ls man page on SmartOS

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LS(1)									 LS(1)

NAME
       ls - list contents of directory

SYNOPSIS
       /usr/bin/ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHiklLmnopqrRsStuUwvVx1@]
	    [-/ c | v] [-% atime | crtime | ctime | mtime | all]
	    [--block-size size] [--color[=when]] [--file-type]
	    [--si] [--time-style style] [file]...

       /usr/xpg4/bin/ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHiklLmnopqrRsStuUwvVx1@]
	    [-/ c | v] [-% atime | crtime | ctime | mtime | all]
	    [--block-size size] [--color[=when]] [--file-type]
	    [--si] [--time-style style] [file]...

       /usr/xpg6/bin/ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHiklLmnopqrRsStuUwvVx1@]
	    [-/ c | v] [-% atime | crtime | ctime | mtime | all]
	    [--block-size size] [--color[=when]] [--file-type]
	    [--si] [--time-style style] [file]...

DESCRIPTION
       For  each file that is a directory, ls lists the contents of the direc‐
       tory. For each file that is an ordinary file, ls repeats its  name  and
       any other information requested. The output is sorted alphabetically by
       default. When no argument  is  given,  the  current  directory  (.)  is
       listed.	When  several  arguments  are  given,  the arguments are first
       sorted appropriately, but file arguments appear before directories  and
       their contents.

       There  are  three  major listing formats. The default format for output
       directed to a terminal is multi−column with  entries  sorted  down  the
       columns.	 The  -1  option  allows  single  column output and -m enables
       stream output format. In order to determine output formats for the  -C,
       -x, and -m options, ls uses an environment variable, COLUMNS, to deter‐
       mine the number of character positions available on one output line. If
       this variable is not set, the terminfo(4) database is used to determine
       the number of columns, based on the environment variable, TERM. If this
       information  cannot  be	obtained,  80  columns	are assumed. If the -w
       option is used, the argument overrides any other column width.

       The mode printed when the -e, -E, -g, -l, -n, -o, -v, -V, or -@	option
       is  in effect consists of eleven characters. The first character can be
       one of the following:

       d

	   The entry is a directory.

       D

	   The entry is a door.

       l

	   The entry is a symbolic link.

       b

	   The entry is a block special file.

       c

	   The entry is a character special file.

       p

	   The entry is a FIFO (or "named pipe") special file.

       P

	   The entry is an event port.

       s

	   The entry is an AF_UNIX address family socket.

       −

	   The entry is an ordinary file.

       The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three bits each.
       The  first  set	refers to the owner's permissions; the next to permis‐
       sions of others in the user-group of the file; and the last to all oth‐
       ers. Within each set, the three characters indicate permission to read,
       to write, and to execute the file as a  program,	 respectively.	For  a
       directory,  execute  permission	is  interpreted	 to mean permission to
       search the directory for a specified file.  The character after permis‐
       sions is an ACL or extended attributes indicator.  This character is an
       @ if extended attributes are associated with the file and the -@ option
       is in effect. Otherwise, this character is a plus sign (+) character if
       a non-trivial ACL is associated with the file or a space	 character  if
       not.

       If  -/ and/or -% are in effect, then the extended system attributes are
       printed when filesystem supports extended system attributes.  The  dis‐
       play looks as follows:

	 $ls -/ c  file
	 -rw-r--r--   1 root	 root		0 May 10 14:17 file
			 {AHRSadim-u}

	 $ls -/ v file
	 -rw-r--r--   1 root	 root		0 May 10 14:17 file
			 {archive,hidden,readonly,system,appendonly\
			  nodump,immutable, av_modified,\
			  noav_quarantined,nounlink}

	 $ls -l -% all file
	 -rw-r--r--   1 root	 root		0 May 10 14:17 file
			 timestamp: atime    Jun 25 12:56:44 2007
			 timestamp: ctime    May 10 14:20:23 2007
			 timestamp: mtime    May 10 14:17:56 2007
			 timestamp: crtime   May 10 14:17:56 2007

       See the option descriptions of the -/ and -% option for details.

       ls  -l  (the  long  list)  prints  its  output as follows for the POSIX
       locale:

	 -rwxrwxrwx+ 1 smith dev   10876  May 16 9:42 part2

       Reading from right to left, you see that the  current  directory	 holds
       one  file,  named  part2. Next, the last time that file's contents were
       modified was 9:42 A.M. on May 16. The file contains 10,876  characters,
       or bytes.  The owner of the file, or the user, belongs to the group dev
       (perhaps indicating development), and his or her login name  is	smith.
       The number, in this case 1, indicates the number of links to file part2
       (see cp(1)). The plus sign indicates that there is  an  ACL  associated
       with  the  file.	 If  the -@ option has been specified, the presence of
       extended attributes supersede the presence of an ACL and the plus  sign
       is  replaced  with an 'at' sign (@). Finally, the dash and letters tell
       you that user, group, and others have permissions to read,  write,  and
       execute part2.

       The execute (x) symbol occupies the third position of the three-charac‐
       ter sequence. A − in the third position would have indicated  a	denial
       of execution permissions.

       The permissions are indicated as follows:

       r

	   The file is readable.

       w

	   The file is writable.

       x

	   The file is executable.

       −

	   The indicated permission is not granted.

       s

	   The	set-user-ID  or	 set-group-ID bit is on, and the corresponding
	   user or group execution bit is also on.

       S

	   Undefined bit-state (the set-user-ID or set-group-id bit is on  and
	   the	user  or  group	 execution bit is off). For group permissions,
	   this applies only to non-regular files.

       t

	   The 1000 (octal) bit, or sticky bit, is on (see chmod(1)), and exe‐
	   cution is on.

       T

	   The	1000  bit  is  turned on, and execution is off (undefined bit-
	   state).

   /usr/bin/ls
       l

	   Mandatory locking occurs during access (on a regular file, the set-
	   group-ID bit is on and the group execution bit is off).

   /usr/xpg4/bin/ls and /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
       L

	   Mandatory locking occurs during access (on a regular file, the set-
	   group-ID bit is on and the group execution bit is off).

       For user and group permissions, the third position is  sometimes	 occu‐
       pied  by	 a  character  other  than x or -. s or S also can occupy this
       position, referring to the state of the set-ID bit, whether it  be  the
       user's  or  the	group's. The ability to assume the same ID as the user
       during execution is, for example, used during login when you  begin  as
       root but need to assume the identity of the user you login as.

       In  the	case  of  the  sequence of group permissions, l can occupy the
       third position. l refers to mandatory file  and	record	locking.  This
       permission  describes a file's ability to allow other files to lock its
       reading or writing permissions during access.

       For others permissions, the third position can be occupied by t	or  T.
       These refer to the state of the sticky bit and execution permissions.

   Color Output
       If  color  output  is  enabled,	the  environment variable LS_COLORS is
       checked.	 If it exists, it's contents are used to  control  the	colors
       used  to display filenames.  If it is not set, a default list of colors
       is used. The format of LS_COLORS is a colon separated list of attribute
       specifications. Each attribute specification is of the format

	 filespec=attr[;attr..]

       filespec	 is either of the form *.SUFFIX, for example, *.jar or *.Z, or
       one of the following file types:

       no

	   Normal file

       fi

	   Regular file

       di

	   Directory

       ln

	   Symbolic link

       pi

	   FIFO or named pipe

       so

	   Socket

       do

	   Door file

       bd

	   Block device

       cd

	   Character device

       ex

	   Execute bit (either user, group, or other) set

       po

	   Event port

       st

	   Sticky bit set

       or

	   Orphaned symlink

       sg

	   setgid binary

       su

	   setuid binary

       ow

	   world writable

       tw

	   Sticky bit and world writable

       attr is a semicolon delimited list  of  color  and  display  attributes
       which are combined to determine the final output color. Any combination
       of attr values can be specified. Possible attr values are:

       00

	   All attributes off (default terminal color)

       01

	   Display text in bold

       04

	   Display text with an underscore

       05

	   Display text in bold

       07

	   Display text with foreground and background colors reversed

       08

	   Display using concealed text.

       One of the following values can be chosen. If multiple values are spec‐
       ified, the last specified value is used.

       30

	   Set foreground to black.

       31

	   Set foreground to red.

       32

	   Set foreground to green.

       33

	   Set foreground to yellow.

       34

	   Set foreground to blue.

       35

	   Set foreground to magenta (purple).

	   Set foreground to .

       36

	   Set foreground to cyan.

       37

	   Set foreground to white.

       39

	   Set foreground to default terminal color.

       One  of	the  following can be specified. If multiple values are speci‐
       fied, the last value specified is used.

       40

	   Set foreground to black.

       41

	   Set foreground to red.

       42

	   Set foreground to green.

       43

	   Set foreground to yellow.

       44

	   Set foreground to blue.

       45

	   Set foreground to magenta (purple).

       46

	   Set foreground to cyan.

       47

	   Set foreground to white.

       49

	   Set foreground to default terminal color.

       On some terminals, setting the bold  attribute  causes  the  foreground
       colors  to be high-intensity, that is, brighter. In such cases the low-
       intensity yellow is often displayed as a brown or orange color.

       At least one attribute must be listed for a file specification.

       The appropriate color codes are chosen by selecting the	most  specific
       match,  starting	 with  the  file suffixes and proceeding with the file
       types until a match is found. The no (normal  file)  type  matches  any
       file.

OPTIONS
       The following options are supported:

   /usr/bin/ls, /usr/xpg4/bin/ls, and /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
       The following options are supported for all three versions:

       -a
       --all

	   Lists all entries, including those that begin with a dot (.), which
	   are normally not listed.

       -A
       --almost-all

	   Lists all entries, including those that begin with a dot (.),  with
	   the exception of the working directory (.) and the parent directory
	   (..).

       -b
       --escape

	   Forces printing of non-printable characters to be in the octal \ddd
	   notation.

       -B
       --ignore-backups

	   Do not display any files ending with a tilde (~).

       -c

	   Uses	 time  of  last modification of the i-node (file created, mode
	   changed, and so forth) for sorting (-t) or printing (-l or -n).

       -C

	   Multi-column output with entries sorted down the columns.  This  is
	   the default output format.

       -d

	   If  an  argument  is a directory, lists only its name (not its con‐
	   tents). Often used with -l to get the status of a directory.

       -e

	   The same as -l, except displays time to the second,	and  with  one
	   format for all files regardless of age: mmm dd hh:mm:ss yyyy.

       -E

	   The same as -l, except displays time to the nanosecond and with one
	   format   for	  all	files	regardless    of    age:    yyyy-mm-dd
	   hh:mm:ss.nnnnnnnnn (ISO 8601:2000 format).

	   In  addition,  this	option	displays  the  offset  from UTC in ISO
	   8601:2000 standard format (+hhmm or -hhmm) or no characters if  the
	   offset is indeterminable. The offset reflects the appropriate stan‐
	   dard or alternate offset in force at the file's displayed date  and
	   time, under the current timezone.

       -f

	   Forces  each argument to be interpreted as a directory and list the
	   name found in each slot. This option turns off -l, -t, -s, -S,  and
	   -r, and turns on -a. The order is the order in which entries appear
	   in the directory.

       -F
       --classify

	   Append a symbol after certain types of files to indicate  the  file
	   type. The following symbols are used:

	   /

	       Directory

	   >

	       Door file

	   |

	       Named pipe (FIFO)

	   @

	       Symbolic link

	   =

	       Socket

	   *

	       Executable

       -g

	   The same as -l, except that the owner is not printed.

       -h
       --human-readable

	   All	sizes are scaled to a human readable format, for example, 14K,
	   234M, 2.7G, or 3.0T. Scaling is done by  repetitively  dividing  by
	   1024. The last --si or -h option determines the divisor used.

       -H
       --dereference-command-line

	   If an argument is a symbolic link that references a directory, this
	   option evaluates the file information and file type of  the	direc‐
	   tory	 that  the  link  references,  rather  than  those of the link
	   itself. However, the name of the link is displayed, rather than the
	   referenced directory.

       -i
       --inode

	   For	each file, prints the i-node number in the first column of the
	   report.

       -k

	   All sizes are printed in kbytes. Equivalent to --block-size=1024.

       -l

	   Lists in long format, giving mode, ACL indication, number of links,
	   owner, group, size in bytes, and time of last modification for each
	   file (see above). If the file is a special  file,  the  size	 field
	   instead contains the major and minor device numbers. If the time of
	   last modification is greater than six months ago, it	 is  shown  in
	   the format `month date year' for the POSIX locale. When the LC_TIME
	   locale category is not set to the POSIX locale, a different	format
	   of  the  time  field	 can be used. Files modified within six months
	   show `month date time'. If the file is a symbolic link,  the	 file‐
	   name is printed followed by "→" and the path name of the referenced
	   file.

       -L
       --dereference

	   If an argument is a symbolic link, this option evaluates  the  file
	   information	and  file  type of the file or directory that the link
	   references, rather than those of the link itself. However, the name
	   of the link is displayed, rather than the referenced file or direc‐
	   tory.

       -m

	   Streams output format. Files are listed across the page,  separated
	   by commas.

       -n
       --numeric-uid-gid

	   The same as -l, except that the owner's UID and group's GID numbers
	   are printed, rather than the associated character strings.

       -o
       --no-group

	   The same as -l, except that the group is not printed.

       -p

	   Puts a slash (/) after each filename if the file is a directory.

       -q
       --hide-control-chars

	   Forces printing of non-printable characters in file	names  as  the
	   character question mark (?).

       -r
       --reverse

	   Reverses the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic, oldest first,
	   or smallest file size first as appropriate.

       -R
       --recursive

	   Recursively lists subdirectories encountered.

       -s
       --size

	   Indicate the total number of file system blocks  consumed  by  each
	   file displayed.

       -S

	   Sort by file size (in decreasing order) and for files with the same
	   size by file name (in increasing alphabetic order) instead of  just
	   by name.

       -t

	   Sorts  by time stamp (latest first) instead of by name. The default
	   is the last modification time. See -c, -u and -%.

       -u

	   Uses time of last access instead of last modification  for  sorting
	   (with the -t option) or printing (with the -l option).

       -U

	   Output is unsorted.

       -v

	   The same as -l, except that verbose ACL information is displayed as
	   well as the -l output. ACL information is  displayed	 even  if  the
	   file or directory doesn't have an ACL.

       -V

	   The	same  as  -l, except that compact ACL information is displayed
	   after the -l output.

	   The -V option is only applicable to file systems that support NFSv4
	   ACLs, such as the Solaris ZFS file system.

	   The format of the displayed ACL is as follows:

	     entry_type : permissions : inheritance_flags : access_type

	   entry_type is displayed as one of the following:

	   user:username

	       Additional user access for username.

	   group:groupname

	       Additional group access for group groupname.

	   owner@

	       File owner.

	   group@

	       File group owner.

	   everyone@

	       Everyone	 access,  including  file  owner and file group owner.
	       This is not equivalent to the POSIX other class.

	   The following permissions, supported by the NFSv4  ACL  model,  are
	   displayed by using the -v or -V options:

	   read_data (r)

	       Permission to read the data of a file.

	   list_directory (r)

	       Permission to list the contents of a directory.

	   write_data (w)

	       Permission to modify a file's data. anywhere in the file's off‐
	       set range.

	   add_file (w)

	       Permission to add a new file to a directory.

	   append_data (p)

	       The ability to modify a file's data, but only starting at EOF.

	   add_subdirectory (p)

	       Permission to create a subdirectory to a directory.

	   read_xattr (R)

	       Ability to read the extended attributes of a file.

	   write_xattr (W)

	       Ability to create extended attributes or write to the  extended
	       attribute directory.

	   execute (x)

	       Permission to execute a file.

	   read_attributes (a)

	       The ability to read basic attributes (non-ACLs) of a file.

	   write_attributes (A)

	       Permission to change the times associated with a file or direc‐
	       tory to an arbitrary value.

	   delete (d)

	       Permission to delete a file.

	   delete_child (D)

	       Permission to delete a file within a directory.

	   read_acl (c)

	       Permission to read the ACL of a file.

	   write_acl (C)

	       Permission to write the ACL of a file.

	   write_owner (o)

	       Permission to change the owner of a file.

	   synchronize (s)

	       Permission to access file locally at  server  with  synchronize
	       reads and writes.

	   -

	       No permission granted

	   The	following inheritance flags, supported by the NFSv4 ACL model,
	   are displayed by using the -v or -V options:

	   file_inherit (f)

	       Inherit to all newly created files.

	   dir_inherit (d)

	       Inherit to all newly created directories.

	   inherit_only (i)

	       When placed on a directory, do not apply to the directory, only
	       to newly created files and directories. This flag requires that
	       either file_inherit and or dir_inherit is also specified.

	   no_propagate (n)

	       Indicates that ACL entries should be inherited to objects in  a
	       directory,  but	inheritance  should  stop after descending one
	       level. This flag is dependent upon either file_inherit  and  or
	       dir_inherit also being specified.

	   successful_access (S)

	       Indicates  if an alarm or audit record should be initiated upon
	       successful accesses. Used with audit/alarm ACE types.

	   failed_access (F)

	       Indicates if an alarm or audit record should be initiated  when
	       access fails.  Used with audit/alarm ACE types.

	   inherited (I)

	       ACE was inherited.

	   -

	       No permission granted.

	   access_type is displayed as one of the following types:

	   alarm
		    Permission	field  that  specifies permissions that should
		    trigger an alarm.

	   allow
		    Permission field that specifies allow permissions.

	   audit
		    Permission field that specifies permissions that should be
		    audited.

	   deny
		    Permission field that specifies deny permissions.

	   For example:

	     $ ls -dV /sandbox/dir.1
	       drwxr-xr-x+  2 root     root	      2 Jan 17 15:09 dir.1
			       user:marks:r-------------:fd-----:allow
				   owner@:--------------:-------:deny
				   owner@:rwxp---A-W-Co-:-------:allow
				   group@:-w-p----------:-------:deny
				   group@:r-x-----------:-------:allow
				everyone@:-w-p---A-W-Co-:-------:deny
				everyone@:r-x---a-R-c--s:-------:allow
	     $
					||||||||||||||||:||||||+ inherited access
					  ||||||||||||||:||||||+ failed access
					  ||||||||||||||:|||||+--success access
					  ||||||||||||||:||||+-- no propagate
					  ||||||||||||||:|||+--- inherit only
					  ||||||||||||||:||+---- directory inherit
					  ||||||||||||||:|+----- file inherit
					  ||||||||||||||
					  ||||||||||||||+ sync
					  |||||||||||||+- change owner
					  ||||||||||||+-- write ACL
					  |||||||||||+--- read ACL
					  ||||||||||+---- write extended attributes
					  |||||||||+----- read extended attributes
					  ||||||||+------ write attributes
					  |||||||+------- read attributes
					  ||||||+-------- delete child
					  |||||+--------- delete
					  ||||+---------- append
					  |||+----------- execute
					  ||+------------ write data
					  |+------------- read data

       -w cols
       --width cols

	   Multi-column output where the column width is forced to cols.

       -x

	   Multi-column output with entries sorted across rather than down the
	   page.

       -1

	   Prints one entry per line of output.

       -@

	   The same as -l, except that extended	 attribute  information	 over‐
	   rides  ACL information. An @ is displayed after the file permission
	   bits for files that have extended attributes.

       -c | -v

	   The same as -l,  and	 in  addition  displays	 the  extended	system
	   attributes associated with the file when extended system attributes
	   are fully supported by the underlying file system.  The  option  -/
	   supports  two  option  arguments  c	(compact  mode) and v (verbose
	   mode).

	   appendonly

	       Allows a file to be modified only at offset  EOF.  Attempts  to
	       modify a file at a location other than EOF fails with EPERM.

	   archive

	       Indicates  if a file has been modified since it was last backed
	       up. Whenever the modification time (mtime) of a file is changed
	       the archive attribute is set.

	   av_modified

	       ZFS  sets the anti-virus attribute which whenever a file's con‐
	       tent or size changes or when the file is renamed.

	   av_quarantined

	       Anti-virus software sets to mark a file as quarantined.

	   crtime

	       Timestamp when a file is created.

	   hidden

	       Marks a file as hidden.

	   immutable

	       Prevents the content of a file from being modified.  Also  pre‐
	       vents  all  metadata  changes,  except for access time updates.
	       When placed on a directory, prevents the deletion and  creation
	       of  files in the directories. Attempts to modify the content of
	       a file or  directory  marked  as	 immutable  fail  with	EPERM.
	       Attempts to modify any attributes (with the exception of access
	       time and, with the proper privileges, the immutable) of a  file
	       marked as immutable fails with EPERM.

	   nodump

	       Solaris systems have no special semantics for this attribute.

	   nounlink

	       Prevents	 a  file  from	being  deleted.	 On  a	directory, the
	       attribute also prevents any changes  to	the  contents  of  the
	       directory.  That	 is,  no  files	 within	 the  directory can be
	       removed or renamed. The errno EPERM is returned when attempting
	       to  unlink  or  rename files and directories that are marked as
	       nounlink.

	   readonly

	       Marks a file as readonly. Once a file is marked as readonly the
	       content data of the file cannot be modified. Other metadata for
	       the file can still be modified.

	   system

	       Solaris systems have no special semantics for this attribute.

       The display characters used in compact mode (-/ c) are as follows:

	 Attribute Name	    Display
	 archive	    A
	 hidden		    H
	 readonly	    R
	 system		    S
	 appendonly	    a
	 nodump		    d
	 immutable	    i
	 av_modified	    m
	 av_quarantined	    q
	 nounlink	    u

       The display in verbose mode (/ v) uses full attribute names when it  is
       set and the name prefixed by 'no' when it is not set.

       The  attribute  name crtime and all other timestamps are handled by the
       option -% with the respective timestamp option arguments and also  with
       all  option argument. The display positions are as follows: The display
       in verbose mode (-/ v) uses full attribute names	 when it  is  set  and
       the  name  prefixed by no when it is not set. The attribute name crtime
       and all other timestamps are handled by the option -% with the  respec‐
       tive timestamp option arguments and also with all option argument.

       The display positions are as follows:

	 {||||||||||}
	  |||||||||+- u (nounlink)
	  ||||||||+-- q (av_quarantined)
	  |||||||+--- m (av_modified)
	  ||||||+---- i (immutable)
	  |||||+----- d (nodump)
	  ||||+------ a (appendonly)
	  |||+------- S (system)
	  ||+-------- R (readonly)
	  |+--------- H (hidden)
	  +---------- A (archive)

	 -% atime | crtime | ctime | mtime | all

       atime

	   Equivalent to -u.

       crtime

	   Uses the creation time of the file for sorting or printing.

       ctime

	   Equivalent to -c.

       mtime

	   Uses the last modification time of the file contents for sorting or
	   printing.

       If extended system attributes are not supported or if the user does not
       have read permission on the file or if the crtime extended attribute is
       not set, crtime is treated as a synonym for mtime.

       When option argument -all is specified, all  available  timestamps  are
       printed	which includes -atime, -ctime, -mtime and on the extended sys‐
       tem attribute supporting file  systems,	-crtime	 (create  time).   The
       option -% all does not effect which timestamp is displayed in long for‐
       mat and does not affect sorting.

       --block-size size

	   Display sizes in multiples of size. Size can be scaled by suffixing
	   one of YyZzEePpTtGgMmKk. Additionally, a B can be placed at the end
	   to indicate powers of 10 instead of 2. For example,	.  10mB	 means
	   blocks  of  10000000	 bytes	while  10m  means blocks of 10*2^20 --
	   10485760 -- bytes. This is mutually exclusive with the -h option.

       --color [=when]
       --colour[=when]

	   Display filenames using color on color-capable terminals.  when  is
	   an optional argument that determines when to display color output.

	   Possible values for when are:

	   always
	   yes
	   force

	       Always use color.

	   auto
	   tty
	   if-tty

	       Use color if a terminal is present.

	   no
	   never
	   none

	       Never use color. This is the default

	   See	COLOR OUTPUT for information on how to control the output col‐
	   ors.

       --file-type

	   Display a suffix after a file depending on it's  type,  similar  to
	   the -F option, except * is not appended to executable files.

       -si
       --

	   Display  human scaled sizes similar to the -h option, except values
	   are repeatedly divided by 1000 instead of  1024.  The  last	option
	   --si or -h determines the divisor used.

       --time-style style

	   Display  times  using the specified style. This does not effect the
	   times displayed for extended attributes (-%).

	   Possible values for style are:

	   full-iso

	       Equivalent to -E.

	   long-iso

	       Display in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM for all files.

	   iso

	       Display older files using YYYY-MM-DD and newer files with MM-DD
	       HH:MM.

	   locale

	       Use  the	 default  locale format for old and new files. This is
	       the default.

	   +FORMAT

	       Use a custom format. Values are the same as described in	 strf‐
	       time(3C). If a NEWLINE appears in the string, the first line is
	       used for older files and the second  line  is  used  for	 newer
	       files. Otherwise, the given format is used for all files.

   /usr/bin/ls
       -F

	   Marks  directories with a trailing slash (/), doors with a trailing
	   greater-than sign (>), executable files with	 a  trailing  asterisk
	   (*),	 FIFOs with a trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic links with a
	   trailing "at" sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family sockets  with  a
	   trailing equals sign (=). Follows symlinks named as operands.

       --file-type

	   Marks  entries  as  with -F with the exception of executable files.
	   Executable files are not marked. Follows symlinks  named  as	 oper‐
	   ands.

       Specifying  more	 than  one  of	the  options in the following mutually
       exclusive pairs is not considered an error: -C and -l (ell), -m and  -l
       (ell),  -x  and	-l (ell), -@ and -l (ell). The -l option overrides the
       other option specified in each pair.

       Specifying more than one of  the	 options  in  the  following  mutually
       exclusive  groups  is  not considered an error: -C and -1 (one), -H and
       -L, -c and -u, and -e and -E, and -t and -S. The last option specifying
       a  specific  timestamp  (-c, -u, -% atime , -% crtime, -% ctime, and -%
       mtime) determines the timestamps used for sorting  or  in  long	format
       listings.  The  last option -t, -S, or -U determines the sorting behav‐
       ior.

   /usr/xpg4/bin/ls
       -F

	   Marks directories with a trailing slash (/), doors with a  trailing
	   greater-than	 sign  (>),  executable files with a trailing asterisk
	   (*), FIFOs with a trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic links with  a
	   trailing  "at"  sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family sockets with a
	   trailing equals sign (=). Follows symlinks named as operands.

       --file-type

	   Marks entries as with -F with the exception	of  executable	files.
	   Executable  files  are  not marked. Follows symlinks named as oper‐
	   ands.

       Specifying more than one of the options	in  the	 following  groups  of
       mutually exclusive options is not considered an error: -C and -l (ell),
       -m and -l (ell), -x and -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell), -C and -1 (one),  -H
       and  -L, -c and -u, -e and -E, -t and -S and -U. The last option speci‐
       fying a specific timestamp (-c, -u, -% atime , -% crtime, -% ctime, and
       -%  mtime) determines the timestamps used for sorting or in long format
       listings. The last -t, -S, or -U option determines the  sorting	behav‐
       ior.

   /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
       -F

	   Marks  directories with a trailing slash (/), doors with a trailing
	   greater-than sign (>), executable files with	 a  trailing  asterisk
	   (*),	 FIFOs with a trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic links with a
	   trailing "at" sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family sockets  with  a
	   trailing  equals  sign (=). Does not follow symlinks named as oper‐
	   ands unless the -H or -L option is specified.

       --file-type

	   Marks entries as with -F with the exception	of  executable	files.
	   Executable  files are not marked. Does not follow symlinks named as
	   operands unless the -H or -L option is specified.

       Specifying more than one of  the	 options  in  the  following  mutually
       exclusive  pairs	 is  not  considered  an error: -C and -l (ell), m and
       -l(ell), -x and -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell), -C and -1 (one), -H and --L,
       -c  and	-u,  -e and -E, -t and -S and -U. The last option specifying a
       specific timestamp (-c, -u, -% atime , -%  crtime,  -%  ctime,  and  -%
       mtime)  determines  the	timestamps  used for sorting or in long format
       listings. The last -t, -S, or -U option determines the  sorting	behav‐
       ior.

OPERANDS
       The following operand is supported:

       file

	   A  path  name of a file to be written. If the file specified is not
	   found, a diagnostic message is output on standard error.

USAGE
       See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of ls when encoun‐
       tering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).

EXAMPLES
       Example 1 Viewing File Permissions

       The following example shows how to display detailed information about a
       file.

	 % ls -l file.1
	 -rw-r--r--   1 gozer	 staff	   206663 Mar 14 10:15 file.1

       The permissions string above (-rw-r--r--) describes that the file owner
       has  read and write permissions, the owning group has read permissions,
       and others have read permissions.

       The following example shows how to display detailed information about a
       directory.

	 % ls -ld test.dir
	 drwxr-xr-x   2 gozer	 staff		2 Mar 14 10:17 test.dir

       The  permissions string above (drwxr-xr-x) describes that the directory
       owner has read, write, and search permissions,  the  owning  group  has
       read  and  search  permissions, and others have read and search permis‐
       sions.

       Another example of listing file permissions is as follows:

	 % ls -l file.2
	 -rw-rwl---   1 gozer	 staff	   206663 Mar 14 10:47 file.2

       The permissions string above (-rw-rwl---) describes that the file owner
       has  read  and  write  permissions, the owning group has read and write
       permissions, and the file can be locked during access.

       Example 2 Displaying ACL Information on Files and Directories

       The following example shows how to display verbose ACL information on a
       ZFS file.

	 % ls -v file.1
	 -rw-r--r--   1 marks	 staff	   206663 Mar 14 10:15 file.1
	      0:owner@:execute:deny
	      1:owner@:read_data/write_data/append_data/write_xattr/write_attributes
		   /write_acl/write_owner:allow
	      2:group@:write_data/append_data/execute:deny
	      3:group@:read_data:allow
	      4:everyone@:write_data/append_data/write_xattr/execute/write_attributes
		   /write_acl/write_owner:deny
	      5:everyone@:read_data/read_xattr/read_attributes/read_acl/synchronize
		   :allow

       The following example shows how to display compact ACL information on a
       ZFS directory.

	 % ls -dV test.dir
	 drwxr-xr-x   2 marks	 staff		2 Mar 14 10:17 test.dir
		     owner@:--------------:------:deny
		     owner@:rwxp---A-W-Co-:------:allow
		     group@:-w-p----------:------:deny
		     group@:r-x-----------:------:allow
		     everyone@:-w-p---A-W-Co-:------:deny
		     everyone@:r-x---a-R-c--s:------:allow

       The following example illustrates the ls -v behavior when  listing  ACL
       information on a UFS file.

	 $ ls -v file.3
	 -rw-r--r--   1 root	 root	     2703 Mar 14 10:59 file.3
	      0:user::rw-
	      1:group::r--		 #effective:r--
	      2:mask:r--
	      3:other:r--

       Example 3 Printing the Names of All Files

       The  following  example	prints	the  names of all files in the current
       directory, including those that begin with a dot (.), which normally do
       not print:

	 example% ls -a

       Example 4 Providing File Information

       The following example provides file information:

	 example% ls -aisn

       This  command  provides	information on all files, including those that
       begin with a dot (a), the i-number, the memory address  of  the	i-node
       associated  with the file—printed in the left-hand column (i); the size
       (in blocks) of the files, printed in the column to the right of the  i-
       numbers (s); finally, the report is displayed in the numeric version of
       the long list, printing the UID (instead of user name) and GID (instead
       of group name) numbers associated with the files.

       When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a total count of
       blocks, including indirect blocks, is printed.

       Example 5 Providing Extended System Attributes Information

	 example% ls -/ c file	  (extended system attribute in compact mode)
	 -rw-r--r--   1 root	 root		0 May 10 14:17 file
				  {AHRSadim-u}

       In this example, av_quarantined is not set.

	 example% ls -/ v file (extended system attribute in verbose mode)
	 -rw-r--r--   1 root	 root		0 May 10 14:17 file
			 {archive,hidden,readonly,system,appendonly\
			  nodump,immutable,av_modified,\
			  noav_quarantined,nounlink}

	 example% ls -/ v file	   (no extended system attribute)
	 -rw-r--r--  1 root    staff	    0 May 16 14:48 file
			{}

	 example% ls -/ c file	      (extended system attribute
				       supported file system)

	 -rw-r--r--  1 root staff	 3 Jun	4 22:04 file
			{A------m--}

       archive and av_modified attributes are set by default on	  an  extended
       system attribute supported file.

	 example% ls -/ c  -%crtime file

	 -rw-r--r--    root	root	      0 May 10 14:17 file
			{AHRSadim-u}

       This example displays the timestamp as the creation time:

	 example% ls -l -%all file
	 -rw-r--r--   1 root	 root		0 May 10 14:17	  file
			 timestamp: atime    Jun 14 08:47:37 2007
			 timestamp: ctime    May 10 14:20:23 2007
			 timestamp: mtime    May 10 14:17:56 2007
			 timestamp: crtime   May 10 14:17:56 2007

	 example% ls -%crtime -tl file*

	 -rw-r--r--   1 foo	 staff		3 Jun  4 22:04 file1
	 -rw-r--r--   1 root	 root		0 May 10 14:17 file
	 -rw-r--r--   1 foo	 staff		0 May  9 13:49 file.1

       In this example the files are sorted by creation time.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       See  environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables
       that affect the execution of ls: LANG,  LC_ALL,	LC_COLLATE,  LC_CTYPE,
       LC_TIME, LC_MESSAGES, NLSPATH, and TZ.

       COLUMNS

	   Determines  the  user's preferred column position width for writing
	   multiple text-column output. If this	 variable  contains  a	string
	   representing	 a decimal integer, the ls utility calculates how many
	   path name text columns to write (see -C) based on  the  width  pro‐
	   vided.  If COLUMNS is not set or is invalid, 80 is used. The column
	   width chosen to write the names of files in any given directory  is
	   constant.  File names are not be truncated to fit into the multiple
	   text-column output.

       LS_COLORS

	   Determines the coloring scheme used when displaying	color  output.
	   If not set and color output is specified, a default scheme is used.
	   If TERM is not set, no color output is used.

       TERM

	   Determine the terminal type. If this variable is unset or NULL,  no
	   color  output  is  generated regardless of the value of the --color
	   option.

EXIT STATUS
       0
	     All information was written successfully.

       >0
	     An error occurred.

FILES
       /etc/group

	   group IDs for ls -l and ls -g

       /etc/passwd

	   user IDs for ls -l and ls -o

       /usr/share/lib/terminfo/?/*

	   terminal information database

ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

   /usr/bin/ls
       ┌────────────────────┬─────────────────┐
       │  ATTRIBUTE TYPE    │ ATTRIBUTE VALUE │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
       │CSI		    │ Enabled	      │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
       │Interface Stability │ Committed	      │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
       │Standard	    │ See below.      │
       └────────────────────┴─────────────────┘

       For all options except -A, -b, -e, -E, -h, -S, U -v, -V,	 -@,  -/,  -%,
       --all,	--almost-all,  --block-size,  --classify,  --color,  --colour,
       --dereference,	--dereference-command-line,   --escape,	  --file-type,
       --full-time,  --human-readable,	--ignore-backups, --inode, --no-group,
       --numeric-uid-gid, --reverse, --recursive, --si,	 --size,  and  --time-
       style, see standards(5).

   /usr/xpg4/bin/ls
       ┌────────────────────┬─────────────────┐
       │  ATTRIBUTE TYPE    │ ATTRIBUTE VALUE │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
       │CSI		    │ Enabled	      │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
       │Interface Stability │ Committed	      │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
       │Standard	    │ See below.      │
       └────────────────────┴─────────────────┘

       For  all	 options  except -A, -b, -e, -E, -h, -S, U -v, -V, -@, -/, -%,
       --all,  --almost-all,  --block-size,  --classify,  --color,   --colour,
       --dereference,	--dereference-command-line,   --escape,	  --file-type,
       --full-time, --human-readable, --ignore-backups,	 --inode,  --no-group,
       --numeric-uid-gid,  --reverse,  --recursive,  --si, --size, and --time-
       style, see standards(5).

   /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
       ┌────────────────────┬─────────────────┐
       │  ATTRIBUTE TYPE    │ ATTRIBUTE VALUE │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
       │CSI		    │ Enabled	      │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
       │Interface Stability │ Committed	      │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
       │Standard	    │ See below.      │
       └────────────────────┴─────────────────┘

       For all options except -A, -b, -e, -E, -h, -S, U -v, -V,	 -@,  -/,  -%,
       --all,	--almost-all,  --block-size,  --classify,  --color,  --colour,
       --dereference,	--dereference-command-line,   --escape,	  --file-type,
       --full-time,  --human-readable,	--ignore-backups, --inode, --no-group,
       --numeric-uid-gid, --reverse, --recursive, --si,	 --size,  and  --time-
       style, see standards(5).

SEE ALSO
       chmod(1),  cp(1),  setfacl(1), fgetattr(3C), strftime(3C), terminfo(4),
       acl(5),	attributes(5),	environ(5),  fsattr(5),	 largefile(5),	 stan‐
       dards(5)

NOTES
       Unprintable  characters	in  file names can confuse the columnar output
       options.

       The total block count is incorrect if there are hard  links  among  the
       files.

       The  sort order of ls output is affected by the locale and can be over‐
       ridden by the LC_COLLATE environment variable. For example, if  LC_COL‐
       LATE equals C, dot files appear first, followed by names beginning with
       upper-case letters, then followed by names  beginning  with  lower-case
       letters. But if LC_COLLATE equals en_US.ISO8859-1, then leading dots as
       well as case are ignored in determining the sort order.

				  Jun 3, 2009				 LS(1)
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