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KILL(P)			   POSIX Programmer's Manual		       KILL(P)

PROLOG
       This  manual  page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The Linux
       implementation of this interface may differ (consult the	 corresponding
       Linux  manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may
       not be implemented on Linux.

NAME
       kill - terminate or signal processes

SYNOPSIS
       kill -s signal_name pid ...

       kill -l [exit_status]

       kill [-signal_name] pid ...

       kill [-signal_number] pid ...

DESCRIPTION
       The kill utility shall send a signal to the process or processes speci‐
       fied by each pid operand.

       For each pid operand, the kill utility shall perform actions equivalent
       to the kill() function defined  in  the	System	Interfaces  volume  of
       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 called with the following arguments:

	* The value of the pid operand shall be used as the pid argument.

	* The  sig  argument  is  the value specified by the -s option, - sig‐
	  nal_number option, or the - signal_name option, or  by  SIGTERM,  if
	  none of these options is specified.

OPTIONS
       The  kill  utility  shall  conform  to  the  Base Definitions volume of
       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines,	except
       that  in	 the  last  two SYNOPSIS forms, the - signal_number and - sig‐
       nal_name options are usually more than a single character.

       The following options shall be supported:

       -l     (The letter ell.) Write all values of signal_name	 supported  by
	      the  implementation,  if	no operand is given. If an exit_status
	      operand is given and it is a value of  the  '?'	shell  special
	      parameter	 (see Special Parameters and wait() ) corresponding to
	      a process that was terminated by a signal, the signal_name  cor‐
	      responding  to  the  signal that terminated the process shall be
	      written.	If an exit_status operand  is  given  and  it  is  the
	      unsigned	decimal	 integer  value	 of  a signal number, the sig‐
	      nal_name (the symbolic constant  name  without  the  SIG	prefix
	      defined  in the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001)
	      corresponding to that signal shall be  written.  Otherwise,  the
	      results are unspecified.

       -s  signal_name

	      Specify  the  signal  to	send,  using one of the symbolic names
	      defined in the <signal.h> header. Values of signal_name shall be
	      recognized  in  a case-independent fashion, without the SIG pre‐
	      fix. In addition, the symbolic name 0 shall be recognized,  rep‐
	      resenting	 the signal value zero. The corresponding signal shall
	      be sent instead of SIGTERM.

       -signal_name

	      Equivalent to -s signal_name.

       -signal_number

	      Specify a non-negative decimal  integer,	signal_number,	repre‐
	      senting  the  signal  to	be used instead of SIGTERM, as the sig
	      argument in the effective call  to  kill().  The	correspondence
	      between  integer	values	and the sig value used is shown in the
	      following table.

       The effects of specifying any signal_number other than those listed  in
       the table are undefined.

			      signal_number   sig Value
			      0		      0
			      1		      SIGHUP
			      2		      SIGINT
			      3		      SIGQUIT
			      6		      SIGABRT
			      9		      SIGKILL
			      14	      SIGALRM
			      15	      SIGTERM

       If the first argument is a negative integer, it shall be interpreted as
       a - signal_number option, not as a negative pid	operand	 specifying  a
       process group.

OPERANDS
       The following operands shall be supported:

       pid    One of the following:

	       1. A  decimal  integer specifying a process or process group to
		  be signaled.	The process or processes selected by positive,
		  negative,  and  zero	values	of the pid operand shall be as
		  described for the kill() function. If process	 number	 0  is
		  specified,  all processes in the current process group shall
		  be signaled. For the effects of negative  pid	 numbers,  see
		  the  kill() function defined in the System Interfaces volume
		  of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. If the first pid operand  is	 nega‐
		  tive,	 it  should  be preceded by "--" to keep it from being
		  interpreted as an option.

	       2. A job control job ID (see the	 Base  Definitions  volume  of
		  IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,	 Section  3.203,  Job  Control Job ID)
		  that identifies a background process group to	 be  signaled.
		  The job control job ID notation is applicable only for invo‐
		  cations of kill in the current shell execution  environment;
		  see Shell Execution Environment .

       exit_status
	      A	 decimal integer specifying a signal number or the exit status
	      of a process terminated by a signal.

STDIN
       Not used.

INPUT FILES
       None.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       The following environment variables shall affect the execution of kill:

       LANG   Provide a default value for the  internationalization  variables
	      that  are	 unset	or  null.  (See the Base Definitions volume of
	      IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section  8.2,  Internationalization	 Vari‐
	      ables  for the precedence of internationalization variables used
	      to determine the values of locale categories.)

       LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values  of  all
	      the other internationalization variables.

       LC_CTYPE
	      Determine	 the  locale  for  the	interpretation of sequences of
	      bytes of text data as characters (for  example,  single-byte  as
	      opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments).

       LC_MESSAGES
	      Determine	 the  locale  that should be used to affect the format
	      and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.

       NLSPATH
	      Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of
	      LC_MESSAGES .

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
       Default.

STDOUT
       When  the  -l option is not specified, the standard output shall not be
       used.

       When the -l option is specified, the symbolic name of each signal shall
       be written in the following format:

	      "%s%c", <signal_name>, <separator>

       where  the  <signal_name>  is in uppercase, without the SIG prefix, and
       the <separator> shall be either a <newline> or a <space>. For the  last
       signal written, <separator> shall be a <newline>.

       When both the -l option and exit_status operand are specified, the sym‐
       bolic name of the corresponding signal shall be written in the  follow‐
       ing format:

	      "%s\n", <signal_name>

STDERR
       The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

OUTPUT FILES
       None.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
       None.

EXIT STATUS
       The following exit values shall be returned:

	0     At  least	 one  matching process was found for each pid operand,
	      and the specified signal was successfully processed for at least
	      one matching process.

       >0     An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
       Default.

       The following sections are informative.

APPLICATION USAGE
       Process numbers can be found by using ps.

       The  job	 control  job  ID notation is not required to work as expected
       when kill is operating in its own  utility  execution  environment.  In
       either of the following examples:

	      nohup kill %1 &
	      system("kill %1");

       the  kill  operates  in	a different environment and does not share the
       shell's understanding of job numbers.

EXAMPLES
       Any of the commands:

	      kill -9 100 -165
	      kill -s kill 100 -165
	      kill -s KILL 100 -165

       sends the SIGKILL signal to the process whose process ID is 100 and  to
       all  processes  whose  process  group  ID  is 165, assuming the sending
       process has permission to send that signal to the specified  processes,
       and that they exist.

       The System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 and this volume of
       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 do not require specific  signal  numbers  for  any
       signal_names.   Even  the  -  signal_number  option  provides  symbolic
       (although numeric) names for signals. If a process is terminated	 by  a
       signal,	its  exit  status indicates the signal that killed it, but the
       exact values are not specified. The kill -l  option,  however,  can  be
       used to map decimal signal numbers and exit status values into the name
       of a signal. The following example reports the status of	 a  terminated
       job:

	      job
	      stat=$?
	      if [ $stat -eq 0 ]
	      then
		  echo job completed successfully.
	      elif [ $stat -gt 128 ]
	      then
		  echo job terminated by signal SIG$(kill -l $stat).
	      else
		  echo job terminated with error code $stat.
	      fi

       To send the default signal to a process group (say 123), an application
       should use a command similar to one of the following:

	      kill -TERM -123
	      kill -- -123

RATIONALE
       The -l option originated from the C shell, and is also  implemented  in
       the  KornShell. The C shell output can consist of multiple output lines
       because the signal names do not always fit on a	single	line  on  some
       terminal	 screens.  The	KornShell output also included the implementa‐
       tion-defined signal numbers and was considered by the standard develop‐
       ers  to	be too difficult for scripts to parse conveniently. The speci‐
       fied output format is intended not only to accommodate the historical C
       shell output, but also to permit an entirely vertical or entirely hori‐
       zontal listing on systems for which this is appropriate.

       An early proposal invented the name SIGNULL as a signal_name for signal
       0 (used by the System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 to test
       for the existence of a process without sending it a signal). Since  the
       signal_name  0 can be used in this case unambiguously, SIGNULL has been
       removed.

       An early proposal also required symbolic signal_names to be  recognized
       with  or	 without  the SIG prefix. Historical versions of kill have not
       written the SIG prefix for the -l option and have  not  recognized  the
       SIG  prefix on signal_names. Since neither applications portability nor
       ease-of-use would be improved by requiring this	extension,  it	is  no
       longer required.

       To avoid an ambiguity of an initial negative number argument specifying
       either a signal number or a process  group,  IEEE Std 1003.1-2001  man‐
       dates  that  it is always considered the former by implementations that
       support the XSI option. It also requires that  conforming  applications
       always  use  the	 "--"  options	terminator  argument when specifying a
       process group, unless an option is also specified.

       The -s option was added in response to international interest  in  pro‐
       viding some form of kill that meets the Utility Syntax Guidelines.

       The  job	 control  job  ID notation is not required to work as expected
       when kill is operating in its own  utility  execution  environment.  In
       either of the following examples:

	      nohup kill %1 &
	      system("kill %1");

       the  kill  operates  in a different environment and does not understand
       how the shell has managed its job numbers.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS
       None.

SEE ALSO
       Shell Command Language , ps , wait() , the System Interfaces volume  of
       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,   kill(),	 the   Base   Definitions   volume  of
       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <signal.h>

COPYRIGHT
       Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in  electronic  form
       from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
       -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX),	The  Open  Group  Base
       Specifications  Issue  6,  Copyright  (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
       Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open  Group.  In  the
       event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
       The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group  Standard
       is  the	referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online
       at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

IEEE/The Open Group		     2003			       KILL(P)
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