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ms(5)									 ms(5)

NAME
       ms - Text formatting macros

SYNOPSIS
       nroff -ms  [options] file...

DESCRIPTION
       This  package of nroff macro definitions provides a formatting facility
       for various styles of  articles,	 theses,  and  books.  When  producing
       2-column	 output	 on  a	terminal  or lineprinter, or when reverse line
       motions are needed, filter the output through col(1).  All external -ms
       macros  are  defined in the following section.  Many nroff requests are
       unsafe in conjunction  with  this  package.  However,  the  first  four
       requests	 in the list that follows can be used with impunity after ini‐
       tialization, and the last two may be used even  before  initialization:
       Begin  new  page Break output line Insert n spacing lines Center next n
       lines Line spacing: n=1 single, n=2 double space No alignment of	 right
       margin

       Font  and point size changes with \f and \s are also allowed; for exam‐
       ple, \fIword\fR italicize word. Output of the tbl and  neqn  preproces‐
       sors for equations and tables ris acceptable as input.

REQUESTS
       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       Macro Name   Initial	Break/Reset   Explanation
		    Value
       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       .AB x	    -		y	      Begin  abstract;	if   x
					      =no,    do   not	 label
					      abstract.
       .AE	    -		y	      End abstract.
       .AI	    -		y	      Author's institution.
       .AM	    -		n	      Better accent mark defi‐
					      nitions.
       .AU	    -		y	      Author's name.
       .B x	    -		n	      Embolden	x;  if	no  x,
					      switch to boldface.
       .B1	    -		y	      Begin   text    to    be
					      enclosed in a box.
       .B2	    -		y	      End boxed text and print
					      it.
       .BT	    date	n	      Bottom title, printed at
					      foot of page.
       .BX x	    -		n	      Print word x in a box.
       .CM	    if t	n	      Cut mark between pages.
       .CT	    -		y/y	      Chapter title: page num‐
					      ber  moved  to  CF   (TM
					      only).
       .DA x	    if n	n	      Force  date  x at bottom
					      of page; today if no x.
       .DE	    -		y	      End  display   (unfilled
					      text) of any kind.
       .DS x y	    I		y	      Begin display with keep;
					      x =I,L,C,B; y =indent.
       .ID y	    8n,.5i	y	      Indented display with no
					      keep; y =indent.
       .LD	    -		y	      Left   display  with  no
					      keep.
       .CD	    -		y	      Centered display with no
					      keep.

       .BD	    -		y	      Block   display;	center
					      entire block.
       .EF x	    -		n	      Even page	 footer	 x  (3
					      part, as for .tl).
       .EH x	    -		n	      Even  page  header  x (3
					      part, as for .tl).
       .EN	    -		y	      End  displayed  equation
					      produced by *neqn.
       .EQ x y	    -		y	      Break  out  equation;  x
					      =L,I,C; y =equation num‐
					      ber.
       .FE	    -		n	      End   footnote   to   be
					      placed  at   bottom   of
					      page.
       .FP	    -		n	      Numbered	footnote para‐
					      graph; may be redefined.
       .FS x	    -		n	      Start  footnote;	x   is
					      optional footnote label.
       .HD	    undef	n	      Optional	 page	header
					      below header margin.
       .I x	    -		n	      Italicize x;  if	no  x,
					      switch to italics.
       .IP x y	    -		y/y	      Indented paragraph, with
					      hanging	tag   x;    y=
					      indent.
       .IX x y	    -		y	      Index  words x, y and so
					      on (up to five levels).
       .KE	    -		n	      End keep of any kind.
       .KF	    -		n	      Begin   floating	 keep;
					      text  fills remainder of
					      page.
       .KS	    -		y	      Begin  keep;  unit  kept
					      together	 on  a	single
					      page.
       .LG	    -		n	      Larger;  increase	 point
					      size by 2.
       .LP	    -		y/y	      Left (block) paragraph.
       .MC x	    -		y/y	      Multiple	  columns;   x
					      =column width.
       .ND x	    if t	n	      No date in page  footer;
					      x is date on cover.
       .NH x y	    -		y/y	      Numbered	  header;    x
					      =level, x =0  resets,  x
					      =S sets to y.
       .NL	    10p		n	      Set  point  size back to
					      normal.
       .OF x	    -		n	      Odd  page	 footer	 x  (3
					      part, as for .tl).
       .OH x	    -		n	      Odd  page	 header	 x  (3
					      part, as for .tl).
       .P1	    if TM	n	      Print  header  on	 first
					      page.
       .PP	    -		y/y	      Paragraph	  with	 first
					      line indented.
       .PT	    - % -	n	      Page title,  printed  at
					      head of page.
       .PX x	    -		y	      Print  index  (table  of
					      contents); x  =no,  sup‐
					      presses title.
       .QP	    -		y/y	      Quote	     paragraph
					      (indented and shorter).
       .R	    on		n	      Return to Roman font.
       .RE	    5n		y/y	      Retreat:	end  level  of
					      relative indentation.

       .RP x	    -		n	      Released paper format; x
					      =no,  stops   title   on
					      first page.
       .RS	    5n		y/y	      Right shift: start level
					      of relative indentation.
       .SH	    -		y/y	      Section header, in bold-
					      face.
       .SM	    -		n	      Smaller;	decrease point
					      size by 2.
       .TA	    8n,5n	n	      Set tabs to 8n  16n  ...
					      (nroff)	5n   10n   ...
					      (*roff).
       .TC x	    -		y	      Print table of  contents
					      at   end;	 x  =no,  sup‐
					      presses title.
       .TE	    -		y	      End of  table  processed
					      by tbl.
       .TH	    -		y	      End  multipage header of
					      table.
       .TL	    -		y	      Title  in	 boldface  and
					      two points larger.
       .TM	    off		n	      UC Berkeley thesis mode.
       .TS x	    -		y/y	      Begin  table;  if	 x =H,
					      table   has    multipage
					      header.
       .UL x	    -		n	      Underline	  x,  even  in
					      *roff.
       .UX x	    -		n	      UNIX; trademark  message
					      first time; x appended.
       .XA x y	    -		y	      Another  index  entry; x
					      =page or no for none;  y
					      =indent.
       .XE	    -		y	      End   index   entry  (or
					      series of .IX entries).
       .XP	    -		y/y	      Paragraph	  with	 first
					      line   exdented,	others
					      indented.
       .XS x y	    -		y	      Begin  index  entry;   x
					      =page  or no for none; y
					      =indent.
       .1C	    on		y/y	      One-column format, on  a
					      new page.
       .2C	    -		y/y	      Begin two-column format.
       .]-	    -		n	      Beginning	 of refer ref‐
					      erence.
       .[0	    -		n	      End  of	unclassifiable
					      type of reference.
       .[N	    -		n	      N=    1:journal-article,
					      2:book,  3:book-article,
					      4:report.
       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

REGISTERS
       Formatting distances can be controlled in -ms by means of built-in num‐
       ber registers. For example, this sets the line length to 6.5 inches:

	.nr  LL	 6.5i

       Here is a table of number registers and their default values:

       ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       Register Name   Controls		    Effects	   Default
       ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       PS	       Point size	    paragraph	   10
       VS	       Vertical spacing	    paragraph	   12
       LL	       Line length	    paragraph	   6i
       LT	       Title length	    next page	   same as LL
       FL	       Footnote length	    next .FS	   5.5i

       PD	       Paragraph distance   paragraph	   1v (if n),  .3v  (if
							   t)
       DD	       Display distance	    displays	   1v  (if  n), .5v (if
							   t)
       PI	       Paragraph indent	    paragraph	   5n
       QI	       Quote indent	    next .QP	   5n
       FI	       Footnote indent	    next .FS	   2n
       PO	       Page offset	    next page	   0 (if n),   ~1i  (if
							   t)
       HM	       Header margin	    next page	   1i
       FM	       Footer margin	    next page 1i
       FF	       Footnote format	    next .FS	   0  (1,  2,  3 avail‐
							   able)
       ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

       When resetting these values,  make  sure	 to  specify  the  appropriate
       units.	Setting	 the  line length to 7, for example, results in output
       with one character per line. Setting FF to 1 suppresses footnote super‐
       scripting;  setting  it	to  2 also suppresses indentation of the first
       line; and setting it to 3 produces an .IP-like footnote paragraph.

       Here is a list of string registers available in -ms; they can  be  used
       anywhere in the text:

       ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       Name    String's Function
       ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       \*Q     Quote (" in nroff, “ in *roff )
       \*U     Unquote (" in nroff, ” in *roff )
       \*-     Dash (-- in nroff, -- in *roff )
       \*(MO   Month (month of the year)
       \*(DY   Day (current date)
       \**     Automatically numbered footnote
       \*'     Acute accent (before letter)
       \*`     Grave accent (before letter)
       \*^     Circumflex (before letter)
       \*,     Cedilla (before letter)
       \*:     Umlaut (before letter)
       \*~     Tilde (before letter)
       ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

       When  using  the	 extended  accent mark definitions available with .AM,
       these strings should come after, rather than before, the letter	to  be
       accented.

RESTRICTIONS
       Floating	 keeps	and  regular  keeps are diverted to the same space, so
       they cannot be mixed together with predictable results.

FILES
       The -ms macro package source file Files that are	 hardlinked  to	 ???.s
       files Supplemental -ms macros

SEE ALSO
       col(1), neqn(1), nroff(1), tbl(1)

									 ms(5)
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