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GIT-LOG(1)			  Git Manual			    GIT-LOG(1)

NAME
       git-log - Show commit logs

SYNOPSIS
       git log [<options>] [<since>..<until>] [[--] <path>...]

DESCRIPTION
       Shows the commit logs.

       The command takes options applicable to the git rev-list command to
       control what is shown and how, and options applicable to the git diff-*
       commands to control how the changes each commit introduces are shown.

OPTIONS
       -p, -u
	   Generate patch (see section on generating patches).

       -U<n>, --unified=<n>
	   Generate diffs with <n> lines of context instead of the usual
	   three. Implies -p.

       --raw
	   Generate the raw format.

       --patch-with-raw
	   Synonym for -p --raw.

       --patience
	   Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm.

       --stat[=width[,name-width]]
	   Generate a diffstat. You can override the default output width for
	   80-column terminal by --stat=width. The width of the filename part
	   can be controlled by giving another width to it separated by a
	   comma.

       --numstat
	   Similar to --stat, but shows number of added and deleted lines in
	   decimal notation and pathname without abbreviation, to make it more
	   machine friendly. For binary files, outputs two - instead of saying
	   0 0.

       --shortstat
	   Output only the last line of the --stat format containing total
	   number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted
	   lines.

       --dirstat[=limit]
	   Output the distribution of relative amount of changes (number of
	   lines added or removed) for each sub-directory. Directories with
	   changes below a cut-off percent (3% by default) are not shown. The
	   cut-off percent can be set with --dirstat=limit. Changes in a child
	   directory is not counted for the parent directory, unless
	   --cumulative is used.

       --dirstat-by-file[=limit]
	   Same as --dirstat, but counts changed files instead of lines.

       --summary
	   Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as
	   creations, renames and mode changes.

       --patch-with-stat
	   Synonym for -p --stat.

       -z
	   Separate the commits with NULs instead of with new newlines.

	   Also, when --raw or --numstat has been given, do not munge
	   pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators.

	   Without this option, each pathname output will have TAB, LF, double
	   quotes, and backslash characters replaced with \t, \n, \", and \\,
	   respectively, and the pathname will be enclosed in double quotes if
	   any of those replacements occurred.

       --name-only
	   Show only names of changed files.

       --name-status
	   Show only names and status of changed files. See the description of
	   the --diff-filter option on what the status letters mean.

       --submodule[=<format>]
	   Chose the output format for submodule differences. <format> can be
	   one of short and log.  short just shows pairs of commit names, this
	   format is used when this option is not given.  log is the default
	   value for this option and lists the commits in that commit range
	   like the summary option of git-submodule(1) does.

       --color
	   Show colored diff.

       --no-color
	   Turn off colored diff, even when the configuration file gives the
	   default to color output.

       --color-words[=<regex>]
	   Show colored word diff, i.e., color words which have changed. By
	   default, words are separated by whitespace.

	   When a <regex> is specified, every non-overlapping match of the
	   <regex> is considered a word. Anything between these matches is
	   considered whitespace and ignored(!) for the purposes of finding
	   differences. You may want to append |[^[:space:]] to your regular
	   expression to make sure that it matches all non-whitespace
	   characters. A match that contains a newline is silently
	   truncated(!) at the newline.

	   The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration
	   option, see gitattributes(1) or git-config(1). Giving it explicitly
	   overrides any diff driver or configuration setting. Diff drivers
	   override configuration settings.

       --no-renames
	   Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration file gives
	   the default to do so.

       --check
	   Warn if changes introduce trailing whitespace or an indent that
	   uses a space before a tab. Exits with non-zero status if problems
	   are found. Not compatible with --exit-code.

       --full-index
	   Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full pre- and
	   post-image blob object names on the "index" line when generating
	   patch format output.

       --binary
	   In addition to --full-index, output a binary diff that can be
	   applied with git-apply.

       --abbrev[=<n>]
	   Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object name in
	   diff-raw format output and diff-tree header lines, show only a
	   partial prefix. This is independent of the --full-index option
	   above, which controls the diff-patch output format. Non default
	   number of digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>.

       -B
	   Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and create.

       -M
	   Detect renames.

       -C
	   Detect copies as well as renames. See also --find-copies-harder.

       --diff-filter=[ACDMRTUXB*]
	   Select only files that are Added (A), Copied (C), Deleted (D),
	   Modified (M), Renamed (R), have their type (i.e. regular file,
	   symlink, submodule, ...) changed (T), are Unmerged (U), are Unknown
	   (X), or have had their pairing Broken (B). Any combination of the
	   filter characters may be used. When * (All-or-none) is added to the
	   combination, all paths are selected if there is any file that
	   matches other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file that
	   matches other criteria, nothing is selected.

       --find-copies-harder
	   For performance reasons, by default, -C option finds copies only if
	   the original file of the copy was modified in the same changeset.
	   This flag makes the command inspect unmodified files as candidates
	   for the source of copy. This is a very expensive operation for
	   large projects, so use it with caution. Giving more than one -C
	   option has the same effect.

       -l<num>
	   The -M and -C options require O(n^2) processing time where n is the
	   number of potential rename/copy targets. This option prevents
	   rename/copy detection from running if the number of rename/copy
	   targets exceeds the specified number.

       -S<string>
	   Look for differences that introduce or remove an instance of
	   <string>. Note that this is different than the string simply
	   appearing in diff output; see the pickaxe entry in gitdiffcore(7)
	   for more details.

       --pickaxe-all
	   When -S finds a change, show all the changes in that changeset, not
	   just the files that contain the change in <string>.

       --pickaxe-regex
	   Make the <string> not a plain string but an extended POSIX regex to
	   match.

       -O<orderfile>
	   Output the patch in the order specified in the <orderfile>, which
	   has one shell glob pattern per line.

       -R
	   Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or on-disk
	   file to tree contents.

       --relative[=<path>]
	   When run from a subdirectory of the project, it can be told to
	   exclude changes outside the directory and show pathnames relative
	   to it with this option. When you are not in a subdirectory (e.g. in
	   a bare repository), you can name which subdirectory to make the
	   output relative to by giving a <path> as an argument.

       -a, --text
	   Treat all files as text.

       --ignore-space-at-eol
	   Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.

       -b, --ignore-space-change
	   Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace at
	   line end, and considers all other sequences of one or more
	   whitespace characters to be equivalent.

       -w, --ignore-all-space
	   Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores differences
	   even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none.

       --inter-hunk-context=<lines>
	   Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified number of
	   lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other.

       --exit-code
	   Make the program exit with codes similar to diff(1). That is, it
	   exits with 1 if there were differences and 0 means no differences.

       --quiet
	   Disable all output of the program. Implies --exit-code.

       --ext-diff
	   Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an
	   external diff driver with gitattributes(5), you need to use this
	   option with git-log(1) and friends.

       --no-ext-diff
	   Disallow external diff drivers.

       --ignore-submodules
	   Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation.

       --src-prefix=<prefix>
	   Show the given source prefix instead of "a/".

       --dst-prefix=<prefix>
	   Show the given destination prefix instead of "b/".

       --no-prefix
	   Do not show any source or destination prefix.

       For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also
       gitdiffcore(7).

       -<n>
	   Limits the number of commits to show.

       <since>..<until>
	   Show only commits between the named two commits. When either
	   <since> or <until> is omitted, it defaults to HEAD, i.e. the tip of
	   the current branch. For a more complete list of ways to spell
	   <since> and <until>, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in git-rev-
	   parse(1).

       --decorate[=short|full]
	   Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown. If short is
	   specified, the ref name prefixes refs/heads/, refs/tags/ and
	   refs/remotes/ will not be printed. If full is specified, the full
	   ref name (including prefix) will be printed. The default option is
	   short.

       --source
	   Print out the ref name given on the command line by which each
	   commit was reached.

       --full-diff
	   Without this flag, "git log -p <path>..." shows commits that touch
	   the specified paths, and diffs about the same specified paths. With
	   this, the full diff is shown for commits that touch the specified
	   paths; this means that "<path>..." limits only commits, and doesn’t
	   limit diff for those commits.

       --follow
	   Continue listing the history of a file beyond renames.

       --log-size
	   Before the log message print out its size in bytes. Intended mainly
	   for porcelain tools consumption. If git is unable to produce a
	   valid value size is set to zero. Note that only message is
	   considered, if also a diff is shown its size is not included.

       [--] <path>...
	   Show only commits that affect any of the specified paths. To
	   prevent confusion with options and branch names, paths may need to
	   be prefixed with "-- " to separate them from options or refnames.

   Commit Formatting
       --pretty[=<format>], --format[=<format>]
	   Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
	   where <format> can be one of oneline, short, medium, full, fuller,
	   email, raw and format:<string>. When omitted, the format defaults
	   to medium.

	   Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
	   configuration (see git-config(1)).

       --abbrev-commit
	   Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name,
	   show only a partial prefix. Non default number of digits can be
	   specified with "--abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies diff output, if
	   it is displayed).

	   This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
	   people using 80-column terminals.

       --oneline
	   This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit" used
	   together.

       --encoding[=<encoding>]
	   The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message in
	   their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the command
	   to re-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the
	   user. For non plumbing commands this defaults to UTF-8.

       --no-notes, --show-notes
	   Show the notes (see git-notes(1)) that annotate the commit, when
	   showing the commit log message. This is the default for git log,
	   git show and git whatchanged commands when there is no --pretty,
	   --format nor --oneline option is given on the command line.

       --relative-date
	   Synonym for --date=relative.

       --date={relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short,raw}
	   Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such as
	   when using "--pretty".  log.date config variable sets a default
	   value for log command’s --date option.

	   --date=relative shows dates relative to the current time, e.g. "2
	   hours ago".

	   --date=local shows timestamps in user’s local timezone.

	   --date=iso (or --date=iso8601) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format.

	   --date=rfc (or --date=rfc2822) shows timestamps in RFC 2822 format,
	   often found in E-mail messages.

	   --date=short shows only date but not time, in YYYY-MM-DD format.

	   --date=raw shows the date in the internal raw git format %s %z
	   format.

	   --date=default shows timestamps in the original timezone (either
	   committer’s or author’s).

       --parents
	   Print the parents of the commit. Also enables parent rewriting, see
	   History Simplification below.

       --children
	   Print the children of the commit. Also enables parent rewriting,
	   see History Simplification below.

       --left-right
	   Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from.
	   Commits from the left side are prefixed with < and those from the
	   right with >. If combined with --boundary, those commits are
	   prefixed with -.

	   For example, if you have this topology:

			    y---b---b  branch B
			   / \ /
			  /   .
			 /   / \
			o---x---a---a  branch A

	   you would get an output like this:

		       $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B

		       >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
		       >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
		       <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
		       <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
		       -yyyyyyy... 1st on b
		       -xxxxxxx... 1st on a

       --graph
	   Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history on
	   the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines to be
	   printed in between commits, in order for the graph history to be
	   drawn properly.

	   This implies the --topo-order option by default, but the
	   --date-order option may also be specified.

   Diff Formatting
       Below are listed options that control the formatting of diff output.
       Some of them are specific to git-rev-list(1), however other diff
       options may be given. See git-diff-files(1) for more options.

       -c
	   This flag changes the way a merge commit is displayed. It shows the
	   differences from each of the parents to the merge result
	   simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent
	   and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists only files
	   which were modified from all parents.

       --cc
	   This flag implies the -c options and further compresses the patch
	   output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in the
	   parents have only two variants and the merge result picks one of
	   them without modification.

       -r
	   Show recursive diffs.

       -t
	   Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies -r.

   Commit Limiting
       Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
       special notations explained in the description, additional commit
       limiting may be applied.

       -n number, --max-count=<number>
	   Limit the number of commits output.

       --skip=<number>
	   Skip number commits before starting to show the commit output.

       --since=<date>, --after=<date>
	   Show commits more recent than a specific date.

       --until=<date>, --before=<date>
	   Show commits older than a specific date.

       --author=<pattern>, --committer=<pattern>
	   Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer header lines
	   that match the specified pattern (regular expression).

       --grep=<pattern>
	   Limit the commits output to ones with log message that matches the
	   specified pattern (regular expression).

       --all-match
	   Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep,
	   --author and --committer instead of ones that match at least one.

       -i, --regexp-ignore-case
	   Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case.

       -E, --extended-regexp
	   Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
	   instead of the default basic regular expressions.

       -F, --fixed-strings
	   Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don’t interpret
	   pattern as a regular expression).

       --remove-empty
	   Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.

       --merges
	   Print only merge commits.

       --no-merges
	   Do not print commits with more than one parent.

       --first-parent
	   Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
	   This option can give a better overview when viewing the evolution
	   of a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic branch
	   tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream from time to
	   time, and this option allows you to ignore the individual commits
	   brought in to your history by such a merge.

       --not
	   Reverses the meaning of the ^ prefix (or lack thereof) for all
	   following revision specifiers, up to the next --not.

       --all
	   Pretend as if all the refs in refs/ are listed on the command line
	   as <commit>.

       --branches[=pattern]
	   Pretend as if all the refs in refs/heads are listed on the command
	   line as <commit>. If pattern is given, limit branches to ones
	   matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks ?, , or [, / at the end
	   is implied.

       --tags[=pattern]
	   Pretend as if all the refs in refs/tags are listed on the command
	   line as <commit>. If pattern is given, limit tags to ones matching
	   given shell glob. If pattern lacks ?, , or [, / at the end is
	   implied.

       --remotes[=pattern]
	   Pretend as if all the refs in refs/remotes are listed on the
	   command line as <commit>. If `pattern`is given, limit remote
	   tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern
	   lacks ?, , or [, / at the end is implied.

       --glob=glob-pattern
	   Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob glob-pattern are
	   listed on the command line as <commit>. Leading refs/, is
	   automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks ?, , or [, /
	   at the end is implied.

       --bisect
	   Pretend as if the bad bisection ref refs/bisect/bad was listed and
	   as if it was followed by --not and the good bisection refs
	   refs/bisect/good-* on the command line.

       --stdin
	   In addition to the <commit> listed on the command line, read them
	   from the standard input. If a -- separator is seen, stop reading
	   commits and start reading paths to limit the result.

       --cherry-pick
	   Omit any commit that introduces the same change as another commit
	   on the "other side" when the set of commits are limited with
	   symmetric difference.

	   For example, if you have two branches, A and B, a usual way to list
	   all commits on only one side of them is with --left-right, like the
	   example above in the description of that option. It however shows
	   the commits that were cherry-picked from the other branch (for
	   example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked from branch A). With this
	   option, such pairs of commits are excluded from the output.

       -g, --walk-reflogs
	   Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk reflog entries
	   from the most recent one to older ones. When this option is used
	   you cannot specify commits to exclude (that is, ^commit,
	   commit1..commit2, nor commit1...commit2 notations cannot be used).

	   With --pretty format other than oneline (for obvious reasons), this
	   causes the output to have two extra lines of information taken from
	   the reflog. By default, commit@{Nth} notation is used in the
	   output. When the starting commit is specified as commit@{now},
	   output also uses commit@{timestamp} notation instead. Under
	   --pretty=oneline, the commit message is prefixed with this
	   information on the same line. This option cannot be combined with
	   --reverse. See also git-reflog(1).

       --merge
	   After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a conflict
	   and don’t exist on all heads to merge.

       --boundary
	   Output uninteresting commits at the boundary, which are usually not
	   shown.

   History Simplification
       Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example
       the commits modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of
       History Simplification, one part is selecting the commits and the other
       is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the
       history.

       The following options select the commits to be shown:

       <paths>
	   Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected.

       --simplify-by-decoration
	   Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.

       Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.

       The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:

       Default mode
	   Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the final
	   state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side branches if
	   the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches with the same
	   content)

       --full-history
	   As the default mode but does not prune some history.

       --dense
	   Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a meaningful
	   history.

       --sparse
	   All commits in the simplified history are shown.

       --simplify-merges
	   Additional option to --full-history to remove some needless merges
	   from the resulting history, as there are no selected commits
	   contributing to this merge.

       A more detailed explanation follows.

       Suppose you specified foo as the <paths>. We shall call commits that
       modify foo !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME. (In a diff filtered for
       foo, they look different and equal, respectively.)

       In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
       illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume
       that you are filtering for a file foo in this commit graph:

		     .-A---M---N---O---P
		    /	  /   /	  /   /
		   I	 B   C	 D   E
		    \	/   /	/   /
		     `-------------'

       The horizontal line of history A—P is taken to be the first parent of
       each merge. The commits are:

       ·    I is the initial commit, in which foo exists with contents "asdf",
	   and a file quux exists with contents "quux". Initial commits are
	   compared to an empty tree, so I is !TREESAME.

       ·   In A, foo contains just "foo".

       ·    B contains the same change as A. Its merge M is trivial and hence
	   TREESAME to all parents.

       ·    C does not change foo, but its merge N changes it to "foobar", so
	   it is not TREESAME to any parent.

       ·    D sets foo to "baz". Its merge O combines the strings from N and D
	   to "foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.

       ·    E changes quux to "xyzzy", and its merge P combines the strings to
	   "quux xyzzy". Despite appearing interesting, P is TREESAME to all
	   parents.

       rev-list walks backwards through history, including or excluding
       commits based on whether --full-history and/or parent rewriting (via
       --parents or --children) are used. The following settings are
       available.

       Default mode
	   Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent (though
	   this can be changed, see --sparse below). If the commit was a
	   merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow only that parent.
	   (Even if there are several TREESAME parents, follow only one of
	   them.) Otherwise, follow all parents.

	   This results in:

			 .-A---N---O
			/	  /
		       I---------D

	   Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
	   available, removed B from consideration entirely.  C was considered
	   via N, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an empty tree,
	   so I is !TREESAME.

	   Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that
	   does not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have
	   shown the parent lines.

       --full-history without parent rewriting
	   This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow all
	   parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them. Even if
	   more than one side of the merge has commits that are included, this
	   does not imply that the merge itself is! In the example, we get

		       I  A  B	N  D  O

	   P and M were excluded because they are TREESAME to a parent.	 E, C
	   and B were all walked, but only B was !TREESAME, so the others do
	   not appear.

	   Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to
	   talk about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so
	   we show them disconnected.

       --full-history with parent rewriting
	   Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME (though
	   this can be changed, see --sparse below).

	   Merges are always included. However, their parent list is
	   rewritten: Along each parent, prune away commits that are not
	   included themselves. This results in

			 .-A---M---N---O---P
			/     /	  /   /	  /
		       I     B	 /   D	 /
			\   /	/   /	/
			 `-------------'

	   Compare to --full-history without rewriting above. Note that E was
	   pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
	   rewritten to contain E's parent I. The same happened for C and N.
	   Note also that P was included despite being TREESAME.

       In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
       affects inclusion:

       --dense
	   Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME to
	   any parent.

       --sparse
	   All commits that are walked are included.

	   Note that without --full-history, this still simplifies merges: if
	   one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the
	   other sides of the merge are never walked.

       Finally, there is a fourth simplification mode available:

       --simplify-merges
	   First, build a history graph in the same way that --full-history
	   with parent rewriting does (see above).

	   Then simplify each commit ‘C` to its replacement C’ in the final
	   history according to the following rules:

	   ·   Set ‘C’` to C.

	   ·   Replace each parent ‘P` of C’ with its simplification ‘P’`. In
	       the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents,
	       and remove duplicates.

	   ·   If after this parent rewriting, ‘C’` is a root or merge commit
	       (has zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it
	       remains. Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.

	   The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
	   --full-history with parent rewriting. The example turns into:

			 .-A---M---N---O
			/     /	      /
		       I     B	     D
			\   /	    /
			 `---------'

	   Note the major differences in N and P over --full-history:

	   ·	N's parent list had I removed, because it is an ancestor of
	       the other parent M. Still, N remained because it is !TREESAME.

	   ·	P's parent list similarly had I removed.  P was then removed
	       completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.

       The --simplify-by-decoration option allows you to view only the big
       picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits that are
       not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME (in other
       words, kept after history simplification rules described above) if (1)
       they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the contents of the
       paths given on the command line. All other commits are marked as
       TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).

   Commit Ordering
       By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.

       --topo-order
	   This option makes them appear in topological order (i.e. descendant
	   commits are shown before their parents).

       --date-order
	   This option is similar to --topo-order in the sense that no parent
	   comes before all of its children, but otherwise things are still
	   ordered in the commit timestamp order.

       --reverse
	   Output the commits in reverse order. Cannot be combined with
	   --walk-reflogs.

   Object Traversal
       These options are mostly targeted for packing of git repositories.

       --objects
	   Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
	   commits.  --objects foo ^bar thus means "send me all object IDs
	   which I need to download if I have the commit object bar, but not
	   foo".

       --objects-edge
	   Similar to --objects, but also print the IDs of excluded commits
	   prefixed with a "-" character. This is used by git-pack-objects(1)
	   to build "thin" pack, which records objects in deltified form based
	   on objects contained in these excluded commits to reduce network
	   traffic.

       --unpacked
	   Only useful with --objects; print the object IDs that are not in
	   packs.

       --no-walk
	   Only show the given revs, but do not traverse their ancestors.

       --do-walk
	   Overrides a previous --no-walk.

PRETTY FORMATS
       If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format is not oneline,
       email or raw, an additional line is inserted before the Author: line.
       This line begins with "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are
       printed, separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
       necessarily be the list of the direct parent commits if you have
       limited your view of history: for example, if you are only interested
       in changes related to a certain directory or file.

       Here are some additional details for each format:

       ·    oneline

	       <sha1> <title line>

	   This is designed to be as compact as possible.

       ·    short

	       commit <sha1>
	       Author: <author>

	       <title line>

       ·    medium

	       commit <sha1>
	       Author: <author>
	       Date:   <author date>

	       <title line>

	       <full commit message>

       ·    full

	       commit <sha1>
	       Author: <author>
	       Commit: <committer>

	       <title line>

	       <full commit message>

       ·    fuller

	       commit <sha1>
	       Author:	   <author>
	       AuthorDate: <author date>
	       Commit:	   <committer>
	       CommitDate: <committer date>

	       <title line>

	       <full commit message>

       ·    email

	       From <sha1> <date>
	       From: <author>
	       Date: <author date>
	       Subject: [PATCH] <title line>

	       <full commit message>

       ·    raw

	   The raw format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the
	   commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are displayed in full, regardless
	   of whether --abbrev or --no-abbrev are used, and parents
	   information show the true parent commits, without taking grafts nor
	   history simplification into account.

       ·    format:

	   The format: format allows you to specify which information you want
	   to show. It works a little bit like printf format, with the notable
	   exception that you get a newline with %n instead of \n.

	   E.g, format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"
	   would show something like this:

	       The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
	       The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<

	   The placeholders are:

	   ·	%H: commit hash

	   ·	%h: abbreviated commit hash

	   ·	%T: tree hash

	   ·	%t: abbreviated tree hash

	   ·	%P: parent hashes

	   ·	%p: abbreviated parent hashes

	   ·	%an: author name

	   ·	%aN: author name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
	       git-blame(1))

	   ·	%ae: author email

	   ·	%aE: author email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
	       git-blame(1))

	   ·	%ad: author date (format respects --date= option)

	   ·	%aD: author date, RFC2822 style

	   ·	%ar: author date, relative

	   ·	%at: author date, UNIX timestamp

	   ·	%ai: author date, ISO 8601 format

	   ·	%cn: committer name

	   ·	%cN: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1)
	       or git-blame(1))

	   ·	%ce: committer email

	   ·	%cE: committer email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1)
	       or git-blame(1))

	   ·	%cd: committer date

	   ·	%cD: committer date, RFC2822 style

	   ·	%cr: committer date, relative

	   ·	%ct: committer date, UNIX timestamp

	   ·	%ci: committer date, ISO 8601 format

	   ·	%d: ref names, like the --decorate option of git-log(1)

	   ·	%e: encoding

	   ·	%s: subject

	   ·	%f: sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename

	   ·	%b: body

	   ·	%N: commit notes

	   ·	%gD: reflog selector, e.g., refs/stash@{1}

	   ·	%gd: shortened reflog selector, e.g., stash@{1}

	   ·	%gs: reflog subject

	   ·	%Cred: switch color to red

	   ·	%Cgreen: switch color to green

	   ·	%Cblue: switch color to blue

	   ·	%Creset: reset color

	   ·	%C(...): color specification, as described in color.branch.*
	       config option

	   ·	%m: left, right or boundary mark

	   ·	%n: newline

	   ·	%%: a raw %

	   ·	%x00: print a byte from a hex code

	   ·	%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]]): switch line wrapping, like the -w
	       option of git-shortlog(1).

	   Note
	   Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the revision
	   traversal engine. For example, the %g* reflog options will insert
	   an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
	   git log -g). The %d placeholder will use the "short" decoration
	   format if --decorate was not already provided on the command line.

       If you add a + (plus sign) after % of a placeholder, a line-feed is
       inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
       placeholder expands to a non-empty string.

       If you add a - (minus sign) after % of a placeholder, line-feeds that
       immediately precede the expansion are deleted if and only if the
       placeholder expands to an empty string.

       ·    tformat:

	   The tformat: format works exactly like format:, except that it
	   provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics.
	   In other words, each commit has the message terminator character
	   (usually a newline) appended, rather than a separator placed
	   between entries. This means that the final entry of a single-line
	   format will be properly terminated with a new line, just as the
	   "oneline" format does. For example:

	       $ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
		 | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
	       4da45be
	       7134973 -- NO NEWLINE

	       $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
		 | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
	       4da45be
	       7134973

	   In addition, any unrecognized string that has a % in it is
	   interpreted as if it has tformat: in front of it. For example,
	   these two are equivalent:

	       $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
	       $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef

GENERATING PATCHES WITH -P
       When "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", or "git-diff-files" are run
       with a -p option, "git diff" without the --raw option, or "git log"
       with the "-p" option, they do not produce the output described above;
       instead they produce a patch file. You can customize the creation of
       such patches via the GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF and the GIT_DIFF_OPTS
       environment variables.

       What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional
       diff format.

	1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like this:

	       diff --git a/file1 b/file2

	   The a/ and b/ filenames are the same unless rename/copy is
	   involved. Especially, even for a creation or a deletion, /dev/null
	   is not used in place of a/ or b/ filenames.

	   When rename/copy is involved, file1 and file2 show the name of the
	   source file of the rename/copy and the name of the file that
	   rename/copy produces, respectively.

	2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines:

	       old mode <mode>
	       new mode <mode>
	       deleted file mode <mode>
	       new file mode <mode>
	       copy from <path>
	       copy to <path>
	       rename from <path>
	       rename to <path>
	       similarity index <number>
	       dissimilarity index <number>
	       index <hash>..<hash> <mode>

	3. TAB, LF, double quote and backslash characters in pathnames are
	   represented as \t, \n, \" and \\, respectively. If there is need
	   for such substitution then the whole pathname is put in double
	   quotes.

       The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and the
       dissimilarity index is the percentage of changed lines. It is a rounded
       down integer, followed by a percent sign. The similarity index value of
       100% is thus reserved for two equal files, while 100% dissimilarity
       means that no line from the old file made it into the new one.

COMBINED DIFF FORMAT
       "git-diff-tree", "git-diff-files" and "git-diff" can take -c or --cc
       option to produce combined diff. For showing a merge commit with "git
       log -p", this is the default format. A combined diff format looks like
       this:

	   diff --combined describe.c
	   index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510
	   --- a/describe.c
	   +++ b/describe.c
	   @@@ -98,20 -98,12 +98,20 @@@
		   return (a_date > b_date) ? -1 : (a_date == b_date) ? 0 : 1;
	     }

	   - static void describe(char *arg)
	    -static void describe(struct commit *cmit, int last_one)
	   ++static void describe(char *arg, int last_one)
	     {
	    +	   unsigned char sha1[20];
	    +	   struct commit *cmit;
		   struct commit_list *list;
		   static int initialized = 0;
		   struct commit_name *n;

	    +	   if (get_sha1(arg, sha1) < 0)
	    +		   usage(describe_usage);
	    +	   cmit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
	    +	   if (!cmit)
	    +		   usage(describe_usage);
	    +
		   if (!initialized) {
			   initialized = 1;
			   for_each_ref(get_name);

	1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like this (when
	   -c option is used):

	       diff --combined file

	   or like this (when --cc option is used):

	       diff --cc file

	2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines (this example
	   shows a merge with two parents):

	       index <hash>,<hash>..<hash>
	       mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode>
	       new file mode <mode>
	       deleted file mode <mode>,<mode>

	   The mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode> line appears only if at least one of
	   the <mode> is different from the rest. Extended headers with
	   information about detected contents movement (renames and copying
	   detection) are designed to work with diff of two <tree-ish> and are
	   not used by combined diff format.

	3. It is followed by two-line from-file/to-file header

	       --- a/file
	       +++ b/file

	   Similar to two-line header for traditional unified diff format,
	   /dev/null is used to signal created or deleted files.

	4. Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from accidentally
	   feeding it to patch -p1. Combined diff format was created for
	   review of merge commit changes, and was not meant for apply. The
	   change is similar to the change in the extended index header:

	       @@@ <from-file-range> <from-file-range> <to-file-range> @@@

	   There are (number of parents + 1) @ characters in the chunk header
	   for combined diff format.

       Unlike the traditional unified diff format, which shows two files A and
       B with a single column that has - (minus — appears in A but removed in
       B), + (plus — missing in A but added to B), or " " (space — unchanged)
       prefix, this format compares two or more files file1, file2,... with
       one file X, and shows how X differs from each of fileN. One column for
       each of fileN is prepended to the output line to note how X’s line is
       different from it.

       A - character in the column N means that the line appears in fileN but
       it does not appear in the result. A + character in the column N means
       that the line appears in the result, and fileN does not have that line
       (in other words, the line was added, from the point of view of that
       parent).

       In the above example output, the function signature was changed from
       both files (hence two - removals from both file1 and file2, plus ++ to
       mean one line that was added does not appear in either file1 nor
       file2). Also eight other lines are the same from file1 but do not
       appear in file2 (hence prefixed with +).

       When shown by git diff-tree -c, it compares the parents of a merge
       commit with the merge result (i.e. file1..fileN are the parents). When
       shown by git diff-files -c, it compares the two unresolved merge
       parents with the working tree file (i.e. file1 is stage 2 aka "our
       version", file2 is stage 3 aka "their version").

EXAMPLES
       git log --no-merges
	   Show the whole commit history, but skip any merges

       git log v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi
	   Show all commits since version v2.6.12 that changed any file in the
	   include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories

       git log --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk
	   Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file gitk. The
	   "--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the branch named gitk

       git log --name-status release..test
	   Show the commits that are in the "test" branch but not yet in the
	   "release" branch, along with the list of paths each commit
	   modifies.

       git log --follow builtin-rev-list.c
	   Shows the commits that changed builtin-rev-list.c, including those
	   commits that occurred before the file was given its present name.

       git log --branches --not --remotes=origin
	   Shows all commits that are in any of local branches but not in any
	   of remote tracking branches for origin (what you have that origin
	   doesn’t).

       git log master --not --remotes=*/master
	   Shows all commits that are in local master but not in any remote
	   repository master branches.

DISCUSSION
       At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.

       ·   The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects are
	   treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes. What
	   readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared with the data
	   git keeps track of, which in turn are expected to be what lstat(2)
	   and creat(2) accepts. There is no such thing as pathname encoding
	   translation.

       ·   The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of
	   bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core level.

       ·   The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL
	   bytes.

       Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in
       UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8
       on projects. If all participants of a particular project find it more
       convenient to use legacy encodings, git does not forbid it. However,
       there are a few things to keep in mind.

	1.  git commit and git commit-tree issues a warning if the commit log
	   message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless
	   you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to
	   say this is to have i18n.commitencoding in .git/config file, like
	   this:

	       [i18n]
		       commitencoding = ISO-8859-1

	   Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of
	   i18n.commitencoding in its encoding header. This is to help other
	   people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the
	   commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.

	2.  git log, git show, git blame and friends look at the encoding
	   header of a commit object, and try to re-code the log message into
	   UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired
	   output encoding with i18n.logoutputencoding in .git/config file,
	   like this:

	       [i18n]
		       logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1

	   If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
	   i18n.commitencoding is used instead.

       Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message
       when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit object level,
       because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a reversible operation.

AUTHOR
       Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org[1]>

DOCUMENTATION
       Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list
       <git@vger.kernel.org[2]>.

GIT
       Part of the git(1) suite

NOTES
	1. torvalds@osdl.org
	   mailto:torvalds@osdl.org

	2. git@vger.kernel.org
	   mailto:git@vger.kernel.org

Git 1.7.0.4			  12/18/2010			    GIT-LOG(1)
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