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Intro(1)			 User Commands			      Intro(1)

NAME
       Intro, intro - introduction to commands and application programs

DESCRIPTION
       This  section describes, in alphabetical order, commands available with
       this operating system.

       Pages of special interest are categorized as follows:

       1B    Commands found only in the SunOS/BSD Compatibility Package.

       1C    Commands for communicating with other systems.

       1F    Commands associated  with	Form  and  Menu	 Language  Interpreter
	     (FMLI).

       1S    Commands specific to SunOS.

   OTHER SECTIONS
       See  the	 following  sections  of  the  SunOS Reference Manual for more
       information.

	   o	  Section 1M for system maintenance commands.

	   o	  Section 4 for information on file formats.

	   o	  Section 5 for descriptions of publicly available  files  and
		  miscellaneous information pages.

       For tutorial information about these commands and procedures, see .

   Manual Page Command Syntax
       Unless otherwise noted, commands described in the SYNOPSIS section of a
       manual page accept options and other arguments according to the follow‐
       ing syntax and should be interpreted as explained below.

       name [-option...] [cmdarg...] where:

       [ ]	      Surround an option or cmdarg that is not required.

       ...	      Indicates multiple occurrences of the option or cmdarg.

       name	      The name of an executable file.

       { }	      The  options and/or arguments enclosed within braces are
		      interdependent, such that everything  enclosed  must  be
		      treated as a unit.

       option	      (Always preceded by a "−".) noargletter... or, argletter
		      optarg[,...]

       noargletter    A	 single	 letter	 representing  an  option  without  an
		      option-argument.	Notice	that more than one noargletter
		      option can  be  grouped  after  one  "−"	(Guideline  5,
		      below).

       argletter      A	 single	 letter	 representing  an  option requiring an
		      option-argument.

       optarg	      An option-argument (character string) satisfying a  pre‐
		      ceding  argletter. Notice that groups of optargs follow‐
		      ing an argletter must be separated by commas,  or	 sepa‐
		      rated  by a tab or space character and quoted (Guideline
		      8, below).

       cmdarg	      Path name (or other command argument) not beginning with
		      "−", or "−" by itself indicating the standard input.

       Unless  otherwise specified, whenever an operand or option-argument is,
       or contains, a numeric value:

	   o	  The number is interpreted as a decimal integer.

	   o	  Numerals in the range 0 to 2147483647 are syntactically rec‐
		  ognized as numeric values.

	   o	  When the utility description states that it accepts negative
		  numbers as operands or  option-arguments,  numerals  in  the
		  range -2147483647 to 2147483647 are syntactically recognized
		  as numeric values.

	   o	  Ranges greater than those listed here are allowed.

   Command Syntax Standard: Guidelines
       These command syntax guidelines are not followed by  all	 current  com‐
       mands,  but  new commands are likely to obey them. getopts(1) should be
       used by all shell procedures to	parse  positional  parameters  and  to
       check  for  legal  options.  It	supports  Guidelines  3-10  below. The
       enforcement of the other guidelines must be done by the command itself.

	   1.	  Command names (name above) should be between	two  and  nine
		  characters long.

	   2.	  Command  names  should  include  only lower-case letters and
		  digits.

	   3.	  Option names (option above) must be one character long.

	   4.	  All options must be preceded by "−".

	   5.	  Options with no arguments can be grouped after a single "−".

	   6.	  The first option-argument (optarg above) following an option
		  must be preceded by a tab or space character.

	   7.	  Option-arguments cannot be optional.

	   8.	  Groups  of  option-arguments following an option must either
		  be separated by commas or separated by tab or space  charac‐
		  ter and quoted (-o xxx,z,yy or -o"xxx z yy").

	   9.	  All options must precede operands (cmdarg above) on the com‐
		  mand line.

	   10.	  "−−" can be used to indicate the end of the options.

	   11.	  The order of the options relative to one another should  not
		  matter.

	   12.	  The relative order of the operands (cmdarg above) can affect
		  their significance in ways determined by  the	 command  with
		  which they appear.

	   13.	  "−"  preceded and followed by a white space character should
		  only be used to mean standard input.

       An expanded set of guidelines referred to  as  CLIP  for	 Command  Line
       Interface  Paradigm  has been developed for Solaris and other Sun prod‐
       ucts. Its intent is to provide  a  command  line	 syntax	 more  closely
       aligned with the GNU command line syntax popular on Linux systems.There
       is no intent to retrofit existing utilities or even to  apply  this  to
       all  new utilities. It is only intended to be applied to sets of utili‐
       ties being developed when appropriate.

       CLIP is a full superset of the guidelines  discussed  above  which  are
       closely aligned with IEEE Std. 1003.1-2001 (SUSv3). It does not include
       all the GNU syntax. The GNU syntax allows constructs that  either  con‐
       flict  with  the	 IEEE rules or are ambiguous. These constructs are not
       allowed.

       The expanded CLIP command line syntax is:

	 utility_name -a --longopt1 -c option_argument \
	   -f option_argument --longopt2=option_argument \
	   --longopt3 option_argument operand

       The utility in the example is named utility_name.  It  is  followed  by
       options,	 option-arguments,  and	 operands, collectively referred to as
       arguments. The arguments that consist of a  hyphen  followed  a	single
       letter or digit, such as -a, are known as short-options . The arguments
       that consist of two hyphens followed by a series of letters, digits and
       hyphens,	 such as --longopt1, are known as long-options . Collectively,
       short-options and long-options are referred to as options (or  histori‐
       cally,  flags ). Certain options are followed by an option-argument, as
       shown with -c  option_argument  .  The  arguments  following  the  last
       options and option-arguments are named operands. Once the first operand
       is encountered, all subsequent arguments are interpreted	 to  be	 oper‐
       ands.

       Option-arguments are sometimes shown separated from their short-options
       by BLANKSs, sometimes directly adjacent. This  reflects	the  situation
       that in some cases an option-argument is included within the same argu‐
       ment string as the option; in most cases it is the next argument.  This
       specification  requires that the option be a separate argument from its
       option-argument, but there are  some  exceptions	 to  ensure  continued
       operation of historical applications:

	   o	  If  the SYNOPSIS of a utility shows a SPACE between a short-
		  option and option-argument (as with  -c  option_argument  in
		  the  example),  the  application uses separate arguments for
		  that option and its option-argument.

	   o	  If a SPACE is not shown (as with -f option_argument  in  the
		  example),  the application expects an option and its option-
		  argument directly adjacent  in  the  same  argument  string,
		  without intervening BLANKs.

	   o	  Notwithstanding  the	preceding requirements, an application
		  should accept short-options and option-arguments as a single
		  argument  or as separate arguments whether or not a SPACE is
		  shown on the synopsis line.

	   o	  Long-options with option-arguments are always documented  as
		  using	 an  equals  sign  as the separator between the option
		  name and the option-argument. If the OPTIONS	section	 of  a
		  utility  shows  an equals sign (=) between a long-option and
		  its option-argument (as with --longopt2= option_argument  in
		  the  example),  a  application  shall also permit the use of
		  separate arguments for that option and  its  option-argument
		  (as with --longopt1 option_argument in the example).

       CLIP  expands  the  guidelines  discussed with the following additional
       guidelines:

       14.    The form command subcommand [options] [operands] is  appropriate
	      for  grouping similar operations. Subcommand names should follow
	      the same conventions as command names as specified in guidelines
	      1 and 2.

       15.    Long-options  should  be	preceded by -- and should include only
	      alphanumeric characters and hyphens from the portable  character
	      set.  Option  names  are typically one to three words long, with
	      hyphens to separate words.

       16.    --name=argument should be used to specify an option-argument for
	      a long-option. The form --name argument is also accepted.

       17.    All  utilities  should support two standard long-options: --ver‐
	      sion (with the short-option synonym -V ) and  --help  (with  the
	      short-option  synonym -? ). The short option synonyms for --ver‐
	      sion can vary if the preferred synonym is already in use (but  a
	      synonym  shall  be provided). Both of these options stop further
	      argument processing when encountered and	after  displaying  the
	      appropriate output, the utility successfully exits.

       18.    Every  short-option  should have exactly one corresponding long-
	      option and every long-option should have exactly one correspond‐
	      ing  short-option.  Synonymous  options  can  be	allowed in the
	      interest of compatibility with historical practice or  community
	      versions of equivalent utilities.

       19.    The  short-option	 name should get its name from the long-option
	      name according to these rules:

		  1.	 Use the first letter of the long-option name for  the
			 short-option name.

		  2.	 If the first letter conflicts with other short-option
			 names, choose a prominent consonant.

		  3.	 If the first letter and the prominent consonant  con‐
			 flict	with  other shortoption names, choose a promi‐
			 nent vowel.

		  4.	 If none of the letters of the	long-option  name  are
			 usable, select an arbitrary character.

       20.    If  a  long-option  name consists of a single character, it must
	      use the same character as the short-option name. Single  charac‐
	      ter  long-options	 should	 be avoided. They are only allowed for
	      the exceptionally rare case that a single character is the  most
	      descriptive name.

       21.    The subcommand in the form described in guideline 1 of the addi‐
	      tional CLIP guidelines is generally required. In the case	 where
	      it  is  omitted,	the  command  shall  take no operands and only
	      options which are defined to stop	 further  argument  processing
	      when  encountered	 are allowed.  Invoking a command of this form
	      without a subcommand and no arguments is an error.  This	guide‐
	      line  is provided to allow the common forms command --help, com‐
	      mand -?, command --version, and command -V to be accepted in the
	      command-subcommand construct.

       Several	of  these  guidelines  are  only of interest to the authors of
       utilities. They are provided here for the  use  of  anyone  wanting  to
       author utilities following this syntax.

ATTRIBUTES
       See  attributes(5)  for	a  discussion of the attributes listed in this
       section.

SEE ALSO
       getopts(1), wait(1), exit(2), getopt(3C), wait(3UCB), attributes(5)

DIAGNOSTICS
       Upon termination, each command returns two bytes of  status,  one  sup‐
       plied  by  the system and giving the cause for termination, and (in the
       case  of	 "normal"  termination)	 one  supplied	by  the	 program  [see
       wait(3UCB)  and	exit(2)]. The former byte is 0 for normal termination.
       The latter byte is customarily 0 for successful execution and  non-zero
       to indicate troubles such as erroneous parameters, or bad or inaccessi‐
       ble data. It is called variously "exit code", "exit status", or "return
       code", and is described only where special conventions are involved.

WARNINGS
       Some commands produce unexpected results when processing files contain‐
       ing null characters. These commands often treat	text  input  lines  as
       strings	and therefore become confused upon encountering a null charac‐
       ter (the string terminator) within a line.

SunOS 5.10			  28 Sep 2005			      Intro(1)
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