV has the UTF-8 status
set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8.
Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See
"sv_catpv_mg".
void sv_catpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
sv_catpvf
Processes its arguments like "sprintf" and appends
the formatted output to an SV. If the appended data
contains "wide" characters (including, but not lim-
ited to, SVs with a UTF-8 PV formatted with %s, and
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characters >255 formatted with %c), the original SV
might get upgraded to UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic,
but not 'set' magic. See "sv_catpvf_mg". If the
original SV was UTF-8, the pattern should be valid
UTF-8; if the original SV was bytes, the pattern
should be too.
void sv_catpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
sv_catpvf_mg
Like "sv_catpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
sv_catpvn
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string
which is in the SV. The "len" indicates number of
bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8 status set,
then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8. Han-
dles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See
"sv_catpvn_mg".
void sv_catpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_catpvn_flags
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string
which is in the SV. The "len" indicates number of
bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8 status set,
then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8. If
"flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will "mg_get" on
"dsv" if appropriate, else not. "sv_catpvn" and
"sv_catpvn_nomg" are implemented in terms of this
function.
void sv_catpvn_flags(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len, I32 flags)
sv_catpvn_mg
Like "sv_catpvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_catpvn_nomg
Like "sv_catpvn" but doesn't process magic.
void sv_catpvn_nomg(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_catpv_mg
Like "sv_catpv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
sv_catsv
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Concatenates the string from SV "ssv" onto the end
of the string in SV "dsv". Modifies "dsv" but not
"ssv". Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic.
See "sv_catsv_mg".
void sv_catsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_catsv_flags
Concatenates the string from SV "ssv" onto the end
of the string in SV "dsv". Modifies "dsv" but not
"ssv". If "flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will
"mg_get" on the SVs if appropriate, else not.
"sv_catsv" and "sv_catsv_nomg" are implemented in
terms of this function.
void sv_catsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
sv_catsv_mg
Like "sv_catsv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
sv_catsv_nomg
Like "sv_catsv" but doesn't process magic.
void sv_catsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_chop Efficient removal of characters from the beginning
of the string buffer. SvPOK(sv) must be true and the
"ptr" must be a pointer to somewhere inside the
string buffer. The "ptr" becomes the first charac-
ter of the adjusted string. Uses the "OOK hack".
Beware: after this function returns, "ptr" and
SvPVX_const(sv) may no longer refer to the same
chunk of data.
void sv_chop(SV* sv, char* ptr)
sv_clear
Clear an SV: call any destructors, free up any
memory used by the body, and free the body itself.
The SV's head is not freed, although its type is set
to all 1's so that it won't inadvertently be assumed
to be live during global destruction etc. This func-
tion should only be called when REFCNT is zero. Most
of the time you'll want to call "sv_free()" (or its
macro wrapper "SvREFCNT_dec") instead.
void sv_clear(SV* sv)
sv_cmp Compares the strings in two SVs. Returns -1, 0, or
1 indicating whether the string in "sv1" is less
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than, equal to, or greater than the string in "sv2".
Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic,
and will coerce its args to strings if necessary.
See also "sv_cmp_locale".
I32 sv_cmp(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
sv_cmp_locale
Compares the strings in two SVs in a locale-aware
manner. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get
magic, and will coerce its args to strings if neces-
sary. See also "sv_cmp_locale". See also "sv_cmp".
I32 sv_cmp_locale(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
sv_collxfrm
Add Collate Transform magic to an SV if it doesn't
already have it.
Any scalar variable may carry PERL_MAGIC_collxfrm
magic that contains the scalar data of the variable,
but transformed to such a format that a normal
memory comparison can be used to compare the data
according to the locale settings.
char* sv_collxfrm(SV* sv, STRLEN* nxp)
sv_copypv
Copies a stringified representation of the source SV
into the destination SV. Automatically performs any
necessary mg_get and coercion of numeric values into
strings. Guaranteed to preserve UTF-8 flag even
from overloaded objects. Similar in nature to
sv_2pv[_flags] but operates directly on an SV
instead of just the string. Mostly uses
sv_2pv_flags to do its work, except when that would
lose the UTF-8'ness of the PV.
void sv_copypv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_dec Auto-decrement of the value in the SV, doing string
to numeric conversion if necessary. Handles 'get'
magic.
void sv_dec(SV* sv)
sv_derived_from
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is
derived from the specified class. This is the func-
tion that implements "UNIVERSAL::isa". It works for
class names as well as for objects.
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bool sv_derived_from(SV* sv, const char* name)
sv_eq Returns a boolean indicating whether the strings in
the two SVs are identical. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes'
aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its args
to strings if necessary.
I32 sv_eq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
sv_force_normal
Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is
a shared string, make a private copy; if we're a
ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to an
xpvmg. See also "sv_force_normal_flags".
void sv_force_normal(SV *sv)
sv_force_normal_flags
Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is
a shared string, make a private copy; if we're a
ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to an
xpvmg. The "flags" parameter gets passed to
"sv_unref_flags()" when unrefing. "sv_force_normal"
calls this function with flags set to 0.
void sv_force_normal_flags(SV *sv, U32 flags)
sv_free Decrement an SV's reference count, and if it drops
to zero, call "sv_clear" to invoke destructors and
free up any memory used by the body; finally, deal-
locate the SV's head itself. Normally called via a
wrapper macro "SvREFCNT_dec".
void sv_free(SV* sv)
sv_gets Get a line from the filehandle and store it into the
SV, optionally appending to the currently-stored
string.
char* sv_gets(SV* sv, PerlIO* fp, I32 append)
sv_grow Expands the character buffer in the SV. If neces-
sary, uses "sv_unref" and upgrades the SV to
"SVt_PV". Returns a pointer to the character
buffer. Use the "SvGROW" wrapper instead.
char* sv_grow(SV* sv, STRLEN newlen)
sv_inc Auto-increment of the value in the SV, doing string
to numeric conversion if necessary. Handles 'get'
magic.
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void sv_inc(SV* sv)
sv_insert
Inserts a string at the specified offset/length
within the SV. Similar to the Perl substr() func-
tion.
void sv_insert(SV* bigsv, STRLEN offset, STRLEN len, char* little, STRLEN littlelen)
sv_isa Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is
blessed into the specified class. This does not
check for subtypes; use "sv_derived_from" to verify
an inheritance relationship.
int sv_isa(SV* sv, const char* name)
sv_isobject
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an RV
pointing to a blessed object. If the SV is not an
RV, or if the object is not blessed, then this will
return false.
int sv_isobject(SV* sv)
sv_iv A private implementation of the "SvIVx" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
IV sv_iv(SV* sv)
sv_len Returns the length of the string in the SV. Handles
magic and type coercion. See also "SvCUR", which
gives raw access to the xpv_cur slot.
STRLEN sv_len(SV* sv)
sv_len_utf8
Returns the number of characters in the string in an
SV, counting wide UTF-8 bytes as a single character.
Handles magic and type coercion.
STRLEN sv_len_utf8(SV* sv)
sv_magic
Adds magic to an SV. First upgrades "sv" to type
"SVt_PVMG" if necessary, then adds a new magic item
of type "how" to the head of the magic list.
See "sv_magicext" (which "sv_magic" now calls) for a
description of the handling of the "name" and "nam-
len" arguments.
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You need to use "sv_magicext" to add magic to
SvREADONLY SVs and also to add more than one
instance of the same 'how'.
void sv_magic(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const char* name, I32 namlen)
sv_magicext
Adds magic to an SV, upgrading it if necessary.
Applies the supplied vtable and returns a pointer to
the magic added.
Note that "sv_magicext" will allow things that
"sv_magic" will not. In particular, you can add
magic to SvREADONLY SVs, and add more than one
instance of the same 'how'.
If "namlen" is greater than zero then a "savepvn"
copy of "name" is stored, if "namlen" is zero then
"name" is stored as-is and - as another special case
- if "(name && namlen == HEf_SVKEY)" then "name" is
assumed to contain an "SV*" and is stored as-is with
its REFCNT incremented.
(This is now used as a subroutine by "sv_magic".)
MAGIC * sv_magicext(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, MGVTBL *vtbl, const char* name, I32 namlen)
sv_mortalcopy
Creates a new SV which is a copy of the original SV
(using "sv_setsv"). The new SV is marked as mortal.
It will be destroyed "soon", either by an explicit
call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places
such as statement boundaries. See also
"sv_newmortal" and "sv_2mortal".
SV* sv_mortalcopy(SV* oldsv)
sv_newmortal
Creates a new null SV which is mortal. The refer-
ence count of the SV is set to 1. It will be des-
troyed "soon", either by an explicit call to
FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as
statement boundaries. See also "sv_mortalcopy" and
"sv_2mortal".
SV* sv_newmortal()
sv_newref
Increment an SV's reference count. Use the
"SvREFCNT_inc()" wrapper instead.
SV* sv_newref(SV* sv)
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sv_nv A private implementation of the "SvNVx" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
NV sv_nv(SV* sv)
sv_pos_b2u
Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a
count of bytes from the start of the string, to a
count of the equivalent number of UTF-8 chars. Han-
dles magic and type coercion.
void sv_pos_b2u(SV* sv, I32* offsetp)
sv_pos_u2b
Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a
count of UTF-8 chars from the start of the string,
to a count of the equivalent number of bytes; if
lenp is non-zero, it does the same to lenp, but this
time starting from the offset, rather than from the
start of the string. Handles magic and type coer-
cion.
void sv_pos_u2b(SV* sv, I32* offsetp, I32* lenp)
sv_pv Use the "SvPV_nolen" macro instead
char* sv_pv(SV *sv)
sv_pvbyte
Use "SvPVbyte_nolen" instead.
char* sv_pvbyte(SV *sv)
sv_pvbyten
A private implementation of the "SvPVbyte" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvbyten(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
sv_pvbyten_force
A private implementation of the "SvPVbytex_force"
macro for compilers which can't cope with complex
macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvbyten_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_pvn A private implementation of the "SvPV" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
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char* sv_pvn(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
sv_pvn_force
Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. A
private implementation of the "SvPV_force" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvn_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_pvn_force_flags
Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. If
"flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will "mg_get" on
"sv" if appropriate, else not. "sv_pvn_force" and
"sv_pvn_force_nomg" are implemented in terms of this
function. You normally want to use the various
wrapper macros instead: see "SvPV_force" and
"SvPV_force_nomg"
char* sv_pvn_force_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
sv_pvutf8
Use the "SvPVutf8_nolen" macro instead
char* sv_pvutf8(SV *sv)
sv_pvutf8n
A private implementation of the "SvPVutf8" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvutf8n(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
sv_pvutf8n_force
A private implementation of the "SvPVutf8_force"
macro for compilers which can't cope with complex
macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvutf8n_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_reftype
Returns a string describing what the SV is a refer-
ence to.
char* sv_reftype(SV* sv, int ob)
sv_replace
Make the first argument a copy of the second, then
delete the original. The target SV physically takes
over ownership of the body of the source SV and
inherits its flags; however, the target keeps any
magic it owns, and any magic in the source is
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discarded. Note that this is a rather specialist SV
copying operation; most of the time you'll want to
use "sv_setsv" or one of its many macro front-ends.
void sv_replace(SV* sv, SV* nsv)
sv_report_used
Dump the contents of all SVs not yet freed. (Debug-
ging aid).
void sv_report_used()
sv_reset
Underlying implementation for the "reset" Perl func-
tion. Note that the perl-level function is vaguely
deprecated.
void sv_reset(char* s, HV* stash)
sv_rvweaken
Weaken a reference: set the "SvWEAKREF" flag on this
RV; give the referred-to SV "PERL_MAGIC_backref"
magic if it hasn't already; and push a back-
reference to this RV onto the array of backrefer-
ences associated with that magic.
SV* sv_rvweaken(SV *sv)
sv_setiv
Copies an integer into the given SV, upgrading first
if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also
"sv_setiv_mg".
void sv_setiv(SV* sv, IV num)
sv_setiv_mg
Like "sv_setiv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setiv_mg(SV *sv, IV i)
sv_setnv
Copies a double into the given SV, upgrading first
if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also
"sv_setnv_mg".
void sv_setnv(SV* sv, NV num)
sv_setnv_mg
Like "sv_setnv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setnv_mg(SV *sv, NV num)
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sv_setpv
Copies a string into an SV. The string must be
null-terminated. Does not handle 'set' magic. See
"sv_setpv_mg".
void sv_setpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
sv_setpvf
Works like "sv_catpvf" but copies the text into the
SV instead of appending it. Does not handle 'set'
magic. See "sv_setpvf_mg".
void sv_setpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
sv_setpvf_mg
Like "sv_setpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
sv_setpviv
Copies an integer into the given SV, also updating
its string value. Does not handle 'set' magic. See
"sv_setpviv_mg".
void sv_setpviv(SV* sv, IV num)
sv_setpviv_mg
Like "sv_setpviv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpviv_mg(SV *sv, IV iv)
sv_setpvn
Copies a string into an SV. The "len" parameter
indicates the number of bytes to be copied. If the
"ptr" argument is NULL the SV will become undefined.
Does not handle 'set' magic. See "sv_setpvn_mg".
void sv_setpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_setpvn_mg
Like "sv_setpvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_setpv_mg
Like "sv_setpv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
sv_setref_iv
Copies an integer into a new SV, optionally blessing
the SV. The "rv" argument will be upgraded to an
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RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new
SV. The "classname" argument indicates the package
for the blessing. Set "classname" to "Nullch" to
avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a refer-
ence count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
SV* sv_setref_iv(SV* rv, const char* classname, IV iv)
sv_setref_nv
Copies a double into a new SV, optionally blessing
the SV. The "rv" argument will be upgraded to an
RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new
SV. The "classname" argument indicates the package
for the blessing. Set "classname" to "Nullch" to
avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a refer-
ence count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
SV* sv_setref_nv(SV* rv, const char* classname, NV nv)
sv_setref_pv
Copies a pointer into a new SV, optionally blessing
the SV. The "rv" argument will be upgraded to an
RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new
SV. If the "pv" argument is NULL then "PL_sv_undef"
will be placed into the SV. The "classname" argu-
ment indicates the package for the blessing. Set
"classname" to "Nullch" to avoid the blessing. The
new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV
will be returned.
Do not use with other Perl types such as HV, AV, SV,
CV, because those objects will become corrupted by
the pointer copy process.
Note that "sv_setref_pvn" copies the string while
this copies the pointer.
SV* sv_setref_pv(SV* rv, const char* classname, void* pv)
sv_setref_pvn
Copies a string into a new SV, optionally blessing
the SV. The length of the string must be specified
with "n". The "rv" argument will be upgraded to an
RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new
SV. The "classname" argument indicates the package
for the blessing. Set "classname" to "Nullch" to
avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a refer-
ence count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
Note that "sv_setref_pv" copies the pointer while
this copies the string.
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SV* sv_setref_pvn(SV* rv, const char* classname, char* pv, STRLEN n)
sv_setref_uv
Copies an unsigned integer into a new SV, optionally
blessing the SV. The "rv" argument will be upgraded
to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the
new SV. The "classname" argument indicates the
package for the blessing. Set "classname" to
"Nullch" to avoid the blessing. The new SV will
have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be
returned.
SV* sv_setref_uv(SV* rv, const char* classname, UV uv)
sv_setsv
Copies the contents of the source SV "ssv" into the
destination SV "dsv". The source SV may be des-
troyed if it is mortal, so don't use this function
if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not handle
'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs a
copy-by-value, obliterating any previous content of
the destination.
You probably want to use one of the assortment of
wrappers, such as "SvSetSV", "SvSetSV_nosteal",
"SvSetMagicSV" and "SvSetMagicSV_nosteal".
void sv_setsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_setsv_flags
Copies the contents of the source SV "ssv" into the
destination SV "dsv". The source SV may be des-
troyed if it is mortal, so don't use this function
if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not handle
'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs a
copy-by-value, obliterating any previous content of
the destination. If the "flags" parameter has the
"SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will "mg_get" on "ssv" if
appropriate, else not. If the "flags" parameter has
the "NOSTEAL" bit set then the buffers of temps will
not be stolen. <sv_setsv> and "sv_setsv_nomg" are
implemented in terms of this function.
You probably want to use one of the assortment of
wrappers, such as "SvSetSV", "SvSetSV_nosteal",
"SvSetMagicSV" and "SvSetMagicSV_nosteal".
This is the primary function for copying scalars,
and most other copy-ish functions and macros use
this underneath.
void sv_setsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
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sv_setsv_mg
Like "sv_setsv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
sv_setsv_nomg
Like "sv_setsv" but doesn't process magic.
void sv_setsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_setuv
Copies an unsigned integer into the given SV,
upgrading first if necessary. Does not handle 'set'
magic. See also "sv_setuv_mg".
void sv_setuv(SV* sv, UV num)
sv_setuv_mg
Like "sv_setuv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setuv_mg(SV *sv, UV u)
sv_taint
Taint an SV. Use "SvTAINTED_on" instead.
void sv_taint(SV* sv)
sv_tainted
Test an SV for taintedness. Use "SvTAINTED" instead.
bool sv_tainted(SV* sv)
sv_true Returns true if the SV has a true value by Perl's
rules. Use the "SvTRUE" macro instead, which may
call "sv_true()" or may instead use an in-line ver-
sion.
I32 sv_true(SV *sv)
sv_unmagic
Removes all magic of type "type" from an SV.
int sv_unmagic(SV* sv, int type)
sv_unref
Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the
reference count of whatever was being referenced by
the RV. This can almost be thought of as a reversal
of "newSVrv". This is "sv_unref_flags" with the
"flag" being zero. See "SvROK_off".
void sv_unref(SV* sv)
sv_unref_flags
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Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the
reference count of whatever was being referenced by
the RV. This can almost be thought of as a reversal
of "newSVrv". The "cflags" argument can contain
"SV_IMMEDIATE_UNREF" to force the reference count to
be decremented (otherwise the decrementing is condi-
tional on the reference count being different from
one or the reference being a readonly SV). See
"SvROK_off".
void sv_unref_flags(SV* sv, U32 flags)
sv_untaint
Untaint an SV. Use "SvTAINTED_off" instead.
void sv_untaint(SV* sv)
sv_upgrade
Upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Generally
adds a new body type to the SV, then copies across
as much information as possible from the old body.
You generally want to use the "SvUPGRADE" macro
wrapper. See also "svtype".
bool sv_upgrade(SV* sv, U32 mt)
sv_usepvn
Tells an SV to use "ptr" to find its string value.
Normally the string is stored inside the SV but
sv_usepvn allows the SV to use an outside string.
The "ptr" should point to memory that was allocated
by "malloc". The string length, "len", must be sup-
plied. This function will realloc the memory
pointed to by "ptr", so that pointer should not be
freed or used by the programmer after giving it to
sv_usepvn. Does not handle 'set' magic. See
"sv_usepvn_mg".
void sv_usepvn(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_usepvn_mg
Like "sv_usepvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_usepvn_mg(SV *sv, char *ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_utf8_decode
If the PV of the SV is an octet sequence in UTF-8
and contains a multiple-byte character, the "SvUTF8"
flag is turned on so that it looks like a character.
If the PV contains only single-byte characters, the
"SvUTF8" flag stays being off. Scans PV for validity
and returns false if the PV is invalid UTF-8.
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NOTE: this function is experimental and may change
or be removed without notice.
bool sv_utf8_decode(SV *sv)
sv_utf8_downgrade
Attempts to convert the PV of an SV from characters
to bytes. If the PV contains a character beyond
byte, this conversion will fail; in this case,
either returns false or, if "fail_ok" is not true,
croaks.
This is not as a general purpose Unicode to byte
encoding interface: use the Encode extension for
that.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change
or be removed without notice.
bool sv_utf8_downgrade(SV *sv, bool fail_ok)
sv_utf8_encode
Converts the PV of an SV to UTF-8, but then turns
the "SvUTF8" flag off so that it looks like octets
again.
void sv_utf8_encode(SV *sv)
sv_utf8_upgrade
Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form.
Forces the SV to string form if it is not already.
Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity
checks even if all the bytes have hibit clear.
This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to
Unicode interface: use the Encode extension for
that.
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade(SV *sv)
sv_utf8_upgrade_flags
Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form.
Forces the SV to string form if it is not already.
Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity
checks even if all the bytes have hibit clear. If
"flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will "mg_get" on
"sv" if appropriate, else not. "sv_utf8_upgrade" and
"sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg" are implemented in terms of
this function.
This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to
Unicode interface: use the Encode extension for
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that.
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade_flags(SV *sv, I32 flags)
sv_uv A private implementation of the "SvUVx" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
UV sv_uv(SV* sv)
sv_vcatpvf
Processes its arguments like "vsprintf" and appends
the formatted output to an SV. Does not handle
'set' magic. See "sv_vcatpvf_mg".
Usually used via its frontend "sv_catpvf".
void sv_vcatpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
sv_vcatpvfn
Processes its arguments like "vsprintf" and appends
the formatted output to an SV. Uses an array of SVs
if the C style variable argument list is missing
(NULL). When running with taint checks enabled,
indicates via "maybe_tainted" if results are
untrustworthy (often due to the use of locales).
XXX Except that it maybe_tainted is never assigned
to.
Usually used via one of its frontends "sv_vcatpvf"
and "sv_vcatpvf_mg".
void sv_vcatpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
sv_vcatpvf_mg
Like "sv_vcatpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
Usually used via its frontend "sv_catpvf_mg".
void sv_vcatpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
sv_vsetpvf
Works like "sv_vcatpvf" but copies the text into the
SV instead of appending it. Does not handle 'set'
magic. See "sv_vsetpvf_mg".
Usually used via its frontend "sv_setpvf".
void sv_vsetpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
sv_vsetpvfn
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Works like "sv_vcatpvfn" but copies the text into
the SV instead of appending it.
Usually used via one of its frontends "sv_vsetpvf"
and "sv_vsetpvf_mg".
void sv_vsetpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
sv_vsetpvf_mg
Like "sv_vsetpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
Usually used via its frontend "sv_setpvf_mg".
void sv_vsetpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
Unicode Support
bytes_from_utf8
Converts a string "s" of length "len" from UTF-8
into byte encoding. Unlike "utf8_to_bytes" but like
"bytes_to_utf8", returns a pointer to the newly-
created string, and updates "len" to contain the new
length. Returns the original string if no conver-
sion occurs, "len" is unchanged. Do nothing if
"is_utf8" points to 0. Sets "is_utf8" to 0 if "s" is
converted or contains all 7bit characters.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change
or be removed without notice.
U8* bytes_from_utf8(U8 *s, STRLEN *len, bool *is_utf8)
bytes_to_utf8
Converts a string "s" of length "len" from ASCII
into UTF-8 encoding. Returns a pointer to the
newly-created string, and sets "len" to reflect the
new length.
If you want to convert to UTF-8 from other encodings
than ASCII, see sv_recode_to_utf8().
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change
or be removed without notice.
U8* bytes_to_utf8(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
ibcmp_utf8
Return true if the strings s1 and s2 differ
case-insensitively, false if not (if they are equal
case-insensitively). If u1 is true, the string s1
is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u2 is
true, the string s2 is assumed to be in
UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u1 or u2 are false, the
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respective string is assumed to be in native 8-bit
encoding.
If the pe1 and pe2 are non-NULL, the scanning
pointers will be copied in there (they will point at
the beginning of the next character). If the
pointers behind pe1 or pe2 are non-NULL, they are
the end pointers beyond which scanning will not con-
tinue under any circumstances. If the byte lengths
l1 and l2 are non-zero, s1+l1 and s2+l2 will be used
as goal end pointers that will also stop the scan,
and which qualify towards defining a successful
match: all the scans that define an explicit length
must reach their goal pointers for a match to
succeed).
For case-insensitiveness, the "casefolding" of
Unicode is used instead of upper/lowercasing both
the characters, see
http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/ (Case
Mappings).
I32 ibcmp_utf8(const char* a, char **pe1, UV l1, bool u1, const char* b, char **pe2, UV l2, bool u2)
is_utf8_char
Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a
valid UTF-8 character. Note that an INVARIANT (i.e.
ASCII) character is a valid UTF-8 character. The
actual number of bytes in the UTF-8 character will
be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.
STRLEN is_utf8_char(U8 *p)
is_utf8_string
Returns true if first "len" bytes of the given
string form a valid UTF-8 string, false otherwise.
Note that 'a valid UTF-8 string' does not mean 'a
string that contains code points above 0x7F encoded
in UTF-8' because a valid ASCII string is a valid
UTF-8 string.
See also is_utf8_string_loclen() and
is_utf8_string_loc().
bool is_utf8_string(U8 *s, STRLEN len)
is_utf8_string_loc
Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the
failure (in the case of "utf8ness failure") or the
location s+len (in the case of "utf8ness success")
in the "ep".
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See also is_utf8_string_loclen() and
is_utf8_string().
bool is_utf8_string_loc(U8 *s, STRLEN len, U8 **p)
is_utf8_string_loclen
Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the
failure (in the case of "utf8ness failure") or the
location s+len (in the case of "utf8ness success")
in the "ep", and the number of UTF-8 encoded charac-
ters in the "el".
See also is_utf8_string_loc() and is_utf8_string().
bool is_utf8_string_loclen(const U8 *s, STRLEN len, const U8 **ep, STRLEN *el)
pv_uni_display
Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the
string spv, length len, the displayable version
being at most pvlim bytes long (if longer, the rest
is truncated and "..." will be appended).
The flags argument can have UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT set
to display isPRINT()able characters as themselves,
UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH to display the \\[nrfta\\] as
the backslashed versions (like '\n')
(UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH is preferred over
UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT for \\). UNI_DISPLAY_QQ (and its
alias UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX) have both
UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH and UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT turned
on.
The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
char* pv_uni_display(SV *dsv, U8 *spv, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
sv_cat_decode
The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, the
PV of the ssv is assumed to be octets in that encod-
ing and decoding the input starts from the position
which (PV + *offset) pointed to. The dsv will be
concatenated the decoded UTF-8 string from ssv.
Decoding will terminate when the string tstr appears
in decoding output or the input ends on the PV of
the ssv. The value which the offset points will be
modified to the last input position on the ssv.
Returns TRUE if the terminator was found, else
returns FALSE.
bool sv_cat_decode(SV* dsv, SV *encoding, SV *ssv, int *offset, char* tstr, int tlen)
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sv_recode_to_utf8
The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, on
entry the PV of the sv is assumed to be octets in
that encoding, and the sv will be converted into
Unicode (and UTF-8).
If the sv already is UTF-8 (or if it is not POK), or
if the encoding is not a reference, nothing is done
to the sv. If the encoding is not an "Encode::XS"
Encoding object, bad things will happen. (See
lib/encoding.pm and Encode).
The PV of the sv is returned.
char* sv_recode_to_utf8(SV* sv, SV *encoding)
sv_uni_display
Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the
scalar sv, the displayable version being at most
pvlim bytes long (if longer, the rest is truncated
and "..." will be appended).
The flags argument is as in pv_uni_display().
The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
char* sv_uni_display(SV *dsv, SV *ssv, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
to_utf8_case
The "p" contains the pointer to the UTF-8 string
encoding the character that is being converted.
The "ustrp" is a pointer to the character buffer to
put the conversion result to. The "lenp" is a
pointer to the length of the result.
The "swashp" is a pointer to the swash to use.
Both the special and normal mappings are stored
lib/unicore/To/Foo.pl, and loaded by SWASHGET, using
lib/utf8_heavy.pl. The special (usually, but not
always, a multicharacter mapping), is tried first.
The "special" is a string like "utf8::ToSpecLower",
which means the hash %utf8::ToSpecLower. The access
to the hash is through Perl_to_utf8_case().
The "normal" is a string like "ToLower" which means
the swash %utf8::ToLower.
UV to_utf8_case(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp, SV **swashp, char *normal, char *special)
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to_utf8_fold
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its
foldcase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp
and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the
ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1
bytes since the foldcase version may be longer than
the original character (up to three characters).
The first character of the foldcased version is
returned (but note, as explained above, that there
may be more.)
UV to_utf8_fold(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
to_utf8_lower
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its
lowercase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp
and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the
ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1
bytes since the lowercase version may be longer than
the original character.
The first character of the lowercased version is
returned (but note, as explained above, that there
may be more.)
UV to_utf8_lower(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
to_utf8_title
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its
titlecase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp
and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the
ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1
bytes since the titlecase version may be longer than
the original character.
The first character of the titlecased version is
returned (but note, as explained above, that there
may be more.)
UV to_utf8_title(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
to_utf8_upper
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its
uppercase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp
and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the
ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1
bytes since the uppercase version may be longer than
the original character.
The first character of the uppercased version is
returned (but note, as explained above, that there
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may be more.)
UV to_utf8_upper(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
utf8n_to_uvchr
Returns the native character value of the first
character in the string "s" which is assumed to be
in UTF-8 encoding; "retlen" will be set to the
length, in bytes, of that character.
Allows length and flags to be passed to low level
routine.
UV utf8n_to_uvchr(U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
utf8n_to_uvuni
Bottom level UTF-8 decode routine. Returns the
unicode code point value of the first character in
the string "s" which is assumed to be in UTF-8
encoding and no longer than "curlen"; "retlen" will
be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 charac-
ter, the behaviour is dependent on the value of
"flags": if it contains UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, it is
assumed that the caller will raise a warning, and
this function will silently just set "retlen" to
"-1" and return zero. If the "flags" does not con-
tain UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, warnings about malformations
will be given, "retlen" will be set to the expected
length of the UTF-8 character in bytes, and zero
will be returned.
The "flags" can also contain various flags to allow
deviations from the strict UTF-8 encoding (see
utf8.h).
Most code should use utf8_to_uvchr() rather than
call this directly.
UV utf8n_to_uvuni(U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
utf8_distance
Returns the number of UTF-8 characters between the
UTF-8 pointers "a" and "b".
WARNING: use only if you *know* that the pointers
point inside the same UTF-8 buffer.
IV utf8_distance(U8 *a, U8 *b)
utf8_hop
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Return the UTF-8 pointer "s" displaced by "off"
characters, either forward or backward.
WARNING: do not use the following unless you *know*
"off" is within the UTF-8 data pointed to by "s"
*and* that on entry "s" is aligned on the first byte
of character or just after the last byte of a char-
acter.
U8* utf8_hop(U8 *s, I32 off)
utf8_length
Return the length of the UTF-8 char encoded string
"s" in characters. Stops at "e" (inclusive). If "e
< s" or if the scan would end up past "e", croaks.
STRLEN utf8_length(U8* s, U8 *e)
utf8_to_bytes
Converts a string "s" of length "len" from UTF-8
into byte encoding. Unlike "bytes_to_utf8", this
over-writes the original string, and updates len to
contain the new length. Returns zero on failure,
setting "len" to -1.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change
or be removed without notice.
U8* utf8_to_bytes(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
utf8_to_uvchr
Returns the native character value of the first
character in the string "s" which is assumed to be
in UTF-8 encoding; "retlen" will be set to the
length, in bytes, of that character.
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 charac-
ter, zero is returned and retlen is set, if possi-
ble, to -1.
UV utf8_to_uvchr(U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
utf8_to_uvuni
Returns the Unicode code point of the first charac-
ter in the string "s" which is assumed to be in
UTF-8 encoding; "retlen" will be set to the length,
in bytes, of that character.
This function should only be used when returned UV
is considered an index into the Unicode semantic
tables (e.g. swashes).
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If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 charac-
ter, zero is returned and retlen is set, if possi-
ble, to -1.
UV utf8_to_uvuni(U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
uvchr_to_utf8
Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Native
codepoint "uv" to the end of the string "d"; "d"
should be have at least "UTF8_MAXBYTES+1" free bytes
available. The return value is the pointer to the
byte after the end of the new character. In other
words,
d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, uv);
is the recommended wide native character-aware way
of saying
*(d++) = uv;
U8* uvchr_to_utf8(U8 *d, UV uv)
uvuni_to_utf8_flags
Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Unicode
codepoint "uv" to the end of the string "d"; "d"
should be have at least "UTF8_MAXBYTES+1" free bytes
available. The return value is the pointer to the
byte after the end of the new character. In other
words,
d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, flags);
or, in most cases,
d = uvuni_to_utf8(d, uv);
(which is equivalent to)
d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
*(d++) = uv;
U8* uvuni_to_utf8_flags(U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)
Variables created by "xsubpp" and "xsubpp" internal functions
ax Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate the
stack base offset, used by the "ST", "XSprePUSH" and
"XSRETURN" macros. The "dMARK" macro must be called
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prior to setup the "MARK" variable.
I32 ax
CLASS Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate the
class name for a C++ XS constructor. This is always
a "char*". See "THIS".
char* CLASS
dAX Sets up the "ax" variable. This is usually handled
automatically by "xsubpp" by calling "dXSARGS".
dAX;
dAXMARK Sets up the "ax" variable and stack marker variable
"mark". This is usually handled automatically by
"xsubpp" by calling "dXSARGS".
dAXMARK;
dITEMS Sets up the "items" variable. This is usually han-
dled automatically by "xsubpp" by calling "dXSARGS".
dITEMS;
dXSARGS Sets up stack and mark pointers for an XSUB, calling
dSP and dMARK. Sets up the "ax" and "items" vari-
ables by calling "dAX" and "dITEMS". This is usually
handled automatically by "xsubpp".
dXSARGS;
dXSI32 Sets up the "ix" variable for an XSUB which has
aliases. This is usually handled automatically by
"xsubpp".
dXSI32;
items Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate the
number of items on the stack. See "Variable-length
Parameter Lists" in perlxs.
I32 items
ix Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate
which of an XSUB's aliases was used to invoke it.
See "The ALIAS: Keyword" in perlxs.
I32 ix
newXSproto
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Used by "xsubpp" to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs.
Adds Perl prototypes to the subs.
RETVAL Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to hold the
return value for an XSUB. This is always the proper
type for the XSUB. See "The RETVAL Variable" in
perlxs.
(whatever) RETVAL
ST Used to access elements on the XSUB's stack.
SV* ST(int ix)
THIS Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to designate the
object in a C++ XSUB. This is always the proper
type for the C++ object. See "CLASS" and "Using XS
With C++" in perlxs.
(whatever) THIS
XS Macro to declare an XSUB and its C parameter list.
This is handled by "xsubpp".
XS_VERSION
The version identifier for an XS module. This is
usually handled automatically by
"ExtUtils::MakeMaker". See "XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK".
XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK
Macro to verify that a PM module's $VERSION variable
matches the XS module's "XS_VERSION" variable. This
is usually handled automatically by "xsubpp". See
"The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword" in perlxs.
XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK;
Warning and Dieing
croak This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's "die"
function. Normally call this function the same way
you call the C "printf" function. Calling "croak"
returns control directly to Perl, sidestepping the
normal C order of execution. See "warn".
If you want to throw an exception object, assign the
object to $@ and then pass "Nullch" to croak():
errsv = get_sv("@", TRUE);
sv_setsv(errsv, exception_object);
croak(Nullch);
void croak(const char* pat, ...)
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warn This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's "warn"
function. Call this function the same way you call
the C "printf" function. See "croak".
void warn(const char* pat, ...)
AUTHORS
Until May 1997, this document was maintained by Jeff Okamoto
<okamoto@corp.hp.com>. It is now maintained as part of Perl
itself.
With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich, Mal-
colm Beattie, Andreas Koenig, Paul Hudson, Ilya Zakharevich,
Paul Marquess, Neil Bowers, Matthew Green, Tim Bunce, Spider
Boardman, Ulrich Pfeifer, Stephen McCamant, and Gurusamy
Sarathy.
API Listing originally by Dean Roehrich <roehrich@cray.com>.
Updated to be autogenerated from comments in the source by
Benjamin Stuhl.
SEE ALSOperlguts(1), perlxs(1), perlxstut(1), perlintern(1)perl v5.8.8 2006-06-30 75
