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mogrify(1)							    mogrify(1)

NAME
       mogrify - transform an image or sequence of images

SYNOPSIS
       mogrify [ options ...] file [ [ options ...] file ...]

DESCRIPTION
       mogrify transforms an image or a sequence of images.  These transforms
       include image scaling, image rotation, color reduction, and others.
       The transmogrified image overwrites the original image.

EXAMPLES
       To convert all the TIFF files in a particular directory to JPEG, use:

	   mogrify -format jpeg *.tiff

       To scale an image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in width and 480
       pixels in height, use:

	   mogrify -geometry 640x480! cockatoo.miff

OPTIONS
       -antialias
	      remove pixel aliasing.

       -blur <radius>x<sigma>
	      blur the image with a Gaussian operator of the given radius and
	      standard deviation (sigma).

       -border <width>x<height>
	      surround the image with a border of color.  See X(1) for details
	      about the geometry specification.

       -bordercolor color
	      the border color.

       -box color
	      set the color of the annotation bounding box.  See -draw or for
	      further details.

	      See X(1) for details about the color specification.

       -cache threshold
	      megabytes of memory available to the pixel cache.

	      Image pixels are stored in memory until 80 megabytes of memory
	      have been consumed.  Subsequent pixel operations are cached on
	      disk.  Operations to memory are significantly faster but if your
	      computer does not have a sufficient amount of free memory you
	      may want to adjust this threshold value.

       -charcoal radius
	      simulate a charcoal drawing.

       -colorize value
	      colorize the image with the fill color.

	      Specify the amount of colorization as a percentage.  You can
	      apply separate colorization values to the red, green, and blue
	      channels of the image with a colorization value list delineated
	      with slashes (e.g. 0/0/50).

       -colors value
	      preferred number of colors in the image.

	      The actual number of colors in the image may be less than your
	      request, but never more.	Note, this is a color reduction
	      option.  Images with less unique colors than specified with this
	      option will have any duplicate or unused colors removed.	Refer
	      to quantize(9) for more details.

	      If more than one image is specified on the command line, a sin‐
	      gle colormap is created and saved with each image.

	      Note, options -colormap, -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth
	      affect the color reduction algorithm.

       -colorspace value
	      the type of colorspace: GRAY, OHTA, RGB, Transparent, XYZ,
	      YCbCr, YIQ, YPbPr, YUV, or CMYK.

	      Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB color space.
	      Empirical evidence suggests that distances in color spaces such
	      as YUV or YIQ correspond to perceptual color differences more
	      closely than do distances in RGB space.  These color spaces may
	      give better results when color reducing an image.	 Refer to
	      quantize(9) for more details.

	      The Transparent color space behaves uniquely in that it pre‐
	      serves the matte channel of the image if it exists.

	      The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to
	      take effect.

       -comment string
	      annotate an image with a comment.

	      Use this option to assign a specific comment to the image.  You
	      can include the image filename, type, width, height, or other
	      image attributes by embedding special format characters:

		  %b   file size
		  %c   comment
		  %d   directory
		  %e   filename extention
		  %f   filename
		  %h   height
		  %i   input filename
		  %l   label
		  %m   magick
		  %n   number of scenes
		  %o   output filename
		  %p   page number
		  %q   quantum depth
		  %s   scene number
		  %t   top of filename
		  %u   unique temporary filename
		  %w   width
		  %x   x resolution
		  %y   y resolution
		  \n   newline
		  \r   carriage return

	      For example,

		   -comment "%m:%f %wx%h"

	      produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
	      titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

	      If the first character of string is @, the image comment is read
	      from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

       -compress type
	      the type of image compression: None, BZip, Fax, Group4, JPEG,
	      LZW, RunlengthEncoded, or Zip.

	      Specify +compress to store the binary image in an uncompressed
	      format.  The default is the compression type of the specified
	      image file.

       -contrast
	      enhance or reduce the image contrast.

	      This option enhances the intensity differences between the
	      lighter and darker elements of the image.	 Use -contrast to
	      enhance the image or +contrast to reduce the image contrast.

       -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>{%}
	      preferred size and location of the cropped image.	 See X(1) for
	      details about the geometry specification.

	      To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %.  For
	      example to crop the image by ten percent on all sides of the
	      image, use -crop 10%.

	      Use cropping to apply image processing options, or transmogrify,
	      only a particular area of an image.

	      Omit the x and y offset to generate one or more subimages of a
	      uniform size.

	      Use cropping to crop a particular area of an image.   Use -crop
	      0x0 to trim edges that are the background color.	Add an x and y
	      offset to leave a portion of the trimmed edges with the image.

       -cycle amount
	      displace image colormap by amount.

	      Amount defines the number of positions each colormap entry is
	      shifted.

       -delay <1/100ths of a second>
	      display the next image after pausing.

	      This option is useful for regulating the animation of a sequence
	      of GIF images within Netscape.  1/100ths of a second must expire
	      before the redisplay of the image sequence.  The default is no
	      delay between each showing of the image sequence.	 The maximum
	      delay is 65535.

	      You can specify a delay range (e.g. -delay 10-500) which sets
	      the minimum and maximum delay.

       -density <width>x<height>
	      vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the image.

	      This option specifies an image density when decoding a Post‐
	      script or Portable Document page.	 The default is 72 pixels per
	      inch in the horizontal and vertical direction.  This option is
	      used in concert with -page.

       -depth value
	      depth of the image.  This is the number of bits in a pixel.  The
	      only acceptable values are 8 or 16.

       -despeckle
	      reduce the speckles within an image.

       -display host:display[.screen]
	      specifies the X server to contact; see X(1).

       -dispose method
	      GIF disposal method.

	      Here are the valid methods:

		   0	 No disposal specified.
		   1	 Do not dispose between frames.
		   2	 Overwrite frame with background color from header.
		   3	 Overwrite with previous frame.

       -dither
	      apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.

	      The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution
	      for spatial resolution by averaging the intensities of several
	      neighboring pixels.  Images which suffer from severe contouring
	      when reducing colors can be improved with this option.

	      The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to
	      take effect.

	      Use +dither to render Postscript without text or graphic alias‐
	      ing.

       -draw string
	      annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives.

	      Use this option to annotate an image with one or more graphic
	      primitives.  The primitives include

		   point
		   line
		   rectangle
		   roundRectangle
		   arc
		   ellipse
		   circle
		   polyline
		   polygon
		   bezier
		   path
		   color
		   matte
		   text
		   image

	      Point, line, color, matte, text, and image each require a single
	      coordinate.  Line requires a start and end coordinate, while
	      rectangle expects an upper left and lower right coordinate.
	      Circle has a center coordinate and a coordinate on the outer
	      edge.  Use Arc to circumscribe an arc within a rectangle.	 Arcs
	      require a start and end point as well as the degree of rotation
	      (e.g. 130,30 200,100 45,90). Use Ellipse to draw a partial
	      ellipse centered at the given point with the x-axis and y-axis
	      radius and start and end of arc in degrees (e.g. 100,100 100,150
	      0,360).  Finally, polyline and polygon require three or more
	      coordinates to define its boundaries.  Coordinates are integers
	      separated by an optional comma.  For example, to define a circle
	      centered at 100,100 that extends to 150,150 use:

		   -draw 'circle 100,100 150,150'

	      Paths represent an outline of an object which is defined in
	      terms of moveto (set a new current point), lineto (draw a
	      straight line), curveto (draw a curve using a cubic bezier), arc
	      (elliptical or circular arc) and closepath (close the current
	      shape by drawing a line to the last moveto) elements. Compound
	      paths (i.e., a path with subpaths, each consisting of a single
	      moveto followed by one or more line or curve operations) are
	      possible to allow effects such as "donut holes" in objects.

	      Use color to change the color of a pixel.	 Follow the pixel
	      coordinate with a method:

		   point
		   replace
		   floodfill
		   filltoborder
		   reset

	      Consider the target pixel as that specified by your coordinate.
	      The point method recolors the target pixel.  The replace method
	      recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel.
	      Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of the tar‐
	      get pixel and is a neighbor,  whereas filltoborder recolors any
	      neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally, reset
	      recolors all pixels.

	      Use matte to the change the pixel matte value to transparent.
	      Follow the pixel coordinate with a method (see the color primi‐
	      tive for a description of methods).  The point method changes
	      the matte value of the target pixel.  The replace method changes
	      the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the tar‐
	      get pixel.  Floodfill changes the matte value of any pixel that
	      matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas
	      filltoborder changes the matte value of any neighbor pixel that
	      is not the border color (-bordercolor). Finally reset changes
	      the matte value of all pixels.

	      Use text to annotate an image with text.	Follow the text coor‐
	      dinates with a string.  If the string has embedded spaces,
	      enclose it in double quotes.   Optionally you can include the
	      image filename, type, width, height, or other image attributes
	      by embedding special format characters.  See -comment for
	      details.

	      For example,

		   -draw 'text 100,100 "%m:%f %wx%h"'

	      annotates the image with MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
	      titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.  To
	      generate a Unicode character (TrueType fonts only), embed the
	      code as an escaped hex string (e.g. \0x30a3).

	      Use image to composite an image with another image.  Follow the
	      image primitive with a composite operator, image position, image
	      size, and filename:

		   -draw 'image Over 100,100 225,225 image.jpg'

	      If the first character of string is @, the text is read from a
	      file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

	      You can set the primitive color, font color, and font bounding
	      box color with -fill, -font, and -box respectively.  Options are
	      processed in command line order so be sure to use -fill before
	      the -draw option.

       -edge <radius>
	      enhance the edges of the image with a convolution filter of the
	      given radius.

       -emboss <radius>x<sigma>
	      emboss the image with a convolution kernel of the given radius
	      and standard deviation (sigma).

       -enhance
	      apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image.

       -equalize
	      perform histogram equalization to the image.

       -fill color
	      color to use when filling a graphic primitive.  See -draw for
	      further details.

       -filter value
	      use this type of filter when resizing an image.

	      Use this option to affect the resizing operation of an image
	      (see -geometry).	Choose from these filters:

		   Point
		   Box
		   Triangle
		   Hermite
		   Hanning
		   Hamming
		   Blackman
		   Gaussian
		   Quadratic
		   Cubic
		   Catrom
		   Mitchell
		   Lanczos
		   Bessel
		   Sinc

	      The default filter is Lanczos.

       -flip  create a "mirror image" by reflecting the image scanlines in the
	      vertical direction.

       -flop  create a "mirror image" by reflecting the image scanlines in the
	      horizontal direction.

       -format type
	      the image format type.

	      This option will convert any image to the image format you spec‐
	      ify.  See convert(1) for a list of image format types supported
	      by ImageMagick.

	      By default the file is written to its original name.  However,
	      if the filename extension matches a supported format, the exten‐
	      sion is replaced with the image format type specified with -for‐
	      mat.  For example, if you specify tiff as the format type and
	      the input image filename is image.gif, the output image filename
	      becomes image.tiff.

       -font name
	      use this font when annotating the image with text.

	      If the font is a fully qualified X server font name, the font is
	      obtained from an X server (e.g. -*-helvetica-medium-
	      r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*).  To use a TrueType font, precede
	      the TrueType filename with a @ (e.g.  @times.ttf).  Otherwise,
	      specify a Postscript, X11, or TrueType font (e.g. helvetica).

       -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
	      surround the image with an ornamental border.  See X(1) for
	      details about the geometry specification.

	      The color of the border is specified with the -mattecolor com‐
	      mand line option.

       -fuzz distance
	      colors within this distance are considered equal.

	      A number of algorithms search for a target color.	 By default
	      the color must be exact.	Use this option to match colors that
	      are close to the target color in RGB space.  For example, if you
	      want to automatically trim the edges of an image with -crop 0x0
	      but the image was scanned.  The target background color may dif‐
	      fer by a small amount.  This option can account for these dif‐
	      ferences.

       -gamma value
	      level of gamma correction.

	      The same color image displayed on two different workstations may
	      look different due to differences in the display monitor.	 Use
	      gamma correction to adjust for this color difference.  Reason‐
	      able values extend from 0.8 to 2.3.

	      You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue
	      channels of the image with a gamma value list delineated with
	      slashes (i.e. 1.7/2.3/1.2).

	      Use +gamma to set the image gamma level without actually adjust‐
	      ing the image pixels.  This option is useful if the image is of
	      a known gamma but not set as an image attribute (e.g. PNG
	      images).

       -gaussian <radius>x<sigma>
	      blur the image with a Gaussian operator of the given width and
	      standard deviation (sigma).

       -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>{%}{!}{<}{>}
	      preferred width and height of the image.	See X(1) for details
	      about the geometry specification.

	      By default, the width and height are maximum values.  That is,
	      the image is expanded or contracted to fit the width and height
	      value while maintaining the aspect ratio of the image.  Append
	      an exclamation point to the geometry to force the image size to
	      exactly the size you specify.  For example, if you specify
	      640x480! the image width is set to 640 pixels and height to 480.
	      If only one factor is specified, both the width and height
	      assume the value.

	      To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %.  The
	      image size is multiplied by the width and height percentages to
	      obtain the final image dimensions.  To increase the size of an
	      image, use a value greater than 100 (e.g. 125%).	To decrease an
	      image's size, use a percentage less than 100.

	      Use > to change the dimensions of the image only if its size
	      exceeds the geometry specification.  < resizes the image only if
	      its dimensions is less than the geometry specification.  For
	      example, if you specify 640x480> and the image size is 512x512,
	      the image size does not change.  However, if the image is
	      1024x1024, it is resized to 640x480.

       -gravity type
	      direction text gravitates to when annotating the image: North‐
	      West, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East, SouthWest, South,
	      SouthEast.  See X(1) for details about the gravity specifica‐
	      tion.

	      The direction you choose specifies where to position the text
	      when annotating the image.  For example Center gravity forces
	      the text to be centered within the image.	 By default, the text
	      gravity is NorthWest.

       -implode factor
	      implode image pixels about the center. Specify factor as the
	      percent implosion (0 - 99.9 %) or explosion (-99.9 - 0)

       -interlace type
	      the type of interlacing scheme: None, Line, Plane, or Partition.
	      The default is None.

	      This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme
	      for raw image formats such as RGB or YUV.	 No means do not
	      interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), Line uses scanline interlac‐
	      ing (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and Plane uses plane
	      interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).  Partition is like
	      plane except the different planes are saved to individual files
	      (e.g.  image.R, image.G, and image.B).

	      Use Line, or Plane to create an interlaced GIF or progressive
	      JPEG image.  -label name assign a label to an image.

	      Use this option to assign a specific label to the image.
	      Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width,
	      height, or scene number in the label by embedding special format
	      characters.  Optionally you can include the image filename,
	      type, width, height, or other image attributes by embedding spe‐
	      cial format characters.  See -comment for details.

	      For example,

		   -label "%m:%f %wx%h"

	      produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
	      titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

	      If the first character of string is @, the image label is read
	      from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

	      When converting to Postscript, use this option to specify a
	      header string to print above the image. Specify the label font
	      with -font.

       -layer type
	      the type of layer: Red, Green, Blue, or Matte.

	      Use this option to extract a particular layer from the image.
	      Matte, for example, is useful for extracting the opacity values
	      from an image.

       -loop iterations
	      add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation.

	      A value other than zero forces the animation to repeat itself up
	      to iterations times.

       -map filename
	      choose a particular set of colors from this image.

	      By default, color reduction chooses an optimal set of colors
	      that best represent the original image.  Alternatively, you can
	      choose a particular set of colors from an image file with this
	      option.	 Use +map to reduce all images in an image sequence to
	      a single optimal set of colors that best represent all the
	      images.

       -matte store matte channel if the image has one otherwise create an
	      opaque one.

       -median radius
	      apply a median filter to the image.

       -modulate value
	      vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image.

	      Specify the percent change in brightness, the color saturation,
	      and the hue separated by commas.	For example, to increase the
	      color brightness by 20% and decrease the color saturation by 10%
	      and leave the hue unchanged, use: -modulate 120,90.

       -monochrome
	      transform the image to black and white.

       -negate
	      replace every pixel with its complementary color (white becomes
	      black, yellow becomes blue, etc.).

	      The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated.
	      Use +negate to only negate the grayscale pixels of the image.

       -noise value
	      add or reduce noise in an image.

	      The principal function of noise peak elimination filter is to
	      smooth the objects within an image without losing edge informa‐
	      tion and without creating undesired structures.  The central
	      idea of the algorithm is to replace a pixel with its next neigh‐
	      bor in value within a pixel window, if this pixel has been found
	      to be noise.  A pixel is defined as noise if and only if this
	      pixel is a maximum or minimum within the pixel window.  Use
	      radius to specify the width of the neighborhood.

	      Use +noise followed by a noise type to add noise to an image.
	      Choose from these noise types:

		  Uniform
		  Gaussian
		  Multiplicative
		  Impulse
		  Laplacian
		  Poisson

       -normalize
	      transform image to span the full range of color values.

	      This is a contrast enhancement technique.

       -opaque color
	      change this color to the fill color within the image.  See -fill
	      for more details.

       -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>{%}{!}{<}{>}
	      preferred size and location of an image canvas.

	      Use this option to specify the dimensions of the Postscript page
	      in dots per inch or a TEXT page in pixels.  The choices for a
	      Postscript page are:

		     11x17	   792	1224
		     Ledger	  1224	 792
		     Legal	   612	1008
		     Letter	   612	 792
		     LetterSmall   612	 792
		     ArchE	  2592	3456
		     ArchD	  1728	2592
		     ArchC	  1296	1728
		     ArchB	   864	1296
		     ArchA	   648	 864
		     A0		  2380	3368
		     A1		  1684	2380
		     A2		  1190	1684
		     A3		   842	1190
		     A4		   595	 842
		     A4Small	   595	 842
		     A5		   421	 595
		     A6		   297	 421
		     A7		   210	 297
		     A8		   148	 210
		     A9		   105	 148
		     A10	    74	 105
		     B0		  2836	4008
		     B1		  2004	2836
		     B2		  1418	2004
		     B3		  1002	1418
		     B4		   709	1002
		     B5		   501	 709
		     C0		  2600	3677
		     C1		  1837	2600
		     C2		  1298	1837
		     C3		   918	1298
		     C4		   649	 918
		     C5		   459	 649
		     C6		   323	 459
		     Flsa	   612	 936
		     Flse	   612	 936
		     HalfLetter	   396	 612

	      For convenience you can specify the page size by media (e.g.
	      A4, Ledger, etc.).  Otherwise, -page behaves much like -geometry
	      (e.g. -page letter+43+43>).

	      To position a GIF image, use -page {+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
	      (e.g. -page +100+200).

	      For a Postscript page, the image is sized as in -geometry and
	      positioned relative to the lower left hand corner of the page by
	      {+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>.  Use -page 612x792>, for example,
	      to center the image within the page.  If the image size exceeds
	      the Postscript page, it is reduced to fit the page.

	      The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.

	      This option is used in concert with -density.

       -paint radius
	      simulate an oil painting.

	      Each pixel is replaced by the most frequent color in a circular
	      neighborhood whose width is specified with radius.

       -pointsize value
	      pointsize of the Postscript, X11, or TrueType font.

       -profile filename
	      add ICM color or IPTC newswire information profile to image.

	      Use +profile icm or +profile iptc to remove the respective pro‐
	      file.

       -quality value
	      JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level.

	      For the JPEG image format, quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best).
	      The default quality is 75.

	      Quality for the MIFF and PNG image format sets the amount of
	      image compression (quality / 10) and filter-type (quality % 10).
	      Compression quality values range from 0 (worst) to 100 (best).
	      If filter-type is 4 or less, the specified filter-type is used
	      for all scanlines:

		  0: none
		  1: sub
		  2: up
		  3: average
		  4: Paeth

	      If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality is
	      greater than 50 and the image does not have a color map, other‐
	      wise no filtering is used.

	      If filter-type is 6 or more, adaptive filtering with minimum-
	      sum-of-absolute-values is used.

	      The default is quality is 75.  Which means nearly the best com‐
	      pression with adaptive filtering.

	      For further information, see the PNG specification (RFC 2083),
	      <http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TR>.

       -raise <width>x<height>
	      lighten or darken image edges to create a 3-D effect.    See
	      X(1) for details about the geometry specification.

	      Use -raise to create a raised effect, otherwise use +raise.

       -region <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
	      apply options to a portion of the image.

	      By default, any command line options are applied to the entire
	      image.  Use -region to restrict operations to a particular area
	      of the image.

       -roll {+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
	      roll an image vertically or horizontally.	 See X(1) for details
	      about the geometry specification.

	      A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right.  A negative y
	      offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.

       -rotate degrees{<}{>}
	      apply Paeth image rotation to the image.

	      Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the height.
	      < rotates the image only if its width is less than the height.
	      For example, if you specify -90> and the image size is 480x640,
	      the image is not rotated by the specified angle.	However, if
	      the image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees.

	      Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are filled
	      with the color defined as bordercolor (class borderColor).

       -sample geometry
	      scale image with pixel sampling.

       -scene value
	      image scene number.

       -seed value
	      pseudo-random number generator seed value.

       -segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
	      segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color compo‐
	      nents and identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy
	      c-means technique.

	      Specify cluster threshold as the number of pixels in each clus‐
	      ter must exceed the the cluster threshold to be considered
	      valid.  Smoothing threshold eliminates noise in the second de‐
	      rivative of the histogram.  As the value is increased, you can
	      expect a smoother second derivative.  The default is 1.5.	 See
	      IMAGE SEGMENTATION for details.

       -shade <azimuth>x<elevation>
	      shade the image using a distant light source.

	      Specify azimuth and elevation as the position of the light
	      source.  Use +shade to return the shading results as a grayscale
	      image.

       -sharpen <radius>x<sigma>
	      sharpen the image with a Laplacian operator of the given radius
	      and standard deviation (sigma).

       -shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
	      shear the image along the X or Y axis by a positive or negative
	      shear angle.

	      Shearing slides one edge of an image along the X or Y axis, cre‐
	      ating a parallelogram.  An X direction shear slides an edge
	      along the X axis, while a Y direction shear slides an edge along
	      the Y axis.  The amount of the shear is controlled by a shear
	      angle.  For X direction shears, x degrees> is measured relative
	      to the Y axis, and similarly, for Y direction shears y degrees
	      is measured relative to the X axis.

	      Empty triangles left over from shearing the image are filled
	      with the color defined as bordercolor (class borderColor).  See
	      X(1) for details.

       -size <width>x<height>+<offset>
	      width and height of the image.

	      Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images
	      whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK.	In
	      addition to width and height, use -size to skip any header
	      information in the image or tell the number of colors in a MAP
	      image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).

	      For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:

		    192x128
		    384x256
		    768x512
		   1536x1024
		   3072x2048

	      Finally, use this option to choose a particular resolution layer
	      of a JBIG or JPEG image (e.g. -size 1024x768).

       -solarize threshold
	      negate all pixels above the threshold level.    Specify factor
	      as the percent threshold of the intensity (0 - 99.9%).

	      This option produces a solarization effect seen when exposing a
	      photographic film to light during the development process.

       -spread amount
	      displace image pixels by a random amount.

	      Amount defines the size of the neighborhood around each pixel to
	      choose a candidate pixel to swap.

       -stroke color
	      color to use when stroking a graphic primitive.  See -draw for
	      further details.

       -strokewidth value
	      set the stroke width.  See -draw for further details.

       -swirl degrees
	      swirl image pixels about the center.

	      Degrees defines the tightness of the swirl.

       -texture filename
	      name of texture to tile onto the image background.

       -threshold value
	      threshold the image.

	      Create a bi-level image such that any pixel intensity that is
	      equal or exceeds the threshold is reassigned the maximum inten‐
	      sity otherwise the minimum intensity.

       -tile filename
	      tile image when filling a graphic primitive.

       -transparent color
	      make this color transparent within the image.

       -treedepth value
	      Normally, this integer value is zero or one.  A zero or one
	      tells mogrify to choose a optimal tree depth for the color
	      reduction algorithm.

	      An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the
	      source image with the fastest computational speed and the least
	      amount of memory.	 However, the default depth is inappropriate
	      for some images.	To assure the best representation, try values
	      between 2 and 8 for this parameter.  Refer to quantize(9) for
	      more details.

	      The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to
	      take effect.

       -type type
	      set the image type: Bilevel, Grayscale, Palette, PaletteMatte,
	      TrueColor, TrueColorMatte, or ColorSeparation.

       -units type
	      the type of image resolution: Undefined, PixelsPerInch, or Pix‐
	      elsPerCentimeter.	 The default is Undefined.

       -verbose
	      print detailed information about the image.

	      This information is printed: image scene number;	image name;
	      image size; the image class (DirectClass or PseudoClass); the
	      total number of unique colors (if known);	 and the number of
	      seconds to read and transform the image.	Refer to miff(5) for a
	      description of the image class.

	      If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors in the
	      image and color reduction error values are printed.  Refer to
	      quantize(9) for a description of these values.

       -view string
	      FlashPix viewing parameters.

       -wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
	      alter an image along a sine wave.

	      Specify amplitude and wavelength to effect the characteristics
	      of the wave.

       Options are processed in command line order.  Any option you specify on
       the command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by
       specifying the option again with a different effect.  For example, to
       mogrify two images, the first with 32 colors and the second with only
       16 colors, use:

	    mogrify -colors 32 cockatoo.miff -colors 16 macaw.miff

       By default, the image format is determined by its magic number. To
       specify a particular image format, precede the filename with an image
       format name and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image type as
       the filename suffix (i.e. image.ps).  See convert(1) for a list of
       valid image formats.

       Specify file as - for standard input and output.	 If file has the
       extension .Z or .gz, the file is uncompressed with uncompress or gunzip
       respectively and subsequently compressed using with compress or gzip.
       Finally, precede the image file name with | to pipe to or from a system
       command.

       Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file name to specify
       a desired subimage of a multi-resolution image format like Photo CD
       (e.g. img0001.pcd[4]) or a range for MPEG images (e.g.
       video.mpg[50-75]).  A subimage specification can be disjoint (e.g.
       image.tiff[2,7,4]).  For raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry
       (e.g.  -size 640x512 image.rgb[320x256+50+50]).

       Prepend an at sign (@) to a filename to read a list of image filenames
       from that file.	This is convenient in the event you have too many
       image filenames to fit on the command line.

IMAGE SEGMENTATION
       Use -segment to segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the
       color components and identifying units that are homogeneous with the
       fuzzy c-means technique.	 The scale-space filter analyzes the his‐
       tograms of the three color components of the image and identifies a set
       of classes.  The extents of each class is used to coarsely segment the
       image with thresholding.	 The color associated with each class is
       determined by the mean color of all pixels within the extents of a par‐
       ticular class.  Finally, any unclassified pixels are assigned to the
       closest class with the fuzzy c-means technique.

       The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:

	      o Build a histogram, one for each color component of the image.

	      o For each histogram, successively apply the scale-space filter
	      and build an interval tree of zero crossings in the second de‐
	      rivative at each scale.  Analyze this scale-space ``finger‐
	      print'' to determine which peaks or valleys in the histogram are
	      most predominant.

	      o The fingerprint defines intervals on the axis of the his‐
	      togram.  Each interval contains either a minima or a maxima in
	      the original signal.  If each color component lies within the
	      maxima interval, that pixel is considered ``classified'' and is
	      assigned an unique class number.

	      o Any pixel that fails to be classified in the above threshold‐
	      ing pass is classified using the fuzzy c-Means technique.	 It is
	      assigned to one of the classes discovered in the histogram anal‐
	      ysis phase.

       The fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by finding the
       local minima of the generalized within group sum of squared error
       objective function.  A pixel is assigned to the closest class of which
       the fuzzy membership has a maximum value.

       For additional information see

	      Young Won Lim, Sang Uk Lee, "On The Color Image Segmentation
	      Algorithm Based on the Thresholding and the Fuzzy c-Means Tech‐
	      niques", Pattern Recognition, Volume 23, Number 9, pages
	      935-952, 1990.

SEE ALSO
       display(1), animate(1), import(1), montage(1), convert(1), combine(1),
       xtp(1)

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (C) 2001 ImageMagick Studio, a non-profit organization dedi‐
       cated to making software imaging solutions freely available.

       Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
       copy of this software and associated documentation files ("ImageMag‐
       ick"), to deal in ImageMagick without restriction, including without
       limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute,
       sublicense, and/or sell copies of ImageMagick, and to permit persons to
       whom the ImageMagick is furnished to do so, subject to the following
       conditions:

       The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
       in all copies or substantial portions of ImageMagick.

       The software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express
       or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of mer‐
       chantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement.  In
       no event shall ImageMagick Studio be liable for any claim, damages or
       other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise,
       arising from, out of or in connection with ImageMagick or the use or
       other dealings in ImageMagick.

       Except as contained in this notice, the name of the ImageMagick Studio
       shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use
       or other dealings in ImageMagick without prior written authorization
       from the ImageMagick Studio.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
       Michael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the initial implemen‐
       tation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm.

       David Pensak, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, for providing a
       computing environment that made this program possible.

       Paul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute, for the original
       idea of using space subdivision for the color reduction algorithm.

AUTHORS
       John Cristy, ImageMagick Studio

ImageMagick			  1 May 1994			    mogrify(1)
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