MTREE(8) BSD System Manager's Manual MTREE(8)NAMEmtree - map a directory hierarchy
SYNOPSISmtree [-cdeilnqrtUux] [-f spec] [-K keywords] [-k keywords] [-p path]
[-s seed]
DESCRIPTION
The utility mtree compares the file hierarchy rooted in the current
directory against a specification read from the standard input. Messages
are written to the standard output for any files whose characteristics do
not match the specification, or which are missing from either the file
hierarchy or the specification. For an explanation of the directory
hierarchy, see hier(7).
The options are as follows:
-c Print a specification for the file hierarchy to the standard out-
put.
-d Ignore everything except directory type files.
-e Don't complain about files that are in the file hierarchy, but
not in the specification.
-f spec
Read the specification from file spec, instead of from the stan-
dard input.
-i Indents the output 4 spaces each time a directory level is des-
cended when creating a specification with the -c option. This
does not affect either the /set statements or the comment before
each directory. It does however affect the comment before the
close of each directory.
-K keywords
Add the specified (whitespace or comma separated) keywords to the
current set of keywords.
-k keywords
Use the "type" keyword plus the specified (whitespace or comma
separated) keywords instead of the current set of keywords.
-l Do "loose" permissions checks, in which more stringent permis-
sions will match less stringent ones. For example, a file marked
mode 0444 will pass a check for mode 0644. "Loose" checks apply
only to read, write and execute permissions - in particular, if
other bits like the sticky bit or suid/sgid bits are set either
in the specification or the file, exact checking will be per-
formed. This flag may not be set at the same time as the -u or -U
flags.
-n Do not emit pathname comments when creating a specification. Nor-
mally a comment is emitted before each directory and before the
close of that directory when using the -c option.
-p path
Use the file hierarchy rooted in path, instead of the current
directory.
-q Quiet mode. Do not complain when a "missing" directory cannot be
created because it already exists. This occurs when the directory
is a symbolic link.
-r Remove any files in the file hierarchy that are not described in
the specification.
-s seed
Display a single checksum to the standard error output that
represents all of the files for which the keyword cksum was
specified. The checksum is seeded with the specified value.
-t If a file's timestamp is different from the specification,
"touch" it to match the specification (and list as modified).
-U Modify the owner, group, and permissions of existing files to
match the specification and create any missing directories. User,
group, and permissions must all be specified for missing direc-
tories to be created. Exit with a status of 0 on success, 1 if
any error occurred; a mismatch is not considered an error if it
was corrected.
-u Same as the -U option except a status of 2 is returned if the
file hierarchy did not match the specification.
-x Don't descend below mount points in the file hierarchy.
Specifications are mostly composed of "keywords" (i.e., strings that
specify values relating to files). No keywords have default values, and
if a keyword has no value set, no checks based on it are performed.
Currently supported keywords are as follows:
cksum The checksum of the file using the default algorithm speci-
fied by the cksum(1) utility.
flags The current file's flags (whitespace or comma separated) in
symbolic form as specified by chflags(1). The string "none"
may be used to indicate that no flags should be set on the
file.
gid The file group as a numeric value.
gname The file group as a symbolic name.
ignore Ignore any file hierarchy below this file.
md5digest The MD5 message digest of the file.
mode The current file's permissions as a numeric (octal) or sym-
bolic value.
nlink The number of hard links the file is expected to have.
nochange Do not change the attributes (owner, group, mode, etc) on a
file or directory.
optional The file is optional; don't complain about the file if it's
not in the file hierarchy.
rmd160digest
The RIPEMD-160 message digest of the file.
sha1digest The SHA-1 message digest of the file.
uid The file owner as a numeric value.
uname The file owner as a symbolic name.
size The size, in bytes, of the file.
link The file the symbolic link is expected to reference.
time The last modification time of the file.
type The type of the file; may be set to any one of the following:
block block special device
char character special device
dir directory
fifo FIFO
file regular file
link symbolic link
socket socket
The default set of keywords are gid, mode, nlink, size, link, time, and
uid.
There are four types of lines in a specification.
The first type of line sets a global value for a keyword, and consists of
the string "/set" followed by whitespace, followed by sets of
keyword/value pairs, separated by whitespace. Keyword/value pairs consist
of a keyword, followed by an equals sign ('='), followed by a value,
without whitespace characters. Once a keyword has been set, its value
remains unchanged until either reset or unset.
The second type of line unsets keywords and consists of the string
"/unset", followed by whitespace, followed by one or more keywords,
separated by whitespace.
The third type of line is a file specification and consists of a file
name, followed by whitespace, followed by zero or more whitespace
separated keyword/value pairs. The file name may be preceded by whi-
tespace characters. The file name may contain any of the standard file
name matching characters ("[", "]", "?", or "*"), in which case files in
the hierarchy will be associated with the first pattern that they match.
Each of the keyword/value pairs consist of a keyword, followed by an
equals sign, followed by the keyword's value, without whitespace charac-
ters. These values override, without changing, the global value of the
corresponding keyword.
All paths are relative. Specifying a directory will cause subsequent
files to be searched for in that directory hierarchy. Which brings us to
the last type of line in a specification: a line containing only the
string ".." causes the current directory path to ascend one level.
Empty lines and lines whose first non-whitespace character is a hash mark
('#') are ignored.
The mtree utility exits with a status of 0 on success, 1 if any error oc-
curred, and 2 if the file hierarchy did not match the specification. A
status of 2 is converted to a status of 0 if the -U option is used.
FILES
/etc/mtree system specification directory
EXAMPLES
To detect system binaries that have been "trojan horsed", it is recom-
mended that mtree-cK sha1digest be run on the file systems, and a copy
of the results stored on a different machine, or, at least, in encrypted
form. The output file itself should be digested using the sha1(1) utili-
ty. Then, periodically, mtree and sha1(1) should be run against the on-
line specifications. While it is possible for the bad guys to change the
on-line specifications to conform to their modified binaries, it is be-
lieved to be impractical for them to create a modified specification
which has the same SHA1 digest as the original.
The -d and -u options can be used in combination to create directory
hierarchies for distributions and other such things; the files in
/etc/mtree were used to create almost all directories in a normal binary
distribution.
SEE ALSOchgrp(1), chmod(1), cksum(1), md5(1), rmd160(1), sha1(1), stat(2),
fts(3), md5(3), rmd160(3), sha1(3), hier(7), chown(8)HISTORY
The mtree utility appeared in 4.3BSD-Reno.
MirOS BSD #10-current November 22, 2009 3
