PCRESTACK(3)PCRESTACK(3)NAME
PCRE - Perl-compatible regular expressions
PCRE DISCUSSION OF STACK USAGE
When you call pcre[16|32]_exec(), it makes use of an internal function
called match(). This calls itself recursively at branch points in the
pattern, in order to remember the state of the match so that it can
back up and try a different alternative if the first one fails. As
matching proceeds deeper and deeper into the tree of possibilities, the
recursion depth increases. The match() function is also called in other
circumstances, for example, whenever a parenthesized sub-pattern is
entered, and in certain cases of repetition.
Not all calls of match() increase the recursion depth; for an item such
as a* it may be called several times at the same level, after matching
different numbers of a's. Furthermore, in a number of cases where the
result of the recursive call would immediately be passed back as the
result of the current call (a "tail recursion"), the function is just
restarted instead.
The above comments apply when pcre[16|32]_exec() is run in its normal
interpretive manner. If the pattern was studied with the
PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE option, and just-in-time compiling was success‐
ful, and the options passed to pcre[16|32]_exec() were not incompati‐
ble, the matching process uses the JIT-compiled code instead of the
match() function. In this case, the memory requirements are handled
entirely differently. See the pcrejit documentation for details.
The pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec() function operates in an entirely different
way, and uses recursion only when there is a regular expression recur‐
sion or subroutine call in the pattern. This includes the processing of
assertion and "once-only" subpatterns, which are handled like subrou‐
tine calls. Normally, these are never very deep, and the limit on the
complexity of pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec() is controlled by the amount of
workspace it is given. However, it is possible to write patterns with
runaway infinite recursions; such patterns will cause
pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec() to run out of stack. At present, there is no
protection against this.
The comments that follow do NOT apply to pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec(); they
are relevant only for pcre[16|32]_exec() without the JIT optimization.
Reducing pcre[16|32]_exec()'s stack usage
Each time that match() is actually called recursively, it uses memory
from the process stack. For certain kinds of pattern and data, very
large amounts of stack may be needed, despite the recognition of "tail
recursion". You can often reduce the amount of recursion, and there‐
fore the amount of stack used, by modifying the pattern that is being
matched. Consider, for example, this pattern:
([^<]|<(?!inet))+
It matches from wherever it starts until it encounters "<inet" or the
end of the data, and is the kind of pattern that might be used when
processing an XML file. Each iteration of the outer parentheses matches
either one character that is not "<" or a "<" that is not followed by
"inet". However, each time a parenthesis is processed, a recursion
occurs, so this formulation uses a stack frame for each matched charac‐
ter. For a long string, a lot of stack is required. Consider now this
rewritten pattern, which matches exactly the same strings:
([^<]++|<(?!inet))+
This uses very much less stack, because runs of characters that do not
contain "<" are "swallowed" in one item inside the parentheses. Recur‐
sion happens only when a "<" character that is not followed by "inet"
is encountered (and we assume this is relatively rare). A possessive
quantifier is used to stop any backtracking into the runs of non-"<"
characters, but that is not related to stack usage.
This example shows that one way of avoiding stack problems when match‐
ing long subject strings is to write repeated parenthesized subpatterns
to match more than one character whenever possible.
Compiling PCRE to use heap instead of stack for pcre[16|32]_exec()
In environments where stack memory is constrained, you might want to
compile PCRE to use heap memory instead of stack for remembering back-
up points when pcre[16|32]_exec() is running. This makes it run a lot
more slowly, however. Details of how to do this are given in the pcre‐
build documentation. When built in this way, instead of using the
stack, PCRE obtains and frees memory by calling the functions that are
pointed to by the pcre[16|32]_stack_malloc and pcre[16|32]_stack_free
variables. By default, these point to malloc() and free(), but you can
replace the pointers to cause PCRE to use your own functions. Since the
block sizes are always the same, and are always freed in reverse order,
it may be possible to implement customized memory handlers that are
more efficient than the standard functions.
Limiting pcre[16|32]_exec()'s stack usage
You can set limits on the number of times that match() is called, both
in total and recursively. If a limit is exceeded, pcre[16|32]_exec()
returns an error code. Setting suitable limits should prevent it from
running out of stack. The default values of the limits are very large,
and unlikely ever to operate. They can be changed when PCRE is built,
and they can also be set when pcre[16|32]_exec() is called. For details
of these interfaces, see the pcrebuild documentation and the section on
extra data for pcre[16|32]_exec() in the pcreapi documentation.
As a very rough rule of thumb, you should reckon on about 500 bytes per
recursion. Thus, if you want to limit your stack usage to 8Mb, you
should set the limit at 16000 recursions. A 64Mb stack, on the other
hand, can support around 128000 recursions.
In Unix-like environments, the pcretest test program has a command line
option (-S) that can be used to increase the size of its stack. As long
as the stack is large enough, another option (-M) can be used to find
the smallest limits that allow a particular pattern to match a given
subject string. This is done by calling pcre[16|32]_exec() repeatedly
with different limits.
Obtaining an estimate of stack usage
The actual amount of stack used per recursion can vary quite a lot,
depending on the compiler that was used to build PCRE and the optimiza‐
tion or debugging options that were set for it. The rule of thumb value
of 500 bytes mentioned above may be larger or smaller than what is
actually needed. A better approximation can be obtained by running this
command:
pcretest -m -C
The -C option causes pcretest to output information about the options
with which PCRE was compiled. When -m is also given (before -C), infor‐
mation about stack use is given in a line like this:
Match recursion uses stack: approximate frame size = 640 bytes
The value is approximate because some recursions need a bit more (up to
perhaps 16 more bytes).
If the above command is given when PCRE is compiled to use the heap
instead of the stack for recursion, the value that is output is the
size of each block that is obtained from the heap.
Changing stack size in Unix-like systems
In Unix-like environments, there is not often a problem with the stack
unless very long strings are involved, though the default limit on
stack size varies from system to system. Values from 8Mb to 64Mb are
common. You can find your default limit by running the command:
ulimit -s
Unfortunately, the effect of running out of stack is often SIGSEGV,
though sometimes a more explicit error message is given. You can nor‐
mally increase the limit on stack size by code such as this:
struct rlimit rlim;
getrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &rlim);
rlim.rlim_cur = 100*1024*1024;
setrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &rlim);
This reads the current limits (soft and hard) using getrlimit(), then
attempts to increase the soft limit to 100Mb using setrlimit(). You
must do this before calling pcre[16|32]_exec().
Changing stack size in Mac OS X
Using setrlimit(), as described above, should also work on Mac OS X. It
is also possible to set a stack size when linking a program. There is a
discussion about stack sizes in Mac OS X at this web site:
http://developer.apple.com/qa/qa2005/qa1419.html.
AUTHOR
Philip Hazel
University Computing Service
Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
REVISION
Last updated: 24 June 2012
Copyright (c) 1997-2012 University of Cambridge.
PCRE 8.30 24 June 2012 PCRESTACK(3)
