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STRTOL(3C)							    STRTOL(3C)

NAME
       strtol,	strtoll, atol, atoll, atoi, lltostr, ulltostr - string conver‐
       sion routines

SYNOPSIS
       #include <stdlib.h>

       long strtol(const char *restrict str, char **restrict endptr, int base);

       long long strtoll(const char *restrict str, char **restrict endptr,
	    int base);

       long atol(const char *str);

       long long atoll(const char *str);

       int atoi(const char *str);

       char *lltostr(long long value, char *endptr);

       char *ulltostr(unsigned long long value, char *endptr);

DESCRIPTION
   strtol() and strtoll()
       The strtol() function  converts	the  initial  portion  of  the	string
       pointed to by str to a type long int representation.

       The  strtoll()  function	 converts  the	initial	 portion of the string
       pointed to by str to a type long long representation.

       Both functions first decompose the input string into  three  parts:  an
       initial,	 possibly empty, sequence of white-space characters (as speci‐
       fied by isspace(3C)); a subject sequence interpreted as an integer rep‐
       resented	 in  some  radix  determined by the value of base; and a final
       string of one or more unrecognized characters, including the  terminat‐
       ing  null  byte	of  the input string. They then attempt to convert the
       subject sequence to an integer and return the result.

       If the value of base is 0, the expected form of the subject sequence is
       that of a decimal constant, octal constant or hexadecimal constant, any
       of which may be preceded by a + or − sign. A  decimal  constant	begins
       with a non-zero digit, and consists of a sequence of decimal digits. An
       octal constant consists of  the	prefix	0  optionally  followed	 by  a
       sequence	 of the digits 0 to 7 only. A hexadecimal constant consists of
       the prefix 0x or 0X followed by a sequence of the  decimal  digits  and
       letters a (or A) to f (or F) with values 10 to 15 respectively.

       If the value of base is between 2 and 36, the expected form of the sub‐
       ject sequence is a sequence of letters and digits representing an inte‐
       ger  with  the radix specified by base, optionally preceded by a + or −
       sign. The letters from a (or A) to z (or Z) inclusive are ascribed  the
       values  10 to 35; only letters whose ascribed values are less than that
       of base are permitted. If the value of base is 16, the characters 0x or
       0X may optionally precede the sequence of letters and digits, following
       the sign if present.

       The subject sequence is defined as the longest initial  subsequence  of
       the  input  string,  starting with the first non-white-space character,
       that is of the expected form. The subject sequence contains no  charac‐
       ters  if	 the input string is empty or consists entirely of white-space
       characters, or if the first non-white-space character is other  than  a
       sign or a permissible letter or digit.

       If  the subject sequence has the expected form and the value of base is
       0, the sequence of characters starting with the first digit  is	inter‐
       preted as an integer constant. If the subject sequence has the expected
       form and the value of base is between 2 and 36, it is used as the  base
       for  conversion,	 ascribing to each letter its value as given above. If
       the subject sequence begins with a minus sign, the value resulting from
       the  conversion	is negated. A pointer to the final string is stored in
       the object pointed to by endptr, provided that endptr  is  not  a  null
       pointer.

       In  other  than	the  POSIX locale, additional implementation-dependent
       subject sequence forms may be accepted.

       If the subject sequence is empty or does not have the expected form, no
       conversion  is  performed;  the	value  of  str is stored in the object
       pointed to by endptr, provided that endptr is not a null pointer.

   atol(), atoll() and atoi()
       Except for behavior on error,  atol()  is  equivalent  to:  strtol(str,
       (char **)NULL, 10).

       Except  for  behavior  on error, atoll() is equivalent to: strtoll(str,
       (char **)NULL, 10).

       Except for behavior on error,  atoi()  is  equivalent  to:  (int)  str‐
       tol(str, (char **)NULL, 10).

       If the value cannot be represented, the behavior is undefined.

   lltostr() and ulltostr()
       The  lltostr()  function returns a pointer to the string represented by
       the long long value. The endptr argument is assumed  to	point  to  the
       byte  following a storage area into which the decimal representation of
       value is to be placed as a string.   The	 lltostr()  function  converts
       value to decimal and produces the string,  and returns a pointer to the
       beginning of the string. No leading zeros are produced, and  no	termi‐
       nating null is produced. The low-order digit of the result always occu‐
       pies memory position  endptr−1. The behavior of lltostr() is  undefined
       if  value is negative.  A single zero digit is produced if value is 0.

       The ulltostr() function is similar to lltostr() except that value is an
       unsigned long long.

RETURN VALUES
       Upon successful completion, strtol(), strtoll(), atol(),	 atoll(),  and
       atoi()  return  the  converted value, if any. If no conversion could be
       performed, strtol() and strtoll() return 0 and errno may be set to EIN‐
       VAL.

       If the correct value is outside the range of representable values, str‐
       tol() returns LONG_MAX or LONG_MIN and strtoll() returns	 LLONG_MAX  or
       LLONG_MIN  (according  to  the  sign of the value), and errno is set to
       ERANGE.

       Upon successful completion, lltostr() and ulltostr() return  a  pointer
       to the converted string.

ERRORS
       The strtol() and strtoll() functions will fail if:

       ERANGE
		 The  value  to be returned is not representable. The strtol()
		 and strtoll() functions may fail if:

       EINVAL
		 The value of base is not supported.

USAGE
       Because 0, LONG_MIN, LONG_MAX, LLONG_MIN, and LLONG_MAX are returned on
       error  and are also valid returns on success, an application wishing to
       check for error situations should set errno to 0,  call	the  function,
       then check errno and if it is non-zero, assume an error has occurred.

       The strtol() function no longer accepts values greater than LONG_MAX or
       LLONG_MAX as valid input. Use strtoul(3C) instead.

       Calls to atoi() and atol() might be faster than corresponding calls  to
       strtol(), and calls to atoll() might be faster than corresponding calls
       to strtoll(). However, applications should not use the atoi(),  atol(),
       or  atoll()  functions  unless  they  know the value represented by the
       argument will be in range for the corresponding result type.

ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       ┌────────────────────┬─────────────────┐
       │  ATTRIBUTE TYPE    │ ATTRIBUTE VALUE │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
       │Interface Stability │ See below.      │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
       │MT-Level	    │ MT-Safe	      │
       └────────────────────┴─────────────────┘

       The strtol(), strtoll(), atol(),	 atoll(),  and	atoi()	functions  are
       Standard.

SEE ALSO
       isalpha(3C),    isspace(3C),    scanf(3C),   strtod(3C),	  strtoul(3C),
       attributes(5), standards(5)

				  May 6, 2003			    STRTOL(3C)
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