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LS(1P)			   POSIX Programmer's Manual			LS(1P)

PROLOG
       This  manual  page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The Linux
       implementation of this interface may differ (consult the	 corresponding
       Linux  manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may
       not be implemented on Linux.

NAME
       ls — list directory contents

SYNOPSIS
       ls [−ikqrs] [−glno] [−A|−a] [−C|−m|−x|−1] \
	   [−F|−p] [−H|−L] [−R|−d] [−S|−f|−t] [−c|−u] [file...]

DESCRIPTION
       For each operand that names a file of a type other  than	 directory  or
       symbolic	 link  to  a directory, ls shall write the name of the file as
       well as any requested, associated information. For  each	 operand  that
       names  a file of type directory, ls shall write the names of files con‐
       tained within the directory as well as any requested, associated infor‐
       mation.	Filenames  beginning with a <period> ('.')  and any associated
       information shall not be written out unless explicitly referenced,  the
       −A  or  −a  option  is supplied, or an implementation-defined condition
       causes them to be written. If one or more of the −d, −F, or −l  options
       are  specified,	and neither the −H nor the −L option is specified, for
       each operand that names a file of type symbolic link to a directory, ls
       shall  write  the name of the file as well as any requested, associated
       information. If none of the −d, −F, or −l options are specified, or the
       −H  or  −L options are specified, for each operand that names a file of
       type symbolic link to a directory, ls shall write the  names  of	 files
       contained  within  the  directory  as well as any requested, associated
       information. In each case where the names of files contained  within  a
       directory  are  written,	 if  the directory contains any symbolic links
       then ls shall evaluate the file information and file type to  be	 those
       of the symbolic link itself, unless the −L option is specified.

       If no operands are specified, ls shall behave as if a single operand of
       dot ('.')  had been specified. If more than one operand	is  specified,
       ls  shall  write	 non-directory operands first; it shall sort directory
       and  non-directory  operands  separately	 according  to	the  collating
       sequence in the current locale.

       The  ls utility shall detect infinite loops; that is, entering a previ‐
       ously visited directory that is an ancestor of the  last	 file  encoun‐
       tered.	When  it detects an infinite loop, ls shall write a diagnostic
       message to standard error and shall either recover its position in  the
       hierarchy or terminate.

OPTIONS
       The  ls	utility	 shall	conform	 to  the  Base	Definitions  volume of
       POSIX.1‐2008, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.

       The following options shall be supported:

       −A	 Write out all directory entries, including those whose	 names
		 begin	with  a	 <period> ('.')	 but excluding the entries dot
		 and dot-dot (if they exist).

       −C	 Write multi-text-column output with entries sorted  down  the
		 columns,  according  to the collating sequence. The number of
		 text columns and the column separator characters are unspeci‐
		 fied,	but  should  be	 adapted  to  the nature of the output
		 device. This option disables long format output.

       −F	 Do not follow symbolic links named as operands unless the  −H
		 or  −L	 options  are specified. Write a <slash> ('/') immedi‐
		 ately after each pathname that is a directory, an  <asterisk>
		 ('*')	after each that is executable, a <vertical-line> ('|')
		 after each that is a FIFO, and an at-sign  ('@')  after  each
		 that  is a symbolic link. For other file types, other symbols
		 may be written.

       −H	 Evaluate the file information	and  file  type	 for  symbolic
		 links	specified  on the command line to be those of the file
		 referenced by the link, and not the link itself; however,  ls
		 shall write the name of the link itself and not the file ref‐
		 erenced by the link.

       −L	 Evaluate the file information and file type for all  symbolic
		 links	(whether named on the command line or encountered in a
		 file hierarchy) to be those of the  file  referenced  by  the
		 link,	and  not  the link itself; however, ls shall write the
		 name of the link itself and not the file  referenced  by  the
		 link. When −L is used with −l, write the contents of symbolic
		 links in the long format (see the STDOUT section).

       −R	 Recursively list subdirectories encountered. When a  symbolic
		 link  to  a directory is encountered, the directory shall not
		 be recursively listed unless the −L option is specified.  The
		 use of −R with −d or −f produces unspecified results.

       −S	 Sort  with  the  primary  key	being file size (in decreasing
		 order) and the secondary key being filename in the  collating
		 sequence (in increasing order).

       −a	 Write	out all directory entries, including those whose names
		 begin with a <period> ('.').

       −c	 Use time of last modification of the file status  information
		 (see	the   Base   Definitions   volume   of	 POSIX.1‐2008,
		 <sys_stat.h>) instead of last modification of the file itself
		 for sorting (−t) or writing (−l).

       −d	 Do  not follow symbolic links named as operands unless the −H
		 or −L options are specified. Do not treat directories differ‐
		 ently	than other types of files. The use of −d with −R or −f
		 produces unspecified results.

       −f	 List the entries in directory	operands  in  the  order  they
		 appear in the directory. The behavior for non-directory oper‐
		 ands is unspecified. This option shall turn on −a.   When  −f
		 is  specified,	 any occurrences of the −r, −S, and −t options
		 shall be ignored and any occurrences of the −A, −g,  −l,  −n,
		 −o,  and  −s options may be ignored. The use of −f with −R or
		 −d produces unspecified results.

       −g	 Turn on the −l (ell) option, but disable writing  the	file's
		 owner name or number.	Disable the −C, −m, and −x options.

       −i	 For  each  file,  write  the  file's  file serial number (see
		 stat() in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008).

       −k	 Set the block size for the −s option  and  the	 per-directory
		 block	count  written	for the −l, −n, −s, −g, and −o options
		 (see the STDOUT section) to 1024 bytes.

       −l	 (The letter ell.) Do not follow symbolic links named as oper‐
		 ands  unless the −H or −L options are specified. Write out in
		 long format (see the STDOUT section). Disable the −C, −m, and
		 −x options.

       −m	 Stream	 output	 format; list pathnames across the page, sepa‐
		 rated by a <comma> character followed by a <space> character.
		 Use  a	 <newline>  character as the list terminator and after
		 the separator sequence when there is not room on a  line  for
		 the next list entry. This option disables long format output.

       −n	 Turn  on  the	−l  (ell)  option, but when writing the file's
		 owner or group, write the file's numeric UID  or  GID	rather
		 than  the  user  or group name, respectively. Disable the −C,
		 −m, and −x options.

       −o	 Turn on the −l (ell) option, but disable writing  the	file's
		 group name or number.	Disable the −C, −m, and −x options.

       −p	 Write	a  <slash> ('/') after each filename if that file is a
		 directory.

       −q	 Force each instance of non-printable filename characters  and
		 <tab>	characters  to be written as the <question-mark> ('?')
		 character. Implementations may provide this option by default
		 if the output is to a terminal device.

       −r	 Reverse  the  order  of  the  sort  to	 get reverse collating
		 sequence oldest first, or smallest file size first  depending
		 on the other options given.

       −s	 Indicate  the	total number of file system blocks consumed by
		 each file displayed. If the −k option is also specified,  the
		 block	size shall be 1024 bytes; otherwise, the block size is
		 implementation-defined.

       −t	 Sort with the primary key being time modified (most  recently
		 modified  first)  and the secondary key being filename in the
		 collating sequence.  For a symbolic link, the	time  used  as
		 the  sort  key is that of the symbolic link itself, unless ls
		 is evaluating its file information to be  that	 of  the  file
		 referenced by the link (see the −H and −L options).

       −u	 Use  time  of last access (see the Base Definitions volume of
		 POSIX.1‐2008, <sys_stat.h>) instead of last  modification  of
		 the file for sorting (−t) or writing (−l).

       −x	 The  same  as −C, except that the multi-text-column output is
		 produced with entries sorted across, rather  than  down,  the
		 columns. This option disables long format output.

       −1	 (The  numeric	digit  one.)  Force output to be one entry per
		 line.	This option does not disable long format output. (Long
		 format	 output	 is  enabled  by −g, −l (ell), −n, and −o; and
		 disabled by −C, −m, and −x.)

       If an option that enables long format output (−g, −l (ell), −n, and  −o
       is  given  with an option that disables long format output (−C, −m, and
       −x), this shall not be considered an error. The last of	these  options
       specified shall determine whether long format output is written.

       If  −R,	−d, or −f are specified, the results of specifying these mutu‐
       ally-exclusive options are  specified  by  the  descriptions  of	 these
       options	above.	If  more than one of any of the other options shown in
       the SYNOPSIS section in mutually-exclusive sets are given,  this	 shall
       not be considered an error; the last option specified in each set shall
       determine the output.

       Note that if −t is specified, −c and −u are not only mutually-exclusive
       with  each  other, they are also mutually-exclusive with −S when deter‐
       mining sort order. But even if −S is specified after all occurrences of
       −c,  −t,	 and  −u,  the	last  use of −c or −u determines the timestamp
       printed when producing long format output.

OPERANDS
       The following operand shall be supported:

       file	 A pathname of a file to be written. If the file specified  is
		 not  found,  a diagnostic message shall be output on standard
		 error.

STDIN
       Not used.

INPUT FILES
       None.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       The following environment variables shall affect the execution of ls:

       COLUMNS	 Determine the user's  preferred  column  position  width  for
		 writing  multiple  text-column	 output. If this variable con‐
		 tains a string representing a decimal integer, the ls utility
		 shall	calculate how many pathname text columns to write (see
		 −C) based on the width provided. If COLUMNS  is  not  set  or
		 invalid, an implementation-defined number of column positions
		 shall be assumed, based on the implementation's knowledge  of
		 the output device. The column width chosen to write the names
		 of files in any given directory shall be constant.  Filenames
		 shall	not  be truncated to fit into the multiple text-column
		 output.

       LANG	 Provide a default value for  the  internationalization	 vari‐
		 ables	that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions vol‐
		 ume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 8.2, Internationalization	 Vari‐
		 ables	for  the  precedence of internationalization variables
		 used to determine the values of locale categories.)

       LC_ALL	 If set to a non-empty string value, override  the  values  of
		 all the other internationalization variables.

       LC_COLLATE
		 Determine  the	 locale for character collation information in
		 determining the pathname collation sequence.

       LC_CTYPE	 Determine the locale for the interpretation of	 sequences  of
		 bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
		 opposed to multi-byte	characters  in	arguments)  and	 which
		 characters are defined as printable (character class print).

       LC_MESSAGES
		 Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format
		 and contents  of  diagnostic  messages	 written  to  standard
		 error.

       LC_TIME	 Determine  the	 format and contents for date and time strings
		 written by ls.

       NLSPATH	 Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing
		 of LC_MESSAGES.

       TZ	 Determine  the	 timezone for date and time strings written by
		 ls.  If TZ is unset or null, an unspecified default  timezone
		 shall be used.

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
       Default.

STDOUT
       The default format shall be to list one entry per line to standard out‐
       put; the exceptions are to terminals or when one of the −C, −m,	or  −x
       options	is  specified.	If  the output is to a terminal, the format is
       implementation-defined.

       When −m is specified, the format used for the last element of the  list
       shall be:

	   "%s\n", <filename>

       The format used for each other element of the list shall be:

	   "%s,%s", <filename>, <separator>

       where,  if  there  is  not room for the next element of the list to fit
       within the current line length, <separator> is a string	containing  an
       optional	 <space> character and a mandatory <newline> character; other‐
       wise it is a single <space> character.

       If the −i option is specified, the file's file serial number  (see  the
       Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, <sys_stat.h>) shall be written
       in the following format before any other output for  the	 corresponding
       entry:

	   %u ", <file serial number>

       If the −l option is specified, the following information shall be writ‐
       ten for files other than character special and block special files:

	   "%s %u %s %s %u %s %s\n", <file mode>, <number of links>,
	       <owner name>, <group name>, <size>, <date and time>,
	       <pathname>

       If the −l option is specified, the following information shall be writ‐
       ten for character special and block special files:

	   "%s %u %s %s %s %s %s\n", <file mode>, <number of links>,
	       <owner name>, <group name>, <device info>, <date and time>,
	       <pathname>

       In  both cases if the file is a symbolic link and the −L option is also
       specified, this information shall be for the  file  resolved  from  the
       symbolic link, except that the <pathname> field shall contain the path‐
       name of the symbolic link itself. If the file is a  symbolic  link  and
       the  −L	option	is  not specified, this information shall be about the
       link itself and the <pathname> field shall be of the form:

	   "%s −> %s", <pathname of link>, <contents of link>

       The −n, −g, and −o options use the same format as −l, but with  omitted
       items and their associated <blank> characters. See the OPTIONS section.

       In  both the preceding −l forms, if <owner name> or <group name> cannot
       be determined, or if −n is given, they shall  be	 replaced  with	 their
       associated numeric values using the format %u.

       The <size> field shall contain the value that would be returned for the
       file in the st_size field of struct stat (see the Base Definitions vol‐
       ume of POSIX.1‐2008, <sys_stat.h>).  Note that for some file types this
       value is unspecified.

       The <device info> field shall contain  implementation-defined  informa‐
       tion associated with the device in question.

       The  <date and time> field shall contain the appropriate date and time‐
       stamp of when the file was last modified.  In  the  POSIX  locale,  the
       field  shall be the equivalent of the output of the following date com‐
       mand:

	   date "+%b %e %H:%M"

       if the file has been modified in the last six months, or:

	   date "+%b %e %Y"

       (where two <space> characters are used between %e and %Y) if  the  file
       has  not	 been  modified	 in the last six months or if the modification
       date is in the future, except that, in both cases, the final  <newline>
       produced	 by  date  shall not be included and the output shall be as if
       the date command were executed at the time  of  the  last  modification
       date  of the file rather than the current time. When the LC_TIME locale
       category is not set to the POSIX locale, a different format  and	 order
       of presentation of this field may be used.

       If the pathname was specified as a file operand, it shall be written as
       specified.

       The file mode written under the −l, −n, −g, and −o options  shall  con‐
       sist of the following format:

	   "%c%s%s%s%s", <entry type>, <owner permissions>,
	       <group permissions>, <other permissions>,
	       <optional alternate access method flag>

       The  <optional alternate access method flag>  shall be the empty string
       if there is no alternate or additional access control method associated
       with  the  file;	 otherwise,  it	 shall be a string containing a single
       printable character that is not a <blank>.

       The <entry type> character shall describe the type of file, as follows:

       d       Directory.

       b       Block special file.

       c       Character special file.

       l (ell) Symbolic link.

       p       FIFO.

       −       Regular file.

       Implementations may add other characters	 to  this  list	 to  represent
       other implementation-defined file types.

       The next three fields shall be three characters each:

       <owner permissions>
	     Permissions  for  the  file owner class (see the Base Definitions
	     volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 4.4, File Access Permissions).

       <group permissions>
	     Permissions for the file group class.

       <other permissions>
	     Permissions for the file other class.

       Each field shall have three character positions:

	1. If 'r', the file is readable; if '−', the file is not readable.

	2. If 'w', the file is writable; if '−', the file is not writable.

	3. The first of the following that applies:

	   S	 If in <owner permissions>, the file  is  not  executable  and
		 set-user-ID  mode is set. If in <group permissions>, the file
		 is not executable and set-group-ID mode is set.

	   s	 If in <owner permissions>, the file is	 executable  and  set-
		 user-ID  mode	is set. If in <group permissions>, the file is
		 executable and set-group-ID mode is set.

	   T	 If in <other permissions> and the file is a directory, search
		 permission is not granted to others, and the restricted dele‐
		 tion flag is set.

	   t	 If in <other permissions> and the file is a directory, search
		 permission  is granted to others, and the restricted deletion
		 flag is set.

	   x	 The file is executable or the directory is searchable.

	   −	 None of the attributes of 'S', 's', 'T', 't', or 'x' applies.

	   Implementations may add other characters to this list for the third
	   character  position.	 Such  additions shall, however, be written in
	   lowercase if the file is executable or searchable, and in uppercase
	   if it is not.

       If  any of the −l, −n, −s, −g, or −o options is specified, each list of
       files within the directory shall be preceded by a status line  indicat‐
       ing the number of file system blocks occupied by files in the directory
       in 512-byte units if the −k option is not specified, or 1024-byte units
       if  the	−k option is specified, rounded up to the next integral number
       of units, if necessary. In the POSIX locale, the format shall be:

	   "total %u\n", <number of units in the directory>

       If more than one directory, or a combination of non-directory files and
       directories  are written, either as a result of specifying multiple op‐
       erands, or the −R option, each list of files within a  directory	 shall
       be preceded by:

	   "\n%s:\n", <directory name>

       If  this	 string	 is the first thing to be written, the first <newline>
       shall not be written. This output shall precede the number of units  in
       the directory.

       If  the	−s option is given, each file shall be written with the number
       of blocks used by the file. Along with −C, −1, −m, or  −x,  the	number
       and  a <space> shall precede the filename; with −l, −n, −g, or −o, they
       shall precede each line describing a file.

STDERR
       The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

OUTPUT FILES
       None.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
       None.

EXIT STATUS
       The following exit values shall be returned:

	0    Successful completion.

       >0    An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
       Default.

       The following sections are informative.

APPLICATION USAGE
       Many implementations use the  <equals-sign>  ('=')  to  denote  sockets
       bound  to the file system for the −F option. Similarly, many historical
       implementations use the 's' character to denote sockets	as  the	 entry
       type characters for the −l option.

       It  is difficult for an application to use every part of the file modes
       field of ls −l in a portable manner. Certain file types and  executable
       bits  are not guaranteed to be exactly as shown, as implementations may
       have extensions. Applications can use this field to pass directly to  a
       user  printout or prompt, but actions based on its contents should gen‐
       erally be deferred, instead, to the test utility.

       The output of ls (with the −l and related options) contains information
       that  logically	could  be used by utilities such as chmod and touch to
       restore files to a known state. However, this information is  presented
       in  a format that cannot be used directly by those utilities or be eas‐
       ily translated into a format that can be used.  A  character  has  been
       added  to  the  end  of	the permissions string so that applications at
       least have an indication that they may be working in an	area  they  do
       not  understand instead of assuming that they can translate the permis‐
       sions string into something  that  can  be  used.  Future  versions  or
       related documents may define one or more specific characters to be used
       based on different standard additional or  alternative  access  control
       mechanisms.

       As  with	 many of the utilities that deal with filenames, the output of
       ls for multiple files or in one of the long  listing  formats  must  be
       used  carefully	on  systems where filenames can contain embedded white
       space. Systems and system administrators should institute policies  and
       user training to limit the use of such filenames.

       The  number  of disk blocks occupied by the file that it reports varies
       depending on underlying file system type, block	size  units  reported,
       and the method of calculating the number of blocks. On some file system
       types, the number is the actual number of blocks occupied by  the  file
       (counting indirect blocks and ignoring holes in the file); on others it
       is calculated based on the file size (usually making an	allowance  for
       indirect blocks, but ignoring holes).

EXAMPLES
       An example of a small directory tree being fully listed with ls −laRF a
       in the POSIX locale:

	   total 11
	   drwxr-xr-x	3 fox	   prog		 64 Jul	 4 12:07 ./
	   drwxrwxrwx	4 fox	   prog	       3264 Jul	 4 12:09 ../
	   drwxr-xr-x	2 fox	   prog		 48 Jul	 4 12:07 b/
	   -rwxr--r--	1 fox	   prog		572 Jul	 4 12:07 foo*

	   a/b:
	   total 4
	   drwxr-xr-x	2 fox	   prog		 48 Jul	 4 12:07 ./
	   drwxr-xr-x	3 fox	   prog		 64 Jul	 4 12:07 ../
	   -rw-r--r--	1 fox	   prog		700 Jul	 4 12:07 bar

RATIONALE
       Some historical implementations of the ls utility show all entries in a
       directory  except  dot  and dot-dot when a superuser invokes ls without
       specifying the −a option. When ``normal'' users invoke ls without spec‐
       ifying  −a,  they should not see information about any files with names
       beginning with a <period> unless they were named as file operands.

       Implementations are expected to traverse arbitrary depths when process‐
       ing the −R option. The only limitation on depth should be based on run‐
       ning out of physical storage for keeping track of untraversed  directo‐
       ries.

       The  −1	(one)  option  was  historically  found in BSD and BSD-derived
       implementations only. It is required in this volume of POSIX.1‐2008  so
       that  conforming applications might ensure that output is one entry per
       line, even if the output is to a terminal.

       The −S option was added in Issue 7, but had been	 provided  by  several
       implementations	for  many years. The description given in the standard
       documents historic practice, but does not match much of the  documenta‐
       tion  that  described  its behavior. Historical documentation typically
       described it as something like:

       −S	 Sort by size (largest size first) instead of by name. Special
		 character devices (listed last) are sorted by name.

       even though the file type was never considered when sorting the output.
       Character special files do typically sort close to the end of the  list
       because	their  file size on most implementations is zero. But they are
       sorted alphabetically with any other files that happen to have the same
       file size (zero), not sorted separately and added to the end.

       This  volume  of	 POSIX.1‐2008  is frequently silent about what happens
       when mutually-exclusive options are specified. Except for −R,  −d,  and
       −f,  the	 ls  utility  is required to accept multiple options from each
       mutually-exclusive option set without treating them as  errors  and  to
       use  the	 behavior specified by the last option given in each mutually-
       exclusive set. Since ls is one of the  most  aliased  commands,	it  is
       important  that the implementation perform intuitively. For example, if
       the alias were:

	   alias ls="ls −C"

       and the user  typed  ls	−1  (one),  single-text-column	output	should
       result, not an error.

       The  −g,	 −l  (ell),  −n,  and  −o  options  are not mutually-exclusive
       options. They all enable long format  output.  They  work  together  to
       determine  whether  the	file's owner is written (no if −g is present),
       file's group is written (no if −o is present), and if the file's	 group
       or  owner  is  written whether it is written as the name (default) or a
       string representation of the UID or GID number (if −n is present).  The
       −C,  −m,	 −x, and −1 (one) are mutually-exclusive options and the first
       three of these disable long format output. The −1 (one) option does not
       directly	 change	 whether  or not long format output is enabled, but by
       overriding −C, −m, and −x, it can re-enable long format output that had
       been disabled by one of these options.

       Earlier	versions  of  this standard did not describe the BSD −A option
       (like −a, but dot and dot-dot are not written out). It has  been	 added
       due to widespread implementation.

       Implementations may make −q the default for terminals to prevent trojan
       horse attacks on terminals with special escape sequences.  This is  not
       required because:

	*  Some	 control characters may be useful on some terminals; for exam‐
	   ple, a system might write them as "\001" or "^A".

	*  Special behavior for terminals  is  not  relevant  to  applications
	   portability.

       An    early    proposal	  specified    that    the    <optional alter‐
       nate access method flag> had to be '+' if there was an alternate access
       method  used  on the file or <space> if there was not. This was changed
       to be <space> if there is not and a single printable character if there
       is. This was done for three reasons:

	1. There  are  historical  implementations using characters other than
	   '+'.

	2. There are implementations that vary this  character	used  in  that
	   position to distinguish between various alternate access methods in
	   use.

	3. The standard developers did not want to preclude future  specifica‐
	   tions  that	might  need  a	way to specify more than one alternate
	   access method.

       Nonetheless, implementations providing a single alternate access method
       are encouraged to use '+'.

       Earlier	versions  of  this  standard did not have the −k option, which
       meant that the −s option could not be used portably as its  block  size
       was implementation-defined, and the units used to specify the number of
       blocks occupied by files in a directory in an ls −l listing were	 fixed
       as  512-byte  units.  The −k option has been added to provide a way for
       the −s option to be used portably, and for consistency it also  changes
       the aforementioned units from 512-byte to 1024-byte.

       The  <date and time>  field  in the −l format is specified only for the
       POSIX locale. As noted, the format can be different in  other  locales.
       No   mechanism	for  defining  this  is	 present  in  this  volume  of
       POSIX.1‐2008, as the appropriate vehicle is a  messaging	 system;  that
       is, the format should be specified as a ``message''.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS
       Allowing	 −f  to	 ignore	 the −A, −g, −l, −n, −o, and −s options may be
       removed in a future version.

SEE ALSO
       chmod, find

       The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 4.4,  File	Access
       Permissions,  Chapter  8,  Environment Variables, Section 12.2, Utility
       Syntax Guidelines, <sys_stat.h>

       The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008, fstatat()

COPYRIGHT
       Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in  electronic  form
       from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
       -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX),	The  Open  Group  Base
       Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of Electri‐
       cal and Electronics Engineers,  Inc  and	 The  Open  Group.   (This  is
       POSIX.1-2008  with  the	2013  Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the
       event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
       The  Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
       is the referee document. The original Standard can be  obtained	online
       at http://www.unix.org/online.html .

       Any  typographical  or  formatting  errors that appear in this page are
       most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the source
       files  to  man page format. To report such errors, see https://www.ker‐
       nel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .

IEEE/The Open Group		     2013				LS(1P)
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