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ls(1)									 ls(1)

NAME
       ls, lc, l, ll, lsf, lsr, lsx - list contents of directories

SYNOPSIS
       [names]

       [names]

       [ls_options] [names]
       [ls_options] [names]
       [ls_options] [names]
       [ls_options] [names]
       [ls_options] [names]

DESCRIPTION
       For  each  directory  argument,	the  command lists the contents of the
       directory.  For each file argument, repeats  its	 name  and  any	 other
       information  requested.	 The  output  is sorted in ascending collation
       order by default (see Environment Variables below).  When  no  argument
       is  given, the current directory is listed.  When several arguments are
       given, the arguments are first sorted appropriately, but file arguments
       appear before directories and their contents.

       If you are a user with appropriate privileges, all files except and are
       listed by default.

       There are three major listing formats.  The format  chosen  depends  on
       whether	the  output  is going to a login device (determined by whether
       output device file is a device), and can also be controlled  by	option
       flags.

       The default format for a login device is to list the contents of direc‐
       tories in multicolumn format, with entries sorted vertically by column.
       (When  individual  file names (as opposed to directory names) appear in
       the argument list, those file names are always sorted across  the  page
       rather  than down the page in columns because individual file names can
       be arbitrarily long.)  If the standard output is not  a	login  device,
       the default format is to list one entry per line.

       The  and	 options  enable  multicolumn  formats, and the option enables
       stream output format in which files are listed across the  page,	 sepa‐
       rated  by  commas.   In	order  to determine output formats for the and
       options, uses an environment variable, to determine the number of char‐
       acter positions available on each output line.  If this variable is not
       set, the database is used to determine the number of columns, based  on
       the  environment	 variable  If  this information cannot be obtained, 80
       columns is assumed.

       The command functions the same as except that  the  default  output  is
       columnar, even if output is redirected.

   Options
       recognizes the following options:

	      List  all	 entries;  usually  entries  whose  names begin with a
	      period
		     are not listed.

	      List nonprinting characters in the octal
		     notation.

	      Use time of last modification of the inode
		     (file created, mode changed, etc.) for sorting or	print‐
		     ing (ell)).

	      If  an argument is a directory, list only its name (not its con‐
	      tents);
		     often used with (ell) to get the status of a directory.

		     Under the UNIX 2003 environment (see standards(5)),  with
		     does  not	follow	symbolic links unless the or option is
		     specified.

	      List the extent attributes of the file.
		     If any of the files has a extent attribute,  this	option
		     lists  the	 extent	 size,	space  reserved and allocation
		     flags.  This option must be used with the (ell) option.

	      Interpret each argument as a directory
		     and list the name found in each slot.  This  option  dis‐
		     ables  (ell),  and	 and enables the order is the order in
		     which entries appear in the directory.

	      Same as
		     (ell), except that only the group is  printed  (owner  is
		     omitted).	 If both (ell) and are specified, the owner is
		     not printed.

	      For each file, list the inode number
		     in the first column of the report.	 When used  in	multi‐
		     column  output, the number precedes the file name in each
		     column.

	      (ell) List in long format, giving mode, number of links,
		     owner, group, size in bytes, and time of  last  modifica‐
		     tion  for each file (see further and below).  If the time
		     of last modification is greater than six months  ago,  or
		     any  time	in the future, the year is substituted for the
		     hour and minute of the modification time.	If the file is
		     a	special	 file,	the  size field contains the major and
		     minor device numbers rather than a size.  If the file  is
		     a symbolic link, the filename is printed, followed by and
		     the pathname of the referenced file.

		     Under the UNIX 2003 environment (see standards(5)),  with
		     does  not	follow	symbolic links unless the or option is
		     specified.

	      Stream output format.

	      The same as
		     (ell) except that the owner's UID and group's GID numbers
		     are   printed,   rather  than  the	 associated  character
		     strings.

	      The same as
		     (ell) except that only the owner  is  printed  (group  is
		     omitted).	(If both (ell) and are specified, the group is
		     not printed).

	      Put a slash
		     after each file name if that file is a directory.

	      List nonprinting characters in file names as the character

	      Reverse the order of sort to get reverse (descending) collation
		     or oldest first, as appropriate.

	      List size	 in  blocks  of	 512-byte  units,  including  indirect
	      blocks,
		     for each entry.  The first entry listed is the total num‐
		     ber of blocks in the directory.  When used in multicolumn
		     output,  the  number  of blocks precedes the file name in
		     each column.  The number of indirect blocks in a file  is
		     filesystem dependent.

	      Sort  by	time modified (latest first) before sorting alphabeti‐
	      cally.

	      Use time of last access instead of last modification for sorting
		     option) or printing (ell) option).

	      List multicolumn output with entries sorted across  rather  than
	      down the page.

	      The same as
		     except  that  the	current directory and parent directory
		     are not listed.  For a user with appropriate  privileges,
		     this flag defaults to on, and is turned off by

	      List multicolumn output with entries sorted down the columns.

	      After each file name, put one of:

		     ·	A  slash if the file is a directory or a symbolic link
			to a directory.
		     ·	An asterisk if the file is executable;
		     ·	An at-sign if the file is a symbolic link to a file;
		     ·	A vertical bar if the file is a fifo.

		     Under the UNIX 2003 environment (see standards(5)),  with
		     does  not	follow	symbolic links unless the or option is
		     specified.

	      If a symbolic link referencing a file of type directory is spec‐
	      ified
		     on	 the  command line, evaluates the file information and
		     file type to be those of the file referenced by the link,
		     and  not the link itself. However, writes the name of the
		     link itself and not the file referenced by the link.

	      Evaluate the file information and file  type  for	 all  symbolic
	      links
		     (whether  named  on  the command line or encountered in a
		     file hierarchy) to be those of the file referenced by the
		     link,  and not the link itself.  However, writes the name
		     of the link itself and not the  file  referenced  by  the
		     link.   When  is used with write the contents of symbolic
		     links in the long format.

	      Recursively list subdirectories encountered.

	      (one) List the file names in single column format
		     regardless of the output device.  This forces single col‐
		     umn format to the user's terminal.

       Specifying  more	 than  one  of	the  options in the following mutually
       exclusive pairs is not considered an error: and (ell), and  (ell),  and
       (ell), and (one), and and and

       is known by several shorthand-version names for the various formats:

	      is equivalent to
	      is equivalent to
		     (ell)
	      is equivalent to
	      is equivalent to
	      is equivalent to

       The shorthand notations are implemented as links to Option arguments to
       the shorthand versions behave exactly as if the	long  form  above  had
       been  used with the additional arguments.  The mode printed in listings
       produced by the (ell) option consists of 10 characters, for example,

       The first character indicates the entry type:

	      Block special file
	      Character special file
	      Directory
	      Symbolic link
	      Network special file
	      Fifo (also called a "named pipe") special file
	      Socket
	      Ordinary file

       The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three characters
       each  which  identify  access  and execution permissions for the owner,
       group, and others categories, as described in chmod(1).	The  indicates
       the  permission	is  not	 granted.   The various permissions can be put
       together in any combination, except that the and characters  are	 mutu‐
       ally exclusive, as implied below.

	      Read by owner
	      Write by owner
	      Execute  (or  search  directory) by owner; do not set user ID on
	      execution
	      Execute/search by owner; set user ID on execution
	      No execute/search by owner; set user ID on execution
	      Read by group
	      Write by group
	      Execute/search by group; do not set group ID on execution
	      Execute/search by group; set group ID on execution
	      No execute/search by group; set group ID on execution
	      Read by others
	      Write by others
	      Execute/search by others; do not set sticky bit on execution
	      Execute/search by others; set sticky bit on execution
	      No execute/search by others; set sticky bit on execution

       The mode characters are interpreted as follows:

	      Deny all permissions in the corresponding position.

	      Grant read permission to the corresponding user class.

	      Grant write permission to the corresponding user class.

	      Grant execute (or search in directory) permission
		     to the corresponding user class.

	      Grant execute (search)  permission  to  the  corresponding  user
	      class.
		     Execute  the  file as if by the owner (set user ID, SUID)
		     or group (set group ID, SGID), as indicated by position.

	      Deny execute  (search)  permission  to  the  corresponding  user
	      class.
		     Execute  the  file as if by the owner (set user ID, SUID)
		     or group (set group ID, SGID), as indicated by position.

	      Grant execute (search) permission to others.
		     The "sticky" bit  is  set	(see  the  description	of  in
		     chmod(2)).

	      Deny execute (search directory) permission to others.
		     The "sticky" bit is set.

       When  an	 option	 is  specified	that results in a listing of directory
       and/or file sizes in bytes or blocks (such as the or (ell)  option),  a
       total  count  of	 blocks, including indirect blocks, is also printed at
       the beginning of the listing.

   Access Control Lists (ACLs)
       If a file has optional ACL entries, the (ell) option  displays  a  plus
       sign after the file's permissions.  The permissions shown are a summary
       representation of the file's access control list, as returned by in the
       field  (see  stat(2)).  To list the contents of an access control list,
       use the command (see lsacl(1) and acl(5)) for HFS file systems, or  the
       command (see getacl(1) and aclv(5)) for JFS file systems.

EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
       For information about the UNIX standard environment, see standards(5).

   Environment Variables
       If  the	variable  is set, uses the width provided in determining posi‐
       tioning of columnar output.

       determines the locale to use for the locale categories  when  both  and
       the corresponding environment variable (beginning with do not specify a
       locale.	If is not set or is null, it defaults to (see lang(5)).

       determines the order in which the output is sorted.

       determines which characters are classified as nonprinting for  the  and
       options,	 and the interpretation of single- and/or multibyte characters
       within file names.

       determines the date and time strings output by the (ell), and options.

       determines the language in which messages (other than the date and time
       strings) are displayed.

       If  any internationalization variable contains an invalid setting, they
       all default to (see environ(5)).

   International Code Set Support
       Single- and multibyte character code sets are supported.

RETURN VALUE
       exits with one of the following values:

	      All input files were listed successfully.

	      was aborted because errors occurred when accessing files.
		     The following conditions cause an error:

		     ·	Specified file not found.
		     ·	User has no permission to read the directory.
		     ·	Process could not get enough memory.
		     ·	Invalid option specified.

EXAMPLES
       Print a long listing of all the files in the current working  directory
       (including the file sizes).  List the most recently modified (youngest)
       file first, followed by the next older file, and so forth, to the  old‐
       est.  Files whose names begin with a are also printed.

WARNINGS
       Setting	options based on whether the output is a login (tty) device is
       undesirable because is very different from On the other hand, not using
       this setting makes old shell scripts that used almost inevitably fail.

       Nonprinting  characters in file names (without the or option) may cause
       columnar output to be misaligned.

DEPENDENCIES
   NFS
       The (ell) option does not display a plus sign after the access  permis‐
       sion  bits of networked files to represent existence of optional access
       control list entries.

AUTHOR
       was developed by AT&T, the University of California, Berkeley and HP.

FILES
       For group IDs for	     (ell) and
       For user IDs for		     (ell) and
       For terminal information.

SEE ALSO
       chmod(1), find(1), getacl(1), lsacl(1), stat(2), acl(5), aclv(5), stan‐
       dards(5).

STANDARDS CONFORMANCE
									 ls(1)
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