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GPG(1)			       GNU Privacy Guard			GPG(1)

NAME
       gpg - OpenPGP encryption and signing tool

SYNOPSIS
       gpg [--homedir dir] [--options file] [options] command [args]

DESCRIPTION
       gpg  is the OpenPGP part of the GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG). It is a tool
       to provide digital encryption and signing services  using  the  OpenPGP
       standard.  gpg features complete key management and all bells and whis‐
       tles you can expect from a decent OpenPGP implementation.

       This is the standalone version of gpg.  For desktop use you should con‐
       sider using gpg2.

RETURN VALUE
       The program returns 0 if everything was fine, 1 if at least a signature
       was bad, and other error codes for fatal errors.

WARNINGS
       Use a *good* password for your user account and a *good* passphrase  to
       protect	your  secret  key.  This passphrase is the weakest part of the
       whole system. Programs to do dictionary attacks on your secret  keyring
       are  very  easy	to  write  and	so you should protect your "~/.gnupg/"
       directory very well.

       Keep in mind that, if this program is used over a network (telnet),  it
       is *very* easy to spy out your passphrase!

       If you are going to verify detached signatures, make sure that the pro‐
       gram knows about it; either give both filenames on the command line  or
       use '-'' to specify STDIN.

INTEROPERABILITY
       GnuPG  tries  to be a very flexible implementation of the OpenPGP stan‐
       dard. In particular, GnuPG implements many of the optional parts of the
       standard,  such as the SHA-512 hash, and the ZLIB and BZIP2 compression
       algorithms. It is important to be aware that not all  OpenPGP  programs
       implement  these	 optional algorithms and that by forcing their use via
       the --cipher-algo, --digest-algo,  --cert-digest-algo,  or  --compress-
       algo  options  in  GnuPG,  it  is  possible to create a perfectly valid
       OpenPGP message, but one that cannot be read by the intended recipient.

       There are dozens of variations of OpenPGP programs available, and  each
       supports a slightly different subset of these optional algorithms.  For
       example, until recently, no (unhacked) version  of  PGP	supported  the
       BLOWFISH cipher algorithm. A message using BLOWFISH simply could not be
       read by a PGP user. By default, GnuPG uses the standard OpenPGP prefer‐
       ences  system  that  will always do the right thing and create messages
       that are usable by all recipients, regardless of which OpenPGP  program
       they  use.  Only override this safe default if you really know what you
       are doing.

       If you absolutely must override the safe default, or if the preferences
       on  a  given  key  are  invalid for some reason, you are far better off
       using the --pgp6, --pgp7, or --pgp8 options. These options are safe  as
       they  do	 not  force any particular algorithms in violation of OpenPGP,
       but rather reduce the available algorithms to a "PGP-safe" list.

COMMANDS
       Commands are not distinguished from options except for  the  fact  that
       only one command is allowed.

       gpg  may	 be run with no commands, in which case it will perform a rea‐
       sonable action depending on the type of file it is given as  input  (an
       encrypted  message  is  decrypted, a signature is verified, a file con‐
       taining keys is listed).

       Please remember that option as well as command parsing stops as soon as
       a  non-option  is encountered, you can explicitly stop parsing by using
       the special option --.

   Commands not specific to the function

       --version
	      Print the program version and licensing information.  Note  that
	      you cannot abbreviate this command.

       --help

       -h     Print  a	usage message summarizing the most useful command line
	      options.	Note that you cannot abbreviate this command.

       --warranty
	      Print warranty information.

       --dump-options
	      Print a list of all available options and commands.   Note  that
	      you cannot abbreviate this command.

   Commands to select the type of operation

       --sign

       -s     Make  a  signature.  This command may be combined with --encrypt
	      (for a signed and encrypted message), --symmetric (for a	signed
	      and symmetrically encrypted message), or --encrypt and --symmet‐
	      ric together (for a signed message that may be decrypted	via  a
	      secret  key or a passphrase).  The key to be used for signing is
	      chosen by default or  can	 be  set  with	the  --local-user  and
	      --default-key options.

       --clearsign
	      Make a clear text signature.  The content in a clear text signa‐
	      ture is readable without any special software. OpenPGP  software
	      is  only	needed to verify the signature.	 Clear text signatures
	      may modify end-of-line whitespace for platform independence  and
	      are not intended to be reversible.  The key to be used for sign‐
	      ing is chosen by default or can be set with the --local-user and
	      --default-key options.

       --detach-sign

       -b     Make a detached signature.

       --encrypt

       -e     Encrypt  data.  This  option  may be combined with --sign (for a
	      signed and encrypted message), --symmetric (for a	 message  that
	      may  be  decrypted  via a secret key or a passphrase), or --sign
	      and --symmetric together (for  a	signed	message	 that  may  be
	      decrypted via a secret key or a passphrase).

       --symmetric

       -c     Encrypt  with a symmetric cipher using a passphrase. The default
	      symmetric cipher used is CAST5,  but  may	 be  chosen  with  the
	      --cipher-algo  option.  This  option may be combined with --sign
	      (for a signed and symmetrically  encrypted  message),  --encrypt
	      (for  a  message	that  may  be  decrypted via a secret key or a
	      passphrase), or --sign and --encrypt together (for a signed mes‐
	      sage that may be decrypted via a secret key or a passphrase).

       --store
	      Store only (make a simple RFC1991 literal data packet).

       --decrypt

       -d     Decrypt  the file given on the command line (or STDIN if no file
	      is specified) and write it to STDOUT (or the file specified with
	      --output).  If  the  decrypted  file is signed, the signature is
	      also verified. This command differs from the default  operation,
	      as it never writes to the filename which is included in the file
	      and it rejects files which don't begin with  an  encrypted  mes‐
	      sage.

       --verify
	      Assume  that  the	 first argument is a signed file or a detached
	      signature and verify it without generating any output.  With  no
	      arguments,  the  signature  packet is read from STDIN. If only a
	      sigfile is given, it may be a complete signature or  a  detached
	      signature,  in which case the signed stuff is expected in a file
	      without the ".sig" or ".asc" extension.  With more than 1	 argu‐
	      ment, the first should be a detached signature and the remaining
	      files are the signed stuff. To read the signed stuff from STDIN,
	      use  '-''	 as  the  second  filename.   For  security  reasons a
	      detached signature cannot read the signed	 material  from	 STDIN
	      without denoting it in the above way.

       --multifile
	      This  modifies  certain  other commands to accept multiple files
	      for processing on the command line or read from STDIN with  each
	      filename	on  a  separate line. This allows for many files to be
	      processed at once. --multifile may currently be used along  with
	      --verify, --encrypt, and --decrypt. Note that --multifile --ver‐
	      ify may not be used with detached signatures.

       --verify-files
	      Identical to --multifile --verify.

       --encrypt-files
	      Identical to --multifile --encrypt.

       --decrypt-files
	      Identical to --multifile --decrypt.

       --list-keys

       -k

       --list-public-keys
	      List all keys from the public keyrings, or just the  keys	 given
	      on  the command line.  -k is slightly different from --list-keys
	      in that it allows only for one argument  and  takes  the	second
	      argument	as  the	 keyring  to search.  This is for command line
	      compatibility with PGP 2 and has been removed in gpg2.

	      Avoid using the output of this command in scripts or other  pro‐
	      grams  as	 it  is likely to change as GnuPG changes. See --with-
	      colons for a  machine-parseable  key  listing  command  that  is
	      appropriate for use in scripts and other programs.

       --list-secret-keys

       -K     List  all	 keys from the secret keyrings, or just the ones given
	      on the command line. A # after the letters sec  means  that  the
	      secret  key  is  not  usable (for example, if it was created via
	      --export-secret-subkeys).

       --list-sigs
	      Same as --list-keys, but the signatures are listed too.

	      For each signature listed, there are several  flags  in  between
	      the "sig" tag and keyid. These flags give additional information
	      about each signature. From left to right, they are  the  numbers
	      1-3  for certificate check level (see --ask-cert-level), "L" for
	      a local or non-exportable signature (see --lsign-key), "R" for a
	      nonRevocable  signature  (see  the --edit-key command "nrsign"),
	      "P" for a signature that contains a policy URL (see  --cert-pol‐
	      icy-url),	 "N"  for  a  signature	 that contains a notation (see
	      --cert-notation), "X" for an eXpired signature (see  --ask-cert-
	      expire), and the numbers 1-9 or "T" for 10 and above to indicate
	      trust signature levels (see the --edit-key command "tsign").

       --check-sigs
	      Same as --list-sigs, but the signatures are verified.  Note that
	      for  performance	reasons the revocation status of a signing key
	      is not shown.

	      The status of the verification is indicated by a	flag  directly
	      following	 the  "sig"  tag  (and thus before the flags described
	      above for --list-sigs).  A "!" indicates that the signature  has
	      been  successfully verified, a "-" denotes a bad signature and a
	      "%" is used if an error occurred while  checking	the  signature
	      (e.g. a non supported algorithm).

       --fingerprint
	      List  all	 keys (or the specified ones) along with their finger‐
	      prints. This is the same output  as  --list-keys	but  with  the
	      additional  output  of  a line with the fingerprint. May also be
	      combined with --list-sigs or --check-sigs.  If this  command  is
	      given  twice,  the fingerprints of all secondary keys are listed
	      too.

       --list-packets
	      List only the sequence of packets. This  is  mainly  useful  for
	      debugging.

       --card-edit
	      Present  a  menu to work with a smartcard. The subcommand "help"
	      provides an overview  on	available  commands.  For  a  detailed
	      description,     please	  see	  the	  Card	   HOWTO    at
	      http://www.gnupg.org/documentation/howtos.html#GnuPG-cardHOWTO .

       --card-status
	      Show the content of the smart card.

       --change-pin
	      Present a menu to allow changing the PIN of  a  smartcard.  This
	      functionality  is also available as the subcommand "passwd" with
	      the --card-edit command.

       --delete-key name
	      Remove key from the public keyring. In batch mode	 either	 --yes
	      is required or the key must be specified by fingerprint. This is
	      a safeguard against accidental deletion of multiple keys.

       --delete-secret-key name
	      Remove key from the secret and public keyring. In batch mode the
	      key must be specified by fingerprint.

       --delete-secret-and-public-key name
	      Same  as	--delete-key,  but  if a secret key exists, it will be
	      removed first. In batch mode the key must be specified  by  fin‐
	      gerprint.

       --export
	      Either  export  all keys from all keyrings (default keyrings and
	      those registered via option --keyring), or if at least one  name
	      is given, those of the given name. The new keyring is written to
	      STDOUT or to the file given with option --output.	 Use  together
	      with --armor to mail those keys.

       --send-keys key IDs
	      Similar  to --export but sends the keys to a keyserver.  Finger‐
	      prints may be used instead of key IDs. Option  --keyserver  must
	      be used to give the name of this keyserver. Don't send your com‐
	      plete keyring to a keyserver --- select only  those  keys	 which
	      are  new	or  changed by you.  If no key IDs are given, gpg does
	      nothing.

       --export-secret-keys

       --export-secret-subkeys
	      Same as --export, but exports the secret keys instead.  This  is
	      normally	not  very useful and a security risk.  The second form
	      of the command has the special property  to  render  the	secret
	      part  of	the  primary  key  useless; this is a GNU extension to
	      OpenPGP and other implementations can not be  expected  to  suc‐
	      cessfully	 import such a key.  See the option --simple-sk-check‐
	      sum if you want to import such an exported  key  with  an	 older
	      OpenPGP implementation.

       --import

       --fast-import
	      Import/merge  keys. This adds the given keys to the keyring. The
	      fast version is currently just a synonym.

	      There are a few other options which  control  how	 this  command
	      works.   Most  notable  here  is the --import-options merge-only
	      option which does not insert new keys but does only the  merging
	      of new signatures, user-IDs and subkeys.

       --recv-keys key IDs
	      Import  the keys with the given key IDs from a keyserver. Option
	      --keyserver must be used to give the name of this keyserver.

       --refresh-keys
	      Request updates from a keyserver for keys that already exist  on
	      the  local  keyring.  This is useful for updating a key with the
	      latest signatures, user IDs, etc. Calling this with no arguments
	      will refresh the entire keyring. Option --keyserver must be used
	      to give the name of the keyserver for all keys that do not  have
	      preferred	 keyservers  set  (see	--keyserver-options honor-key‐
	      server-url).

       --search-keys names
	      Search the keyserver for the given names. Multiple  names	 given
	      here will be joined together to create the search string for the
	      keyserver.  Option --keyserver must be used to give the name  of
	      this  keyserver.	Keyservers that support different search meth‐
	      ods allow using the syntax specified in "How to specify  a  user
	      ID" below. Note that different keyserver types support different
	      search methods. Currently only LDAP supports them all.

       --fetch-keys URIs
	      Retrieve keys located at the specified URIs. Note that different
	      installations  of	 GnuPG	may support different protocols (HTTP,
	      FTP, LDAP, etc.)

       --update-trustdb
	      Do trust database maintenance. This command  iterates  over  all
	      keys and builds the Web of Trust. This is an interactive command
	      because it may have to ask for the "ownertrust" values for keys.
	      The  user	 has  to  give an estimation of how far she trusts the
	      owner of the displayed key to  correctly	certify	 (sign)	 other
	      keys. GnuPG only asks for the ownertrust value if it has not yet
	      been assigned to a key. Using the --edit-key menu, the  assigned
	      value can be changed at any time.

       --check-trustdb
	      Do  trust	 database  maintenance	without user interaction. From
	      time to time the trust database must be updated so that  expired
	      keys or signatures and the resulting changes in the Web of Trust
	      can be tracked. Normally, GnuPG  will  calculate	when  this  is
	      required	and do it automatically unless --no-auto-check-trustdb
	      is set. This command can be used to force a trust database check
	      at  any  time.  The processing is identical to that of --update-
	      trustdb but it skips keys with a not yet defined "ownertrust".

	      For use with cron jobs, this command can be used	together  with
	      --batch in which case the trust database check is done only if a
	      check is needed. To force a run  even  in	 batch	mode  add  the
	      option --yes.

       --export-ownertrust
	      Send  the ownertrust values to STDOUT. This is useful for backup
	      purposes as these values are the only ones which	can't  be  re-
	      created from a corrupted trustdb.	 Example:
		  gpg --export-ownertrust > otrust.txt

       --import-ownertrust
	      Update  the  trustdb  with the ownertrust values stored in files
	      (or STDIN if not given); existing values	will  be  overwritten.
	      In  case	of a severely damaged trustdb and if you have a recent
	      backup of the ownertrust values (e.g. in the file	 `otrust.txt',
	      you may re-create the trustdb using these commands:
		  cd ~/.gnupg
		  rm trustdb.gpg
		  gpg --import-ownertrust < otrust.txt

       --rebuild-keydb-caches
	      When updating from version 1.0.6 to 1.0.7 this command should be
	      used to create signature caches in  the  keyring.	 It  might  be
	      handy in other situations too.

       --print-md algo

       --print-mds
	      Print  message  digest  of algorithm ALGO for all given files or
	      STDIN.  With the second form  (or	 a  deprecated	"*"  as	 algo)
	      digests for all available algorithms are printed.

       --gen-random 0|1|2
	      Emit  count random bytes of the given quality level. If count is
	      not given or zero, an endless sequence of random bytes  will  be
	      emitted.	 PLEASE,  don't	 use this command unless you know what
	      you are doing; it may remove precious entropy from the system!

       --gen-prime mode bits
	      Use the source, Luke :-). The output format is still subject  to
	      change.

       --enarmor

       --dearmor
	      Pack  or	unpack	an  arbitrary input into/from an OpenPGP ASCII
	      armor.  This is a GnuPG extension to OpenPGP and in general  not
	      very useful.

   How to manage your keys

       This section explains the main commands for key management

       --gen-key
	      Generate	a  new	key  pair.  This command is normally only used
	      interactively.

	      There is an experimental feature which allows you to create keys
	      in  batch mode. See the file `doc/DETAILS' in the source distri‐
	      bution on how to use this.

       --gen-revoke name
	      Generate a revocation  certificate  for  the  complete  key.  To
	      revoke a subkey or a signature, use the --edit command.

       --desig-revoke name
	      Generate	a  designated  revocation  certificate for a key. This
	      allows a user (with the permission of the keyholder)  to	revoke
	      someone else's key.

       --edit-key
	      Present  a  menu which enables you to do most of the key manage‐
	      ment related tasks.  It expects the specification of  a  key  on
	      the command line.

	      uid n  Toggle  selection of user ID or photographic user ID with
		     index n.  Use 0 to deselect all.

	      key n  Toggle selection of subkey with index n.  Use 0 to	 dese‐
		     lect all.

	      sign   Make  a  signature	 on key of user name If the key is not
		     yet signed by the default user (or the users  given  with
		     -u),  the	program	 displays  the	information of the key
		     again, together with its fingerprint and asks whether  it
		     should be signed. This question is repeated for all users
		     specified with -u.

	      lsign  Same as "sign"  but  the  signature  is  marked  as  non-
		     exportable	 and  will  therefore never be used by others.
		     This may be used to make keys valid  only	in  the	 local
		     environment.

	      nrsign Same as "sign" but the signature is marked as non-revoca‐
		     ble and can therefore never be revoked.

	      tsign  Make a trust signature. This is a signature that combines
		     the  notions of certification (like a regular signature),
		     and trust (like the "trust"  command).  It	 is  generally
		     only useful in distinct communities or groups.

	      Note  that "l" (for local / non-exportable), "nr" (for non-revo‐
	      cable, and "t" (for trust) may be freely mixed and  prefixed  to
	      "sign" to create a signature of any type desired.

	      delsig Delete  a	signature.  Note  that	it  is not possible to
		     retract a signature, once it has been send to the	public
		     (i.e.  to	a  keyserver).	 In  that  case you better use
		     revsig.

	      revsig Revoke a signature. For every signature  which  has  been
		     generated by one of the secret keys, GnuPG asks whether a
		     revocation certificate should be generated.

	      check  Check the signatures on all selected user IDs.

	      adduid Create an additional user ID.

	      addphoto
		     Create a photographic user ID. This  will	prompt	for  a
		     JPEG  file	 that  will be embedded into the user ID. Note
		     that a very large JPEG will make for a  very  large  key.
		     Also  note	 that  some  programs  will  display your JPEG
		     unchanged (GnuPG), and some programs will scale it to fit
		     in a dialog box (PGP).

	      showphoto
		     Display the selected photographic user ID.

	      deluid Delete  a	user ID or photographic user ID.  Note that it
		     is not possible to retract a user id, once	 it  has  been
		     send  to  the public (i.e. to a keyserver).  In that case
		     you better use revuid.

	      revuid Revoke a user ID or photographic user ID.

	      primary
		     Flag the current user id as the primary one, removes  the
		     primary user id flag from all other user ids and sets the
		     timestamp of  all	affected  self-signatures  one	second
		     ahead. Note that setting a photo user ID as primary makes
		     it primary over other photo user IDs, and setting a regu‐
		     lar  user ID as primary makes it primary over other regu‐
		     lar user IDs.

	      keyserver
		     Set a preferred keyserver for the specified  user	ID(s).
		     This allows other users to know where you prefer they get
		     your key from. See	 --keyserver-options  honor-keyserver-
		     url  for  more  on	 how  this  works.  Setting a value of
		     "none" removes an existing preferred keyserver.

	      notation
		     Set a name=value notation for the specified  user	ID(s).
		     See --cert-notation for more on how this works. Setting a
		     value of "none" removes all notations, setting a notation
		     prefixed with a minus sign (-) removes that notation, and
		     setting a notation name  (without	the  =value)  prefixed
		     with a minus sign removes all notations with that name.

	      pref   List  preferences	from  the selected user ID. This shows
		     the actual preferences,  without  including  any  implied
		     preferences.

	      showpref
		     More  verbose  preferences	 listing for the selected user
		     ID. This shows the preferences in effect by including the
		     implied preferences of 3DES (cipher), SHA-1 (digest), and
		     Uncompressed  (compression)  if  they  are	 not   already
		     included  in  the	preference list. In addition, the pre‐
		     ferred keyserver and signature  notations	(if  any)  are
		     shown.

	      setpref string
		     Set the list of user ID preferences to string for all (or
		     just the selected) user  IDs.  Calling  setpref  with  no
		     arguments sets the preference list to the default (either
		     built-in or set via --default-preference-list), and call‐
		     ing  setpref  with	 "none"	 as the argument sets an empty
		     preference list. Use gpg  --version  to  get  a  list  of
		     available	algorithms. Note that while you can change the
		     preferences on an attribute user  ID  (aka	 "photo	 ID"),
		     GnuPG  does  not  select  keys  via attribute user IDs so
		     these preferences will not be used by GnuPG.

		     When setting preferences, you should list the  algorithms
		     in the order which you'd like to see them used by someone
		     else when encrypting a message to your key.  If you don't
		     include  3DES, it will be automatically added at the end.
		     Note that there are many factors that go into choosing an
		     algorithm	(for  example,	your  key  may not be the only
		     recipient), and so the remote OpenPGP  application	 being
		     used to send to you may or may not follow your exact cho‐
		     sen order for a given message.  It	 will,	however,  only
		     choose  an	 algorithm  that  is present on the preference
		     list of every recipient key.  See also the INTEROPERABIL‐
		     ITY WITH OTHER OPENPGP PROGRAMS section below.

	      addkey Add a subkey to this key.

	      addcardkey
		     Generate a subkey on a card and add it to this key.

	      keytocard
		     Transfer  the  selected secret subkey (or the primary key
		     if no subkey has  been  selected)	to  a  smartcard.  The
		     secret  key  in the keyring will be replaced by a stub if
		     the key could be stored successfully on the card and  you
		     use the save command later. Only certain key types may be
		     transferred to the card. A sub menu allows you to	select
		     on what card to store the key. Note that it is not possi‐
		     ble to get that key back from the card - if the card gets
		     broken  your  secret  key	will be lost unless you have a
		     backup somewhere.

	      bkuptocard file
		     Restore the given file to a card.	This  command  may  be
		     used  to  restore	a backup key (as generated during card
		     initialization) to a new card. In almost all  cases  this
		     will  be  the encryption key. You should use this command
		     only with the corresponding public key and make sure that
		     the  file	given  as  argument  is	 indeed	 the backup to
		     restore. You should then select 2 to restore  as  encryp‐
		     tion   key.   You	will  first  be	 asked	to  enter  the
		     passphrase of the backup key and then for the  Admin  PIN
		     of the card.

	      delkey Remove a subkey (secondart key). Note that it is not pos‐
		     sible to retract a subkey, once it has been send  to  the
		     public  (i.e.  to	a keyserver).  In that case you better
		     use revkey.

	      revkey Revoke a subkey.

	      expire Change the key or subkey expiration time. If a subkey  is
		     selected,	the  expiration	 time  of  this subkey will be
		     changed. With no selection, the  key  expiration  of  the
		     primary key is changed.

	      trust  Change  the  owner	 trust value for the key. This updates
		     the trust-db immediately and no save is required.

	      disable

	      enable Disable or enable an entire key. A disabled key  can  not
		     normally be used for encryption.

	      addrevoker
		     Add  a  designated	 revoker  to  the  key. This takes one
		     optional argument: "sensitive". If a  designated  revoker
		     is	 marked	 as  sensitive,	 it  will  not	be exported by
		     default (see export-options).

	      passwd Change the passphrase of the secret key.

	      toggle Toggle between public and secret key listing.

	      clean  Compact (by removing all signatures except	 the  selfsig)
		     any  user	ID  that is no longer usable (e.g. revoked, or
		     expired). Then, remove any signatures that are not usable
		     by	 the  trust  calculations.  Specifically, this removes
		     any signature that does not validate, any signature  that
		     is	 superseded  by a later signature, revoked signatures,
		     and signatures issued by keys that are not present on the
		     keyring.

	      minimize
		     Make  the key as small as possible. This removes all sig‐
		     natures from each user ID	except	for  the  most	recent
		     self-signature.

	      cross-certify
		     Add  cross-certification  signatures  to  signing subkeys
		     that may not  currently  have  them.  Cross-certification
		     signatures	 protect against a subtle attack against sign‐
		     ing subkeys. See --require-cross-certification.  All  new
		     keys  generated  have  this signature by default, so this
		     option is only useful to bring older keys up to date.

	      save   Save all changes to the key rings and quit.

	      quit   Quit the program without updating the key rings.

	      The listing shows you the key with its secondary	keys  and  all
	      user  ids.  Selected keys or user ids are indicated by an aster‐
	      isk. The trust value is displayed	 with  the  primary  key:  the
	      first  is	 the assigned owner trust and the second is the calcu‐
	      lated trust value. Letters are used for the values:

	      -	     No ownertrust assigned / not yet calculated.

	      e	     Trust calculation has failed; probably due to an  expired
		     key.

	      q	     Not enough information for calculation.

	      n	     Never trust this key.

	      m	     Marginally trusted.

	      f	     Fully trusted.

	      u	     Ultimately trusted.

       --sign-key name
	      Signs a public key with your secret key. This is a shortcut ver‐
	      sion of the subcommand "sign" from --edit.

       --lsign-key name
	      Signs a public key with your secret key but  marks  it  as  non-
	      exportable. This is a shortcut version of the subcommand "lsign"
	      from --edit-key.


OPTIONS
       gpg comes features a bunch of options to control	 the  exact  behaviour
       and to change the default configuration.

       Long    options	  can	be   put   in	an   options   file   (default
       "~/.gnupg/gpg.conf"). Short option names will not work -	 for  example,
       "armor"	is  a  valid option for the options file, while "a" is not. Do
       not write the 2 dashes, but simply the  name  of	 the  option  and  any
       required	 arguments.  Lines  with  a hash ('#') as the first non-white-
       space character are ignored. Commands may be put in this file too,  but
       that  is not generally useful as the command will execute automatically
       with every execution of gpg.

       Please remember that option parsing stops as soon as  a	non-option  is
       encountered,  you  can  explicitly  stop	 parsing  by using the special
       option --.

   How to change the configuration

       These options are used to change	 the  configuration  and  are  usually
       found in the option file.

       --default-key name
	      Use  name as the default key to sign with. If this option is not
	      used, the default key is the  first  key	found  in  the	secret
	      keyring.	Note that -u or --local-user overrides this option.

       --default-recipient name
	      Use  name as default recipient if option --recipient is not used
	      and don't ask if this is a valid one. name must be non-empty.

       --default-recipient-self
	      Use the default key as default recipient if  option  --recipient
	      is  not  used  and don't ask if this is a valid one. The default
	      key is the first one from the secret keyring or the one set with
	      --default-key.

       --no-default-recipient
	      Reset --default-recipient and --default-recipient-self.

       -v, --verbose
	      Give  more  information  during  processing.  If used twice, the
	      input data is listed in detail.

       --no-verbose
	      Reset verbose level to 0.

       -q, --quiet
	      Try to be as quiet as possible.

       --batch

       --no-batch
	      Use batch mode.  Never ask, do not allow	interactive  commands.
	      --no-batch disables this option.	Note that even with a filename
	      given on the command line, gpg might still  need	to  read  from
	      STDIN (in particular if gpg figures that the input is a detached
	      signature and no data file has been specified).  Thus if you  do
	      not  want	 to  feed  data via STDIN, you should connect STDIN to
	      `/dev/null'.

       --no-tty
	      Make sure that the TTY (terminal) is never used for any  output.
	      This  option  is	needed	in  some cases because GnuPG sometimes
	      prints warnings to the TTY even if --batch is used.

       --yes  Assume "yes" on most questions.

       --no   Assume "no" on most questions.

       --list-options parameters
	      This is a space or comma delimited  string  that	gives  options
	      used  when  listing  keys	 and signatures (that is, --list-keys,
	      --list-sigs,  --list-public-keys,	 --list-secret-keys,  and  the
	      --edit-key  functions).	Options	 can  be  prepended with a no-
	      (after the two  dashes)  to  give	 the  opposite	meaning.   The
	      options are:

	      show-photos
		     Causes  --list-keys, --list-sigs, --list-public-keys, and
		     --list-secret-keys to display any photo IDs  attached  to
		     the key.  Defaults to no. See also --photo-viewer.

	      show-policy-urls
		     Show policy URLs in the --list-sigs or --check-sigs list‐
		     ings.  Defaults to no.

	      show-notations

	      show-std-notations

	      show-user-notations
		     Show all, IETF standard, or user-defined signature	 nota‐
		     tions   in	 the  --list-sigs  or  --check-sigs  listings.
		     Defaults to no.

	      show-keyserver-urls

		     Show any preferred keyserver URL in  the  --list-sigs  or
		     --check-sigs listings. Defaults to no.

	      show-uid-validity
		     Display  the  calculated  validity of user IDs during key
		     listings.	Defaults to no.

	      show-unusable-uids
		     Show revoked  and	expired	 user  IDs  in	key  listings.
		     Defaults to no.

	      show-unusable-subkeys
		     Show   revoked  and  expired  subkeys  in	key  listings.
		     Defaults to no.

	      show-keyring
		     Display the keyring name at the head of key  listings  to
		     show  which  keyring  a given key resides on. Defaults to
		     no.

	      show-sig-expire
		     Show signature expiration dates (if any)  during  --list-
		     sigs or --check-sigs listings. Defaults to no.

	      show-sig-subpackets
		     Include  signature	 subpackets  in	 the key listing. This
		     option can take an optional argument list of the subpack‐
		     ets  to list. If no argument is passed, list all subpack‐
		     ets. Defaults to no. This option is only meaningful  when
		     using  --with-colons  along  with --list-sigs or --check-
		     sigs.

       --verify-options parameters
	      This is a space or comma delimited  string  that	gives  options
	      used  when verifying signatures. Options can be prepended with a
	      `no-' to give the opposite meaning. The options are:

	      show-photos
		     Display any photo IDs present on the key that issued  the
		     signature.	 Defaults to no. See also --photo-viewer.

	      show-policy-urls
		     Show   policy  URLs  in  the  signature  being  verified.
		     Defaults to no.

	      show-notations

	      show-std-notations

	      show-user-notations
		     Show all, IETF standard, or user-defined signature	 nota‐
		     tions  in	the signature being verified. Defaults to IETF
		     standard.

	      show-keyserver-urls
		     Show any preferred keyserver URL in the  signature	 being
		     verified.	Defaults to no.

	      show-uid-validity
		     Display  the  calculated  validity of the user IDs on the
		     key that issued the signature. Defaults to no.

	      show-unusable-uids
		     Show revoked and expired user IDs during signature	 veri‐
		     fication.	Defaults to no.

	      show-primary-uid-only
		     Show  only the primary user ID during signature verifica‐
		     tion.  That is all the AKA lines as well as photo Ids are
		     not shown with the signature verification status.

	      pka-lookups
		     Enable  PKA lookups to verify sender addresses. Note that
		     PKA is based on DNS, and so enabling this option may dis‐
		     close  information	 on when and what signatures are veri‐
		     fied or to whom data is encrypted. This is similar to the
		     "web bug" described for the auto-key-retrieve feature.

	      pka-trust-increase
		     Raise  the	 trust in a signature to full if the signature
		     passes PKA validation. This option is only meaningful  if
		     pka-lookups is set.

       --enable-dsa2

       --disable-dsa2
	      Enable hash truncation for all DSA keys even for old DSA Keys up
	      to 1024 bit.  This is also the  default  with  --openpgp.	  Note
	      that  older  versions  of GnuPG also required this flag to allow
	      the generation of DSA larger than 1024 bit.

       --photo-viewer string
	      This is the command line that should be run to view a photo  ID.
	      "%i"  will  be expanded to a filename containing the photo. "%I"
	      does the same, except the file will  not	be  deleted  once  the
	      viewer exits.  Other flags are "%k" for the key ID, "%K" for the
	      long key ID, "%f" for the key fingerprint, "%t" for  the	exten‐
	      sion  of	the image type (e.g. "jpg"), "%T" for the MIME type of
	      the image (e.g. "image/jpeg"), and "%%" for  an  actual  percent
	      sign.  If	 neither  %i or %I are present, then the photo will be
	      supplied to the viewer on standard input.

	      The default viewer is "xloadimage	 -fork	-quiet	-title	'KeyID
	      0x%k'  STDIN".  Note  that  if  your image viewer program is not
	      secure, then executing it from GnuPG does not make it secure.

       --exec-path string
	      Sets a list of directories to search for photo viewers and  key‐
	      server  helpers. If not provided, keyserver helpers use the com‐
	      piled-in default directory, and  photo  viewers  use  the	 $PATH
	      environment  variable.   Note,  that on W32 system this value is
	      ignored when searching for keyserver helpers.

       --keyring file
	      Add file to the current list of keyrings. If file begins with  a
	      tilde and a slash, these are replaced by the $HOME directory. If
	      the filename does not contain a slash, it is assumed  to	be  in
	      the  GnuPG home directory ("~/.gnupg" if --homedir or $GNUPGHOME
	      is not used).

	      Note that this adds a keyring to the current list. If the intent
	      is  to use the specified keyring alone, use --keyring along with
	      --no-default-keyring.

       --secret-keyring file
	      Same as --keyring but for the secret keyrings.

       --primary-keyring file
	      Designate file as the primary public keyring.  This  means  that
	      newly imported keys (via --import or keyserver --recv-from) will
	      go to this keyring.

       --trustdb-name file
	      Use file instead of the default trustdb. If file begins  with  a
	      tilde and a slash, these are replaced by the $HOME directory. If
	      the filename does not contain a slash, it is assumed  to	be  in
	      the  GnuPG home directory (`~/.gnupg' if --homedir or $GNUPGHOME
	      is not used).

       --homedir dir
	      Set the name of the home directory to dir. If this option is not
	      used,  the  home	directory  defaults to `~/.gnupg'.  It is only
	      recognized when given on the command line.   It  also  overrides
	      any  home	 directory  stated  through  the  environment variable
	      `GNUPGHOME' or (on W32 systems) by means of the  Registry	 entry
	      HKCU\Software\GNU\GnuPG:HomeDir.

       --pcsc-driver file
	      Use  file to access the smartcard reader. The current default is
	      `libpcsclite.so.1'   for	  GLIBC	   based    systems,	`/Sys‐
	      tem/Library/Frameworks/PCSC.framework/PCSC'  for MAC OS X, `win‐
	      scard.dll' for Windows and `libpcsclite.so' for other systems.

       --disable-ccid
	      Disable the integrated support for CCID compliant readers.  This
	      allows  to  fall	back  to  one of the other drivers even if the
	      internal CCID driver can handle the reader. Note, that CCID sup‐
	      port is only available if libusb was available at build time.

       --reader-port number_or_string
	      This  option  may be used to specify the port of the card termi‐
	      nal. A value of 0 refers to the first serial device;  add	 32768
	      to  access USB devices. The default is 32768 (first USB device).
	      PC/SC or CCID readers might need a string here; run the  program
	      in  verbose mode to get a list of available readers. The default
	      is then the first reader found.

       --display-charset name
	      Set the name of the native character set. This is used  to  con‐
	      vert  some  informational	 strings  like	user IDs to the proper
	      UTF-8 encoding.  Note that this has nothing to do with the char‐
	      acter  set  of  data  to	be encrypted or signed; GnuPG does not
	      recode user-supplied data. If  this  option  is  not  used,  the
	      default  character  set is determined from the current locale. A
	      verbosity level of 3 shows the chosen  set.   Valid  values  for
	      name are:

	      iso-8859-1
		     This is the Latin 1 set.

	      iso-8859-2
		     The Latin 2 set.

	      iso-8859-15
		     This is currently an alias for the Latin 1 set.

	      koi8-r The usual Russian set (rfc1489).

	      utf-8  Bypass  all  translations	and  assume  that  the OS uses
		     native UTF-8 encoding.

       --utf8-strings

       --no-utf8-strings
	      Assume that command line arguments are given  as	UTF8  strings.
	      The  default (--no-utf8-strings) is to assume that arguments are
	      encoded in the character set as specified by  --display-charset.
	      These  options  affect all following arguments. Both options may
	      be used multiple times.

       --options file
	      Read options from file and do not try  to	 read  them  from  the
	      default options file in the homedir (see --homedir). This option
	      is ignored if used in an options file.

       --no-options
	      Shortcut for --options /dev/null. This option is detected before
	      an  attempt to open an option file.  Using this option will also
	      prevent the creation of a `~/.gnupg' homedir.

       -z n

       --compress-level n

       --bzip2-compress-level n
	      Set compression level to n for  the  ZIP	and  ZLIB  compression
	      algorithms.  The default is to use the default compression level
	      of zlib (normally 6). --bzip2-compress-level sets	 the  compres‐
	      sion  level for the BZIP2 compression algorithm (defaulting to 6
	      as well). This is a different option from --compress-level since
	      BZIP2  uses  a  significant amount of memory for each additional
	      compression level.  -z sets both. A value of 0  for  n  disables
	      compression.

       --bzip2-decompress-lowmem
	      Use a different decompression method for BZIP2 compressed files.
	      This alternate method uses a bit more than half the memory,  but
	      also  runs  at  half the speed. This is useful under extreme low
	      memory circumstances when the file was originally compressed  at
	      a high --bzip2-compress-level.

       --mangle-dos-filenames

       --no-mangle-dos-filenames
	      Older  version of Windows cannot handle filenames with more than
	      one dot. --mangle-dos-filenames causes GnuPG to replace  (rather
	      than  add	 to) the extension of an output filename to avoid this
	      problem. This option is off by default and has no effect on non-
	      Windows platforms.

       --ask-cert-level

       --no-ask-cert-level
	      When  making  a key signature, prompt for a certification level.
	      If this option is not specified, the certification level used is
	      set   via	 --default-cert-level.	See  --default-cert-level  for
	      information on the specific levels and how they are used.	 --no-
	      ask-cert-level disables this option. This option defaults to no.

       --default-cert-level n
	      The default to use for the check level when signing a key.

	      0	 means	you  make  no particular claim as to how carefully you
	      verified the key.

	      1 means you believe the key is owned by the person who claims to
	      own it but you could not, or did not verify the key at all. This
	      is useful for a "persona" verification, where you sign  the  key
	      of a pseudonymous user.

	      2	 means	you  did  casual verification of the key. For example,
	      this could mean that you verified that the key  fingerprint  and
	      checked the user ID on the key against a photo ID.

	      3	 means you did extensive verification of the key. For example,
	      this could mean that you verified the key fingerprint  with  the
	      owner  of the key in person, and that you checked, by means of a
	      hard to forge document with a photo ID (such as a passport) that
	      the name of the key owner matches the name in the user ID on the
	      key, and finally that you verified (by exchange of  email)  that
	      the email address on the key belongs to the key owner.

	      Note  that  the examples given above for levels 2 and 3 are just
	      that: examples. In the end, it is up to you to decide just  what
	      "casual" and "extensive" mean to you.

	      This option defaults to 0 (no particular claim).

       --min-cert-level
	      When  building  the  trust database, treat any signatures with a
	      certification level below this as invalid. Defaults to 2,	 which
	      disregards  level 1 signatures. Note that level 0 "no particular
	      claim" signatures are always accepted.

       --trusted-key long key ID
	      Assume that the specified key (which must be given as a  full  8
	      byte  key	 ID) is as trustworthy as one of your own secret keys.
	      This option is useful if you don't want to keep your secret keys
	      (or  one	of them) online but still want to be able to check the
	      validity of a given recipient's or signator's key.

       --trust-model pgp|classic|direct|always|auto
	      Set what trust model GnuPG should follow. The models are:

	      pgp    This is the Web of Trust combined with  trust  signatures
		     as	 used  in PGP 5.x and later. This is the default trust
		     model when creating a new trust database.

	      classic
		     This is the standard Web of Trust as used in PGP 2.x  and
		     earlier.

	      direct Key  validity  is set directly by the user and not calcu‐
		     lated via the Web of Trust.

	      always Skip key validation and assume that used keys are	always
		     fully  trusted.  You  generally won't use this unless you
		     are using some external validation	 scheme.  This	option
		     also suppresses the "[uncertain]" tag printed with signa‐
		     ture checks when there is no evidence that the user ID is
		     bound to the key.

	      auto   Select the trust model depending on whatever the internal
		     trust database says. This is the default model if such  a
		     database already exists.

       --auto-key-locate parameters

       --no-auto-key-locate
	      GnuPG can automatically locate and retrieve keys as needed using
	      this option. This happens when encrypting to  an	email  address
	      (in  the	"user@example.com"  form), and there are no user@exam‐
	      ple.com keys on the local keyring.  This option takes any number
	      of the following mechanisms, in the order they are to be tried:

	      cert   Locate a key using DNS CERT, as specified in rfc4398.

	      pka    Locate a key using DNS PKA.

	      ldap   Using DNS Service Discovery, check the domain in question
		     for any LDAP keyservers to use.  If this  fails,  attempt
		     to	 locate	 the  key  using  the  PGP Universal method of
		     checking 'ldap://keys.(thedomain)''.

	      keyserver
		     Locate a key using whatever keyserver  is	defined	 using
		     the --keyserver option.

	      keyserver-URL
		     In	 addition,  a keyserver URL as used in the --keyserver
		     option may be used here to	 query	that  particular  key‐
		     server.

	      local  Locate  the key using the local keyrings.	This mechanism
		     allows to select the order a local key  lookup  is	 done.
		     Thus  using  '--auto-key-locate  local''  is identical to
		     --no-auto-key-locate.

	      nodefault
		     This flag disables the standard local  key	 lookup,  done
		     before  any  of the mechanisms defined by the --auto-key-
		     locate are tried.	The position of this mechanism in  the
		     list  does	 not  matter.	It is not required if local is
		     also used.

       --keyid-format short|0xshort|long|0xlong
	      Select how to  display  key  IDs.	 "short"  is  the  traditional
	      8-character key ID. "long" is the more accurate (but less conve‐
	      nient) 16-character key ID. Add an "0x" to either to include  an
	      "0x" at the beginning of the key ID, as in 0x99242560.

       --keyserver name
	      Use name as your keyserver. This is the server that --recv-keys,
	      --send-keys, and --search-keys will communicate with to  receive
	      keys  from,  send keys to, and search for keys on. The format of
	      the name is a URI: `scheme:[//]keyservername[:port]' The	scheme
	      is  the  type  of	 keyserver: "hkp" for the HTTP (or compatible)
	      keyservers, "ldap" for the LDAP keyservers, or "mailto" for  the
	      Graff email keyserver. Note that your particular installation of
	      GnuPG may have other keyserver types  available  as  well.  Key‐
	      server  schemes  are case-insensitive. After the keyserver name,
	      optional keyserver configuration options may be provided.	 These
	      are  the	same as the global --keyserver-options from below, but
	      apply only to this particular keyserver.

	      Most keyservers synchronize with each other, so there is	gener‐
	      ally no need to send keys to more than one server. The keyserver
	      hkp://keys.gnupg.net uses round robin DNS to  give  a  different
	      keyserver each time you use it.

       --keyserver-options name=value1
	      This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for
	      the keyserver. Options can be prefixed with a `no-' to give  the
	      opposite	meaning. Valid import-options or export-options may be
	      used here as well to apply to importing (--recv-key) or  export‐
	      ing  (--send-key)	 a key from a keyserver. While not all options
	      are available for all keyserver types, some common options are:

	      include-revoked
		     When searching for a key with --search-keys, include keys
		     that  are	marked	on the keyserver as revoked. Note that
		     not all  keyservers  differentiate	 between  revoked  and
		     unrevoked	keys,  and  for such keyservers this option is
		     meaningless. Note also that most keyservers do  not  have
		     cryptographic  verification  of  key  revocations, and so
		     turning this option off may result in skipping keys  that
		     are incorrectly marked as revoked.

	      include-disabled
		     When searching for a key with --search-keys, include keys
		     that are marked on the keyserver as disabled.  Note  that
		     this option is not used with HKP keyservers.

	      auto-key-retrieve
		     This option enables the automatic retrieving of keys from
		     a keyserver when verifying signatures made by  keys  that
		     are not on the local keyring.

		     Note  that	 this  option  makes a "web bug" like behavior
		     possible.	Keyserver operators can	 see  which  keys  you
		     request,  so  by  sending you a message signed by a brand
		     new key (which you naturally will not have on your	 local
		     keyring),	the operator can tell both your IP address and
		     the time when you verified the signature.

	      honor-keyserver-url
		     When using --refresh-keys, if the key in question	has  a
		     preferred	keyserver  URL,	 then  use that preferred key‐
		     server to refresh the key from. In addition, if auto-key-
		     retrieve  is  set, and the signature being verified has a
		     preferred keyserver URL, then  use	 that  preferred  key‐
		     server to fetch the key from. Defaults to yes.

	      honor-pka-record
		     If auto-key-retrieve is set, and the signature being ver‐
		     ified has a PKA record, then use the PKA  information  to
		     fetch the key. Defaults to yes.

	      include-subkeys
		     When  receiving  a key, include subkeys as potential tar‐
		     gets. Note that this option is not	 used  with  HKP  key‐
		     servers, as they do not support retrieving keys by subkey
		     id.

	      use-temp-files
		     On most Unix-like platforms, GnuPG communicates with  the
		     keyserver	helper	program	 via  pipes, which is the most
		     efficient method. This option forces GnuPG to use	tempo‐
		     rary  files  to  communicate.  On some platforms (such as
		     Win32 and RISC OS), this option is always enabled.

	      keep-temp-files
		     If using `use-temp-files', do not delete the  temp	 files
		     after using them. This option is useful to learn the key‐
		     server communication protocol by  reading	the  temporary
		     files.

	      verbose
		     Tell  the	keyserver  helper  program to be more verbose.
		     This option can be repeated multiple  times  to  increase
		     the verbosity level.

	      timeout
		     Tell  the	keyserver helper program how long (in seconds)
		     to try and perform a keyserver action before  giving  up.
		     Note  that	 performing  multiple actions at the same time
		     uses this timeout value per action.   For	example,  when
		     retrieving	 multiple  keys	 via  --recv-keys, the timeout
		     applies separately to each key retrieval, and not to  the
		     --recv-keys command as a whole. Defaults to 30 seconds.

	      http-proxy=value
		     Set  the  proxy to use for HTTP and HKP keyservers.  This
		     overrides the "http_proxy" environment variable, if any.

	      max-cert-size
		     When retrieving a key via DNS CERT, only accept  keys  up
		     to this size.  Defaults to 16384 bytes.

	      debug  Turn  on  debug  output  in the keyserver helper program.
		     Note that the details of debug output  depends  on	 which
		     keyserver	helper	program is being used, and in turn, on
		     any libraries that	 the  keyserver	 helper	 program  uses
		     internally (libcurl, openldap, etc).

	      check-cert
		     Enable certificate checking if the keyserver presents one
		     (for hkps or ldaps).  Defaults to on.

	      ca-cert-file
		     Provide  a	 certificate  file  to	override  the	system
		     default.	Only  necessary	 if check-cert is enabled, and
		     the keyserver is using a certificate that is not  present
		     in a system default certificate list.

       --completes-needed n
	      Number of completely trusted users to introduce a new key signer
	      (defaults to 1).

       --marginals-needed n
	      Number of marginally trusted users to introduce a new key signer
	      (defaults to 3)

       --max-cert-depth n
	      Maximum depth of a certification chain (default is 5).

       --simple-sk-checksum
	      Secret  keys  are integrity protected by using a SHA-1 checksum.
	      This method is part of the upcoming enhanced OpenPGP  specifica‐
	      tion  but GnuPG already uses it as a countermeasure against cer‐
	      tain attacks.  Old applications don't understand this  new  for‐
	      mat, so this option may be used to switch back to the old behav‐
	      iour. Using this option bears a security risk. Note  that	 using
	      this option only takes effect when the secret key is encrypted -
	      the simplest way to make this happen is to change the passphrase
	      on the key (even changing it to the same value is acceptable).

       --no-sig-cache
	      Do not cache the verification status of key signatures.  Caching
	      gives a much better performance in key listings. However, if you
	      suspect that your public keyring is not save against write modi‐
	      fications, you can use this option to disable  the  caching.  It
	      probably	does  not make sense to disable it because all kind of
	      damage can be done if someone else has write access to your pub‐
	      lic keyring.

       --no-sig-create-check
	      GnuPG  normally  verifies each signature right after creation to
	      protect against bugs and hardware malfunctions which could  leak
	      out bits from the secret key. This extra verification needs some
	      time (about 115% for DSA keys), and so this option can  be  used
	      to disable it.  However, due to the fact that the signature cre‐
	      ation needs manual interaction, this  performance	 penalty  does
	      not matter in most settings.

       --auto-check-trustdb

       --no-auto-check-trustdb
	      If  GnuPG	 feels that its information about the Web of Trust has
	      to be updated, it automatically runs the --check-trustdb command
	      internally.   This  may  be a time consuming process. --no-auto-
	      check-trustdb disables this option.

       --use-agent

       --no-use-agent
	      Try to use the GnuPG-Agent.  With this option, GnuPG first tries
	      to  connect  to the agent before it asks for a passphrase. --no-
	      use-agent disables this option.

       --gpg-agent-info
	      Override	  the	 value	  of	the    environment    variable
	      'GPG_AGENT_INFO''.  This	is only used when --use-agent has been
	      given.  Given that this option is not anymore used by  gpg2,  it
	      should be avoided if possible.

       --lock-once
	      Lock the databases the first time a lock is requested and do not
	      release the lock until the process terminates.

       --lock-multiple
	      Release the locks every time a lock is  no  longer  needed.  Use
	      this to override a previous --lock-once from a config file.

       --lock-never
	      Disable  locking	entirely.  This	 option should be used only in
	      very special environments, where it can be assured that only one
	      process  is  accessing  those  files.  A	bootable floppy with a
	      stand-alone encryption system will probably use  this.  Improper
	      usage of this option may lead to data and key corruption.

       --exit-on-status-write-error
	      This  option will cause write errors on the status FD to immedi‐
	      ately terminate the process. That should in fact be the  default
	      but  it  never  worked  this  way	 and thus we need an option to
	      enable this, so that the change won't break  applications	 which
	      close  their  end of a status fd connected pipe too early. Using
	      this option along with --enable-progress-filter may be  used  to
	      cleanly cancel long running gpg operations.

       --limit-card-insert-tries n
	      With  n  greater than 0 the number of prompts asking to insert a
	      smartcard gets limited to N-1. Thus with a value of 1 gpg	 won't
	      at  all  ask  to	insert	a  card	 if  none has been inserted at
	      startup. This option is useful in the configuration file in case
	      an  application  does  not  know about the smartcard support and
	      waits ad infinitum for an inserted card.

       --no-random-seed-file
	      GnuPG uses a file to store its internal random pool over invoca‐
	      tions.   This  makes random generation faster; however sometimes
	      write operations are not desired. This option  can  be  used  to
	      achieve that with the cost of slower random generation.

       --no-greeting
	      Suppress the initial copyright message.

       --no-secmem-warning
	      Suppress the warning about "using insecure memory".

       --no-permission-warning
	      Suppress	the  warning  about  unsafe  file  and	home directory
	      (--homedir) permissions. Note that the  permission  checks  that
	      GnuPG  performs are not intended to be authoritative, but rather
	      they simply warn about certain common  permission	 problems.  Do
	      not  assume that the lack of a warning means that your system is
	      secure.

	      Note that the warning for unsafe --homedir permissions cannot be
	      suppressed in the gpg.conf file, as this would allow an attacker
	      to place an unsafe gpg.conf file in place, and use this file  to
	      suppress	warnings about itself. The --homedir permissions warn‐
	      ing may only be suppressed on the command line.

       --no-mdc-warning
	      Suppress the warning about missing MDC integrity protection.

       --require-secmem

       --no-require-secmem
	      Refuse to run if GnuPG cannot get secure memory. Defaults to  no
	      (i.e. run, but give a warning).

       --require-cross-certification

       --no-require-cross-certification
	      When  verifying  a signature made from a subkey, ensure that the
	      cross certification "back signature" on the  subkey  is  present
	      and  valid.   This protects against a subtle attack against sub‐
	      keys that can sign.  Defaults  to	 --require-cross-certification
	      for gpg.

       --expert

       --no-expert
	      Allow  the user to do certain nonsensical or "silly" things like
	      signing an expired or revoked key, or certain potentially incom‐
	      patible things like generating unusual key types. This also dis‐
	      ables certain warning messages  about  potentially  incompatible
	      actions.	As  the name implies, this option is for experts only.
	      If you don't fully understand the implications of what it allows
	      you to do, leave this off. --no-expert disables this option.

   Key related options

       --recipient name

       -r     Encrypt  for  user id name. If this option or --hidden-recipient
	      is not specified, GnuPG asks for the user-id  unless  --default-
	      recipient is given.

       --hidden-recipient name

       -R     Encrypt  for  user  ID  name, but hide the key ID of this user's
	      key. This option helps to hide the receiver of the  message  and
	      is  a  limited  countermeasure against traffic analysis. If this
	      option or --recipient is not specified, GnuPG asks for the  user
	      ID unless --default-recipient is given.

       --encrypt-to name
	      Same  as	--recipient  but  this	one is intended for use in the
	      options file and may  be	used  with  your  own  user-id	as  an
	      "encrypt-to-self". These keys are only used when there are other
	      recipients given either by use of --recipient or	by  the	 asked
	      user  id.	 No trust checking is performed for these user ids and
	      even disabled keys can be used.

       --hidden-encrypt-to name
	      Same as --hidden-recipient but this one is intended for  use  in
	      the options file and may be used with your own user-id as a hid‐
	      den "encrypt-to-self". These keys are only used when  there  are
	      other  recipients	 given	either by use of --recipient or by the
	      asked user id.  No trust checking is performed  for  these  user
	      ids and even disabled keys can be used.

       --no-encrypt-to
	      Disable  the  use	 of  all  --encrypt-to and --hidden-encrypt-to
	      keys.

       --group name=value1
	      Sets up a named group, which is similar to aliases in email pro‐
	      grams.   Any time the group name is a recipient (-r or --recipi‐
	      ent), it will be expanded	 to  the  values  specified.  Multiple
	      groups with the same name are automatically merged into a single
	      group.

	      The values are key IDs or fingerprints, but any key  description
	      is accepted. Note that a value with spaces in it will be treated
	      as two different values. Note also there is only	one  level  of
	      expansion	 ---  you  cannot make an group that points to another
	      group. When used from the command line, it may be	 necessary  to
	      quote  the  argument  to	this  option to prevent the shell from
	      treating it as multiple arguments.

       --ungroup name
	      Remove a given entry from the --group list.

       --no-groups
	      Remove all entries from the --group list.

       --local-user name

       -u     Use name as the key to sign with. Note that  this	 option	 over‐
	      rides --default-key.

       --try-all-secrets
	      Don't  look  at  the key ID as stored in the message but try all
	      secret keys in turn to  find  the	 right	decryption  key.  This
	      option  forces  the  behaviour  as  used by anonymous recipients
	      (created by using --throw-keyids) and might come handy  in  case
	      where an encrypted message contains a bogus key ID.

   Input and Output

       --armor

       -a     Create  ASCII  armored  output.	The  default  is to create the
	      binary OpenPGP format.

       --no-armor
	      Assume the input data is not in ASCII armored format.

       --output file

       -o file
	      Write output to file.

       --max-output n
	      This option sets a limit on the number of	 bytes	that  will  be
	      generated when processing a file. Since OpenPGP supports various
	      levels of compression, it is possible that the  plaintext	 of  a
	      given  message  may  be  significantly  larger than the original
	      OpenPGP message. While GnuPG works properly with such  messages,
	      there  is often a desire to set a maximum file size that will be
	      generated before processing is forced to stop by the OS  limits.
	      Defaults to 0, which means "no limit".

       --import-options parameters
	      This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for
	      importing keys. Options can be prepended with a  `no-'  to  give
	      the opposite meaning. The options are:

	      import-local-sigs
		     Allow importing key signatures marked as "local". This is
		     not generally useful unless a shared  keyring  scheme  is
		     being used.  Defaults to no.

	      repair-pks-subkey-bug
		     During import, attempt to repair the damage caused by the
		     PKS keyserver bug (pre version 0.9.6) that	 mangles  keys
		     with  multiple  subkeys. Note that this cannot completely
		     repair the damaged key as some crucial data is removed by
		     the  keyserver,  but  it  does at least give you back one
		     subkey. Defaults to no for regular --import  and  to  yes
		     for keyserver --recv-keys.

	      merge-only
		     During import, allow key updates to existing keys, but do
		     not allow any new keys to be imported. Defaults to no.

	      import-clean
		     After import, compact (remove all signatures  except  the
		     self-signature)  any  user	 IDs from the new key that are
		     not usable.  Then, remove any signatures from the new key
		     that  are not usable.  This includes signatures that were
		     issued by keys that are not present on the keyring.  This
		     option  is	 the  same  as	running the --edit-key command
		     "clean" after import. Defaults to no.

	      import-minimal
		     Import the smallest key possible. This removes all signa‐
		     tures  except the most recent self-signature on each user
		     ID. This option is the same  as  running  the  --edit-key
		     command "minimize" after import.  Defaults to no.

       --export-options parameters
	      This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for
	      exporting keys. Options can be prepended with a  `no-'  to  give
	      the opposite meaning. The options are:

	      export-local-sigs
		     Allow exporting key signatures marked as "local". This is
		     not generally useful unless a shared  keyring  scheme  is
		     being used.  Defaults to no.

	      export-attributes
		     Include  attribute	 user IDs (photo IDs) while exporting.
		     This is useful to export keys if they  are	 going	to  be
		     used by an OpenPGP program that does not accept attribute
		     user IDs. Defaults to yes.

	      export-sensitive-revkeys
		     Include designated revoker information that was marked as
		     "sensitive". Defaults to no.

	      export-reset-subkey-passwd
		     When  using  the  --export-secret-subkeys	command,  this
		     option resets the passphrases for all exported subkeys to
		     empty.  This  is useful when the exported subkey is to be
		     used on an unattended machine where a passphrase  doesn't
		     necessarily make sense. Defaults to no.

	      export-clean
		     Compact  (remove all signatures from) user IDs on the key
		     being exported if the user IDs are not usable.  Also,  do
		     not  export  any  signatures  that	 are  not usable. This
		     includes signatures that were issued by keys that are not
		     present  on  the keyring. This option is the same as run‐
		     ning the --edit-key command "clean" before export	except
		     that  the local copy of the key is not modified. Defaults
		     to no.

	      export-minimal
		     Export the smallest key possible. This removes all signa‐
		     tures  except the most recent self-signature on each user
		     ID. This option is the same  as  running  the  --edit-key
		     command  "minimize"  before  export except that the local
		     copy of the key is not modified. Defaults to no.

       --with-colons
	      Print key listings delimited by colons.  Note  that  the	output
	      will  be	encoded	 in  UTF-8 regardless of any --display-charset
	      setting. This format is useful when GnuPG is called from scripts
	      and  other  programs as it is easily machine parsed. The details
	      of this format are documented in the file	 `doc/DETAILS',	 which
	      is included in the GnuPG source distribution.

       --fixed-list-mode
	      Do  not  merge  primary  user ID and primary key in --with-colon
	      listing  mode  and  print	 all  timestamps  as   seconds	 since
	      1970-01-01.

       --with-fingerprint
	      Same as the command --fingerprint but changes only the format of
	      the output and may be used together with another command.

   OpenPGP protocol specific options.

       -t, --textmode

       --no-textmode
	      Treat input files as text and store them in the OpenPGP  canoni‐
	      cal  text form with standard "CRLF" line endings. This also sets
	      the necessary flags to inform the recipient that	the  encrypted
	      or  signed  data is text and may need its line endings converted
	      back to whatever the local system uses. This  option  is	useful
	      when  communicating  between  two	 platforms that have different
	      line ending conventions (UNIX-like to Mac, Mac to Windows, etc).
	      --no-textmode disables this option, and is the default.

	      If  -t  (but  not --textmode) is used together with armoring and
	      signing, this  enables  clearsigned  messages.  This  kludge  is
	      needed for command-line compatibility with command-line versions
	      of PGP; normally you would use --sign or --clearsign  to	select
	      the type of the signature.

       --force-v3-sigs

       --no-force-v3-sigs
	      OpenPGP  states that an implementation should generate v4 signa‐
	      tures but PGP versions 5 through 7 only recognize v4  signatures
	      on key material. This option forces v3 signatures for signatures
	      on data.	Note that this option implies --ask-sig-expire, --sig-
	      policy-url,  --sig-notation,  and	 --sig-keyserver-url, as these
	      features cannot be used with v3 signatures.   --no-force-v3-sigs
	      disables this option.

       --force-v4-certs

       --no-force-v4-certs
	      Always  use  v4 key signatures even on v3 keys. This option also
	      changes the default hash algorithm for v3 RSA keys from  MD5  to
	      SHA-1.  --no-force-v4-certs disables this option.

       --force-mdc
	      Force  the use of encryption with a modification detection code.
	      This is always used with the newer ciphers (those with a	block‐
	      size  greater  than  64  bits),  or if all of the recipient keys
	      indicate MDC support in their feature flags.

       --disable-mdc
	      Disable the use of the modification detection code. Note that by
	      using this option, the encrypted message becomes vulnerable to a
	      message modification attack.

       --personal-cipher-preferences string
	      Set the list of personal cipher preferences to string.  Use  gpg
	      --version to get a list of available algorithms, and use none to
	      set no preference at all.	 This allows the user to safely	 over‐
	      ride  the	 algorithm chosen by the recipient key preferences, as
	      GPG will only select an algorithm that is usable by all  recipi‐
	      ents.   The  most highly ranked cipher in this list is also used
	      for the --symmetric encryption command.

       --personal-digest-preferences string
	      Set the list of personal digest preferences to string.  Use  gpg
	      --version to get a list of available algorithms, and use none to
	      set no preference at all.	 This allows the user to safely	 over‐
	      ride  the	 algorithm chosen by the recipient key preferences, as
	      GPG will only select an algorithm that is usable by all  recipi‐
	      ents.   The  most highly ranked digest algorithm in this list is
	      also used when signing without encryption (e.g.  --clearsign  or
	      --sign). The default value is SHA-1.

       --personal-compress-preferences string
	      Set the list of personal compression preferences to string.  Use
	      gpg --version to get a list of  available	 algorithms,  and  use
	      none  to	set  no	 preference  at	 all.  This allows the user to
	      safely override the algorithm chosen by the recipient key	 pref‐
	      erences,	as GPG will only select an algorithm that is usable by
	      all recipients.  The most highly ranked compression algorithm in
	      this  list is also used when there are no recipient keys to con‐
	      sider (e.g. --symmetric).

       --s2k-cipher-algo name
	      Use name as the cipher algorithm used to	protect	 secret	 keys.
	      The  default  cipher is CAST5. This cipher is also used for con‐
	      ventional	 encryption   if   --personal-cipher-preferences   and
	      --cipher-algo is not given.

       --s2k-digest-algo name
	      Use name as the digest algorithm used to mangle the passphrases.
	      The default algorithm is SHA-1.

       --s2k-mode n
	      Selects  how  passphrases	 are  mangled.	If  n  is  0  a	 plain
	      passphrase  (which  is not recommended) will be used, a 1 adds a
	      salt to the passphrase and a 3 (the default) iterates the	 whole
	      process  a  number of times (see --s2k-count).  Unless --rfc1991
	      is used, this mode is also used for conventional encryption.

       --s2k-count n
	      Specify how many times  the  passphrase  mangling	 is  repeated.
	      This  value  may	range between 1024 and 65011712 inclusive, and
	      the  default  is	65536.	 Note  that  not  all  values  in  the
	      1024-65011712  range  are	 legal	and  if	 an  illegal  value is
	      selected, GnuPG will round up to the nearest legal value.	  This
	      option is only meaningful if --s2k-mode is 3.

   Compliance options

       These  options  control	what  GnuPG is compliant to. Only one of these
       options may be active at a time. Note that the default setting of  this
       is  nearly  always the correct one. See the INTEROPERABILITY WITH OTHER
       OPENPGP PROGRAMS section below before using one of these options.

       --gnupg
	      Use standard GnuPG behavior. This is essentially OpenPGP	behav‐
	      ior  (see	 --openpgp),  but with some additional workarounds for
	      common compatibility problems in different versions of PGP. This
	      is the default option, so it is not generally needed, but it may
	      be useful to override  a	different  compliance  option  in  the
	      gpg.conf file.

       --openpgp
	      Reset  all  packet,  cipher and digest options to strict OpenPGP
	      behavior. Use this option to reset  all  previous	 options  like
	      --s2k-*,	--cipher-algo,	--digest-algo  and  --compress-algo to
	      OpenPGP compliant values. All PGP workarounds are disabled.

       --rfc4880
	      Reset all packet, cipher and digest options to  strict  RFC-4880
	      behavior.	 Note  that  this  is  currently  the  same  thing  as
	      --openpgp.

       --rfc2440
	      Reset all packet, cipher and digest options to  strict  RFC-2440
	      behavior.

       --rfc1991
	      Try to be more RFC-1991 (PGP 2.x) compliant.

       --pgp2 Set  up  all options to be as PGP 2.x compliant as possible, and
	      warn if an action is taken (e.g. encrypting to  a	 non-RSA  key)
	      that will create a message that PGP 2.x will not be able to han‐
	      dle. Note that `PGP 2.x' here means `MIT PGP 2.6.2'.  There  are
	      other  versions  of  PGP 2.x available, but the MIT release is a
	      good common baseline.

	      This option implies --rfc1991 --disable-mdc  --no-force-v4-certs
	      --escape-from-lines --force-v3-sigs --cipher-algo IDEA --digest-
	      algo MD5 --compress-algo ZIP. It also disables  --textmode  when
	      encrypting.

       --pgp6 Set  up  all  options to be as PGP 6 compliant as possible. This
	      restricts you to	the  ciphers  IDEA  (if	 the  IDEA  plugin  is
	      installed), 3DES, and CAST5, the hashes MD5, SHA1 and RIPEMD160,
	      and the compression algorithms none and ZIP. This also  disables
	      --throw-keyids,  and  making  signatures with signing subkeys as
	      PGP 6 does not understand signatures made by signing subkeys.

	      This option implies --disable-mdc	 --escape-from-lines  --force-
	      v3-sigs.

       --pgp7 Set up all options to be as PGP 7 compliant as possible. This is
	      identical to --pgp6 except that MDCs are not disabled,  and  the
	      list  of	allowable  ciphers  is expanded to add AES128, AES192,
	      AES256, and TWOFISH.

       --pgp8 Set up all options to be as PGP 8 compliant as possible.	PGP  8
	      is  a  lot closer to the OpenPGP standard than previous versions
	      of PGP, so all this  does	 is  disable  --throw-keyids  and  set
	      --escape-from-lines.   All algorithms are allowed except for the
	      SHA224, SHA384, and SHA512 digests.

   Doing things one usually doesn't want to do.

       -n

       --dry-run
	      Don't make any changes (this is not completely implemented).

       --list-only
	      Changes the behaviour of some commands. This is  like  --dry-run
	      but different in some cases. The semantic of this command may be
	      extended in the future.  Currently  it  only  skips  the	actual
	      decryption  pass	and  therefore	enables	 a fast listing of the
	      encryption keys.

       -i

       --interactive
	      Prompt before overwriting any files.

       --debug flags
	      Set debugging flags. All flags are or-ed and flags may be	 given
	      in C syntax (e.g. 0x0042).

       --debug-all
	      Set all useful debugging flags.

       --debug-ccid-driver
	      Enable  debug  output  from  the included CCID driver for smart‐
	      cards.  Note that this option is only available on some system.

       --enable-progress-filter
	      Enable certain PROGRESS status outputs. This option allows fron‐
	      tends  to	 display  a progress indicator while gpg is processing
	      larger files.  There is a slight performance overhead using it.

       --status-fd n
	      Write special status strings to the file descriptor n.  See  the
	      file DETAILS in the documentation for a listing of them.

       --status-file file
	      Same  as	--status-fd, except the status data is written to file
	      file.

       --logger-fd n
	      Write log output to file descriptor n and not to STDERR.

       --log-file file

       --logger-file file
	      Same as --logger-fd, except the logger data is written  to  file
	      file.  Note that --log-file is only implemented for GnuPG-2.

       --attribute-fd n
	      Write  attribute	subpackets  to	the file descriptor n. This is
	      most useful for use with --status-fd, since the status  messages
	      are  needed  to  separate	 out  the  various subpackets from the
	      stream delivered to the file descriptor.

       --attribute-file file
	      Same as --attribute-fd, except the attribute data is written  to
	      file file.

       --comment string

       --no-comments
	      Use  string  as  a  comment  string in clear text signatures and
	      ASCII armored messages or keys (see --armor). The default behav‐
	      ior  is  not  to use a comment string. --comment may be repeated
	      multiple times to get multiple  comment  strings.	 --no-comments
	      removes all comments.  It is a good idea to keep the length of a
	      single comment below 60 characters to avoid problems  with  mail
	      programs wrapping such lines.  Note that comment lines, like all
	      other header lines, are not protected by the signature.

       --emit-version

       --no-emit-version
	      Force inclusion of the version string in ASCII  armored  output.
	      --no-emit-version disables this option.

       --sig-notation name=value

       --cert-notation name=value

       -N, --set-notation name=value
	      Put  the	name  value  pair into the signature as notation data.
	      name must consist only of printable characters  or  spaces,  and
	      must  contain  a	'@' character in the form keyname@domain.exam‐
	      ple.com (substituting the appropriate keyname and	 domain	 name,
	      of  course).   This  is  to  help	 prevent pollution of the IETF
	      reserved notation namespace. The --expert flag overrides the '@'
	      check.  value may be any printable string; it will be encoded in
	      UTF8, so you should check that  your  --display-charset  is  set
	      correctly.  If you prefix name with an exclamation mark (!), the
	      notation data will be flagged  as	 critical  (rfc2440:5.2.3.15).
	      --sig-notation sets a notation for data signatures. --cert-nota‐
	      tion sets a notation for key signatures (certifications). --set-
	      notation sets both.

	      There are special codes that may be used in notation names. "%k"
	      will be expanded into the key ID of the key being	 signed,  "%K"
	      into the long key ID of the key being signed, "%f" into the fin‐
	      gerprint of the key being signed, "%s" into the key  ID  of  the
	      key  making  the signature, "%S" into the long key ID of the key
	      making the signature, "%g" into the fingerprint of the key  mak‐
	      ing  the signature (which might be a subkey), "%p" into the fin‐
	      gerprint of the primary key of the  key  making  the  signature,
	      "%c"  into  the  signature count from the OpenPGP smartcard, and
	      "%%" results in a single "%". %k, %K, and %f are only meaningful
	      when  making  a  key  signature  (certification), and %c is only
	      meaningful when using the OpenPGP smartcard.

       --sig-policy-url string

       --cert-policy-url string

       --set-policy-url string
	      Use string as a Policy URL  for  signatures  (rfc2440:5.2.3.19).
	      If  you  prefix  it with an exclamation mark (!), the policy URL
	      packet will be flagged as critical. --sig-policy-url sets a pol‐
	      icy url for data signatures. --cert-policy-url sets a policy url
	      for key signatures (certifications). --set-policy-url sets both.

	      The same %-expandos used for notation data are available here as
	      well.

       --sig-keyserver-url string
	      Use  string as a preferred keyserver URL for data signatures. If
	      you prefix it with an exclamation mark (!),  the	keyserver  URL
	      packet will be flagged as critical.

	      The same %-expandos used for notation data are available here as
	      well.

       --set-filename string
	      Use string as the filename  which	 is  stored  inside  messages.
	      This  overrides the default, which is to use the actual filename
	      of the file being encrypted.

       --for-your-eyes-only

       --no-for-your-eyes-only
	      Set the `for your eyes only' flag in the	message.  This	causes
	      GnuPG  to	 refuse to save the file unless the --output option is
	      given, and PGP to use a "secure viewer" with a claimed  Tempest-
	      resistant	 font  to  display  the message. This option overrides
	      --set-filename.  --no-for-your-eyes-only disables this option.

       --use-embedded-filename

       --no-use-embedded-filename
	      Try to create a file with a name as embedded in the  data.  This
	      can  be  a  dangerous  option  as	 it allows to overwrite files.
	      Defaults to no.

       --cipher-algo name
	      Use name as cipher algorithm. Running the program with the  com‐
	      mand --version yields a list of supported algorithms. If this is
	      not used the cipher algorithm is selected from  the  preferences
	      stored  with  the	 key.  In general, you do not want to use this
	      option as it allows you to violate the OpenPGP standard.	--per‐
	      sonal-cipher-preferences	is the safe way to accomplish the same
	      thing.

       --digest-algo name
	      Use name as the message digest algorithm.	 Running  the  program
	      with  the	 command  --version  yields  a list of supported algo‐
	      rithms. In general, you do not want to use  this	option	as  it
	      allows  you  to violate the OpenPGP standard. --personal-digest-
	      preferences is the safe way to accomplish the same thing.

       --compress-algo name
	      Use compression algorithm name. "zlib" is RFC-1950 ZLIB compres‐
	      sion.  "zip"  is	RFC-1951 ZIP compression which is used by PGP.
	      "bzip2" is a more modern compression scheme  that	 can  compress
	      some  things  better  than  zip or zlib, but at the cost of more
	      memory used during compression and decompression. "uncompressed"
	      or  "none" disables compression. If this option is not used, the
	      default behavior is to examine the recipient key preferences  to
	      see  which algorithms the recipient supports. If all else fails,
	      ZIP is used for maximum compatibility.

	      ZLIB may give better compression results than ZIP, as  the  com‐
	      pression	window	size is not limited to 8k. BZIP2 may give even
	      better compression results than that, but will  use  a  signifi‐
	      cantly larger amount of memory while compressing and decompress‐
	      ing. This may be significant in  low  memory  situations.	 Note,
	      however,	that PGP (all versions) only supports ZIP compression.
	      Using any algorithm other than ZIP or "none" will make the  mes‐
	      sage  unreadable	with  PGP.  In general, you do not want to use
	      this option as it allows you to violate  the  OpenPGP  standard.
	      --personal-compress-preferences  is  the	safe way to accomplish
	      the same thing.

       --cert-digest-algo name
	      Use name as the message digest algorithm	used  when  signing  a
	      key.  Running  the  program  with the command --version yields a
	      list of supported algorithms. Be aware that  if  you  choose  an
	      algorithm	 that GnuPG supports but other OpenPGP implementations
	      do not, then some users will not be able to use the  key	signa‐
	      tures you make, or quite possibly your entire key.

       --disable-cipher-algo name
	      Never allow the use of name as cipher algorithm.	The given name
	      will not be checked so that a later loaded algorithm will	 still
	      get disabled.

       --disable-pubkey-algo name
	      Never  allow the use of name as public key algorithm.  The given
	      name will not be checked so that a later loaded  algorithm  will
	      still get disabled.

       --throw-keyids

       --no-throw-keyids
	      Do  not  put the recipient key IDs into encrypted messages. This
	      helps to hide the receivers of the  message  and	is  a  limited
	      countermeasure against traffic analysis. ([Using a little social
	      engineering anyone who is able to decrypt the message can	 check
	      whether  one  of	the other recipients is the one he suspects.])
	      On the receiving side, it may slow down the  decryption  process
	      because  all  available  secret keys must be tried.  --no-throw-
	      keyids disables this option. This option is essentially the same
	      as using --hidden-recipient for all recipients.

       --not-dash-escaped
	      This option changes the behavior of cleartext signatures so that
	      they can be used for patch files. You should not	send  such  an
	      armored  file  via email because all spaces and line endings are
	      hashed too. You can not use this option for  data	 which	has  5
	      dashes  at the beginning of a line, patch files don't have this.
	      A special armor header line tells	 GnuPG	about  this  cleartext
	      signature option.

       --escape-from-lines

       --no-escape-from-lines
	      Because  some  mailers  change  lines  starting  with "From " to
	      ">From " it is good to handle such lines in a special  way  when
	      creating	cleartext  signatures  to prevent the mail system from
	      breaking the signature. Note that all other PGP versions	do  it
	      this  way	 too.  Enabled by default. --no-escape-from-lines dis‐
	      ables this option.

       --passphrase-repeat n
	      Specify how many times gpg will  request	a  new	passphrase  be
	      repeated.	  This	is  useful  for helping memorize a passphrase.
	      Defaults to 1 repetition.

       --passphrase-fd n
	      Read the passphrase from file descriptor n. Only the first  line
	      will  be	read  from  file descriptor n. If you use 0 for n, the
	      passphrase will be read from STDIN. This can  only  be  used  if
	      only one passphrase is supplied.

       --passphrase-file file
	      Read  the passphrase from file file. Only the first line will be
	      read from	 file  file.  This  can	 only  be  used	 if  only  one
	      passphrase is supplied. Obviously, a passphrase stored in a file
	      is of questionable security if other users can read  this	 file.
	      Don't use this option if you can avoid it.

       --passphrase string
	      Use  string as the passphrase. This can only be used if only one
	      passphrase is supplied. Obviously, this is of very  questionable
	      security	on  a  multi-user system. Don't use this option if you
	      can avoid it.

       --command-fd n
	      This is a replacement for the deprecated shared-memory IPC mode.
	      If  this	option	is  enabled,  user  input  on questions is not
	      expected from the TTY but from the  given	 file  descriptor.  It
	      should   be   used  together  with  --status-fd.	See  the  file
	      doc/DETAILS in the source distribution for details on how to use
	      it.

       --command-file file
	      Same  as	--command-fd, except the commands are read out of file
	      file

       --allow-non-selfsigned-uid

       --no-allow-non-selfsigned-uid
	      Allow the import and use of keys with user  IDs  which  are  not
	      self-signed.  This is not recommended, as a non self-signed user
	      ID is trivial to forge. --no-allow-non-selfsigned-uid disables.

       --allow-freeform-uid
	      Disable all checks on the form of the user ID while generating a
	      new  one.	 This option should only be used in very special envi‐
	      ronments as it does not ensure the de-facto standard  format  of
	      user IDs.

       --ignore-time-conflict
	      GnuPG  normally  checks that the timestamps associated with keys
	      and signatures have plausible values. However, sometimes a  sig‐
	      nature  seems  to	 be  older than the key due to clock problems.
	      This  option  makes  these  checks  just	a  warning.  See  also
	      --ignore-valid-from for timestamp issues on subkeys.

       --ignore-valid-from
	      GnuPG  normally  does  not select and use subkeys created in the
	      future.  This option allows  the	use  of	 such  keys  and  thus
	      exhibits the pre-1.0.7 behaviour. You should not use this option
	      unless you there is some clock problem. See also	--ignore-time-
	      conflict for timestamp issues with signatures.

       --ignore-crc-error
	      The  ASCII  armor used by OpenPGP is protected by a CRC checksum
	      against transmission errors. Occasionally the CRC	 gets  mangled
	      somewhere	 on  the  transmission	channel but the actual content
	      (which is protected by the OpenPGP  protocol  anyway)  is	 still
	      okay. This option allows GnuPG to ignore CRC errors.

       --ignore-mdc-error
	      This  option  changes  a MDC integrity protection failure into a
	      warning.	This can be useful if a message is partially  corrupt,
	      but  it  is necessary to get as much data as possible out of the
	      corrupt message.	However, be aware that a MDC protection	 fail‐
	      ure  may also mean that the message was tampered with intention‐
	      ally by an attacker.

       --no-default-keyring
	      Do not add the default keyrings to the list  of  keyrings.  Note
	      that  GnuPG will not operate without any keyrings, so if you use
	      this option and do not provide alternate keyrings via  --keyring
	      or  --secret-keyring, then GnuPG will still use the default pub‐
	      lic or secret keyrings.

       --skip-verify
	      Skip the signature verification step. This may be used  to  make
	      the  decryption  faster  if  the	signature  verification is not
	      needed.

       --with-key-data
	      Print key listings delimited by colons (like --with-colons)  and
	      print the public key data.

       --fast-list-mode
	      Changes  the output of the list commands to work faster; this is
	      achieved by leaving some parts empty.  Some  applications	 don't
	      need  the	 user  ID and the trust information given in the list‐
	      ings. By using this options they can get a faster	 listing.  The
	      exact  behaviour	of  this option may change in future versions.
	      If you are missing some information, don't use this option.

       --no-literal
	      This is not for normal use. Use the source to see	 for  what  it
	      might be useful.

       --set-filesize
	      This  is	not  for normal use. Use the source to see for what it
	      might be useful.

       --show-session-key
	      Display the session key used for one  message.  See  --override-
	      session-key for the counterpart of this option.

	      We think that Key Escrow is a Bad Thing; however the user should
	      have the freedom to decide whether to go to prison or to	reveal
	      the  content  of	one  specific message without compromising all
	      messages ever encrypted for one secret key. DON'T USE IT	UNLESS
	      YOU ARE REALLY FORCED TO DO SO.

       --override-session-key string
	      Don't  use the public key but the session key string. The format
	      of this string is the same as the one printed by --show-session-
	      key.  This  option  is normally not used but comes handy in case
	      someone forces you to reveal the content of  an  encrypted  mes‐
	      sage;  using this option you can do this without handing out the
	      secret key.

       --ask-sig-expire

       --no-ask-sig-expire
	      When making a data signature, prompt for an expiration time.  If
	      this  option  is	not  specified,	 the  expiration  time set via
	      --default-sig-expire is used. --no-ask-sig-expire disables  this
	      option.  Note that by default, --force-v3-sigs is set which also
	      disables this option. If you want signature expiration, you must
	      set --no-force-v3-sigs as well as turning --ask-sig-expire on.

       --default-sig-expire
	      The  default  expiration	time  to use for signature expiration.
	      Valid values are "0" for no expiration, a number followed by the
	      letter  d	 (for  days), w (for weeks), m (for months), or y (for
	      years) (for example "2m"	for  two  months,  or  "5y"  for  five
	      years),  or an absolute date in the form YYYY-MM-DD. Defaults to
	      "0".

       --ask-cert-expire

       --no-ask-cert-expire
	      When making a key signature, prompt for an expiration  time.  If
	      this  option  is	not  specified,	 the  expiration  time set via
	      --default-cert-expire  is	 used.	--no-ask-cert-expire  disables
	      this option.

       --default-cert-expire
	      The default expiration time to use for key signature expiration.
	      Valid values are "0" for no expiration, a number followed by the
	      letter  d	 (for  days), w (for weeks), m (for months), or y (for
	      years) (for example "2m"	for  two  months,  or  "5y"  for  five
	      years),  or an absolute date in the form YYYY-MM-DD. Defaults to
	      "0".

       --allow-secret-key-import
	      This is an obsolete option and is not used anywhere.

       --allow-multiple-messages

       --no-allow-multiple-messages
	      Allow processing of multiple OpenPGP  messages  contained	 in  a
	      single file or stream.  Some programs that call GPG are not pre‐
	      pared to deal with multiple messages being  processed  together,
	      so  this option defaults to no.  Note that versions of GPG prior
	      to 1.4.7 always allowed multiple messages.

	      Warning: Do not use this option unless you need it as  a	tempo‐
	      rary workaround!

       --enable-special-filenames
	      This  options  enables  a	 mode  in  which filenames of the form
	      `-&n', where n is a non-negative decimal number,	refer  to  the
	      file descriptor n and not to a file with that name.

       --no-expensive-trust-checks
	      Experimental use only.

       --preserve-permissions
	      Don't  change  the  permissions of a secret keyring back to user
	      read/write only. Use this option only if you  really  know  what
	      you are doing.

       --default-preference-list string
	      Set  the	list of default preferences to string. This preference
	      list is used for new keys and becomes the default for  "setpref"
	      in the edit menu.

       --default-keyserver-url name
	      Set  the	default	 keyserver URL to name. This keyserver will be
	      used as the keyserver URL when writing a new self-signature on a
	      key, which includes key generation and changing preferences.

       --list-config
	      Display various internal configuration parameters of GnuPG. This
	      option is intended for external programs that call GnuPG to per‐
	      form  tasks,  and	 is  thus  not	generally useful. See the file
	      `doc/DETAILS' in the source  distribution	 for  the  details  of
	      which  configuration  items may be listed. --list-config is only
	      usable with --with-colons set.

       --gpgconf-list
	      This command is similar to --list-config	but  in	 general  only
	      internally used by the gpgconf tool.

       --gpgconf-test
	      This  is	more or less dummy action.  However it parses the con‐
	      figuration file and returns with failure	if  the	 configuration
	      file would prevent gpg from startup.  Thus it may be used to run
	      a syntax check on the configuration file.

   Deprecated options

       --load-extension name
	      Load an extension module. If name does not contain a slash it is
	      searched	for  in	 the directory configured when GnuPG was built
	      (generally "/usr//lib/gnupg"). Extensions are not generally use‐
	      ful anymore, and the use of this option is deprecated.

       --show-photos

       --no-show-photos
	      Causes  --list-keys,  --list-sigs,  --list-public-keys,  --list-
	      secret-keys, and verifying a signature to also display the photo
	      ID  attached  to the key, if any. See also --photo-viewer. These
	      options  are  deprecated.	 Use  --list-options  [no-]show-photos
	      and/or --verify-options [no-]show-photos instead.

       --show-keyring
	      Display  the  keyring  name  at the head of key listings to show
	      which keyring a given key resides on. This option is deprecated:
	      use --list-options [no-]show-keyring instead.

       --ctapi-driver file
	      Use  file to access the smartcard reader. The current default is
	      `libtowitoko.so'. Note that the use of this interface is	depre‐
	      cated; it may be removed in future releases.

       --always-trust
	      Identical to --trust-model always. This option is deprecated.

       --show-notation

       --no-show-notation
	      Show  signature  notations  in  the  --list-sigs or --check-sigs
	      listings as well as when verifying a signature with  a  notation
	      in   it.	 These	options	 are  deprecated.  Use	--list-options
	      [no-]show-notation  and/or  --verify-options  [no-]show-notation
	      instead.

       --show-policy-url

       --no-show-policy-url
	      Show  policy URLs in the --list-sigs or --check-sigs listings as
	      well as when verifying a signature with  a  policy  URL  in  it.
	      These  options are deprecated. Use --list-options [no-]show-pol‐
	      icy-url and/or --verify-options [no-]show-policy-url instead.

EXAMPLES
       gpg -se -r Bob file
	      sign and encrypt for user Bob

       gpg --clearsign file
	      make a clear text signature

       gpg -sb file
	      make a detached signature

       gpg -u 0x12345678 -sb file
	      make a detached signature with the key 0x12345678

       gpg --list-keys user_ID
	      show keys

       gpg --fingerprint user_ID
	      show fingerprint

       gpg --verify pgpfile

       gpg --verify sigfile
	      Verify the signature of the file but do not output the data. The
	      second  form  is	used for detached signatures, where sigfile is
	      the detached signature (either ASCII armored or binary) and  are
	      the  signed  data;  if  this  is not given, the name of the file
	      holding the signed data is constructed by cutting off the exten‐
	      sion (".asc" or ".sig") of sigfile or by asking the user for the
	      filename.

HOW TO SPECIFY A USER ID
       There are different ways to specify a user ID to GnuPG.	Some  of  them
       are  only  valid	 for  gpg others are only good for gpgsm.  Here is the
       entire list of ways to specify a key:

       By key Id.
	      This format is deduced from the length of	 the  string  and  its
	      content or 0x prefix. The key Id of an X.509 certificate are the
	      low 64 bits of its SHA-1 fingerprint.  The use  of  key  Ids  is
	      just  a  shortcut,  for all automated processing the fingerprint
	      should be used.

	      When using gpg an exclamation mark (!) may be appended to	 force
	      using  the specified primary or secondary key and not to try and
	      calculate which primary or secondary key to use.

	      The last four lines of the example give the key ID in their long
	      form as internally used by the OpenPGP protocol. You can see the
	      long key ID using the option --with-colons.

	 234567C4
	 0F34E556E
	 01347A56A
	 0xAB123456

	 234AABBCC34567C4
	 0F323456784E56EAB
	 01AB3FED1347A5612
	 0x234AABBCC34567C4

       By fingerprint.
	      This format is deduced from the length of	 the  string  and  its
	      content  or  the 0x prefix.  Note, that only the 20 byte version
	      fingerprint is available with gpgsm (i.e. the SHA-1 hash of  the
	      certificate).

	      When  using gpg an exclamation mark (!) may be appended to force
	      using the specified primary or secondary key and not to try  and
	      calculate which primary or secondary key to use.

	      The  best	 way  to specify a key Id is by using the fingerprint.
	      This avoids any ambiguities in case that	there  are  duplicated
	      key IDs.

	 1234343434343434C434343434343434
	 123434343434343C3434343434343734349A3434
	 0E12343434343434343434EAB3484343434343434
	 0xE12343434343434343434EAB3484343434343434

       (gpgsm  also  accepts  colons  between  each pair of hexadecimal digits
       because this is the de-facto standard on how to present	X.509  finger‐
       prints.)

       By exact match on OpenPGP user ID.
	      This  is denoted by a leading equal sign. It does not make sense
	      for X.509 certificates.

	 =Heinrich Heine <heinrichh@uni-duesseldorf.de>

       By exact match on an email address.
	      This is indicated by enclosing the email address	in  the	 usual
	      way with left and right angles.

	 <heinrichh@uni-duesseldorf.de>

       By word match.
	      All words must match exactly (not case sensitive) but can appear
	      in any order in the user ID or a subjects name.  Words  are  any
	      sequences	 of letters, digits, the underscore and all characters
	      with bit 7 set.

	 +Heinrich Heine duesseldorf

       By exact match on the subject's DN.
	      This is indicated by a leading slash, directly followed  by  the
	      RFC-2253 encoded DN of the subject.  Note that you can't use the
	      string printed by "gpgsm --list-keys" because that one  as  been
	      reordered and modified for better readability; use --with-colons
	      to print the raw (but standard escaped) RFC-2253 string

	 /CN=Heinrich Heine,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR

       By exact match on the issuer's DN.
	      This is indicated by a leading hash mark, directly followed by a
	      slash  and  then	directly followed by the rfc2253 encoded DN of
	      the issuer.  This should return the Root	cert  of  the  issuer.
	      See note above.

	 #/CN=Root Cert,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR

       By exact match on serial number and issuer's DN.
	      This  is	indicated  by a hash mark, followed by the hexadecimal
	      representation of the serial number, then followed  by  a	 slash
	      and the RFC-2253 encoded DN of the issuer. See note above.

	 #4F03/CN=Root Cert,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR

       By keygrip
	      This  is indicated by an ampersand followed by the 40 hex digits
	      of a keygrip.  gpgsm prints the keygrip when using  the  command
	      --dump-cert.  It does not yet work for OpenPGP keys.

	 &D75F22C3F86E355877348498CDC92BD21010A480

       By substring match.
	      This is the default mode but applications may want to explicitly
	      indicate this by putting the asterisk in front.	Match  is  not
	      case sensitive.

	 Heine
	 *Heine

       Please note that we have reused the hash mark identifier which was used
       in old GnuPG versions to indicate the so called local-id.   It  is  not
       anymore	used  and  there  should  be  no conflict when used with X.509
       stuff.

       Using the RFC-2253 format of DNs has the drawback that it is not possi‐
       ble to map them back to the original encoding, however we don't have to
       do this because our key database stores this encoding as meta data.

FILES
       There are a few configuration files to control certain aspects of gpg's
       operation.  Unless  noted, they are expected in the current home direc‐
       tory (see: [option --homedir]).

       gpg.conf
	      This is the standard configuration file read by gpg on  startup.
	      It may contain any valid long option; the leading two dashes may
	      not be entered and the option  may  not  be  abbreviated.	  This
	      default  name  may  be changed on the command line (see: [option
	      --options]).  You should backup this file.

       Note that on larger installations, it is useful to put predefined files
       into  the  directory  `/etc/skel/.gnupg/'  so  that newly created users
       start up with a working configuration.

       For internal purposes gpg creates and maintains a few other files; They
       all  live  in  in the current home directory (see: [option --homedir]).
       Only the gpg may modify these files.

       ~/.gnupg/secring.gpg
	      The secret keyring.  You should backup this file.

       ~/.gnupg/secring.gpg.lock
	      The lock file for the secret keyring.

       ~/.gnupg/pubring.gpg
	      The public keyring.  You should backup this file.

       ~/.gnupg/pubring.gpg.lock
	      The lock file for the public keyring.

       ~/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg
	      The trust database.  There is no need to backup this file; it is
	      better  to  backup the ownertrust values (see: [option --export-
	      ownertrust]).

       ~/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg.lock
	      The lock file for the trust database.

       ~/.gnupg/random_seed
	      A file used to preserve the state of the internal random pool.

       /usr[/local]/share/gnupg/options.skel
	      The skeleton options file.

       /usr[/local]/lib/gnupg/
	      Default location for extensions.

       Operation is further controlled by a few environment variables:

       HOME   Used to locate the default home directory.

       GNUPGHOME
	      If set directory used instead of "~/.gnupg".

       GPG_AGENT_INFO
	      Used to locate the gpg-agent.  This is only honored when	--use-
	      agent  is	 set.  The value consists of 3 colon delimited fields:
	      The first is the path to the Unix Domain Socket, the second  the
	      PID  of  the  gpg-agent and the protocol version which should be
	      set to 1. When starting the gpg-agent as described in its	 docu‐
	      mentation, this variable is set to the correct value. The option
	      --gpg-agent-info can be used to override it.

       PINENTRY_USER_DATA
	      This value is passed via gpg-agent to pinentry.  It is useful to
	      convey extra information to a custom pinentry.

       COLUMNS

       LINES  Used to size some displays to the full size of the screen.

       LANGUAGE
	      Apart  from  its	use  by	 GNU, it is used in the W32 version to
	      override the language selection done through the	Registry.   If
	      used  and	 set  to a valid and available language name (langid),
	      the   file    with    the	   translation	  is	loaded	  from
	      gpgdir/gnupg.nls/langid.mo.  Here gpgdir is the directory out of
	      which the gpg binary has been loaded.  If it can't be loaded the
	      Registry	is  tried and as last resort the native Windows locale
	      system is used.

BUGS
       On many systems this program should be installed as setuid(root).  This
       is  necessary  to  lock memory pages. Locking memory pages prevents the
       operating  system  from	writing	 memory	 pages	(which	 may   contain
       passphrases or other sensitive material) to disk. If you get no warning
       message about insecure memory your operating  system  supports  locking
       without being root. The program drops root privileges as soon as locked
       memory is allocated.

       Note also that some systems (especially laptops) have  the  ability  to
       ``suspend  to  disk''  (also known as ``safe sleep'' or ``hibernate'').
       This writes all memory to disk before going into a low  power  or  even
       powered off mode.  Unless measures are taken in the operating system to
       protect the saved memory, passphrases or other sensitive	 material  may
       be recoverable from it later.

SEE ALSO
       gpgv(1),

       The full documentation for this tool is maintained as a Texinfo manual.
       If GnuPG and the info program are properly installed at your site,  the
       command

	 info gnupg

       should  give  you access to the complete manual including a menu struc‐
       ture and an index.

GnuPG 1.4.10			  2010-02-01				GPG(1)
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