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GIT-REV-LIST(1)			  Git Manual		       GIT-REV-LIST(1)

NAME
       git-rev-list - Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order

SYNOPSIS
       git rev-list [ --max-count=<number> ]
		    [ --skip=<number> ]
		    [ --max-age=<timestamp> ]
		    [ --min-age=<timestamp> ]
		    [ --sparse ]
		    [ --merges ]
		    [ --no-merges ]
		    [ --min-parents=<number> ]
		    [ --no-min-parents ]
		    [ --max-parents=<number> ]
		    [ --no-max-parents ]
		    [ --first-parent ]
		    [ --remove-empty ]
		    [ --full-history ]
		    [ --not ]
		    [ --all ]
		    [ --branches[=<pattern>] ]
		    [ --tags[=<pattern>] ]
		    [ --remotes[=<pattern>] ]
		    [ --glob=<glob-pattern> ]
		    [ --ignore-missing ]
		    [ --stdin ]
		    [ --quiet ]
		    [ --topo-order ]
		    [ --parents ]
		    [ --timestamp ]
		    [ --left-right ]
		    [ --left-only ]
		    [ --right-only ]
		    [ --cherry-mark ]
		    [ --cherry-pick ]
		    [ --encoding=<encoding> ]
		    [ --(author|committer|grep)=<pattern> ]
		    [ --regexp-ignore-case | -i ]
		    [ --extended-regexp | -E ]
		    [ --fixed-strings | -F ]
		    [ --date=<format>]
		    [ [ --objects | --objects-edge | --objects-edge-aggressive ]
		      [ --unpacked ] ]
		    [ --pretty | --header ]
		    [ --bisect ]
		    [ --bisect-vars ]
		    [ --bisect-all ]
		    [ --merge ]
		    [ --reverse ]
		    [ --walk-reflogs ]
		    [ --no-walk ] [ --do-walk ]
		    [ --count ]
		    [ --use-bitmap-index ]
		    <commit>... [ -- <paths>... ]

DESCRIPTION
       List commits that are reachable by following the parent links from the
       given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s)
       given with a ^ in front of them. The output is given in reverse
       chronological order by default.

       You can think of this as a set operation. Commits given on the command
       line form a set of commits that are reachable from any of them, and
       then commits reachable from any of the ones given with ^ in front are
       subtracted from that set. The remaining commits are what comes out in
       the command’s output. Various other options and paths parameters can be
       used to further limit the result.

       Thus, the following command:

		   $ git rev-list foo bar ^baz

       means "list all the commits which are reachable from foo or bar, but
       not from baz".

       A special notation "<commit1>..<commit2>" can be used as a short-hand
       for "^'<commit1>' <commit2>". For example, either of the following may
       be used interchangeably:

		   $ git rev-list origin..HEAD
		   $ git rev-list HEAD ^origin

       Another special notation is "<commit1>...<commit2>" which is useful for
       merges. The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference
       between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent:

		   $ git rev-list A B --not $(git merge-base --all A B)
		   $ git rev-list A...B

       rev-list is a very essential Git command, since it provides the ability
       to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For this reason, it has a
       lot of different options that enables it to be used by commands as
       different as git bisect and git repack.

OPTIONS
   Commit Limiting
       Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
       special notations explained in the description, additional commit
       limiting may be applied.

       Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g.
       --since=<date1> limits to commits newer than <date1>, and using it with
       --grep=<pattern> further limits to commits whose log message has a line
       that matches <pattern>), unless otherwise noted.

       Note that these are applied before commit ordering and formatting
       options, such as --reverse.

       -<number>, -n <number>, --max-count=<number>
	   Limit the number of commits to output.

       --skip=<number>
	   Skip number commits before starting to show the commit output.

       --since=<date>, --after=<date>
	   Show commits more recent than a specific date.

       --until=<date>, --before=<date>
	   Show commits older than a specific date.

       --max-age=<timestamp>, --min-age=<timestamp>
	   Limit the commits output to specified time range.

       --author=<pattern>, --committer=<pattern>
	   Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer header lines
	   that match the specified pattern (regular expression). With more
	   than one --author=<pattern>, commits whose author matches any of
	   the given patterns are chosen (similarly for multiple
	   --committer=<pattern>).

       --grep-reflog=<pattern>
	   Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that match the
	   specified pattern (regular expression). With more than one
	   --grep-reflog, commits whose reflog message matches any of the
	   given patterns are chosen. It is an error to use this option unless
	   --walk-reflogs is in use.

       --grep=<pattern>
	   Limit the commits output to ones with log message that matches the
	   specified pattern (regular expression). With more than one
	   --grep=<pattern>, commits whose message matches any of the given
	   patterns are chosen (but see --all-match).

       --all-match
	   Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep,
	   instead of ones that match at least one.

       --invert-grep
	   Limit the commits output to ones with log message that do not match
	   the pattern specified with --grep=<pattern>.

       -i, --regexp-ignore-case
	   Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to
	   letter case.

       --basic-regexp
	   Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
	   this is the default.

       -E, --extended-regexp
	   Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
	   instead of the default basic regular expressions.

       -F, --fixed-strings
	   Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don’t interpret
	   pattern as a regular expression).

       -P, --perl-regexp
	   Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular
	   expressions.

	   Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional
	   compile-time dependency. If Git wasn’t compiled with support for
	   them providing this option will cause it to die.

       --remove-empty
	   Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.

       --merges
	   Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as
	   --min-parents=2.

       --no-merges
	   Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is exactly the
	   same as --max-parents=1.

       --min-parents=<number>, --max-parents=<number>, --no-min-parents,
       --no-max-parents
	   Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
	   commits. In particular, --max-parents=1 is the same as --no-merges,
	   --min-parents=2 is the same as --merges.  --max-parents=0 gives all
	   root commits and --min-parents=3 all octopus merges.

	   --no-min-parents and --no-max-parents reset these limits (to no
	   limit) again. Equivalent forms are --min-parents=0 (any commit has
	   0 or more parents) and --max-parents=-1 (negative numbers denote no
	   upper limit).

       --first-parent
	   Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
	   This option can give a better overview when viewing the evolution
	   of a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic branch
	   tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream from time to
	   time, and this option allows you to ignore the individual commits
	   brought in to your history by such a merge. Cannot be combined with
	   --bisect.

       --not
	   Reverses the meaning of the ^ prefix (or lack thereof) for all
	   following revision specifiers, up to the next --not.

       --all
	   Pretend as if all the refs in refs/, along with HEAD, are listed on
	   the command line as <commit>.

       --branches[=<pattern>]
	   Pretend as if all the refs in refs/heads are listed on the command
	   line as <commit>. If <pattern> is given, limit branches to ones
	   matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks ?, *, or [, /* at the
	   end is implied.

       --tags[=<pattern>]
	   Pretend as if all the refs in refs/tags are listed on the command
	   line as <commit>. If <pattern> is given, limit tags to ones
	   matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks ?, *, or [, /* at the
	   end is implied.

       --remotes[=<pattern>]
	   Pretend as if all the refs in refs/remotes are listed on the
	   command line as <commit>. If <pattern> is given, limit
	   remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob. If
	   pattern lacks ?, *, or [, /* at the end is implied.

       --glob=<glob-pattern>
	   Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob <glob-pattern> are
	   listed on the command line as <commit>. Leading refs/, is
	   automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks ?, *, or [, /*
	   at the end is implied.

       --exclude=<glob-pattern>
	   Do not include refs matching <glob-pattern> that the next --all,
	   --branches, --tags, --remotes, or --glob would otherwise consider.
	   Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns up to the
	   next --all, --branches, --tags, --remotes, or --glob option (other
	   options or arguments do not clear accumulated patterns).

	   The patterns given should not begin with refs/heads, refs/tags, or
	   refs/remotes when applied to --branches, --tags, or --remotes,
	   respectively, and they must begin with refs/ when applied to --glob
	   or --all. If a trailing /* is intended, it must be given
	   explicitly.

       --reflog
	   Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
	   command line as <commit>.

       --single-worktree
	   By default, all working trees will be examined by the following
	   options when there are more than one (see git-worktree(1)): --all,
	   --reflog and --indexed-objects. This option forces them to examine
	   the current working tree only.

       --ignore-missing
	   Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if the
	   bad input was not given.

       --stdin
	   In addition to the <commit> listed on the command line, read them
	   from the standard input. If a -- separator is seen, stop reading
	   commits and start reading paths to limit the result.

       --quiet
	   Don’t print anything to standard output. This form is primarily
	   meant to allow the caller to test the exit status to see if a range
	   of objects is fully connected (or not). It is faster than
	   redirecting stdout to /dev/null as the output does not have to be
	   formatted.

       --cherry-mark
	   Like --cherry-pick (see below) but mark equivalent commits with =
	   rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with +.

       --cherry-pick
	   Omit any commit that introduces the same change as another commit
	   on the “other side” when the set of commits are limited with
	   symmetric difference.

	   For example, if you have two branches, A and B, a usual way to list
	   all commits on only one side of them is with --left-right (see the
	   example below in the description of the --left-right option).
	   However, it shows the commits that were cherry-picked from the
	   other branch (for example, “3rd on b” may be cherry-picked from
	   branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are excluded
	   from the output.

       --left-only, --right-only
	   List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference,
	   i.e. only those which would be marked < resp.  > by --left-right.

	   For example, --cherry-pick --right-only A...B omits those commits
	   from B which are in A or are patch-equivalent to a commit in A. In
	   other words, this lists the + commits from git cherry A B. More
	   precisely, --cherry-pick --right-only --no-merges gives the exact
	   list.

       --cherry
	   A synonym for --right-only --cherry-mark --no-merges; useful to
	   limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
	   have been applied to the other side of a forked history with git
	   log --cherry upstream...mybranch, similar to git cherry upstream
	   mybranch.

       -g, --walk-reflogs
	   Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk reflog entries
	   from the most recent one to older ones. When this option is used
	   you cannot specify commits to exclude (that is, ^commit,
	   commit1..commit2, and commit1...commit2 notations cannot be used).

	   With --pretty format other than oneline (for obvious reasons), this
	   causes the output to have two extra lines of information taken from
	   the reflog. The reflog designator in the output may be shown as
	   ref@{Nth} (where Nth is the reverse-chronological index in the
	   reflog) or as ref@{timestamp} (with the timestamp for that entry),
	   depending on a few rules:

	    1. If the starting point is specified as ref@{Nth}, show the index
	       format.

	    2. If the starting point was specified as ref@{now}, show the
	       timestamp format.

	    3. If neither was used, but --date was given on the command line,
	       show the timestamp in the format requested by --date.

	    4. Otherwise, show the index format.

	   Under --pretty=oneline, the commit message is prefixed with this
	   information on the same line. This option cannot be combined with
	   --reverse. See also git-reflog(1).

       --merge
	   After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a conflict
	   and don’t exist on all heads to merge.

       --boundary
	   Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are prefixed
	   with -.

       --use-bitmap-index
	   Try to speed up the traversal using the pack bitmap index (if one
	   is available). Note that when traversing with --objects, trees and
	   blobs will not have their associated path printed.

       --progress=<header>
	   Show progress reports on stderr as objects are considered. The
	   <header> text will be printed with each progress update.

   History Simplification
       Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example
       the commits modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of
       History Simplification, one part is selecting the commits and the other
       is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the
       history.

       The following options select the commits to be shown:

       <paths>
	   Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected.

       --simplify-by-decoration
	   Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.

       Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.

       The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:

       Default mode
	   Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the final
	   state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side branches if
	   the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches with the same
	   content)

       --full-history
	   Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.

       --dense
	   Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a meaningful
	   history.

       --sparse
	   All commits in the simplified history are shown.

       --simplify-merges
	   Additional option to --full-history to remove some needless merges
	   from the resulting history, as there are no selected commits
	   contributing to this merge.

       --ancestry-path
	   When given a range of commits to display (e.g.  commit1..commit2 or
	   commit2 ^commit1), only display commits that exist directly on the
	   ancestry chain between the commit1 and commit2, i.e. commits that
	   are both descendants of commit1, and ancestors of commit2.

       A more detailed explanation follows.

       Suppose you specified foo as the <paths>. We shall call commits that
       modify foo !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME. (In a diff filtered for
       foo, they look different and equal, respectively.)

       In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
       illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume
       that you are filtering for a file foo in this commit graph:

		     .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
		    /	  /   /	  /   /	  /
		   I	 B   C	 D   E	 Y
		    \	/   /	/   /	/
		     `-------------'   X

       The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of
       each merge. The commits are:

       ·   I is the initial commit, in which foo exists with contents “asdf”,
	   and a file quux exists with contents “quux”. Initial commits are
	   compared to an empty tree, so I is !TREESAME.

       ·   In A, foo contains just “foo”.

       ·   B contains the same change as A. Its merge M is trivial and hence
	   TREESAME to all parents.

       ·   C does not change foo, but its merge N changes it to “foobar”, so
	   it is not TREESAME to any parent.

       ·   D sets foo to “baz”. Its merge O combines the strings from N and D
	   to “foobarbaz”; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.

       ·   E changes quux to “xyzzy”, and its merge P combines the strings to
	   “quux xyzzy”.  P is TREESAME to O, but not to E.

       ·   X is an independent root commit that added a new file side, and Y
	   modified it.	 Y is TREESAME to X. Its merge Q added side to P, and
	   Q is TREESAME to P, but not to Y.

       rev-list walks backwards through history, including or excluding
       commits based on whether --full-history and/or parent rewriting (via
       --parents or --children) are used. The following settings are
       available.

       Default mode
	   Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent (though
	   this can be changed, see --sparse below). If the commit was a
	   merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow only that parent.
	   (Even if there are several TREESAME parents, follow only one of
	   them.) Otherwise, follow all parents.

	   This results in:

			 .-A---N---O
			/     /	  /
		       I---------D

	   Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
	   available, removed B from consideration entirely.  C was considered
	   via N, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an empty tree,
	   so I is !TREESAME.

	   Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that
	   does not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have
	   shown the parent lines.

       --full-history without parent rewriting
	   This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow all
	   parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them. Even if
	   more than one side of the merge has commits that are included, this
	   does not imply that the merge itself is! In the example, we get

		       I  A  B	N  D  O	 P  Q

	   M was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents.  E, C and B
	   were all walked, but only B was !TREESAME, so the others do not
	   appear.

	   Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to
	   talk about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so
	   we show them disconnected.

       --full-history with parent rewriting
	   Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME (though
	   this can be changed, see --sparse below).

	   Merges are always included. However, their parent list is
	   rewritten: Along each parent, prune away commits that are not
	   included themselves. This results in

			 .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
			/     /	  /   /	  /
		       I     B	 /   D	 /
			\   /	/   /	/
			 `-------------'

	   Compare to --full-history without rewriting above. Note that E was
	   pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
	   rewritten to contain E's parent I. The same happened for C and N,
	   and X, Y and Q.

       In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
       affects inclusion:

       --dense
	   Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME to
	   any parent.

       --sparse
	   All commits that are walked are included.

	   Note that without --full-history, this still simplifies merges: if
	   one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the
	   other sides of the merge are never walked.

       --simplify-merges
	   First, build a history graph in the same way that --full-history
	   with parent rewriting does (see above).

	   Then simplify each commit C to its replacement C' in the final
	   history according to the following rules:

	   ·   Set C' to C.

	   ·   Replace each parent P of C' with its simplification P'. In the
	       process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or
	       that are root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove
	       duplicates, but take care to never drop all parents that we are
	       TREESAME to.

	   ·   If after this parent rewriting, C' is a root or merge commit
	       (has zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it
	       remains. Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.

	   The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
	   --full-history with parent rewriting. The example turns into:

			 .-A---M---N---O
			/     /	      /
		       I     B	     D
			\   /	    /
			 `---------'

	   Note the major differences in N, P, and Q over --full-history:

	   ·   N's parent list had I removed, because it is an ancestor of the
	       other parent M. Still, N remained because it is !TREESAME.

	   ·   P's parent list similarly had I removed.	 P was then removed
	       completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.

	   ·   Q's parent list had Y simplified to X.  X was then removed,
	       because it was a TREESAME root.	Q was then removed completely,
	       because it had one parent and is TREESAME.

       Finally, there is a fifth simplification mode available:

       --ancestry-path
	   Limit the displayed commits to those directly on the ancestry chain
	   between the “from” and “to” commits in the given commit range. I.e.
	   only display commits that are ancestor of the “to” commit and
	   descendants of the “from” commit.

	   As an example use case, consider the following commit history:

			   D---E-------F
			  /	\	\
			 B---C---G---H---I---J
			/		      \
		       A-------K---------------L--M

	   A regular D..M computes the set of commits that are ancestors of M,
	   but excludes the ones that are ancestors of D. This is useful to
	   see what happened to the history leading to M since D, in the sense
	   that “what does M have that did not exist in D”. The result in this
	   example would be all the commits, except A and B (and D itself, of
	   course).

	   When we want to find out what commits in M are contaminated with
	   the bug introduced by D and need fixing, however, we might want to
	   view only the subset of D..M that are actually descendants of D,
	   i.e. excluding C and K. This is exactly what the --ancestry-path
	   option does. Applied to the D..M range, it results in:

			       E-------F
				\	\
				 G---H---I---J
					      \
					       L--M

       The --simplify-by-decoration option allows you to view only the big
       picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits that are
       not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME (in other
       words, kept after history simplification rules described above) if (1)
       they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the contents of the
       paths given on the command line. All other commits are marked as
       TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).

   Bisection Helpers
       --bisect
	   Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway
	   between included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection
	   ref refs/bisect/bad is added to the included commits (if it exists)
	   and the good bisection refs refs/bisect/good-* are added to the
	   excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there are no refs
	   in refs/bisect/, if

		       $ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz

	   outputs midpoint, the output of the two commands

		       $ git rev-list foo ^midpoint
		       $ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz

	   would be of roughly the same length. Finding the change which
	   introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search:
	   repeatedly generate and test new 'midpoint’s until the commit chain
	   is of length one. Cannot be combined with --first-parent.

       --bisect-vars
	   This calculates the same as --bisect, except that refs in
	   refs/bisect/ are not used, and except that this outputs text ready
	   to be eval’ed by the shell. These lines will assign the name of the
	   midpoint revision to the variable bisect_rev, and the expected
	   number of commits to be tested after bisect_rev is tested to
	   bisect_nr, the expected number of commits to be tested if
	   bisect_rev turns out to be good to bisect_good, the expected number
	   of commits to be tested if bisect_rev turns out to be bad to
	   bisect_bad, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to
	   bisect_all.

       --bisect-all
	   This outputs all the commit objects between the included and
	   excluded commits, ordered by their distance to the included and
	   excluded commits. Refs in refs/bisect/ are not used. The farthest
	   from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by
	   --bisect.)

	   This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to
	   test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason
	   (they may not compile for example).

	   This option can be used along with --bisect-vars, in this case,
	   after all the sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as
	   if --bisect-vars had been used alone.

   Commit Ordering
       By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.

       --date-order
	   Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but otherwise
	   show commits in the commit timestamp order.

       --author-date-order
	   Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but otherwise
	   show commits in the author timestamp order.

       --topo-order
	   Show no parents before all of its children are shown, and avoid
	   showing commits on multiple lines of history intermixed.

	   For example, in a commit history like this:

		   ---1----2----4----7
		       \	      \
			3----5----6----8---

	   where the numbers denote the order of commit timestamps, git
	   rev-list and friends with --date-order show the commits in the
	   timestamp order: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.

	   With --topo-order, they would show 8 6 5 3 7 4 2 1 (or 8 7 4 2 6 5
	   3 1); some older commits are shown before newer ones in order to
	   avoid showing the commits from two parallel development track mixed
	   together.

       --reverse
	   Output the commits chosen to be shown (see Commit Limiting section
	   above) in reverse order. Cannot be combined with --walk-reflogs.

   Object Traversal
       These options are mostly targeted for packing of Git repositories.

       --objects
	   Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
	   commits.  --objects foo ^bar thus means “send me all object IDs
	   which I need to download if I have the commit object bar but not
	   foo”.

       --objects-edge
	   Similar to --objects, but also print the IDs of excluded commits
	   prefixed with a “-” character. This is used by git-pack-objects(1)
	   to build a “thin” pack, which records objects in deltified form
	   based on objects contained in these excluded commits to reduce
	   network traffic.

       --objects-edge-aggressive
	   Similar to --objects-edge, but it tries harder to find excluded
	   commits at the cost of increased time. This is used instead of
	   --objects-edge to build “thin” packs for shallow repositories.

       --indexed-objects
	   Pretend as if all trees and blobs used by the index are listed on
	   the command line. Note that you probably want to use --objects,
	   too.

       --unpacked
	   Only useful with --objects; print the object IDs that are not in
	   packs.

       --no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]
	   Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors.
	   This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument
	   unsorted is given, the commits are shown in the order they were
	   given on the command line. Otherwise (if sorted or no argument was
	   given), the commits are shown in reverse chronological order by
	   commit time. Cannot be combined with --graph.

       --do-walk
	   Overrides a previous --no-walk.

   Commit Formatting
       Using these options, git-rev-list(1) will act similar to the more
       specialized family of commit log tools: git-log(1), git-show(1), and
       git-whatchanged(1)

       --pretty[=<format>], --format=<format>
	   Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
	   where <format> can be one of oneline, short, medium, full, fuller,
	   email, raw, format:<string> and tformat:<string>. When <format> is
	   none of the above, and has %placeholder in it, it acts as if
	   --pretty=tformat:<format> were given.

	   See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for
	   each format. When =<format> part is omitted, it defaults to medium.

	   Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
	   configuration (see git-config(1)).

       --abbrev-commit
	   Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name,
	   show only a partial prefix. Non default number of digits can be
	   specified with "--abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies diff output, if
	   it is displayed).

	   This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
	   people using 80-column terminals.

       --no-abbrev-commit
	   Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates
	   --abbrev-commit and those options which imply it such as
	   "--oneline". It also overrides the log.abbrevCommit variable.

       --oneline
	   This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit" used
	   together.

       --encoding=<encoding>
	   The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message in
	   their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the command
	   to re-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the
	   user. For non plumbing commands this defaults to UTF-8. Note that
	   if an object claims to be encoded in X and we are outputting in X,
	   we will output the object verbatim; this means that invalid
	   sequences in the original commit may be copied to the output.

       --expand-tabs=<n>, --expand-tabs, --no-expand-tabs
	   Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with enough spaces to
	   fill to the next display column that is multiple of <n>) in the log
	   message before showing it in the output.  --expand-tabs is a
	   short-hand for --expand-tabs=8, and --no-expand-tabs is a
	   short-hand for --expand-tabs=0, which disables tab expansion.

	   By default, tabs are expanded in pretty formats that indent the log
	   message by 4 spaces (i.e.  medium, which is the default, full, and
	   fuller).

       --show-signature
	   Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the
	   signature to gpg --verify and show the output.

       --relative-date
	   Synonym for --date=relative.

       --date=<format>
	   Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such as
	   when using --pretty.	 log.date config variable sets a default value
	   for the log command’s --date option. By default, dates are shown in
	   the original time zone (either committer’s or author’s). If -local
	   is appended to the format (e.g., iso-local), the user’s local time
	   zone is used instead.

	   --date=relative shows dates relative to the current time, e.g. “2
	   hours ago”. The -local option has no effect for --date=relative.

	   --date=local is an alias for --date=default-local.

	   --date=iso (or --date=iso8601) shows timestamps in a ISO 8601-like
	   format. The differences to the strict ISO 8601 format are:

	   ·   a space instead of the T date/time delimiter

	   ·   a space between time and time zone

	   ·   no colon between hours and minutes of the time zone

	   --date=iso-strict (or --date=iso8601-strict) shows timestamps in
	   strict ISO 8601 format.

	   --date=rfc (or --date=rfc2822) shows timestamps in RFC 2822 format,
	   often found in email messages.

	   --date=short shows only the date, but not the time, in YYYY-MM-DD
	   format.

	   --date=raw shows the date as seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01
	   00:00:00 UTC), followed by a space, and then the timezone as an
	   offset from UTC (a + or - with four digits; the first two are
	   hours, and the second two are minutes). I.e., as if the timestamp
	   were formatted with strftime("%s %z")). Note that the -local option
	   does not affect the seconds-since-epoch value (which is always
	   measured in UTC), but does switch the accompanying timezone value.

	   --date=unix shows the date as a Unix epoch timestamp (seconds since
	   1970). As with --raw, this is always in UTC and therefore -local
	   has no effect.

	   --date=format:...  feeds the format ...  to your system strftime,
	   except for %z and %Z, which are handled internally. Use
	   --date=format:%c to show the date in your system locale’s preferred
	   format. See the strftime manual for a complete list of format
	   placeholders. When using -local, the correct syntax is
	   --date=format-local:....

	   --date=default is the default format, and is similar to
	   --date=rfc2822, with a few exceptions:

	   ·   there is no comma after the day-of-week

	   ·   the time zone is omitted when the local time zone is used

       --header
	   Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is
	   separated with a NUL character.

       --parents
	   Print also the parents of the commit (in the form "commit
	   parent..."). Also enables parent rewriting, see History
	   Simplification above.

       --children
	   Print also the children of the commit (in the form "commit
	   child..."). Also enables parent rewriting, see History
	   Simplification above.

       --timestamp
	   Print the raw commit timestamp.

       --left-right
	   Mark which side of a symmetric difference a commit is reachable
	   from. Commits from the left side are prefixed with < and those from
	   the right with >. If combined with --boundary, those commits are
	   prefixed with -.

	   For example, if you have this topology:

			    y---b---b  branch B
			   / \ /
			  /   .
			 /   / \
			o---x---a---a  branch A

	   you would get an output like this:

		       $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B

		       >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
		       >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
		       <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
		       <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
		       -yyyyyyy... 1st on b
		       -xxxxxxx... 1st on a

       --graph
	   Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history on
	   the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines to be
	   printed in between commits, in order for the graph history to be
	   drawn properly. Cannot be combined with --no-walk.

	   This enables parent rewriting, see History Simplification above.

	   This implies the --topo-order option by default, but the
	   --date-order option may also be specified.

       --show-linear-break[=<barrier>]
	   When --graph is not used, all history branches are flattened which
	   can make it hard to see that the two consecutive commits do not
	   belong to a linear branch. This option puts a barrier in between
	   them in that case. If <barrier> is specified, it is the string that
	   will be shown instead of the default one.

       --count
	   Print a number stating how many commits would have been listed, and
	   suppress all other output. When used together with --left-right,
	   instead print the counts for left and right commits, separated by a
	   tab. When used together with --cherry-mark, omit patch equivalent
	   commits from these counts and print the count for equivalent
	   commits separated by a tab.

PRETTY FORMATS
       If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format is not oneline,
       email or raw, an additional line is inserted before the Author: line.
       This line begins with "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are
       printed, separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
       necessarily be the list of the direct parent commits if you have
       limited your view of history: for example, if you are only interested
       in changes related to a certain directory or file.

       There are several built-in formats, and you can define additional
       formats by setting a pretty.<name> config option to either another
       format name, or a format: string, as described below (see git-
       config(1)). Here are the details of the built-in formats:

       ·   oneline

	       <sha1> <title line>

	   This is designed to be as compact as possible.

       ·   short

	       commit <sha1>
	       Author: <author>

	       <title line>

       ·   medium

	       commit <sha1>
	       Author: <author>
	       Date:   <author date>

	       <title line>

	       <full commit message>

       ·   full

	       commit <sha1>
	       Author: <author>
	       Commit: <committer>

	       <title line>

	       <full commit message>

       ·   fuller

	       commit <sha1>
	       Author:	   <author>
	       AuthorDate: <author date>
	       Commit:	   <committer>
	       CommitDate: <committer date>

	       <title line>

	       <full commit message>

       ·   email

	       From <sha1> <date>
	       From: <author>
	       Date: <author date>
	       Subject: [PATCH] <title line>

	       <full commit message>

       ·   raw

	   The raw format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the
	   commit object. Notably, the SHA-1s are displayed in full,
	   regardless of whether --abbrev or --no-abbrev are used, and parents
	   information show the true parent commits, without taking grafts or
	   history simplification into account. Note that this format affects
	   the way commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown
	   e.g. with git log --raw. To get full object names in a raw diff
	   format, use --no-abbrev.

       ·   format:<string>

	   The format:<string> format allows you to specify which information
	   you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format, with
	   the notable exception that you get a newline with %n instead of \n.

	   E.g, format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"
	   would show something like this:

	       The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
	       The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<

	   The placeholders are:

	   ·   %H: commit hash

	   ·   %h: abbreviated commit hash

	   ·   %T: tree hash

	   ·   %t: abbreviated tree hash

	   ·   %P: parent hashes

	   ·   %p: abbreviated parent hashes

	   ·   %an: author name

	   ·   %aN: author name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
	       git-blame(1))

	   ·   %ae: author email

	   ·   %aE: author email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
	       git-blame(1))

	   ·   %ad: author date (format respects --date= option)

	   ·   %aD: author date, RFC2822 style

	   ·   %ar: author date, relative

	   ·   %at: author date, UNIX timestamp

	   ·   %ai: author date, ISO 8601-like format

	   ·   %aI: author date, strict ISO 8601 format

	   ·   %cn: committer name

	   ·   %cN: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1)
	       or git-blame(1))

	   ·   %ce: committer email

	   ·   %cE: committer email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1)
	       or git-blame(1))

	   ·   %cd: committer date (format respects --date= option)

	   ·   %cD: committer date, RFC2822 style

	   ·   %cr: committer date, relative

	   ·   %ct: committer date, UNIX timestamp

	   ·   %ci: committer date, ISO 8601-like format

	   ·   %cI: committer date, strict ISO 8601 format

	   ·   %d: ref names, like the --decorate option of git-log(1)

	   ·   %D: ref names without the " (", ")" wrapping.

	   ·   %e: encoding

	   ·   %s: subject

	   ·   %f: sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename

	   ·   %b: body

	   ·   %B: raw body (unwrapped subject and body)

	   ·   %GG: raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit

	   ·   %G?: show "G" for a good (valid) signature, "B" for a bad
	       signature, "U" for a good signature with unknown validity, "X"
	       for a good signature that has expired, "Y" for a good signature
	       made by an expired key, "R" for a good signature made by a
	       revoked key, "E" if the signature cannot be checked (e.g.
	       missing key) and "N" for no signature

	   ·   %GS: show the name of the signer for a signed commit

	   ·   %GK: show the key used to sign a signed commit

	   ·   %gD: reflog selector, e.g., refs/stash@{1} or refs/stash@{2
	       minutes ago}; the format follows the rules described for the -g
	       option. The portion before the @ is the refname as given on the
	       command line (so git log -g refs/heads/master would yield
	       refs/heads/master@{0}).

	   ·   %gd: shortened reflog selector; same as %gD, but the refname
	       portion is shortened for human readability (so
	       refs/heads/master becomes just master).

	   ·   %gn: reflog identity name

	   ·   %gN: reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see git-
	       shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))

	   ·   %ge: reflog identity email

	   ·   %gE: reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see git-
	       shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))

	   ·   %gs: reflog subject

	   ·   %Cred: switch color to red

	   ·   %Cgreen: switch color to green

	   ·   %Cblue: switch color to blue

	   ·   %Creset: reset color

	   ·   %C(...): color specification, as described under Values in the
	       "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of git-config(1). By default,
	       colors are shown only when enabled for log output (by
	       color.diff, color.ui, or --color, and respecting the auto
	       settings of the former if we are going to a terminal).
	       %C(auto,...)  is accepted as a historical synonym for the
	       default (e.g., %C(auto,red)). Specifying %C(always,...) will
	       show the colors even when color is not otherwise enabled
	       (though consider just using `--color=always to enable color for
	       the whole output, including this format and anything else git
	       might color).  auto alone (i.e.	%C(auto)) will turn on auto
	       coloring on the next placeholders until the color is switched
	       again.

	   ·   %m: left (<), right (>) or boundary (-) mark

	   ·   %n: newline

	   ·   %%: a raw %

	   ·   %x00: print a byte from a hex code

	   ·   %w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]]): switch line wrapping, like the -w
	       option of git-shortlog(1).

	   ·   %<(<N>[,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc]): make the next placeholder take
	       at least N columns, padding spaces on the right if necessary.
	       Optionally truncate at the beginning (ltrunc), the middle
	       (mtrunc) or the end (trunc) if the output is longer than N
	       columns. Note that truncating only works correctly with N >= 2.

	   ·   %<|(<N>): make the next placeholder take at least until Nth
	       columns, padding spaces on the right if necessary

	   ·   %>(<N>), %>|(<N>): similar to %<(<N>), %<|(<N>) respectively,
	       but padding spaces on the left

	   ·   %>>(<N>), %>>|(<N>): similar to %>(<N>), %>|(<N>) respectively,
	       except that if the next placeholder takes more spaces than
	       given and there are spaces on its left, use those spaces

	   ·   %><(<N>), %><|(<N>): similar to % <(<N>), %<|(<N>)
	       respectively, but padding both sides (i.e. the text is
	       centered)

	   ·   %(trailers): display the trailers of the body as interpreted by
	       git-interpret-trailers(1). If the :only option is given, omit
	       non-trailer lines from the trailer block. If the :unfold option
	       is given, behave as if interpret-trailer’s --unfold option was
	       given. E.g., %(trailers:only:unfold) to do both.

	   Note
	   Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the revision
	   traversal engine. For example, the %g* reflog options will insert
	   an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
	   git log -g). The %d and %D placeholders will use the "short"
	   decoration format if --decorate was not already provided on the
	   command line.

       If you add a + (plus sign) after % of a placeholder, a line-feed is
       inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
       placeholder expands to a non-empty string.

       If you add a - (minus sign) after % of a placeholder, all consecutive
       line-feeds immediately preceding the expansion are deleted if and only
       if the placeholder expands to an empty string.

       If you add a ` ` (space) after % of a placeholder, a space is inserted
       immediately before the expansion if and only if the placeholder expands
       to a non-empty string.

       ·   tformat:

	   The tformat: format works exactly like format:, except that it
	   provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics.
	   In other words, each commit has the message terminator character
	   (usually a newline) appended, rather than a separator placed
	   between entries. This means that the final entry of a single-line
	   format will be properly terminated with a new line, just as the
	   "oneline" format does. For example:

	       $ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
		 | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
	       4da45be
	       7134973 -- NO NEWLINE

	       $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
		 | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
	       4da45be
	       7134973

	   In addition, any unrecognized string that has a % in it is
	   interpreted as if it has tformat: in front of it. For example,
	   these two are equivalent:

	       $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
	       $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef

GIT
       Part of the git(1) suite

Git 2.15.1			  12/23/2017		       GIT-REV-LIST(1)
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