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TAIL(1)				 User Commands			       TAIL(1)

NAME
       tail - output the last part of files

SYNOPSIS
       tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION
       Print  the  last	 10  lines of each FILE to standard output.  With more
       than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file  name.	  With
       no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

       Mandatory  arguments  to	 long  options are mandatory for short options
       too.

       -c, --bytes=K
	      output the last K bytes; alternatively,  use  -c	+K  to	output
	      bytes starting with the Kth of each file

       -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]
	      output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --fol‐
	      low=descriptor are equivalent

       -F     same as --follow=name --retry

       -n, --lines=K
	      output the last K lines, instead of the last 10; or use -n +K to
	      output lines starting with the Kth

       --max-unchanged-stats=N
	      with  --follow=name,  reopen  a  FILE which has not changed size
	      after N (default 5) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or
	      renamed  (this  is  the  usual case of rotated log files).  With
	      inotify, this option is rarely useful.

       --pid=PID
	      with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies

       -q, --quiet, --silent
	      never output headers giving file names

       --retry
	      keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessi‐
	      ble; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name

       -s, --sleep-interval=N
	      with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between
	      iterations.  With inotify and --pid=P, check process P at	 least
	      once every N seconds.

       -v, --verbose
	      always output headers giving file names

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
	      output version information and exit

       If  the	first  character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+',
       print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each	 file,	other‐
       wise, print the last K items in the file.  K may have a multiplier suf‐
       fix:  b	512,  kB  1000,	 K  1024,  MB  1000*1000,  M   1024*1024,   GB
       1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.

       With  --follow  (-f),  tail  defaults to following the file descriptor,
       which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will  continue
       to  track  its  end.   This  default behavior is not desirable when you
       really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descrip‐
       tor (e.g., log rotation).  Use --follow=name in that case.  That causes
       tail to track the named file  in	 a  way	 that  accommodates  renaming,
       removal and creation.

AUTHOR
       Written	by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Ian Lance Taylor, and Jim Mey‐
       ering.

REPORTING BUGS
       Report tail bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
       GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
       Report tail translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.	 License  GPLv3+:  GNU
       GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This  is	 free  software:  you  are free to change and redistribute it.
       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO
       The full documentation for tail is maintained as a Texinfo manual.   If
       the  info  and  tail  programs are properly installed at your site, the
       command

	      info coreutils 'tail invocation'

       should give you access to the complete manual.

GNU coreutils 8.12.197-032bb	September 2011			       TAIL(1)
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