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ncurses(3X)							   ncurses(3X)

NAME
       ncurses - CRT screen handling and optimization package

SYNOPSIS
       #include <curses.h>

DESCRIPTION
       The curses library routines give the user a terminal-independent method
       of updating  character  screens	with  reasonable  optimization.	  This
       implementation is ``new curses'' (ncurses) and is the approved replace‐
       ment for 4.4BSD classic curses, which has been discontinued.

       The ncurses routines emulate the curses(3X) library of System V Release
       4  UNIX,	 and  the  XPG4	 curses	 standard (XSI curses) but the ncurses
       library is freely redistributable in source form.  Differences from the
       SVr4 curses are summarized under the EXTENSIONS and BUGS sections below
       and described in detail in the EXTENSIONS and BUGS sections of individ‐
       ual man pages.

       A  program  using  these	 routines  must	 be  linked with the -lncurses
       option, or (if it  has  been  generated)	 with  the  debugging  library
       -lncurses_g.   (Your  system  integrator	 may also have installed these
       libraries under the names  -lcurses  and	 -lcurses_g.)	The  ncurses_g
       library	generates  trace logs (in a file called 'trace' in the current
       directory) that describe curses actions.

       The ncurses package supports: overall screen, window and pad  manipula‐
       tion;  output to windows and pads; reading terminal input; control over
       terminal and curses input and output options;  environment  query  rou‐
       tines;  color  manipulation; use of soft label keys; terminfo capabili‐
       ties; and access to low-level terminal-manipulation routines.

       To initialize the routines, the routine	initscr	 or  newterm  must  be
       called  before  any  of	the  other routines that deal with windows and
       screens are used.  The routine endwin must be  called  before  exiting.
       To  get	character-at-a-time  input  without echoing (most interactive,
       screen oriented programs want this), the following sequence  should  be
       used:

	     initscr(); cbreak(); noecho();

       Most programs would additionally use the sequence:

	     nonl();
	     intrflush(stdscr, FALSE);
	     keypad(stdscr, TRUE);

       Before a curses program is run, the tab stops of the terminal should be
       set and its initialization strings, if defined, must be	output.	  This
       can be done by executing the tput init command after the shell environ‐
       ment variable TERM has been exported.  tset(1) is  usually  responsible
       for doing this.	[See terminfo(5) for further details.]

       The curses library permits manipulation of data structures, called win‐
       dows, which can be thought of as two-dimensional arrays	of  characters
       representing all or part of a CRT screen.  A default window called std‐
       scr, which is the size of the terminal screen, is supplied.  Others may
       be created with newwin.

       Note  that  curses  does not handle overlapping windows, that's done by
       the panel(3X) library. This means that you can  either  use  stdscr  or
       divide  the screen into tiled windows and not using stdscr at all. Mix‐
       ing the two will result in unpredictable, and undesired, effects.

       Windows are referred to by variables declared as WINDOW *.  These  data
       structures  are	manipulated with routines described here and elsewhere
       in the ncurses manual pages.  Among which the most basic	 routines  are
       move  and  addch.  More general versions of these routines are included
       with names beginning with w, allowing the user  to  specify  a  window.
       The routines not beginning with w affect stdscr.)

       After using routines to manipulate a window, refresh is called, telling
       curses to make the user's CRT screen look like stdscr.  The  characters
       in a window are actually of type chtype, (character and attribute data)
       so that other information about the character may also be  stored  with
       each character.

       Special windows called pads may also be manipulated.  These are windows
       which are not constrained to the size of the screen and whose  contents
       need  not  be completely displayed.  See curs_pad(3X) for more informa‐
       tion.

       In addition to drawing characters on the screen, video  attributes  and
       colors  may  be	supported,  causing  the characters to show up in such
       modes as underlined, in reverse video, or in color  on  terminals  that
       support	such  display  enhancements.   Line  drawing characters may be
       specified to be output.	On input, curses is  also  able	 to  translate
       arrow and function keys that transmit escape sequences into single val‐
       ues.  The video attributes, line drawing characters, and	 input	values
       use  names,  defined  in	 <curses.h>, such as A_REVERSE, ACS_HLINE, and
       KEY_LEFT.

       If the environment variables LINES and COLUMNS are set, or if the  pro‐
       gram  is executing in a window environment, line and column information
       in the environment will override information read  by  terminfo.	  This
       would effect a program running in an AT&T 630 layer, for example, where
       the size of a screen is changeable.

       If the environment variable TERMINFO  is	 defined,  any	program	 using
       curses  checks  for  a local terminal definition before checking in the
       standard place.	For example, if TERM is set to att4424, then the  com‐
       piled terminal definition is found in

	     /usr/local/share/terminfo/a/att4424.

       (The  a is copied from the first letter of att4424 to avoid creation of
       huge directories.)  However,  if	 TERMINFO  is  set  to	$HOME/myterms,
       curses first checks

	     $HOME/myterms/a/att4424,

       and if that fails, it then checks

	     /usr/local/share/terminfo/a/att4424.

       This  is	 useful	 for developing experimental definitions or when write
       permission in /usr/local/share/terminfo is not available.

       The integer variables LINES and COLS are defined in <curses.h> and will
       be  filled  in  by  initscr with the size of the screen.	 The constants
       TRUE and FALSE have the values 1 and 0, respectively.

       The curses routines also define the WINDOW * variable curscr  which  is
       used  for  certain  low-level  operations like clearing and redrawing a
       screen containing garbage.  The curscr can be used in only a  few  rou‐
       tines.

   Routine and Argument Names
       Many  curses routines have two or more versions.	 The routines prefixed
       with w require a window argument.  The routines prefixed with p require
       a pad argument.	Those without a prefix generally use stdscr.

       The  routines  prefixed with mv require a y and x coordinate to move to
       before performing the appropriate action.  The mv routines imply a call
       to  move before the call to the other routine.  The coordinate y always
       refers to the row (of the window), and x always refers to  the  column.
       The upper left-hand corner is always (0,0), not (1,1).

       The  routines prefixed with mvw take both a window argument and x and y
       coordinates.  The window argument is always specified before the	 coor‐
       dinates.

       In  each case, win is the window affected, and pad is the pad affected;
       win and pad are always pointers to type WINDOW.

       Option setting routines require a Boolean flag bf with the  value  TRUE
       or  FALSE; bf is always of type bool.  The variables ch and attrs below
       are always of type chtype.  The types WINDOW, SCREEN, bool, and	chtype
       are  defined  in <curses.h>.  The type TERMINAL is defined in <term.h>.
       All other arguments are integers.

   Routine Name Index
       The following table lists each curses routine and the name of the  man‐
       ual  page  on  which  it	 is  described.	 Routines flagged with `*' are
       ncurses-specific, not described by XPG4 or present in SVr4.

		      curses Routine Name   Manual Page Name
		      ─────────────────────────────────────────
		      addch		    curs_addch(3X)
		      addchnstr		    curs_addchstr(3X)
		      addchstr		    curs_addchstr(3X)
		      addnstr		    curs_addstr(3X)
		      addstr		    curs_addstr(3X)
		      attroff		    curs_attr(3X)
		      attron		    curs_attr(3X)
		      attrset		    curs_attr(3X)
		      baudrate		    curs_termattrs(3X)
		      beep		    curs_beep(3X)
		      bkgd		    curs_bkgd(3X)
		      bkgdset		    curs_bkgd(3X)
		      border		    curs_border(3X)
		      box		    curs_border(3X)
		      can_change_color	    curs_color(3X)
		      cbreak		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      clear		    curs_clear(3X)
		      clearok		    curs_outopts(3X)
		      clrtobot		    curs_clear(3X)
		      clrtoeol		    curs_clear(3X)
		      color_content	    curs_color(3X)
		      copywin		    curs_overlay(3X)
		      curs_set		    curs_kernel(3X)
		      def_prog_mode	    curs_kernel(3X)
		      def_shell_mode	    curs_kernel(3X)
		      define_key	    define_key(3X)*
		      del_curterm	    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      delay_output	    curs_util(3X)
		      delch		    curs_delch(3X)
		      deleteln		    curs_deleteln(3X)
		      delscreen		    curs_initscr(3X)
		      delwin		    curs_window(3X)

		      derwin		    curs_window(3X)
		      doupdate		    curs_refresh(3X)
		      dupwin		    curs_window(3X)
		      echo		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      echochar		    curs_addch(3X)
		      endwin		    curs_initscr(3X)
		      erase		    curs_clear(3X)
		      erasechar		    curs_termattrs(3X)
		      filter		    curs_util(3X)
		      flash		    curs_beep(3X)
		      flushinp		    curs_util(3X)
		      getbegyx		    curs_getyx(3X)
		      getch		    curs_getch(3X)
		      getmaxyx		    curs_getyx(3X)
		      getmouse		    curs_mouse(3X)*
		      getparyx		    curs_getyx(3X)
		      getstr		    curs_getstr(3X)
		      getsyx		    curs_kernel(3X)
		      getwin		    curs_util(3X)
		      getyx		    curs_getyx(3X)
		      halfdelay		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      has_colors	    curs_color(3X)
		      has_ic		    curs_termattrs(3X)
		      has_il		    curs_termattrs(3X)
		      has_key		    curs_getch(3X)*
		      hline		    curs_border(3X)
		      idcok		    curs_outopts(3X)
		      idlok		    curs_outopts(3X)
		      immedok		    curs_outopts(3X)
		      inch		    curs_inch(3X)
		      inchnstr		    curs_inchstr(3X)
		      inchstr		    curs_inchstr(3X)
		      init_color	    curs_color(3X)
		      init_pair		    curs_color(3X)
		      initscr		    curs_initscr(3X)
		      innstr		    curs_instr(3X)
		      insch		    curs_insch(3X)
		      insdelln		    curs_deleteln(3X)
		      insertln		    curs_deleteln(3X)
		      insnstr		    curs_insstr(3X)
		      insstr		    curs_insstr(3X)
		      instr		    curs_instr(3X)
		      intrflush		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      is_linetouched	    curs_touch(3X)
		      is_wintouched	    curs_touch(3X)
		      isendwin		    curs_initscr(3X)
		      keyname		    curs_util(3X)
		      keyok		    keyok(3X)*
		      keypad		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      killchar		    curs_termattrs(3X)
		      leaveok		    curs_outopts(3X)
		      longname		    curs_termattrs(3X)
		      mcprint		    curs_print(3X)*
		      meta		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      mouseinterval	    curs_mouse(3X)*
		      mousemask		    curs_mouse(3X)*
		      move		    curs_move(3X)
		      mvaddch		    curs_addch(3X)
		      mvaddchnstr	    curs_addchstr(3X)
		      mvaddchstr	    curs_addchstr(3X)
		      mvaddnstr		    curs_addstr(3X)
		      mvaddstr		    curs_addstr(3X)
		      mvcur		    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      mvdelch		    curs_delch(3X)
		      mvderwin		    curs_window(3X)

		      mvgetch		    curs_getch(3X)
		      mvgetstr		    curs_getstr(3X)
		      mvinch		    curs_inch(3X)
		      mvinchnstr	    curs_inchstr(3X)
		      mvinchstr		    curs_inchstr(3X)
		      mvinnstr		    curs_instr(3X)
		      mvinsch		    curs_insch(3X)
		      mvinsnstr		    curs_insstr(3X)
		      mvinsstr		    curs_insstr(3X)
		      mvinstr		    curs_instr(3X)
		      mvprintw		    curs_printw(3X)
		      mvscanw		    curs_scanw(3X)
		      mvwaddch		    curs_addch(3X)
		      mvwaddchnstr	    curs_addchstr(3X)
		      mvwaddchstr	    curs_addchstr(3X)
		      mvwaddnstr	    curs_addstr(3X)
		      mvwaddstr		    curs_addstr(3X)
		      mvwdelch		    curs_delch(3X)
		      mvwgetch		    curs_getch(3X)
		      mvwgetstr		    curs_getstr(3X)
		      mvwin		    curs_window(3X)
		      mvwinch		    curs_inch(3X)
		      mvwinchnstr	    curs_inchstr(3X)
		      mvwinchstr	    curs_inchstr(3X)
		      mvwinnstr		    curs_instr(3X)
		      mvwinsch		    curs_insch(3X)
		      mvwinsnstr	    curs_insstr(3X)
		      mvwinsstr		    curs_insstr(3X)
		      mvwinstr		    curs_instr(3X)
		      mvwprintw		    curs_printw(3X)
		      mvwscanw		    curs_scanw(3X)
		      napms		    curs_kernel(3X)
		      newpad		    curs_pad(3X)
		      newterm		    curs_initscr(3X)
		      newwin		    curs_window(3X)
		      nl		    curs_outopts(3X)
		      nocbreak		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      nodelay		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      noecho		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      nonl		    curs_outopts(3X)
		      noqiflush		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      noraw		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      notimeout		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      overlay		    curs_overlay(3X)
		      overwrite		    curs_overlay(3X)
		      pair_content	    curs_color(3X)
		      pechochar		    curs_pad(3X)
		      pnoutrefresh	    curs_pad(3X)
		      prefresh		    curs_pad(3X)
		      printw		    curs_printw(3X)
		      putp		    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      putwin		    curs_util(3X)
		      qiflush		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      raw		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      redrawwin		    curs_refresh(3X)
		      refresh		    curs_refresh(3X)
		      reset_prog_mode	    curs_kernel(3X)
		      reset_shell_mode	    curs_kernel(3X)
		      resetty		    curs_kernel(3X)
		      resizeterm	    resizeterm(3X)*
		      restartterm	    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      ripoffline	    curs_kernel(3X)
		      savetty		    curs_kernel(3X)
		      scanw		    curs_scanw(3X)
		      scr_dump		    curs_scr_dump(3X)

		      scr_init		    curs_scr_dump(3X)
		      scr_restore	    curs_scr_dump(3X)
		      scr_set		    curs_scr_dump(3X)
		      scrl		    curs_scroll(3X)
		      scroll		    curs_scroll(3X)
		      scrollok		    curs_outopts(3X)
		      set_curterm	    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      set_term		    curs_initscr(3X)
		      setscrreg		    curs_outopts(3X)
		      setsyx		    curs_kernel(3X)
		      setterm		    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      setupterm		    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      slk_attr		    curs_slk(3X)*
		      slk_attroff	    curs_slk(3X)
		      slk_attron	    curs_slk(3X)
		      slk_attrset	    curs_slk(3X)
		      slk_clear		    curs_slk(3X)
		      slk_init		    curs_slk(3X)
		      slk_label		    curs_slk(3X)
		      slk_noutrefresh	    curs_slk(3X)
		      slk_refresh	    curs_slk(3X)
		      slk_restore	    curs_slk(3X)
		      slk_set		    curs_slk(3X)
		      slk_touch		    curs_slk(3X)
		      standend		    curs_attr(3X)
		      standout		    curs_attr(3X)
		      start_color	    curs_color(3X)
		      subpad		    curs_pad(3X)
		      subwin		    curs_window(3X)
		      syncok		    curs_window(3X)
		      termattrs		    curs_termattrs(3X)
		      termname		    curs_termattrs(3X)
		      tgetent		    curs_termcap(3X)
		      tgetflag		    curs_termcap(3X)
		      tgetnum		    curs_termcap(3X)
		      tgetstr		    curs_termcap(3X)
		      tgoto		    curs_termcap(3X)
		      tigetflag		    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      tigetnum		    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      tigetstr		    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      timeout		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      touchline		    curs_touch(3X)
		      touchwin		    curs_touch(3X)
		      tparm		    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      tputs		    curs_termcap(3X)
		      tputs		    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      typeahead		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      unctrl		    curs_util(3X)
		      ungetch		    curs_getch(3X)
		      ungetmouse	    curs_mouse(3X)*
		      untouchwin	    curs_touch(3X)
		      use_default_colors    dft_fgbg(3X)*
		      use_env		    curs_util(3X)
		      vidattr		    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      vidputs		    curs_terminfo(3X)
		      vline		    curs_border(3X)
		      vwprintw		    curs_printw(3X)
		      vwscanw		    curs_scanw(3X)
		      waddch		    curs_addch(3X)
		      waddchnstr	    curs_addchstr(3X)
		      waddchstr		    curs_addchstr(3X)
		      waddnstr		    curs_addstr(3X)
		      waddstr		    curs_addstr(3X)
		      wattroff		    curs_attr(3X)
		      wattron		    curs_attr(3X)

		      wattrset		    curs_attr(3X)
		      wbkgd		    curs_bkgd(3X)
		      wbkgdset		    curs_bkgd(3X)
		      wborder		    curs_border(3X)
		      wclear		    curs_clear(3X)
		      wclrtobot		    curs_clear(3X)
		      wclrtoeol		    curs_clear(3X)
		      wcursyncup	    curs_window(3X)
		      wdelch		    curs_delch(3X)
		      wdeleteln		    curs_deleteln(3X)
		      wechochar		    curs_addch(3X)
		      wenclose		    curs_mouse(3X)*
		      werase		    curs_clear(3X)
		      wgetch		    curs_getch(3X)
		      wgetnstr		    curs_getstr(3X)
		      wgetstr		    curs_getstr(3X)
		      whline		    curs_border(3X)
		      winch		    curs_inch(3X)
		      winchnstr		    curs_inchstr(3X)
		      winchstr		    curs_inchstr(3X)
		      winnstr		    curs_instr(3X)
		      winsch		    curs_insch(3X)
		      winsdelln		    curs_deleteln(3X)
		      winsertln		    curs_deleteln(3X)
		      winsnstr		    curs_insstr(3X)
		      winsstr		    curs_insstr(3X)
		      winstr		    curs_instr(3X)
		      wmove		    curs_move(3X)
		      wnoutrefresh	    curs_refresh(3X)
		      wprintw		    curs_printw(3X)
		      wredrawln		    curs_refresh(3X)
		      wrefresh		    curs_refresh(3X)
		      wresize		    wresize(3X)*
		      wscanw		    curs_scanw(3X)
		      wscrl		    curs_scroll(3X)
		      wsetscrreg	    curs_outopts(3X)
		      wstandend		    curs_attr(3X)
		      wstandout		    curs_attr(3X)
		      wsyncdown		    curs_window(3X)
		      wsyncup		    curs_window(3X)
		      wtimeout		    curs_inopts(3X)
		      wtouchln		    curs_touch(3X)
		      wvline		    curs_border(3X)

RETURN VALUE
       Routines that return an integer return ERR upon failure and an  integer
       value other than ERR upon successful completion, unless otherwise noted
       in the routine descriptions.

       All macros return  the  value  of  the  w  version,  except  setscrreg,
       wsetscrreg, getyx, getbegyx, getmaxyx.  The return values of setscrreg,
       wsetscrreg, getyx, getbegyx, and getmaxyx are  undefined	 (i.e.,	 these
       should not be used as the right-hand side of assignment statements).

       Routines that return pointers return NULL on error.

SEE ALSO
       terminfo(5) and 3X pages whose names begin "curs_" for detailed routine
       descriptions.

EXTENSIONS
       The curses library can be compiled with an option (-DTERMCAP_FILE) that
       falls  back  to	the  old-style /etc/termcap file if the terminal setup
       code cannot find a terminfo entry corresponding to TERM.	 Use  of  this
       feature	is not recommended, as it essentially includes an entire term‐
       cap compiler in the curses startup code, at significant	cost  in  core
       and startup cycles.

       Compiling  with	-DTERMCAP_FILE	changes	 the  library's initialization
       sequence in a way intended to mimic the behavior of 4.4BSD curses.   If
       there  is  no  local  or	 system terminfo entry matching TERM, then the
       library looks for termcap entries in the following places: (1) if  TER‐
       MINFO  is undefined, in the file named by TERMCAP_FILE; (2) if TERMINFO
       is defined and begins with a slash, it is interpreted as the name of  a
       termcap file to search for TERM; (3) otherwise, if TERMINFO has a lead‐
       ing string that looks like a terminal entry name list, and  it  matches
       TERM, the contents of TERMINFO is interpreted as a termcap; (4) if TER‐
       MINFO looks like a termcap but doesn't match TERM, the termcap file  is
       searched	 for  among the colon-separated paths in the environment vari‐
       able TERMPATHS if that is defined, and in ~/.termcap and the file value
       of TERMCAP_FILE otherwise.

       Versions	 of curses compiled on PC clones support display of the PC ROM
       characters (including ROM characters 0-31, which stock SVr4 curses can‐
       not  display).  See  the	 EXTENSIONS  sections  of  curs_addch(3X)  and
       curs_attr(3X).

       The curses library includes facilities for capturing  mouse  events  on
       certain terminals (including xterm). See the curs_mouse(3X) manual page
       for details.

       The curses library includes a function for directing application output
       to  a  printer attached to the terminal device.	See the curs_print(3X)
       manual page for details.

PORTABILITY
       The curses library is intended to be BASE-level conformant with the XSI
       Curses standard.	 Certain portions of the EXTENDED XSI Curses function‐
       ality (including color support) are supported.  The following  EXTENDED
       XSI  Curses calls in support of wide (multibyte) characters are not yet
       implemented: addnwstr,  addwstr,	 mvaddnwstr,  mvwaddnwstr,  mvaddwstr,
       waddnwstr,   waddwstr,	add_wch,   wadd_wch,   mvadd_wch,  mvwadd_wch,
       add_wchnstr,  add_wchstr,  wadd_wchnstr,	 wadd_wchstr,	mvadd_wchnstr,
       mvadd_wchstr,  mvwadd_wchnstr,  mvwadd_wchstr,  bkgrndset, bkgrnd, get‐
       bkgrnd,	wbkgrnd,  wbkgrndset,  wgetbkgrnd,  border_set,	  wborder_set,
       box_set,	  hline_set,  mvhline_set,  mvvline_set,  mvwhline_set,	 mvwv‐
       line_set, whline_set, vhline_set, wvline_set, echo_wchar,  wecho_wchar,
       erasewchar,   killwchar,	  get_wch,   mvget_wch,	 mvwget_ch,  wget_wch,
       getwchtype, get_wstr,  getn_wstr,  wget_wstr,  wgetn_wstr,  mvget_wstr,
       mvgetn_wstr, mvwget_wstr, mvwgetn_wstr, innwstr, inwstr, winnwstr, win‐
       wstr, mvinnwstr, mvinwstr, mvwinnwstr, mvwinwstr, ins_nwstr,  ins_wstr,
       mvins_nwstr,   mvins_wstr,   mvwins_nwstr,   mvwins_wstr,   wins_nwstr,
       wins_wstr, ins_wch, wins_wch, mvins_wch, mvwins_wch,  in_wch,  win_wch,
       mvin_wch,  mvwin_wch, inwchstr, inwchnstr, winwchstr, winwchnstr, mvin‐
       wchstr, mvinwchnstr, mvinwchstr, mvwinwchnstr.

       A small number of local differences (that  is,  individual  differences
       between	the  XSI Curses and curses calls) are described in PORTABILITY
       sections of the library man pages.

       The routine has_key is not part of XPG4, nor is	it  present  in	 SVr4.
       See the curs_getch(3X) manual page for details.

       The  routine  slk_attr  is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
       See the curs_slk(3X) manual page for details.

       The routines getmouse, mousemask, ungetmouse, mouseinterval,  and  wen‐
       close  relating to mouse interfacing are not part of XPG4, nor are they
       present in SVr4.	 See the curs_mouse(3X) manual page for details.

       The routine mcprint was not present in any previous curses  implementa‐
       tion.  See the curs_print(3X) manual page for details.

       The  routine  wresize  is  not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
       See the wresize(3X) manual page for details.

       In historic curses versions, delays embedded in	the  capabilities  cr,
       ind,  cub1,  ff	and tab activated corresponding delay bits in the UNIX
       tty driver.  In this implementation, all padding is done by NUL	sends.
       This  method  is	 slightly more expensive, but narrows the interface to
       the UNIX kernel significantly and increases the	package's  portability
       correspondingly.

       In  the XSI standard and SVr4 manual pages, many entry points have pro‐
       totype arguments of the for char *const (or cchar_t *const, or  wchar_t
       *const, or void *const).	 Depending on one's interpretation of the ANSI
       C standard (see section 3.5.4.1), these	declarations  are  either  (a)
       meaningless,  or	 (b)  meaningless  and illegal.	 The declaration const
       char *x is a modifiable pointer to unmodifiable data, but  char	*const
       x'  is an unmodifiable pointer to modifiable data.  Given that C passes
       arguments by value, <type> *const as a formal type is at best  dubious.
       Some compilers choke on the prototypes.	Therefore, in this implementa‐
       tion, they have been changed to const <type> * globally.

NOTES
       The header file <curses.h>  automatically  includes  the	 header	 files
       <stdio.h> and <unctrl.h>.

       If  standard  output  from a curses program is re-directed to something
       which is not a tty, screen updates will be directed to standard	error.
       This was an undocumented feature of AT&T System V Release 3 curses.

AUTHORS
       Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond.  Descends from the original pcurses
       by Pavel Curtis.

								   ncurses(3X)
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