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GCC(1)				      GNU				GCC(1)

NAME
       gcc - GNU project C and C++ compiler

SYNOPSIS
       gcc [-c⎪-S⎪-E] [-std=standard]
	   [-g] [-pg] [-Olevel]
	   [-Wwarn...] [-pedantic]
	   [-Idir...] [-Ldir...]
	   [-Dmacro[=defn]...] [-Umacro]
	   [-foption...] [-mmachine-option...]
	   [-o outfile] infile...

       Only the most useful options are listed here; see below for the remain‐
       der.  g++ accepts mostly the same options as gcc.

DESCRIPTION
       When you invoke GCC, it normally does preprocessing, compilation,
       assembly and linking.  The ``overall options'' allow you to stop this
       process at an intermediate stage.  For example, the -c option says not
       to run the linker.  Then the output consists of object files output by
       the assembler.

       Other options are passed on to one stage of processing.	Some options
       control the preprocessor and others the compiler itself.	 Yet other
       options control the assembler and linker; most of these are not docu‐
       mented here, since you rarely need to use any of them.

       Most of the command line options that you can use with GCC are useful
       for C programs; when an option is only useful with another language
       (usually C++), the explanation says so explicitly.  If the description
       for a particular option does not mention a source language, you can use
       that option with all supported languages.

       The gcc program accepts options and file names as operands.  Many
       options have multi-letter names; therefore multiple single-letter
       options may not be grouped: -dr is very different from -d -r.

       You can mix options and other arguments.	 For the most part, the order
       you use doesn't matter.	Order does matter when you use several options
       of the same kind; for example, if you specify -L more than once, the
       directories are searched in the order specified.

       Many options have long names starting with -f or with -W---for example,
       -fforce-mem, -fstrength-reduce, -Wformat and so on.  Most of these have
       both positive and negative forms; the negative form of -ffoo would be
       -fno-foo.  This manual documents only one of these two forms, whichever
       one is not the default.

OPTIONS
       Option Summary

       Here is a summary of all the options, grouped by type.  Explanations
       are in the following sections.

       Overall Options
	   -c  -S  -E  -o file	-pipe  -pass-exit-codes -x language  -v	 -###
	   --help  --target-help  --version

       C Language Options
	   -ansi  -std=standard	 -aux-info filename -fno-asm  -fno-builtin
	   -fno-builtin-function -fhosted  -ffreestanding  -fms-extensions
	   -trigraphs  -no-integrated-cpp  -traditional	 -traditional-cpp
	   -fallow-single-precision  -fcond-mismatch -fsigned-bitfields
	   -fsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields  -funsigned-char
	   -fwritable-strings

       C++ Language Options
	   -fabi-version=n  -fno-access-control	 -fcheck-new -fconserve-space
	   -fno-const-strings -fno-elide-constructors -fno-enforce-eh-specs
	   -ffor-scope	-fno-for-scope	-fno-gnu-keywords -fno-implicit-tem‐
	   plates -fno-implicit-inline-templates -fno-implement-inlines
	   -fms-extensions -fno-nonansi-builtins  -fno-operator-names
	   -fno-optional-diags	-fpermissive -frepo  -fno-rtti	-fstats
	   -ftemplate-depth-n -fuse-cxa-atexit	-fno-weak  -nostdinc++
	   -fno-default-inline	-Wabi  -Wctor-dtor-privacy -Wnon-virtual-dtor
	   -Wreorder -Weffc++  -Wno-deprecated -Wno-non-template-friend
	   -Wold-style-cast -Woverloaded-virtual  -Wno-pmf-conversions
	   -Wsign-promo	 -Wsynth

       Objective-C Language Options
	   -fconstant-string-class=class-name -fgnu-runtime  -fnext-runtime
	   -fno-nil-receivers -fobjc-exceptions -freplace-objc-classes
	   -fzero-link -gen-decls -Wno-protocol	 -Wselector -Wunde‐
	   clared-selector

       Language Independent Options
	   -fmessage-length=n -fdiagnostics-show-location=[once⎪every-line]

       Warning Options
	   -fsyntax-only  -pedantic  -pedantic-errors -w  -Wextra  -Wall
	   -Waggregate-return -Wcast-align  -Wcast-qual	 -Wchar-subscripts
	   -Wcomment -Wconversion  -Wno-deprecated-declarations -Wdis‐
	   abled-optimization  -Wno-div-by-zero	 -Wendif-labels -Werror	 -Wer‐
	   ror-implicit-function-declaration -Wfloat-equal  -Wformat  -Wfor‐
	   mat=2 -Wno-format-extra-args -Wformat-nonliteral -Wformat-security
	   -Wformat-y2k -Wimplicit  -Wimplicit-function-declaration  -Wim‐
	   plicit-int -Wimport	-Wno-import  -Winit-self  -Winline
	   -Wno-invalid-offsetof  -Winvalid-pch -Wlarger-than-len  -Wlong-long
	   -Wmain  -Wmissing-braces -Wmissing-format-attribute	-Wmiss‐
	   ing-noreturn -Wno-multichar	-Wnonnull  -Wpacked  -Wpadded -Wparen‐
	   theses  -Wpointer-arith  -Wredundant-decls -Wreturn-type  -Wse‐
	   quence-point	 -Wshadow -Wsign-compare  -Wstrict-aliasing -Wswitch
	   -Wswitch-default  -Wswitch-enum -Wsystem-headers  -Wtrigraphs
	   -Wundef  -Wuninitialized -Wunknown-pragmas  -Wunreachable-code
	   -Wunused  -Wunused-function	-Wunused-label	-Wunused-parameter
	   -Wunused-value  -Wunused-variable  -Wwrite-strings

       C-only Warning Options
	   -Wbad-function-cast	-Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes
	   -Wnested-externs  -Wold-style-definition -Wstrict-prototypes
	   -Wtraditional -Wdeclaration-after-statement

       Debugging Options
	   -dletters  -dumpspecs  -dumpmachine	-dumpversion -fdump-unnumbered
	   -fdump-translation-unit[-n] -fdump-class-hierarchy[-n]
	   -fdump-tree-original[-n] -fdump-tree-optimized[-n]
	   -fdump-tree-inlined[-n] -feliminate-dwarf2-dups -felimi‐
	   nate-unused-debug-types -feliminate-unused-debug-symbols
	   -fmem-report -fprofile-arcs -frandom-seed=string -fsched-verbose=n
	   -ftest-coverage  -ftime-report -g  -glevel  -gcoff -gdwarf-2 -ggdb
	   -gstabs  -gstabs+  -gvms  -gxcoff  -gxcoff+ -p  -pg
	   -print-file-name=library  -print-libgcc-file-name
	   -print-multi-directory  -print-multi-lib -print-prog-name=program
	   -print-search-dirs  -Q -save-temps  -time

       Optimization Options
	   -falign-functions=n	-falign-jumps=n -falign-labels=n
	   -falign-loops=n -fbranch-probabilities -fprofile-values -fvpt
	   -fbranch-target-load-optimize -fbranch-target-load-optimize2
	   -fcaller-saves  -fcprop-registers -fcse-follow-jumps
	   -fcse-skip-blocks  -fdata-sections -fdelayed-branch
	   -fdelete-null-pointer-checks -fexpensive-optimizations  -ffast-math
	   -ffloat-store -fforce-addr  -fforce-mem  -ffunction-sections -fgcse
	   -fgcse-lm  -fgcse-sm	 -fgcse-las  -floop-optimize -fcrossjumping
	   -fif-conversion  -fif-conversion2 -finline-functions	 -fin‐
	   line-limit=n	 -fkeep-inline-functions -fkeep-static-consts
	   -fmerge-constants  -fmerge-all-constants -fmove-all-movables
	   -fnew-ra  -fno-branch-count-reg -fno-default-inline	-fno-defer-pop
	   -fno-function-cse  -fno-guess-branch-probability -fno-inline
	   -fno-math-errno  -fno-peephole  -fno-peephole2 -funsafe-math-opti‐
	   mizations  -ffinite-math-only -fno-trapping-math  -fno-zero-ini‐
	   tialized-in-bss -fomit-frame-pointer	 -foptimize-register-move
	   -foptimize-sibling-calls  -fprefetch-loop-arrays -fprofile-generate
	   -fprofile-use -freduce-all-givs  -fregmove  -frename-registers
	   -freorder-blocks  -freorder-functions -frerun-cse-after-loop	 -fre‐
	   run-loop-opt -frounding-math -fschedule-insns  -fschedule-insns2
	   -fno-sched-interblock  -fno-sched-spec  -fsched-spec-load
	   -fsched-spec-load-dangerous -fsched-stalled-insns=n
	   -sched-stalled-insns-dep=n -fsched2-use-superblocks
	   -fsched2-use-traces	-fsignaling-nans -fsingle-precision-constant
	   -fstrength-reduce  -fstrict-aliasing	 -ftracer  -fthread-jumps
	   -funroll-all-loops  -funroll-loops  -fpeel-loops -funswitch-loops
	   -fold-unroll-loops  -fold-unroll-all-loops --param name=value -O
	   -O0	-O1  -O2  -O3  -Os

       Preprocessor Options
	   -Aquestion=answer -A-question[=answer] -C  -dD  -dI	-dM  -dN
	   -Dmacro[=defn]  -E  -H -idirafter dir -include file	-imacros file
	   -iprefix file  -iwithprefix dir -iwithprefixbefore dir  -isystem
	   dir -M  -MM	-MF  -MG  -MP  -MQ  -MT	 -nostdinc -P  -fwork‐
	   ing-directory  -remap -trigraphs  -undef  -Umacro  -Wp,option
	   -Xpreprocessor option

       Assembler Option
	   -Wa,option  -Xassembler option

       Linker Options
	   object-file-name  -llibrary -nostartfiles  -nodefaultlibs  -nost‐
	   dlib -pie -s	 -static  -static-libgcc  -shared  -shared-libgcc
	   -symbolic -Wl,option	 -Xlinker option -u symbol

       Directory Options
	   -Bprefix  -Idir  -I-	 -Ldir	-specs=file

       Target Options
	   -V version  -b machine

       Machine Dependent Options
	   M680x0 Options -m68000  -m68020  -m68020-40	-m68020-60  -m68030
	   -m68040 -m68060  -mcpu32  -m5200  -m68881  -mbitfield  -mc68000
	   -mc68020 -mnobitfield  -mrtd	 -mshort  -msoft-float	-mpcrel
	   -malign-int	-mstrict-align	-msep-data  -mno-sep-data
	   -mshared-library-id=n  -mid-shared-library  -mno-id-shared-library

	   M68hc1x Options -m6811  -m6812  -m68hc11  -m68hc12	-m68hcs12
	   -mauto-incdec  -minmax  -mlong-calls	 -mshort
	   -msoft-reg-count=count

	   VAX Options -mg  -mgnu  -munix

	   SPARC Options -mcpu=cpu-type -mtune=cpu-type -mcmodel=code-model
	   -m32	 -m64  -mapp-regs  -mno-app-regs -mfaster-structs
	   -mno-faster-structs -mflat  -mno-flat  -mfpu	 -mno-fpu -mhard-float
	   -msoft-float -mhard-quad-float  -msoft-quad-float -mimpure-text
	   -mno-impure-text  -mlittle-endian -mstack-bias  -mno-stack-bias
	   -munaligned-doubles	-mno-unaligned-doubles -mv8plus	 -mno-v8plus
	   -mvis  -mno-vis -mcypress  -mf930  -mf934 -msparclite  -msupersparc
	   -mv8 -threads -pthreads

	   ARM Options -mapcs-frame  -mno-apcs-frame -mapcs-26	-mapcs-32
	   -mapcs-stack-check  -mno-apcs-stack-check -mapcs-float
	   -mno-apcs-float -mapcs-reentrant  -mno-apcs-reentrant -msched-pro‐
	   log	-mno-sched-prolog -mlittle-endian  -mbig-endian	 -mwords-lit‐
	   tle-endian -malignment-traps	 -mno-alignment-traps -msoft-float
	   -mhard-float	 -mfpe -mthumb-interwork  -mno-thumb-interwork
	   -mcpu=name  -march=name  -mfpe=name -mstructure-size-boundary=n
	   -mabort-on-noreturn -mlong-calls  -mno-long-calls -msingle-pic-base
	   -mno-single-pic-base -mpic-register=reg -mnop-fun-dllimport -mcir‐
	   rus-fix-invalid-insns -mno-cirrus-fix-invalid-insns -mpoke-func‐
	   tion-name -mthumb  -marm -mtpcs-frame  -mtpcs-leaf-frame
	   -mcaller-super-interworking	-mcallee-super-interworking

	   MN10300 Options -mmult-bug  -mno-mult-bug -mam33  -mno-am33
	   -mam33-2  -mno-am33-2 -mno-crt0  -mrelax

	   M32R/D Options -m32r2 -m32rx -m32r -mdebug -malign-loops
	   -mno-align-loops -missue-rate=number -mbranch-cost=number
	   -mmodel=code-size-model-type -msdata=sdata-type -mno-flush-func
	   -mflush-func=name -mno-flush-trap -mflush-trap=number -G num

	   RS/6000 and PowerPC Options -mcpu=cpu-type -mtune=cpu-type -mpower
	   -mno-power  -mpower2	 -mno-power2 -mpowerpc	-mpowerpc64  -mno-pow‐
	   erpc -maltivec  -mno-altivec -mpowerpc-gpopt	 -mno-powerpc-gpopt
	   -mpowerpc-gfxopt  -mno-powerpc-gfxopt -mnew-mnemonics
	   -mold-mnemonics -mfull-toc	-mminimal-toc  -mno-fp-in-toc
	   -mno-sum-in-toc -m64	 -m32  -mxl-call  -mno-xl-call	-mpe
	   -malign-power  -malign-natural -msoft-float	-mhard-float  -mmulti‐
	   ple	-mno-multiple -mstring	-mno-string  -mupdate  -mno-update
	   -mfused-madd	 -mno-fused-madd  -mbit-align  -mno-bit-align
	   -mstrict-align  -mno-strict-align  -mrelocatable -mno-relocatable
	   -mrelocatable-lib  -mno-relocatable-lib -mtoc  -mno-toc  -mlittle
	   -mlittle-endian  -mbig  -mbig-endian -mdynamic-no-pic -mpriori‐
	   tize-restricted-insns=priority -msched-costly-dep=dependence_type
	   -minsert-sched-nops=scheme -mcall-sysv  -mcall-netbsd
	   -maix-struct-return	-msvr4-struct-return -mabi=altivec
	   -mabi=no-altivec -mabi=spe  -mabi=no-spe -misel=yes	-misel=no
	   -mspe=yes  -mspe=no -mfloat-gprs=yes	 -mfloat-gprs=no -mprototype
	   -mno-prototype -msim	 -mmvme	 -mads	-myellowknife  -memb  -msdata
	   -msdata=opt	-mvxworks  -mwindiss  -G num  -pthread

	   Darwin Options -all_load  -allowable_client	-arch
	   -arch_errors_fatal -arch_only  -bind_at_load	 -bundle  -bun‐
	   dle_loader -client_name  -compatibility_version  -current_version
	   -dependency-file  -dylib_file  -dylinker_install_name -dynamic
	   -dynamiclib	-exported_symbols_list -filelist  -flat_namespace
	   -force_cpusubtype_ALL -force_flat_namespace	-header‐
	   pad_max_install_names -image_base  -init  -install_name  -keep_pri‐
	   vate_externs -multi_module  -multiply_defined  -multi‐
	   ply_defined_unused -noall_load  -nofixprebinding -nomultidefs
	   -noprebind  -noseglinkedit -pagezero_size  -prebind	-pre‐
	   bind_all_twolevel_modules -private_bundle  -read_only_relocs	 -sec‐
	   talign -sectobjectsymbols  -whyload	-seg1addr -sectcreate  -secto‐
	   bjectsymbols	 -sectorder -seg_addr_table  -seg_addr_table_filename
	   -seglinkedit -segprot  -segs_read_only_addr	-segs_read_write_addr
	   -single_module  -static  -sub_library  -sub_umbrella
	   -twolevel_namespace	-umbrella  -undefined -unexported_symbols_list
	   -weak_reference_mismatches -whatsloaded

	   MIPS Options -EL  -EB  -march=arch  -mtune=arch -mips1  -mips2
	   -mips3  -mips4  -mips32  -mips32r2  -mips64 -mips16	-mno-mips16
	   -mabi=abi  -mabicalls  -mno-abicalls -mxgot	-mno-xgot  -membed‐
	   ded-pic  -mno-embedded-pic -mgp32  -mgp64  -mfp32  -mfp64
	   -mhard-float	 -msoft-float -msingle-float  -mdouble-float  -mint64
	   -mlong64  -mlong32 -Gnum  -membedded-data  -mno-embedded-data
	   -muninit-const-in-rodata  -mno-uninit-const-in-rodata
	   -msplit-addresses  -mno-split-addresses -mexplicit-relocs
	   -mno-explicit-relocs -mrnames  -mno-rnames -mcheck-zero-division
	   -mno-check-zero-division -mmemcpy  -mno-memcpy  -mlong-calls
	   -mno-long-calls -mmad  -mno-mad  -mfused-madd  -mno-fused-madd
	   -nocpp -mfix-sb1  -mno-fix-sb1  -mflush-func=func -mno-flush-func
	   -mbranch-likely  -mno-branch-likely

	   i386 and x86-64 Options -mtune=cpu-type  -march=cpu-type -mfp‐
	   math=unit -masm=dialect  -mno-fancy-math-387 -mno-fp-ret-in-387
	   -msoft-float	 -msvr3-shlib -mno-wide-multiply  -mrtd	 -malign-dou‐
	   ble -mpreferred-stack-boundary=num -mmmx  -msse  -msse2 -msse3
	   -m3dnow -mthreads  -mno-align-stringops  -minline-all-stringops
	   -mpush-args	-maccumulate-outgoing-args  -m128bit-long-double
	   -m96bit-long-double	-mregparm=num  -momit-leaf-frame-pointer
	   -mno-red-zone -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs -mcmodel=code-model -m32
	   -m64

	   HPPA Options -march=architecture-type -mbig-switch  -mdis‐
	   able-fpregs	-mdisable-indexing -mfast-indirect-calls  -mgas
	   -mgnu-ld   -mhp-ld -mjump-in-delay -mlinker-opt -mlong-calls
	   -mlong-load-store  -mno-big-switch  -mno-disable-fpregs -mno-dis‐
	   able-indexing  -mno-fast-indirect-calls  -mno-gas
	   -mno-jump-in-delay  -mno-long-load-store -mno-portable-runtime
	   -mno-soft-float -mno-space-regs  -msoft-float  -mpa-risc-1-0
	   -mpa-risc-1-1  -mpa-risc-2-0	 -mportable-runtime -mschedule=cpu-
	   type	 -mspace-regs  -msio  -mwsio -nolibdld	-static	 -threads

	   Intel 960 Options -mcpu-type	 -masm-compat  -mclean-linkage
	   -mcode-align	 -mcomplex-addr	 -mleaf-procedures -mic-compat
	   -mic2.0-compat  -mic3.0-compat -mintel-asm  -mno-clean-linkage
	   -mno-code-align -mno-complex-addr  -mno-leaf-procedures
	   -mno-old-align  -mno-strict-align  -mno-tail-call -mnumerics
	   -mold-align	-msoft-float  -mstrict-align -mtail-call

	   DEC Alpha Options -mno-fp-regs  -msoft-float	 -malpha-as  -mgas
	   -mieee  -mieee-with-inexact	-mieee-conformant -mfp-trap-mode=mode
	   -mfp-rounding-mode=mode -mtrap-precision=mode  -mbuild-constants
	   -mcpu=cpu-type  -mtune=cpu-type -mbwx  -mmax	 -mfix	-mcix
	   -mfloat-vax	-mfloat-ieee -mexplicit-relocs	-msmall-data
	   -mlarge-data -msmall-text  -mlarge-text -mmemory-latency=time

	   DEC Alpha/VMS Options -mvms-return-codes

	   H8/300 Options -mrelax  -mh	-ms  -mn  -mint32  -malign-300

	   SH Options -m1  -m2	-m2e  -m3  -m3e -m4-nofpu  -m4-single-only
	   -m4-single  -m4 -m5-64media	-m5-64media-nofpu -m5-32media
	   -m5-32media-nofpu -m5-compact  -m5-compact-nofpu -mb	 -ml  -mdalign
	   -mrelax -mbigtable  -mfmovd	-mhitachi  -mnomacsave -mieee  -misize
	   -mpadstruct	-mspace -mprefergot  -musermode

	   System V Options -Qy	 -Qn  -YP,paths	 -Ym,dir

	   ARC Options -EB  -EL -mmangle-cpu  -mcpu=cpu	 -mtext=text-section
	   -mdata=data-section	-mrodata=readonly-data-section

	   TMS320C3x/C4x Options -mcpu=cpu  -mbig  -msmall  -mregparm  -mmem‐
	   parm -mfast-fix  -mmpyi  -mbk  -mti	-mdp-isr-reload -mrpts=count
	   -mrptb  -mdb	 -mloop-unsigned -mparallel-insns  -mparallel-mpy
	   -mpreserve-float

	   V850 Options -mlong-calls  -mno-long-calls  -mep  -mno-ep -mpro‐
	   log-function	 -mno-prolog-function  -mspace -mtda=n	-msda=n
	   -mzda=n -mapp-regs  -mno-app-regs -mdisable-callt  -mno-dis‐
	   able-callt -mv850e1 -mv850e -mv850  -mbig-switch

	   NS32K Options -m32032  -m32332  -m32532  -m32081  -m32381
	   -mmult-add  -mnomult-add  -msoft-float  -mrtd  -mnortd -mregparam
	   -mnoregparam	 -msb  -mnosb -mbitfield  -mnobitfield	-mhimem	 -mno‐
	   himem

	   AVR Options -mmcu=mcu  -msize  -minit-stack=n  -mno-interrupts
	   -mcall-prologues  -mno-tablejump  -mtiny-stack

	   MCore Options -mhardlit  -mno-hardlit  -mdiv	 -mno-div  -mre‐
	   lax-immediates -mno-relax-immediates	 -mwide-bitfields
	   -mno-wide-bitfields -m4byte-functions  -mno-4byte-functions
	   -mcallgraph-data -mno-callgraph-data	 -mslow-bytes  -mno-slow-bytes
	   -mno-lsim -mlittle-endian  -mbig-endian  -m210  -m340
	   -mstack-increment

	   MMIX Options -mlibfuncs  -mno-libfuncs  -mepsilon  -mno-epsilon
	   -mabi=gnu -mabi=mmixware  -mzero-extend  -mknuthdiv	-mto‐
	   plevel-symbols -melf	 -mbranch-predict  -mno-branch-predict
	   -mbase-addresses -mno-base-addresses	 -msingle-exit	-mno-sin‐
	   gle-exit

	   IA-64 Options -mbig-endian  -mlittle-endian	-mgnu-as  -mgnu-ld
	   -mno-pic -mvolatile-asm-stop	 -mb-step  -mregister-names
	   -mno-sdata -mconstant-gp  -mauto-pic	 -min‐
	   line-float-divide-min-latency -minline-float-divide-max-throughput
	   -minline-int-divide-min-latency -minline-int-divide-max-throughput
	   -mno-dwarf2-asm -mfixed-range=register-range

	   D30V Options -mextmem  -mextmemory  -monchip	 -mno-asm-optimize
	   -masm-optimize  -mbranch-cost=n  -mcond-exec=n

	   S/390 and zSeries Options -mtune=cpu-type  -march=cpu-type
	   -mhard-float	 -msoft-float  -mbackchain  -mno-backchain
	   -msmall-exec	 -mno-small-exec  -mmvcle -mno-mvcle -m64  -m31	 -mde‐
	   bug	-mno-debug  -mesa  -mzarch  -mfused-madd  -mno-fused-madd

	   CRIS Options -mcpu=cpu  -march=cpu  -mtune=cpu -mmax-stack-frame=n
	   -melinux-stacksize=n -metrax4  -metrax100  -mpdebug	-mcc-init
	   -mno-side-effects -mstack-align  -mdata-align  -mconst-align
	   -m32-bit  -m16-bit  -m8-bit	-mno-prologue-epilogue	-mno-gotplt
	   -melf  -maout  -melinux  -mlinux  -sim  -sim2 -mmul-bug-workaround
	   -mno-mul-bug-workaround

	   PDP-11 Options -mfpu	 -msoft-float  -mac0  -mno-ac0	-m40  -m45
	   -m10 -mbcopy	 -mbcopy-builtin  -mint32  -mno-int16 -mint16
	   -mno-int32  -mfloat32  -mno-float64 -mfloat64  -mno-float32	-mab‐
	   shi	-mno-abshi -mbranch-expensive  -mbranch-cheap -msplit
	   -mno-split  -munix-asm  -mdec-asm

	   Xstormy16 Options -msim

	   Xtensa Options -mconst16 -mno-const16 -mfused-madd  -mno-fused-madd
	   -mtext-section-literals  -mno-text-section-literals -mtarget-align
	   -mno-target-align -mlongcalls  -mno-longcalls

	   FRV Options -mgpr-32	 -mgpr-64  -mfpr-32  -mfpr-64 -mhard-float
	   -msoft-float -malloc-cc  -mfixed-cc	-mdword	 -mno-dword -mdouble
	   -mno-double -mmedia	-mno-media  -mmuladd  -mno-muladd -mli‐
	   brary-pic  -macc-4 -macc-8 -mpack  -mno-pack	 -mno-eflags
	   -mcond-move	-mno-cond-move -mscc  -mno-scc	-mcond-exec
	   -mno-cond-exec -mvliw-branch	 -mno-vliw-branch -mmulti-cond-exec
	   -mno-multi-cond-exec	 -mnested-cond-exec -mno-nested-cond-exec
	   -mtomcat-stats -mcpu=cpu

       Code Generation Options
	   -fcall-saved-reg  -fcall-used-reg -ffixed-reg  -fexceptions
	   -fnon-call-exceptions  -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables
	   -finhibit-size-directive  -finstrument-functions -fno-common
	   -fno-ident -fpcc-struct-return  -fpic  -fPIC -fpie -fPIE
	   -freg-struct-return	-fshared-data  -fshort-enums -fshort-double
	   -fshort-wchar -fverbose-asm	-fpack-struct  -fstack-check
	   -fstack-limit-register=reg  -fstack-limit-symbol=sym -fargu‐
	   ment-alias  -fargument-noalias -fargument-noalias-global  -flead‐
	   ing-underscore -ftls-model=model -ftrapv  -fwrapv  -fbounds-check

       Options Controlling the Kind of Output

       Compilation can involve up to four stages: preprocessing, compilation
       proper, assembly and linking, always in that order.  GCC is capable of
       preprocessing and compiling several files either into several assembler
       input files, or into one assembler input file; then each assembler
       input file produces an object file, and linking combines all the object
       files (those newly compiled, and those specified as input) into an exe‐
       cutable file.

       For any given input file, the file name suffix determines what kind of
       compilation is done:

       file.c
	   C source code which must be preprocessed.

       file.i
	   C source code which should not be preprocessed.

       file.ii
	   C++ source code which should not be preprocessed.

       file.m
	   Objective-C source code.  Note that you must link with the library
	   libobjc.a to make an Objective-C program work.

       file.mi
	   Objective-C source code which should not be preprocessed.

       file.h
	   C or C++ header file to be turned into a precompiled header.

       file.cc
       file.cp
       file.cxx
       file.cpp
       file.CPP
       file.c++
       file.C
	   C++ source code which must be preprocessed.	Note that in .cxx, the
	   last two letters must both be literally x.  Likewise, .C refers to
	   a literal capital C.

       file.hh
       file.H
	   C++ header file to be turned into a precompiled header.

       file.f
       file.for
       file.FOR
	   Fortran source code which should not be preprocessed.

       file.F
       file.fpp
       file.FPP
	   Fortran source code which must be preprocessed (with the tradi‐
	   tional preprocessor).

       file.r
	   Fortran source code which must be preprocessed with a RATFOR pre‐
	   processor (not included with GCC).

       file.ads
	   Ada source code file which contains a library unit declaration (a
	   declaration of a package, subprogram, or generic, or a generic
	   instantiation), or a library unit renaming declaration (a package,
	   generic, or subprogram renaming declaration).  Such files are also
	   called specs.

       file.adb
	   Ada source code file containing a library unit body (a subprogram
	   or package body).  Such files are also called bodies.

       file.s
	   Assembler code.

       file.S
	   Assembler code which must be preprocessed.

       other
	   An object file to be fed straight into linking.  Any file name with
	   no recognized suffix is treated this way.

       You can specify the input language explicitly with the -x option:

       -x language
	   Specify explicitly the language for the following input files
	   (rather than letting the compiler choose a default based on the
	   file name suffix).  This option applies to all following input
	   files until the next -x option.  Possible values for language are:

		   c  c-header	cpp-output
		   c++	c++-header  c++-cpp-output
		   objective-c	objective-c-header  objc-cpp-output
		   assembler  assembler-with-cpp
		   ada
		   f77	f77-cpp-input  ratfor
		   java
		   treelang

       -x none
	   Turn off any specification of a language, so that subsequent files
	   are handled according to their file name suffixes (as they are if
	   -x has not been used at all).

       -pass-exit-codes
	   Normally the gcc program will exit with the code of 1 if any phase
	   of the compiler returns a non-success return code.  If you specify
	   -pass-exit-codes, the gcc program will instead return with numeri‐
	   cally highest error produced by any phase that returned an error
	   indication.

       If you only want some of the stages of compilation, you can use -x (or
       filename suffixes) to tell gcc where to start, and one of the options
       -c, -S, or -E to say where gcc is to stop.  Note that some combinations
       (for example, -x cpp-output -E) instruct gcc to do nothing at all.

       -c  Compile or assemble the source files, but do not link.  The linking
	   stage simply is not done.  The ultimate output is in the form of an
	   object file for each source file.

	   By default, the object file name for a source file is made by
	   replacing the suffix .c, .i, .s, etc., with .o.

	   Unrecognized input files, not requiring compilation or assembly,
	   are ignored.

       -S  Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble.	 The
	   output is in the form of an assembler code file for each non-assem‐
	   bler input file specified.

	   By default, the assembler file name for a source file is made by
	   replacing the suffix .c, .i, etc., with .s.

	   Input files that don't require compilation are ignored.

       -E  Stop after the preprocessing stage; do not run the compiler proper.
	   The output is in the form of preprocessed source code, which is
	   sent to the standard output.

	   Input files which don't require preprocessing are ignored.

       -o file
	   Place output in file file.  This applies regardless to whatever
	   sort of output is being produced, whether it be an executable file,
	   an object file, an assembler file or preprocessed C code.

	   If you specify -o when compiling more than one input file, or you
	   are producing an executable file as output, all the source files on
	   the command line will be compiled at once.

	   If -o is not specified, the default is to put an executable file in
	   a.out, the object file for source.suffix in source.o, its assembler
	   file in source.s, and all preprocessed C source on standard output.

       -v  Print (on standard error output) the commands executed to run the
	   stages of compilation.  Also print the version number of the com‐
	   piler driver program and of the preprocessor and the compiler
	   proper.

       -###
	   Like -v except the commands are not executed and all command argu‐
	   ments are quoted.  This is useful for shell scripts to capture the
	   driver-generated command lines.

       -pipe
	   Use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the
	   various stages of compilation.  This fails to work on some systems
	   where the assembler is unable to read from a pipe; but the GNU
	   assembler has no trouble.

       --help
	   Print (on the standard output) a description of the command line
	   options understood by gcc.  If the -v option is also specified then
	   --help will also be passed on to the various processes invoked by
	   gcc, so that they can display the command line options they accept.
	   If the -Wextra option is also specified then command line options
	   which have no documentation associated with them will also be dis‐
	   played.

       --target-help
	   Print (on the standard output) a description of target specific
	   command line options for each tool.

       --version
	   Display the version number and copyrights of the invoked GCC.

       Compiling C++ Programs

       C++ source files conventionally use one of the suffixes .C, .cc, .cpp,
       .CPP, .c++, .cp, or .cxx; C++ header files often use .hh or .H; and
       preprocessed C++ files use the suffix .ii.  GCC recognizes files with
       these names and compiles them as C++ programs even if you call the com‐
       piler the same way as for compiling C programs (usually with the name
       gcc).

       However, C++ programs often require class libraries as well as a com‐
       piler that understands the C++ language---and under some circumstances,
       you might want to compile programs or header files from standard input,
       or otherwise without a suffix that flags them as C++ programs.  You
       might also like to precompile a C header file with a .h extension to be
       used in C++ compilations.  g++ is a program that calls GCC with the
       default language set to C++, and automatically specifies linking
       against the C++ library.	 On many systems, g++ is also installed with
       the name c++.

       When you compile C++ programs, you may specify many of the same com‐
       mand-line options that you use for compiling programs in any language;
       or command-line options meaningful for C and related languages; or
       options that are meaningful only for C++ programs.

       Options Controlling C Dialect

       The following options control the dialect of C (or languages derived
       from C, such as C++ and Objective-C) that the compiler accepts:

       -ansi
	   In C mode, support all ISO C90 programs.  In C++ mode, remove GNU
	   extensions that conflict with ISO C++.

	   This turns off certain features of GCC that are incompatible with
	   ISO C90 (when compiling C code), or of standard C++ (when compiling
	   C++ code), such as the "asm" and "typeof" keywords, and predefined
	   macros such as "unix" and "vax" that identify the type of system
	   you are using.  It also enables the undesirable and rarely used ISO
	   trigraph feature.  For the C compiler, it disables recognition of
	   C++ style // comments as well as the "inline" keyword.

	   The alternate keywords "__asm__", "__extension__", "__inline__" and
	   "__typeof__" continue to work despite -ansi.	 You would not want to
	   use them in an ISO C program, of course, but it is useful to put
	   them in header files that might be included in compilations done
	   with -ansi.	Alternate predefined macros such as "__unix__" and
	   "__vax__" are also available, with or without -ansi.

	   The -ansi option does not cause non-ISO programs to be rejected
	   gratuitously.  For that, -pedantic is required in addition to
	   -ansi.

	   The macro "__STRICT_ANSI__" is predefined when the -ansi option is
	   used.  Some header files may notice this macro and refrain from
	   declaring certain functions or defining certain macros that the ISO
	   standard doesn't call for; this is to avoid interfering with any
	   programs that might use these names for other things.

	   Functions which would normally be built in but do not have seman‐
	   tics defined by ISO C (such as "alloca" and "ffs") are not built-in
	   functions with -ansi is used.

       -std=
	   Determine the language standard.  This option is currently only
	   supported when compiling C or C++.  A value for this option must be
	   provided; possible values are

	   c89
	   iso9899:1990
	       ISO C90 (same as -ansi).

	   iso9899:199409
	       ISO C90 as modified in amendment 1.

	   c99
	   c9x
	   iso9899:1999
	   iso9899:199x
	       ISO C99.	 Note that this standard is not yet fully supported;
	       see <http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-3.4/c99status.html> for more infor‐
	       mation.	The names c9x and iso9899:199x are deprecated.

	   gnu89
	       Default, ISO C90 plus GNU extensions (including some C99 fea‐
	       tures).

	   gnu99
	   gnu9x
	       ISO C99 plus GNU extensions.  When ISO C99 is fully implemented
	       in GCC, this will become the default.  The name gnu9x is depre‐
	       cated.

	   c++98
	       The 1998 ISO C++ standard plus amendments.

	   gnu++98
	       The same as -std=c++98 plus GNU extensions.  This is the
	       default for C++ code.

	   Even when this option is not specified, you can still use some of
	   the features of newer standards in so far as they do not conflict
	   with previous C standards.  For example, you may use "__restrict__"
	   even when -std=c99 is not specified.

	   The -std options specifying some version of ISO C have the same
	   effects as -ansi, except that features that were not in ISO C90 but
	   are in the specified version (for example, // comments and the
	   "inline" keyword in ISO C99) are not disabled.

       -aux-info filename
	   Output to the given filename prototyped declarations for all func‐
	   tions declared and/or defined in a translation unit, including
	   those in header files.  This option is silently ignored in any lan‐
	   guage other than C.

	   Besides declarations, the file indicates, in comments, the origin
	   of each declaration (source file and line), whether the declaration
	   was implicit, prototyped or unprototyped (I, N for new or O for
	   old, respectively, in the first character after the line number and
	   the colon), and whether it came from a declaration or a definition
	   (C or F, respectively, in the following character).	In the case of
	   function definitions, a K&R-style list of arguments followed by
	   their declarations is also provided, inside comments, after the
	   declaration.

       -fno-asm
	   Do not recognize "asm", "inline" or "typeof" as a keyword, so that
	   code can use these words as identifiers.  You can use the keywords
	   "__asm__", "__inline__" and "__typeof__" instead.  -ansi implies
	   -fno-asm.

	   In C++, this switch only affects the "typeof" keyword, since "asm"
	   and "inline" are standard keywords.	You may want to use the
	   -fno-gnu-keywords flag instead, which has the same effect.  In C99
	   mode (-std=c99 or -std=gnu99), this switch only affects the "asm"
	   and "typeof" keywords, since "inline" is a standard keyword in ISO
	   C99.

       -fno-builtin
       -fno-builtin-function
	   Don't recognize built-in functions that do not begin with
	   __builtin_ as prefix.

	   GCC normally generates special code to handle certain built-in
	   functions more efficiently; for instance, calls to "alloca" may
	   become single instructions that adjust the stack directly, and
	   calls to "memcpy" may become inline copy loops.  The resulting code
	   is often both smaller and faster, but since the function calls no
	   longer appear as such, you cannot set a breakpoint on those calls,
	   nor can you change the behavior of the functions by linking with a
	   different library.

	   With the -fno-builtin-function option only the built-in function
	   function is disabled.  function must not begin with __builtin_.  If
	   a function is named this is not built-in in this version of GCC,
	   this option is ignored.  There is no corresponding -fbuiltin-func‐
	   tion option; if you wish to enable built-in functions selectively
	   when using -fno-builtin or -ffreestanding, you may define macros
	   such as:

		   #define abs(n)	   __builtin_abs ((n))
		   #define strcpy(d, s)	   __builtin_strcpy ((d), (s))

       -fhosted
	   Assert that compilation takes place in a hosted environment.	 This
	   implies -fbuiltin.  A hosted environment is one in which the entire
	   standard library is available, and in which "main" has a return
	   type of "int".  Examples are nearly everything except a kernel.
	   This is equivalent to -fno-freestanding.

       -ffreestanding
	   Assert that compilation takes place in a freestanding environment.
	   This implies -fno-builtin.  A freestanding environment is one in
	   which the standard library may not exist, and program startup may
	   not necessarily be at "main".  The most obvious example is an OS
	   kernel.  This is equivalent to -fno-hosted.

       -fms-extensions
	   Accept some non-standard constructs used in Microsoft header files.

       -trigraphs
	   Support ISO C trigraphs.  The -ansi option (and -std options for
	   strict ISO C conformance) implies -trigraphs.

       -no-integrated-cpp
	   Performs a compilation in two passes: preprocessing and compiling.
	   This option allows a user supplied "cc1", "cc1plus", or "cc1obj"
	   via the -B option. The user supplied compilation step can then add
	   in an additional preprocessing step after normal preprocessing but
	   before compiling. The default is to use the integrated cpp (inter‐
	   nal cpp)

	   The semantics of this option will change if "cc1", "cc1plus", and
	   "cc1obj" are merged.

       -traditional
       -traditional-cpp
	   Formerly, these options caused GCC to attempt to emulate a pre-
	   standard C compiler.	 They are now only supported with the -E
	   switch.  The preprocessor continues to support a pre-standard mode.
	   See the GNU CPP manual for details.

       -fcond-mismatch
	   Allow conditional expressions with mismatched types in the second
	   and third arguments.	 The value of such an expression is void.
	   This option is not supported for C++.

       -funsigned-char
	   Let the type "char" be unsigned, like "unsigned char".

	   Each kind of machine has a default for what "char" should be.  It
	   is either like "unsigned char" by default or like "signed char" by
	   default.

	   Ideally, a portable program should always use "signed char" or
	   "unsigned char" when it depends on the signedness of an object.
	   But many programs have been written to use plain "char" and expect
	   it to be signed, or expect it to be unsigned, depending on the
	   machines they were written for.  This option, and its inverse, let
	   you make such a program work with the opposite default.

	   The type "char" is always a distinct type from each of "signed
	   char" or "unsigned char", even though its behavior is always just
	   like one of those two.

       -fsigned-char
	   Let the type "char" be signed, like "signed char".

	   Note that this is equivalent to -fno-unsigned-char, which is the
	   negative form of -funsigned-char.  Likewise, the option
	   -fno-signed-char is equivalent to -funsigned-char.

       -fsigned-bitfields
       -funsigned-bitfields
       -fno-signed-bitfields
       -fno-unsigned-bitfields
	   These options control whether a bit-field is signed or unsigned,
	   when the declaration does not use either "signed" or "unsigned".
	   By default, such a bit-field is signed, because this is consistent:
	   the basic integer types such as "int" are signed types.

       -fwritable-strings
	   Store string constants in the writable data segment and don't
	   uniquize them.  This is for compatibility with old programs which
	   assume they can write into string constants.

	   Writing into string constants is a very bad idea; ``constants''
	   should be constant.

	   This option is deprecated.

       Options Controlling C++ Dialect

       This section describes the command-line options that are only meaning‐
       ful for C++ programs; but you can also use most of the GNU compiler
       options regardless of what language your program is in.	For example,
       you might compile a file "firstClass.C" like this:

	       g++ -g -frepo -O -c firstClass.C

       In this example, only -frepo is an option meant only for C++ programs;
       you can use the other options with any language supported by GCC.

       Here is a list of options that are only for compiling C++ programs:

       -fabi-version=n
	   Use version n of the C++ ABI.  Version 2 is the version of the C++
	   ABI that first appeared in G++ 3.4.	Version 1 is the version of
	   the C++ ABI that first appeared in G++ 3.2.	Version 0 will always
	   be the version that conforms most closely to the C++ ABI specifica‐
	   tion.  Therefore, the ABI obtained using version 0 will change as
	   ABI bugs are fixed.

	   The default is version 2.

       -fno-access-control
	   Turn off all access checking.  This switch is mainly useful for
	   working around bugs in the access control code.

       -fcheck-new
	   Check that the pointer returned by "operator new" is non-null
	   before attempting to modify the storage allocated.  This check is
	   normally unnecessary because the C++ standard specifies that "oper‐
	   ator new" will only return 0 if it is declared throw(), in which
	   case the compiler will always check the return value even without
	   this option.	 In all other cases, when "operator new" has a non-
	   empty exception specification, memory exhaustion is signalled by
	   throwing "std::bad_alloc".  See also new (nothrow).

       -fconserve-space
	   Put uninitialized or runtime-initialized global variables into the
	   common segment, as C does.  This saves space in the executable at
	   the cost of not diagnosing duplicate definitions.  If you compile
	   with this flag and your program mysteriously crashes after "main()"
	   has completed, you may have an object that is being destroyed twice
	   because two definitions were merged.

	   This option is no longer useful on most targets, now that support
	   has been added for putting variables into BSS without making them
	   common.

       -fno-const-strings
	   Give string constants type "char *" instead of type "const char *".
	   By default, G++ uses type "const char *" as required by the stan‐
	   dard.  Even if you use -fno-const-strings, you cannot actually mod‐
	   ify the value of a string constant, unless you also use
	   -fwritable-strings.

	   This option might be removed in a future release of G++.  For maxi‐
	   mum portability, you should structure your code so that it works
	   with string constants that have type "const char *".

       -fno-elide-constructors
	   The C++ standard allows an implementation to omit creating a tempo‐
	   rary which is only used to initialize another object of the same
	   type.  Specifying this option disables that optimization, and
	   forces G++ to call the copy constructor in all cases.

       -fno-enforce-eh-specs
	   Don't check for violation of exception specifications at runtime.
	   This option violates the C++ standard, but may be useful for reduc‐
	   ing code size in production builds, much like defining NDEBUG.  The
	   compiler will still optimize based on the exception specifications.

       -ffor-scope
       -fno-for-scope
	   If -ffor-scope is specified, the scope of variables declared in a
	   for-init-statement is limited to the for loop itself, as specified
	   by the C++ standard.	 If -fno-for-scope is specified, the scope of
	   variables declared in a for-init-statement extends to the end of
	   the enclosing scope, as was the case in old versions of G++, and
	   other (traditional) implementations of C++.

	   The default if neither flag is given to follow the standard, but to
	   allow and give a warning for old-style code that would otherwise be
	   invalid, or have different behavior.

       -fno-gnu-keywords
	   Do not recognize "typeof" as a keyword, so that code can use this
	   word as an identifier.  You can use the keyword "__typeof__"
	   instead.  -ansi implies -fno-gnu-keywords.

       -fno-implicit-templates
	   Never emit code for non-inline templates which are instantiated
	   implicitly (i.e. by use); only emit code for explicit instantia‐
	   tions.

       -fno-implicit-inline-templates
	   Don't emit code for implicit instantiations of inline templates,
	   either.  The default is to handle inlines differently so that com‐
	   piles with and without optimization will need the same set of
	   explicit instantiations.

       -fno-implement-inlines
	   To save space, do not emit out-of-line copies of inline functions
	   controlled by #pragma implementation.  This will cause linker
	   errors if these functions are not inlined everywhere they are
	   called.

       -fms-extensions
	   Disable pedantic warnings about constructs used in MFC, such as
	   implicit int and getting a pointer to member function via non-stan‐
	   dard syntax.

       -fno-nonansi-builtins
	   Disable built-in declarations of functions that are not mandated by
	   ANSI/ISO C.	These include "ffs", "alloca", "_exit", "index",
	   "bzero", "conjf", and other related functions.

       -fno-operator-names
	   Do not treat the operator name keywords "and", "bitand", "bitor",
	   "compl", "not", "or" and "xor" as synonyms as keywords.

       -fno-optional-diags
	   Disable diagnostics that the standard says a compiler does not need
	   to issue.  Currently, the only such diagnostic issued by G++ is the
	   one for a name having multiple meanings within a class.

       -fpermissive
	   Downgrade some diagnostics about nonconformant code from errors to
	   warnings.  Thus, using -fpermissive will allow some nonconforming
	   code to compile.

       -frepo
	   Enable automatic template instantiation at link time.  This option
	   also implies -fno-implicit-templates.

       -fno-rtti
	   Disable generation of information about every class with virtual
	   functions for use by the C++ runtime type identification features
	   (dynamic_cast and typeid).  If you don't use those parts of the
	   language, you can save some space by using this flag.  Note that
	   exception handling uses the same information, but it will generate
	   it as needed.

       -fstats
	   Emit statistics about front-end processing at the end of the compi‐
	   lation.  This information is generally only useful to the G++
	   development team.

       -ftemplate-depth-n
	   Set the maximum instantiation depth for template classes to n.  A
	   limit on the template instantiation depth is needed to detect end‐
	   less recursions during template class instantiation.	 ANSI/ISO C++
	   conforming programs must not rely on a maximum depth greater than
	   17.

       -fuse-cxa-atexit
	   Register destructors for objects with static storage duration with
	   the "__cxa_atexit" function rather than the "atexit" function.
	   This option is required for fully standards-compliant handling of
	   static destructors, but will only work if your C library supports
	   "__cxa_atexit".

       -fno-weak
	   Do not use weak symbol support, even if it is provided by the
	   linker.  By default, G++ will use weak symbols if they are avail‐
	   able.  This option exists only for testing, and should not be used
	   by end-users; it will result in inferior code and has no benefits.
	   This option may be removed in a future release of G++.

       -nostdinc++
	   Do not search for header files in the standard directories specific
	   to C++, but do still search the other standard directories.	(This
	   option is used when building the C++ library.)

       In addition, these optimization, warning, and code generation options
       have meanings only for C++ programs:

       -fno-default-inline
	   Do not assume inline for functions defined inside a class scope.
	     Note that these functions will have linkage like inline func‐
	   tions; they just won't be inlined by default.

       -Wabi (C++ only)
	   Warn when G++ generates code that is probably not compatible with
	   the vendor-neutral C++ ABI.	Although an effort has been made to
	   warn about all such cases, there are probably some cases that are
	   not warned about, even though G++ is generating incompatible code.
	   There may also be cases where warnings are emitted even though the
	   code that is generated will be compatible.

	   You should rewrite your code to avoid these warnings if you are
	   concerned about the fact that code generated by G++ may not be
	   binary compatible with code generated by other compilers.

	   The known incompatibilities at this point include:

	   ·   Incorrect handling of tail-padding for bit-fields.  G++ may
	       attempt to pack data into the same byte as a base class.	 For
	       example:

		       struct A { virtual void f(); int f1 : 1; };
		       struct B : public A { int f2 : 1; };

	       In this case, G++ will place "B::f2" into the same byte
	       as"A::f1"; other compilers will not.  You can avoid this prob‐
	       lem by explicitly padding "A" so that its size is a multiple of
	       the byte size on your platform; that will cause G++ and other
	       compilers to layout "B" identically.

	   ·   Incorrect handling of tail-padding for virtual bases.  G++ does
	       not use tail padding when laying out virtual bases.  For exam‐
	       ple:

		       struct A { virtual void f(); char c1; };
		       struct B { B(); char c2; };
		       struct C : public A, public virtual B {};

	       In this case, G++ will not place "B" into the tail-padding for
	       "A"; other compilers will.  You can avoid this problem by
	       explicitly padding "A" so that its size is a multiple of its
	       alignment (ignoring virtual base classes); that will cause G++
	       and other compilers to layout "C" identically.

	   ·   Incorrect handling of bit-fields with declared widths greater
	       than that of their underlying types, when the bit-fields appear
	       in a union.  For example:

		       union U { int i : 4096; };

	       Assuming that an "int" does not have 4096 bits, G++ will make
	       the union too small by the number of bits in an "int".

	   ·   Empty classes can be placed at incorrect offsets.  For example:

		       struct A {};

		       struct B {
			 A a;
			 virtual void f ();
		       };

		       struct C : public B, public A {};

	       G++ will place the "A" base class of "C" at a nonzero offset;
	       it should be placed at offset zero.  G++ mistakenly believes
	       that the "A" data member of "B" is already at offset zero.

	   ·   Names of template functions whose types involve "typename" or
	       template template parameters can be mangled incorrectly.

		       template <typename Q>
		       void f(typename Q::X) {}

		       template <template <typename> class Q>
		       void f(typename Q<int>::X) {}

	       Instantiations of these templates may be mangled incorrectly.

       -Wctor-dtor-privacy (C++ only)
	   Warn when a class seems unusable because all the constructors or
	   destructors in that class are private, and it has neither friends
	   nor public static member functions.

       -Wnon-virtual-dtor (C++ only)
	   Warn when a class appears to be polymorphic, thereby requiring a
	   virtual destructor, yet it declares a non-virtual one.  This warn‐
	   ing is enabled by -Wall.

       -Wreorder (C++ only)
	   Warn when the order of member initializers given in the code does
	   not match the order in which they must be executed.	For instance:

		   struct A {
		     int i;
		     int j;
		     A(): j (0), i (1) { }
		   };

	   The compiler will rearrange the member initializers for i and j to
	   match the declaration order of the members, emitting a warning to
	   that effect.	 This warning is enabled by -Wall.

       The following -W... options are not affected by -Wall.

       -Weffc++ (C++ only)
	   Warn about violations of the following style guidelines from Scott
	   Meyers' Effective C++ book:

	   ·   Item 11:	 Define a copy constructor and an assignment operator
	       for classes with dynamically allocated memory.

	   ·   Item 12:	 Prefer initialization to assignment in constructors.

	   ·   Item 14:	 Make destructors virtual in base classes.

	   ·   Item 15:	 Have "operator=" return a reference to *this.

	   ·   Item 23:	 Don't try to return a reference when you must return
	       an object.

	   Also warn about violations of the following style guidelines from
	   Scott Meyers' More Effective C++ book:

	   ·   Item 6:	Distinguish between prefix and postfix forms of incre‐
	       ment and decrement operators.

	   ·   Item 7:	Never overload "&&", "⎪⎪", or ",".

	   When selecting this option, be aware that the standard library
	   headers do not obey all of these guidelines; use grep -v to filter
	   out those warnings.

       -Wno-deprecated (C++ only)
	   Do not warn about usage of deprecated features.

       -Wno-non-template-friend (C++ only)
	   Disable warnings when non-templatized friend functions are declared
	   within a template.  Since the advent of explicit template specifi‐
	   cation support in G++, if the name of the friend is an unqualified-
	   id (i.e., friend foo(int)), the C++ language specification demands
	   that the friend declare or define an ordinary, nontemplate func‐
	   tion.  (Section 14.5.3).  Before G++ implemented explicit specifi‐
	   cation, unqualified-ids could be interpreted as a particular spe‐
	   cialization of a templatized function.  Because this non-conforming
	   behavior is no longer the default behavior for G++, -Wnon-tem‐
	   plate-friend allows the compiler to check existing code for poten‐
	   tial trouble spots and is on by default.  This new compiler behav‐
	   ior can be turned off with -Wno-non-template-friend which keeps the
	   conformant compiler code but disables the helpful warning.

       -Wold-style-cast (C++ only)
	   Warn if an old-style (C-style) cast to a non-void type is used
	   within a C++ program.  The new-style casts (static_cast, reinter‐
	   pret_cast, and const_cast) are less vulnerable to unintended
	   effects and much easier to search for.

       -Woverloaded-virtual (C++ only)
	   Warn when a function declaration hides virtual functions from a
	   base class.	For example, in:

		   struct A {
		     virtual void f();
		   };

		   struct B: public A {
		     void f(int);
		   };

	   the "A" class version of "f" is hidden in "B", and code like:

		   B* b;
		   b->f();

	   will fail to compile.

       -Wno-pmf-conversions (C++ only)
	   Disable the diagnostic for converting a bound pointer to member
	   function to a plain pointer.

       -Wsign-promo (C++ only)
	   Warn when overload resolution chooses a promotion from unsigned or
	   enumerated type to a signed type, over a conversion to an unsigned
	   type of the same size.  Previous versions of G++ would try to pre‐
	   serve unsignedness, but the standard mandates the current behavior.

       -Wsynth (C++ only)
	   Warn when G++'s synthesis behavior does not match that of cfront.
	   For instance:

		   struct A {
		     operator int ();
		     A& operator = (int);
		   };

		   main ()
		   {
		     A a,b;
		     a = b;
		   }

	   In this example, G++ will synthesize a default A& operator = (const
	   A&);, while cfront will use the user-defined operator =.

       Options Controlling Objective-C Dialect

       (NOTE: This manual does not describe the Objective-C language itself.
       See <http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html> for references.)

       This section describes the command-line options that are only meaning‐
       ful for Objective-C programs, but you can also use most of the GNU com‐
       piler options regardless of what language your program is in.  For
       example, you might compile a file "some_class.m" like this:

	       gcc -g -fgnu-runtime -O -c some_class.m

       In this example, -fgnu-runtime is an option meant only for Objective-C
       programs; you can use the other options with any language supported by
       GCC.

       Here is a list of options that are only for compiling Objective-C pro‐
       grams:

       -fconstant-string-class=class-name
	   Use class-name as the name of the class to instantiate for each
	   literal string specified with the syntax "@"..."".  The default
	   class name is "NXConstantString" if the GNU runtime is being used,
	   and "NSConstantString" if the NeXT runtime is being used (see
	   below).  The -fconstant-cfstrings option, if also present, will
	   override the -fconstant-string-class setting and cause "@"...""
	   literals to be laid out as constant CoreFoundation strings.

       -fgnu-runtime
	   Generate object code compatible with the standard GNU Objective-C
	   runtime.  This is the default for most types of systems.

       -fnext-runtime
	   Generate output compatible with the NeXT runtime.  This is the
	   default for NeXT-based systems, including Darwin and Mac OS X.  The
	   macro "__NEXT_RUNTIME__" is predefined if (and only if) this option
	   is used.

       -fno-nil-receivers
	   Assume that all Objective-C message dispatches (e.g., "[receiver
	   message:arg]") in this translation unit ensure that the receiver is
	   not "nil".  This allows for more efficient entry points in the run‐
	   time to be used.  Currently, this option is only available in con‐
	   junction with the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.3 and later.

       -fobjc-exceptions
	   Enable syntactic support for structured exception handling in
	   Objective-C, similar to what is offered by C++ and Java.  Cur‐
	   rently, this option is only available in conjunction with the NeXT
	   runtime on Mac OS X 10.3 and later.

		     @try {
		       ...
			  @throw expr;
		       ...
		     }
		     @catch (AnObjCClass *exc) {
		       ...
			 @throw expr;
		       ...
			 @throw;
		       ...
		     }
		     @catch (AnotherClass *exc) {
		       ...
		     }
		     @catch (id allOthers) {
		       ...
		     }
		     @finally {
		       ...
			 @throw expr;
		       ...
		     }

	   The @throw statement may appear anywhere in an Objective-C or
	   Objective-C++ program; when used inside of a @catch block, the
	   @throw may appear without an argument (as shown above), in which
	   case the object caught by the @catch will be rethrown.

	   Note that only (pointers to) Objective-C objects may be thrown and
	   caught using this scheme.  When an object is thrown, it will be
	   caught by the nearest @catch clause capable of handling objects of
	   that type, analogously to how "catch" blocks work in C++ and Java.
	   A "@catch(id ...)" clause (as shown above) may also be provided to
	   catch any and all Objective-C exceptions not caught by previous
	   @catch clauses (if any).

	   The @finally clause, if present, will be executed upon exit from
	   the immediately preceding "@try ... @catch" section.	 This will
	   happen regardless of whether any exceptions are thrown, caught or
	   rethrown inside the "@try ... @catch" section, analogously to the
	   behavior of the "finally" clause in Java.

	   There are several caveats to using the new exception mechanism:

	   ·   Although currently designed to be binary compatible with
	       "NS_HANDLER"-style idioms provided by the "NSException" class,
	       the new exceptions can only be used on Mac OS X 10.3 (Panther)
	       and later systems, due to additional functionality needed in
	       the (NeXT) Objective-C runtime.

	   ·   As mentioned above, the new exceptions do not support handling
	       types other than Objective-C objects.   Furthermore, when used
	       from Objective-C++, the Objective-C exception model does not
	       interoperate with C++ exceptions at this time.  This means you
	       cannot @throw an exception from Objective-C and "catch" it in
	       C++, or vice versa (i.e., "throw ... @catch").

	   The -fobjc-exceptions switch also enables the use of synchroniza‐
	   tion blocks for thread-safe execution:

		     @synchronized (ObjCClass *guard) {
		       ...
		     }

	   Upon entering the @synchronized block, a thread of execution shall
	   first check whether a lock has been placed on the corresponding
	   "guard" object by another thread.  If it has, the current thread
	   shall wait until the other thread relinquishes its lock.  Once
	   "guard" becomes available, the current thread will place its own
	   lock on it, execute the code contained in the @synchronized block,
	   and finally relinquish the lock (thereby making "guard" available
	   to other threads).

	   Unlike Java, Objective-C does not allow for entire methods to be
	   marked @synchronized.  Note that throwing exceptions out of @syn‐
	   chronized blocks is allowed, and will cause the guarding object to
	   be unlocked properly.

       -freplace-objc-classes
	   Emit a special marker instructing ld(1) not to statically link in
	   the resulting object file, and allow dyld(1) to load it in at run
	   time instead.  This is used in conjunction with the Fix-and-Con‐
	   tinue debugging mode, where the object file in question may be
	   recompiled and dynamically reloaded in the course of program execu‐
	   tion, without the need to restart the program itself.  Currently,
	   Fix-and-Continue functionality is only available in conjunction
	   with the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.3 and later.

       -fzero-link
	   When compiling for the NeXT runtime, the compiler ordinarily
	   replaces calls to "objc_getClass("...")" (when the name of the
	   class is known at compile time) with static class references that
	   get initialized at load time, which improves run-time performance.
	   Specifying the -fzero-link flag suppresses this behavior and causes
	   calls to "objc_getClass("...")"  to be retained.  This is useful in
	   Zero-Link debugging mode, since it allows for individual class
	   implementations to be modified during program execution.

       -gen-decls
	   Dump interface declarations for all classes seen in the source file
	   to a file named sourcename.decl.

       -Wno-protocol
	   If a class is declared to implement a protocol, a warning is issued
	   for every method in the protocol that is not implemented by the
	   class.  The default behavior is to issue a warning for every method
	   not explicitly implemented in the class, even if a method implemen‐
	   tation is inherited from the superclass.  If you use the "-Wno-pro‐
	   tocol" option, then methods inherited from the superclass are con‐
	   sidered to be implemented, and no warning is issued for them.

       -Wselector
	   Warn if multiple methods of different types for the same selector
	   are found during compilation.  The check is performed on the list
	   of methods in the final stage of compilation.  Additionally, a
	   check is performed for each selector appearing in a "@selec‐
	   tor(...)"  expression, and a corresponding method for that selector
	   has been found during compilation.  Because these checks scan the
	   method table only at the end of compilation, these warnings are not
	   produced if the final stage of compilation is not reached, for
	   example because an error is found during compilation, or because
	   the "-fsyntax-only" option is being used.

       -Wundeclared-selector
	   Warn if a "@selector(...)" expression referring to an undeclared
	   selector is found.  A selector is considered undeclared if no
	   method with that name has been declared before the "@selector(...)"
	   expression, either explicitly in an @interface or @protocol decla‐
	   ration, or implicitly in an @implementation section.	 This option
	   always performs its checks as soon as a "@selector(...)" expression
	   is found, while "-Wselector" only performs its checks in the final
	   stage of compilation.  This also enforces the coding style conven‐
	   tion that methods and selectors must be declared before being used.

       -print-objc-runtime-info
	   Generate C header describing the largest structure that is passed
	   by value, if any.

       Options to Control Diagnostic Messages Formatting

       Traditionally, diagnostic messages have been formatted irrespective of
       the output device's aspect (e.g. its width, ...).  The options
       described below can be used to control the diagnostic messages format‐
       ting algorithm, e.g. how many characters per line, how often source
       location information should be reported.	 Right now, only the C++ front
       end can honor these options.  However it is expected, in the near
       future, that the remaining front ends would be able to digest them cor‐
       rectly.

       -fmessage-length=n
	   Try to format error messages so that they fit on lines of about n
	   characters.	The default is 72 characters for g++ and 0 for the
	   rest of the front ends supported by GCC.  If n is zero, then no
	   line-wrapping will be done; each error message will appear on a
	   single line.

       -fdiagnostics-show-location=once
	   Only meaningful in line-wrapping mode.  Instructs the diagnostic
	   messages reporter to emit once source location information; that
	   is, in case the message is too long to fit on a single physical
	   line and has to be wrapped, the source location won't be emitted
	   (as prefix) again, over and over, in subsequent continuation lines.
	   This is the default behavior.

       -fdiagnostics-show-location=every-line
	   Only meaningful in line-wrapping mode.  Instructs the diagnostic
	   messages reporter to emit the same source location information (as
	   prefix) for physical lines that result from the process of breaking
	   a message which is too long to fit on a single line.

       Options to Request or Suppress Warnings

       Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which are
       not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there may have
       been an error.

       You can request many specific warnings with options beginning -W, for
       example -Wimplicit to request warnings on implicit declarations.	 Each
       of these specific warning options also has a negative form beginning
       -Wno- to turn off warnings; for example, -Wno-implicit.	This manual
       lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the default.

       The following options control the amount and kinds of warnings produced
       by GCC; for further, language-specific options also refer to C++
       Dialect Options and Objective-C Dialect Options.

       -fsyntax-only
	   Check the code for syntax errors, but don't do anything beyond
	   that.

       -pedantic
	   Issue all the warnings demanded by strict ISO C and ISO C++; reject
	   all programs that use forbidden extensions, and some other programs
	   that do not follow ISO C and ISO C++.  For ISO C, follows the ver‐
	   sion of the ISO C standard specified by any -std option used.

	   Valid ISO C and ISO C++ programs should compile properly with or
	   without this option (though a rare few will require -ansi or a -std
	   option specifying the required version of ISO C).  However, without
	   this option, certain GNU extensions and traditional C and C++ fea‐
	   tures are supported as well.	 With this option, they are rejected.

	   -pedantic does not cause warning messages for use of the alternate
	   keywords whose names begin and end with __.	Pedantic warnings are
	   also disabled in the expression that follows "__extension__".  How‐
	   ever, only system header files should use these escape routes;
	   application programs should avoid them.

	   Some users try to use -pedantic to check programs for strict ISO C
	   conformance.	 They soon find that it does not do quite what they
	   want: it finds some non-ISO practices, but not all---only those for
	   which ISO C requires a diagnostic, and some others for which diag‐
	   nostics have been added.

	   A feature to report any failure to conform to ISO C might be useful
	   in some instances, but would require considerable additional work
	   and would be quite different from -pedantic.	 We don't have plans
	   to support such a feature in the near future.

	   Where the standard specified with -std represents a GNU extended
	   dialect of C, such as gnu89 or gnu99, there is a corresponding base
	   standard, the version of ISO C on which the GNU extended dialect is
	   based.  Warnings from -pedantic are given where they are required
	   by the base standard.  (It would not make sense for such warnings
	   to be given only for features not in the specified GNU C dialect,
	   since by definition the GNU dialects of C include all features the
	   compiler supports with the given option, and there would be nothing
	   to warn about.)

       -pedantic-errors
	   Like -pedantic, except that errors are produced rather than warn‐
	   ings.

       -w  Inhibit all warning messages.

       -Wno-import
	   Inhibit warning messages about the use of #import.

       -Wchar-subscripts
	   Warn if an array subscript has type "char".	This is a common cause
	   of error, as programmers often forget that this type is signed on
	   some machines.

       -Wcomment
	   Warn whenever a comment-start sequence /* appears in a /* comment,
	   or whenever a Backslash-Newline appears in a // comment.

       -Wformat
	   Check calls to "printf" and "scanf", etc., to make sure that the
	   arguments supplied have types appropriate to the format string
	   specified, and that the conversions specified in the format string
	   make sense.	This includes standard functions, and others specified
	   by format attributes, in the "printf", "scanf", "strftime" and
	   "strfmon" (an X/Open extension, not in the C standard) families.

	   The formats are checked against the format features supported by
	   GNU libc version 2.2.  These include all ISO C90 and C99 features,
	   as well as features from the Single Unix Specification and some BSD
	   and GNU extensions.	Other library implementations may not support
	   all these features; GCC does not support warning about features
	   that go beyond a particular library's limitations.  However, if
	   -pedantic is used with -Wformat, warnings will be given about for‐
	   mat features not in the selected standard version (but not for
	   "strfmon" formats, since those are not in any version of the C
	   standard).

	   Since -Wformat also checks for null format arguments for several
	   functions, -Wformat also implies -Wnonnull.

	   -Wformat is included in -Wall.  For more control over some aspects
	   of format checking, the options -Wformat-y2k, -Wno-for‐
	   mat-extra-args, -Wno-format-zero-length, -Wformat-nonliteral,
	   -Wformat-security, and -Wformat=2 are available, but are not
	   included in -Wall.

       -Wformat-y2k
	   If -Wformat is specified, also warn about "strftime" formats which
	   may yield only a two-digit year.

       -Wno-format-extra-args
	   If -Wformat is specified, do not warn about excess arguments to a
	   "printf" or "scanf" format function.	 The C standard specifies that
	   such arguments are ignored.

	   Where the unused arguments lie between used arguments that are
	   specified with $ operand number specifications, normally warnings
	   are still given, since the implementation could not know what type
	   to pass to "va_arg" to skip the unused arguments.  However, in the
	   case of "scanf" formats, this option will suppress the warning if
	   the unused arguments are all pointers, since the Single Unix Speci‐
	   fication says that such unused arguments are allowed.

       -Wno-format-zero-length
	   If -Wformat is specified, do not warn about zero-length formats.
	   The C standard specifies that zero-length formats are allowed.

       -Wformat-nonliteral
	   If -Wformat is specified, also warn if the format string is not a
	   string literal and so cannot be checked, unless the format function
	   takes its format arguments as a "va_list".

       -Wformat-security
	   If -Wformat is specified, also warn about uses of format functions
	   that represent possible security problems.  At present, this warns
	   about calls to "printf" and "scanf" functions where the format
	   string is not a string literal and there are no format arguments,
	   as in "printf (foo);".  This may be a security hole if the format
	   string came from untrusted input and contains %n.  (This is cur‐
	   rently a subset of what -Wformat-nonliteral warns about, but in
	   future warnings may be added to -Wformat-security that are not
	   included in -Wformat-nonliteral.)

       -Wformat=2
	   Enable -Wformat plus format checks not included in -Wformat.	 Cur‐
	   rently equivalent to -Wformat -Wformat-nonliteral -Wformat-security
	   -Wformat-y2k.

       -Wnonnull
	   Warn about passing a null pointer for arguments marked as requiring
	   a non-null value by the "nonnull" function attribute.

	   -Wnonnull is included in -Wall and -Wformat.	 It can be disabled
	   with the -Wno-nonnull option.

       -Winit-self (C, C++, and Objective-C only)
	   Warn about uninitialized variables which are initialized with them‐
	   selves.  Note this option can only be used with the -Wuninitialized
	   option, which in turn only works with -O1 and above.

	   For example, GCC will warn about "i" being uninitialized in the
	   following snippet only when -Winit-self has been specified:

		   int f()
		   {
		     int i = i;
		     return i;
		   }

       -Wimplicit-int
	   Warn when a declaration does not specify a type.

       -Wimplicit-function-declaration
       -Werror-implicit-function-declaration
	   Give a warning (or error) whenever a function is used before being
	   declared.

       -Wimplicit
	   Same as -Wimplicit-int and -Wimplicit-function-declaration.

       -Wmain
	   Warn if the type of main is suspicious.  main should be a function
	   with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero arguments,
	   two, or three arguments of appropriate types.

       -Wmissing-braces
	   Warn if an aggregate or union initializer is not fully bracketed.
	   In the following example, the initializer for a is not fully brack‐
	   eted, but that for b is fully bracketed.

		   int a[2][2] = { 0, 1, 2, 3 };
		   int b[2][2] = { { 0, 1 }, { 2, 3 } };

       -Wparentheses
	   Warn if parentheses are omitted in certain contexts, such as when
	   there is an assignment in a context where a truth value is
	   expected, or when operators are nested whose precedence people
	   often get confused about.

	   Also warn about constructions where there may be confusion to which
	   "if" statement an "else" branch belongs.  Here is an example of
	   such a case:

		   {
		     if (a)
		       if (b)
			 foo ();
		     else
		       bar ();
		   }

	   In C, every "else" branch belongs to the innermost possible "if"
	   statement, which in this example is "if (b)".  This is often not
	   what the programmer expected, as illustrated in the above example
	   by indentation the programmer chose.	 When there is the potential
	   for this confusion, GCC will issue a warning when this flag is
	   specified.  To eliminate the warning, add explicit braces around
	   the innermost "if" statement so there is no way the "else" could
	   belong to the enclosing "if".  The resulting code would look like
	   this:

		   {
		     if (a)
		       {
			 if (b)
			   foo ();
			 else
			   bar ();
		       }
		   }

       -Wsequence-point
	   Warn about code that may have undefined semantics because of viola‐
	   tions of sequence point rules in the C standard.

	   The C standard defines the order in which expressions in a C pro‐
	   gram are evaluated in terms of sequence points, which represent a
	   partial ordering between the execution of parts of the program:
	   those executed before the sequence point, and those executed after
	   it.	These occur after the evaluation of a full expression (one
	   which is not part of a larger expression), after the evaluation of
	   the first operand of a "&&", "⎪⎪", "? :" or "," (comma) operator,
	   before a function is called (but after the evaluation of its argu‐
	   ments and the expression denoting the called function), and in cer‐
	   tain other places.  Other than as expressed by the sequence point
	   rules, the order of evaluation of subexpressions of an expression
	   is not specified.  All these rules describe only a partial order
	   rather than a total order, since, for example, if two functions are
	   called within one expression with no sequence point between them,
	   the order in which the functions are called is not specified.  How‐
	   ever, the standards committee have ruled that function calls do not
	   overlap.

	   It is not specified when between sequence points modifications to
	   the values of objects take effect.  Programs whose behavior depends
	   on this have undefined behavior; the C standard specifies that
	   ``Between the previous and next sequence point an object shall have
	   its stored value modified at most once by the evaluation of an
	   expression.	Furthermore, the prior value shall be read only to
	   determine the value to be stored.''.	 If a program breaks these
	   rules, the results on any particular implementation are entirely
	   unpredictable.

	   Examples of code with undefined behavior are "a = a++;", "a[n] =
	   b[n++]" and "a[i++] = i;".  Some more complicated cases are not
	   diagnosed by this option, and it may give an occasional false posi‐
	   tive result, but in general it has been found fairly effective at
	   detecting this sort of problem in programs.

	   The present implementation of this option only works for C pro‐
	   grams.  A future implementation may also work for C++ programs.

	   The C standard is worded confusingly, therefore there is some
	   debate over the precise meaning of the sequence point rules in sub‐
	   tle cases.  Links to discussions of the problem, including proposed
	   formal definitions, may be found on the GCC readings page, at
	   <http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html>.

       -Wreturn-type
	   Warn whenever a function is defined with a return-type that
	   defaults to "int".  Also warn about any "return" statement with no
	   return-value in a function whose return-type is not "void".

	   For C++, a function without return type always produces a diagnos‐
	   tic message, even when -Wno-return-type is specified.  The only
	   exceptions are main and functions defined in system headers.

       -Wswitch
	   Warn whenever a "switch" statement has an index of enumerated type
	   and lacks a "case" for one or more of the named codes of that enu‐
	   meration.  (The presence of a "default" label prevents this warn‐
	   ing.)  "case" labels outside the enumeration range also provoke
	   warnings when this option is used.

       -Wswitch-default
	   Warn whenever a "switch" statement does not have a "default" case.

       -Wswitch-enum
	   Warn whenever a "switch" statement has an index of enumerated type
	   and lacks a "case" for one or more of the named codes of that enu‐
	   meration.  "case" labels outside the enumeration range also provoke
	   warnings when this option is used.

       -Wtrigraphs
	   Warn if any trigraphs are encountered that might change the meaning
	   of the program (trigraphs within comments are not warned about).

       -Wunused-function
	   Warn whenever a static function is declared but not defined or a
	   non\-inline static function is unused.

       -Wunused-label
	   Warn whenever a label is declared but not used.

	   To suppress this warning use the unused attribute.

       -Wunused-parameter
	   Warn whenever a function parameter is unused aside from its decla‐
	   ration.

	   To suppress this warning use the unused attribute.

       -Wunused-variable
	   Warn whenever a local variable or non-constant static variable is
	   unused aside from its declaration

	   To suppress this warning use the unused attribute.

       -Wunused-value
	   Warn whenever a statement computes a result that is explicitly not
	   used.

	   To suppress this warning cast the expression to void.

       -Wunused
	   All the above -Wunused options combined.

	   In order to get a warning about an unused function parameter, you
	   must either specify -Wextra -Wunused (note that -Wall implies
	   -Wunused), or separately specify -Wunused-parameter.

       -Wuninitialized
	   Warn if an automatic variable is used without first being initial‐
	   ized or if a variable may be clobbered by a "setjmp" call.

	   These warnings are possible only in optimizing compilation, because
	   they require data flow information that is computed only when opti‐
	   mizing.  If you don't specify -O, you simply won't get these warn‐
	   ings.

	   If you want to warn about code which uses the uninitialized value
	   of the variable in its own initializer, use the -Winit-self option.

	   These warnings occur only for variables that are candidates for
	   register allocation.	 Therefore, they do not occur for a variable
	   that is declared "volatile", or whose address is taken, or whose
	   size is other than 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes.  Also, they do not occur for
	   structures, unions or arrays, even when they are in registers.

	   Note that there may be no warning about a variable that is used
	   only to compute a value that itself is never used, because such
	   computations may be deleted by data flow analysis before the warn‐
	   ings are printed.

	   These warnings are made optional because GCC is not smart enough to
	   see all the reasons why the code might be correct despite appearing
	   to have an error.  Here is one example of how this can happen:

		   {
		     int x;
		     switch (y)
		       {
		       case 1: x = 1;
			 break;
		       case 2: x = 4;
			 break;
		       case 3: x = 5;
		       }
		     foo (x);
		   }

	   If the value of "y" is always 1, 2 or 3, then "x" is always ini‐
	   tialized, but GCC doesn't know this.	 Here is another common case:

		   {
		     int save_y;
		     if (change_y) save_y = y, y = new_y;
		     ...
		     if (change_y) y = save_y;
		   }

	   This has no bug because "save_y" is used only if it is set.

	   This option also warns when a non-volatile automatic variable might
	   be changed by a call to "longjmp".  These warnings as well are pos‐
	   sible only in optimizing compilation.

	   The compiler sees only the calls to "setjmp".  It cannot know where
	   "longjmp" will be called; in fact, a signal handler could call it
	   at any point in the code.  As a result, you may get a warning even
	   when there is in fact no problem because "longjmp" cannot in fact
	   be called at the place which would cause a problem.

	   Some spurious warnings can be avoided if you declare all the func‐
	   tions you use that never return as "noreturn".

       -Wunknown-pragmas
	   Warn when a #pragma directive is encountered which is not under‐
	   stood by GCC.  If this command line option is used, warnings will
	   even be issued for unknown pragmas in system header files.  This is
	   not the case if the warnings were only enabled by the -Wall command
	   line option.

       -Wstrict-aliasing
	   This option is only active when -fstrict-aliasing is active.	 It
	   warns about code which might break the strict aliasing rules that
	   the compiler is using for optimization. The warning does not catch
	   all cases, but does attempt to catch the more common pitfalls. It
	   is included in -Wall.

       -Wall
	   All of the above -W options combined.  This enables all the warn‐
	   ings about constructions that some users consider questionable, and
	   that are easy to avoid (or modify to prevent the warning), even in
	   conjunction with macros.  This also enables some language-specific
	   warnings described in C++ Dialect Options and Objective-C Dialect
	   Options.

       The following -W... options are not implied by -Wall.  Some of them
       warn about constructions that users generally do not consider question‐
       able, but which occasionally you might wish to check for; others warn
       about constructions that are necessary or hard to avoid in some cases,
       and there is no simple way to modify the code to suppress the warning.

       -Wextra
	   (This option used to be called -W.  The older name is still sup‐
	   ported, but the newer name is more descriptive.)  Print extra warn‐
	   ing messages for these events:

	   ·   A function can return either with or without a value.  (Falling
	       off the end of the function body is considered returning with‐
	       out a value.)  For example, this function would evoke such a
	       warning:

		       foo (a)
		       {
			 if (a > 0)
			   return a;
		       }

	   ·   An expression-statement or the left-hand side of a comma
	       expression contains no side effects.  To suppress the warning,
	       cast the unused expression to void.  For example, an expression
	       such as x[i,j] will cause a warning, but x[(void)i,j] will not.

	   ·   An unsigned value is compared against zero with < or >=.

	   ·   A comparison like x<=y<=z appears; this is equivalent to (x<=y
	       ? 1 : 0) <= z, which is a different interpretation from that of
	       ordinary mathematical notation.

	   ·   Storage-class specifiers like "static" are not the first things
	       in a declaration.  According to the C Standard, this usage is
	       obsolescent.

	   ·   The return type of a function has a type qualifier such as
	       "const".	 Such a type qualifier has no effect, since the value
	       returned by a function is not an lvalue.	 (But don't warn about
	       the GNU extension of "volatile void" return types.  That exten‐
	       sion will be warned about if -pedantic is specified.)

	   ·   If -Wall or -Wunused is also specified, warn about unused argu‐
	       ments.

	   ·   A comparison between signed and unsigned values could produce
	       an incorrect result when the signed value is converted to
	       unsigned.  (But don't warn if -Wno-sign-compare is also speci‐
	       fied.)

	   ·   An aggregate has an initializer which does not initialize all
	       members.	 For example, the following code would cause such a
	       warning, because "x.h" would be implicitly initialized to zero:

		       struct s { int f, g, h; };
		       struct s x = { 3, 4 };

	   ·   A function parameter is declared without a type specifier in
	       K&R-style functions:

		       void foo(bar) { }

	   ·   An empty body occurs in an if or else statement.

	   ·   A pointer is compared against integer zero with <, <=, >, or
	       >=.

	   ·   A variable might be changed by longjmp or vfork.

	   ·   Any of several floating-point events that often indicate
	       errors, such as overflow, underflow, loss of precision, etc.

	   *<(C++ only)>
	       An enumerator and a non-enumerator both appear in a conditional
	       expression.

	   *<(C++ only)>
	       A non-static reference or non-static const member appears in a
	       class without constructors.

	   *<(C++ only)>
	       Ambiguous virtual bases.

	   *<(C++ only)>
	       Subscripting an array which has been declared register.

	   *<(C++ only)>
	       Taking the address of a variable which has been declared regis‐
	       ter.

	   *<(C++ only)>
	       A base class is not initialized in a derived class' copy con‐
	       structor.

       -Wno-div-by-zero
	   Do not warn about compile-time integer division by zero.  Floating
	   point division by zero is not warned about, as it can be a legiti‐
	   mate way of obtaining infinities and NaNs.

       -Wsystem-headers
	   Print warning messages for constructs found in system header files.
	   Warnings from system headers are normally suppressed, on the
	   assumption that they usually do not indicate real problems and
	   would only make the compiler output harder to read.	Using this
	   command line option tells GCC to emit warnings from system headers
	   as if they occurred in user code.  However, note that using -Wall
	   in conjunction with this option will not warn about unknown pragmas
	   in system headers---for that, -Wunknown-pragmas must also be used.

       -Wfloat-equal
	   Warn if floating point values are used in equality comparisons.

	   The idea behind this is that sometimes it is convenient (for the
	   programmer) to consider floating-point values as approximations to
	   infinitely precise real numbers.  If you are doing this, then you
	   need to compute (by analyzing the code, or in some other way) the
	   maximum or likely maximum error that the computation introduces,
	   and allow for it when performing comparisons (and when producing
	   output, but that's a different problem).  In particular, instead of
	   testing for equality, you would check to see whether the two values
	   have ranges that overlap; and this is done with the relational
	   operators, so equality comparisons are probably mistaken.

       -Wtraditional (C only)
	   Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in tradi‐
	   tional and ISO C.  Also warn about ISO C constructs that have no
	   traditional C equivalent, and/or problematic constructs which
	   should be avoided.

	   ·   Macro parameters that appear within string literals in the
	       macro body.  In traditional C macro replacement takes place
	       within string literals, but does not in ISO C.

	   ·   In traditional C, some preprocessor directives did not exist.
	       Traditional preprocessors would only consider a line to be a
	       directive if the # appeared in column 1 on the line.  Therefore
	       -Wtraditional warns about directives that traditional C under‐
	       stands but would ignore because the # does not appear as the
	       first character on the line.  It also suggests you hide direc‐
	       tives like #pragma not understood by traditional C by indenting
	       them.  Some traditional implementations would not recognize
	       #elif, so it suggests avoiding it altogether.

	   ·   A function-like macro that appears without arguments.

	   ·   The unary plus operator.

	   ·   The U integer constant suffix, or the F or L floating point
	       constant suffixes.  (Traditional C does support the L suffix on
	       integer constants.)  Note, these suffixes appear in macros
	       defined in the system headers of most modern systems, e.g. the
	       _MIN/_MAX macros in "<limits.h>".  Use of these macros in user
	       code might normally lead to spurious warnings, however GCC's
	       integrated preprocessor has enough context to avoid warning in
	       these cases.

	   ·   A function declared external in one block and then used after
	       the end of the block.

	   ·   A "switch" statement has an operand of type "long".

	   ·   A non-"static" function declaration follows a "static" one.
	       This construct is not accepted by some traditional C compilers.

	   ·   The ISO type of an integer constant has a different width or
	       signedness from its traditional type.  This warning is only
	       issued if the base of the constant is ten.  I.e. hexadecimal or
	       octal values, which typically represent bit patterns, are not
	       warned about.

	   ·   Usage of ISO string concatenation is detected.

	   ·   Initialization of automatic aggregates.

	   ·   Identifier conflicts with labels.  Traditional C lacks a sepa‐
	       rate namespace for labels.

	   ·   Initialization of unions.  If the initializer is zero, the
	       warning is omitted.  This is done under the assumption that the
	       zero initializer in user code appears conditioned on e.g.
	       "__STDC__" to avoid missing initializer warnings and relies on
	       default initialization to zero in the traditional C case.

	   ·   Conversions by prototypes between fixed/floating point values
	       and vice versa.	The absence of these prototypes when compiling
	       with traditional C would cause serious problems.	 This is a
	       subset of the possible conversion warnings, for the full set
	       use -Wconversion.

	   ·   Use of ISO C style function definitions.	 This warning inten‐
	       tionally is not issued for prototype declarations or variadic
	       functions because these ISO C features will appear in your code
	       when using libiberty's traditional C compatibility macros,
	       "PARAMS" and "VPARAMS".	This warning is also bypassed for
	       nested functions because that feature is already a GCC exten‐
	       sion and thus not relevant to traditional C compatibility.

       -Wdeclaration-after-statement (C only)
	   Warn when a declaration is found after a statement in a block.
	   This construct, known from C++, was introduced with ISO C99 and is
	   by default allowed in GCC.  It is not supported by ISO C90 and was
	   not supported by GCC versions before GCC 3.0.

       -Wundef
	   Warn if an undefined identifier is evaluated in an #if directive.

       -Wendif-labels
	   Warn whenever an #else or an #endif are followed by text.

       -Wshadow
	   Warn whenever a local variable shadows another local variable,
	   parameter or global variable or whenever a built-in function is
	   shadowed.

       -Wlarger-than-len
	   Warn whenever an object of larger than len bytes is defined.

       -Wpointer-arith
	   Warn about anything that depends on the ``size of'' a function type
	   or of "void".  GNU C assigns these types a size of 1, for conve‐
	   nience in calculations with "void *" pointers and pointers to func‐
	   tions.

       -Wbad-function-cast (C only)
	   Warn whenever a function call is cast to a non-matching type.  For
	   example, warn if "int malloc()" is cast to "anything *".

       -Wcast-qual
	   Warn whenever a pointer is cast so as to remove a type qualifier
	   from the target type.  For example, warn if a "const char *" is
	   cast to an ordinary "char *".

       -Wcast-align
	   Warn whenever a pointer is cast such that the required alignment of
	   the target is increased.  For example, warn if a "char *" is cast
	   to an "int *" on machines where integers can only be accessed at
	   two- or four-byte boundaries.

       -Wwrite-strings
	   When compiling C, give string constants the type "const
	   char[length]" so that copying the address of one into a non-"const"
	   "char *" pointer will get a warning; when compiling C++, warn about
	   the deprecated conversion from string constants to "char *".	 These
	   warnings will help you find at compile time code that can try to
	   write into a string constant, but only if you have been very care‐
	   ful about using "const" in declarations and prototypes.  Otherwise,
	   it will just be a nuisance; this is why we did not make -Wall
	   request these warnings.

       -Wconversion
	   Warn if a prototype causes a type conversion that is different from
	   what would happen to the same argument in the absence of a proto‐
	   type.  This includes conversions of fixed point to floating and
	   vice versa, and conversions changing the width or signedness of a
	   fixed point argument except when the same as the default promotion.

	   Also, warn if a negative integer constant expression is implicitly
	   converted to an unsigned type.  For example, warn about the assign‐
	   ment "x = -1" if "x" is unsigned.  But do not warn about explicit
	   casts like "(unsigned) -1".

       -Wsign-compare
	   Warn when a comparison between signed and unsigned values could
	   produce an incorrect result when the signed value is converted to
	   unsigned.  This warning is also enabled by -Wextra; to get the
	   other warnings of -Wextra without this warning, use -Wextra
	   -Wno-sign-compare.

       -Waggregate-return
	   Warn if any functions that return structures or unions are defined
	   or called.  (In languages where you can return an array, this also
	   elicits a warning.)

       -Wstrict-prototypes (C only)
	   Warn if a function is declared or defined without specifying the
	   argument types.  (An old-style function definition is permitted
	   without a warning if preceded by a declaration which specifies the
	   argument types.)

       -Wold-style-definition (C only)
	   Warn if an old-style function definition is used.  A warning is
	   given even if there is a previous prototype.

       -Wmissing-prototypes (C only)
	   Warn if a global function is defined without a previous prototype
	   declaration.	 This warning is issued even if the definition itself
	   provides a prototype.  The aim is to detect global functions that
	   fail to be declared in header files.

       -Wmissing-declarations (C only)
	   Warn if a global function is defined without a previous declara‐
	   tion.  Do so even if the definition itself provides a prototype.
	   Use this option to detect global functions that are not declared in
	   header files.

       -Wmissing-noreturn
	   Warn about functions which might be candidates for attribute "nore‐
	   turn".  Note these are only possible candidates, not absolute ones.
	   Care should be taken to manually verify functions actually do not
	   ever return before adding the "noreturn" attribute, otherwise sub‐
	   tle code generation bugs could be introduced.  You will not get a
	   warning for "main" in hosted C environments.

       -Wmissing-format-attribute
	   If -Wformat is enabled, also warn about functions which might be
	   candidates for "format" attributes.	Note these are only possible
	   candidates, not absolute ones.  GCC will guess that "format"
	   attributes might be appropriate for any function that calls a func‐
	   tion like "vprintf" or "vscanf", but this might not always be the
	   case, and some functions for which "format" attributes are appro‐
	   priate may not be detected.	This option has no effect unless
	   -Wformat is enabled (possibly by -Wall).

       -Wno-multichar
	   Do not warn if a multicharacter constant ('FOOF') is used.  Usually
	   they indicate a typo in the user's code, as they have implementa‐
	   tion-defined values, and should not be used in portable code.

       -Wno-deprecated-declarations
	   Do not warn about uses of functions, variables, and types marked as
	   deprecated by using the "deprecated" attribute.  (@pxref{Function
	   Attributes}, @pxref{Variable Attributes}, @pxref{Type Attributes}.)

       -Wpacked
	   Warn if a structure is given the packed attribute, but the packed
	   attribute has no effect on the layout or size of the structure.
	   Such structures may be mis-aligned for little benefit.  For
	   instance, in this code, the variable "f.x" in "struct bar" will be
	   misaligned even though "struct bar" does not itself have the packed
	   attribute:

		   struct foo {
		     int x;
		     char a, b, c, d;
		   } __attribute__((packed));
		   struct bar {
		     char z;
		     struct foo f;
		   };

       -Wpadded
	   Warn if padding is included in a structure, either to align an ele‐
	   ment of the structure or to align the whole structure.  Sometimes
	   when this happens it is possible to rearrange the fields of the
	   structure to reduce the padding and so make the structure smaller.

       -Wredundant-decls
	   Warn if anything is declared more than once in the same scope, even
	   in cases where multiple declaration is valid and changes nothing.

       -Wnested-externs (C only)
	   Warn if an "extern" declaration is encountered within a function.

       -Wunreachable-code
	   Warn if the compiler detects that code will never be executed.

	   This option is intended to warn when the compiler detects that at
	   least a whole line of source code will never be executed, because
	   some condition is never satisfied or because it is after a proce‐
	   dure that never returns.

	   It is possible for this option to produce a warning even though
	   there are circumstances under which part of the affected line can
	   be executed, so care should be taken when removing apparently-
	   unreachable code.

	   For instance, when a function is inlined, a warning may mean that
	   the line is unreachable in only one inlined copy of the function.

	   This option is not made part of -Wall because in a debugging ver‐
	   sion of a program there is often substantial code which checks cor‐
	   rect functioning of the program and is, hopefully, unreachable
	   because the program does work.  Another common use of unreachable
	   code is to provide behavior which is selectable at compile-time.

       -Winline
	   Warn if a function can not be inlined and it was declared as
	   inline.  Even with this option, the compiler will not warn about
	   failures to inline functions declared in system headers.

	   The compiler uses a variety of heuristics to determine whether or
	   not to inline a function.  For example, the compiler takes into
	   account the size of the function being inlined and the the amount
	   of inlining that has already been done in the current function.
	   Therefore, seemingly insignificant changes in the source program
	   can cause the warnings produced by -Winline to appear or disappear.

       -Wno-invalid-offsetof (C++ only)
	   Suppress warnings from applying the offsetof macro to a non-POD
	   type.  According to the 1998 ISO C++ standard, applying offsetof to
	   a non-POD type is undefined.	 In existing C++ implementations, how‐
	   ever, offsetof typically gives meaningful results even when applied
	   to certain kinds of non-POD types. (Such as a simple struct that
	   fails to be a POD type only by virtue of having a constructor.)
	   This flag is for users who are aware that they are writing non‐
	   portable code and who have deliberately chosen to ignore the warn‐
	   ing about it.

	   The restrictions on offsetof may be relaxed in a future version of
	   the C++ standard.

       -Winvalid-pch
	   Warn if a precompiled header is found in the search path but can't
	   be used.

       -Wlong-long
	   Warn if long long type is used.  This is default.  To inhibit the
	   warning messages, use -Wno-long-long.  Flags -Wlong-long and
	   -Wno-long-long are taken into account only when -pedantic flag is
	   used.

       -Wdisabled-optimization
	   Warn if a requested optimization pass is disabled.  This warning
	   does not generally indicate that there is anything wrong with your
	   code; it merely indicates that GCC's optimizers were unable to han‐
	   dle the code effectively.  Often, the problem is that your code is
	   too big or too complex; GCC will refuse to optimize programs when
	   the optimization itself is likely to take inordinate amounts of
	   time.

       -Werror
	   Make all warnings into errors.

       Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC

       GCC has various special options that are used for debugging either your
       program or GCC:

       -g  Produce debugging information in the operating system's native for‐
	   mat (stabs, COFF, XCOFF, or DWARF).	GDB can work with this debug‐
	   ging information.

	   On most systems that use stabs format, -g enables use of extra
	   debugging information that only GDB can use; this extra information
	   makes debugging work better in GDB but will probably make other
	   debuggers crash or refuse to read the program.  If you want to con‐
	   trol for certain whether to generate the extra information, use
	   -gstabs+, -gstabs, -gxcoff+, -gxcoff, or -gvms (see below).

	   Unlike most other C compilers, GCC allows you to use -g with -O.
	   The shortcuts taken by optimized code may occasionally produce sur‐
	   prising results: some variables you declared may not exist at all;
	   flow of control may briefly move where you did not expect it; some
	   statements may not be executed because they compute constant
	   results or their values were already at hand; some statements may
	   execute in different places because they were moved out of loops.

	   Nevertheless it proves possible to debug optimized output.  This
	   makes it reasonable to use the optimizer for programs that might
	   have bugs.

	   The following options are useful when GCC is generated with the
	   capability for more than one debugging format.

       -ggdb
	   Produce debugging information for use by GDB.  This means to use
	   the most expressive format available (DWARF 2, stabs, or the native
	   format if neither of those are supported), including GDB extensions
	   if at all possible.

       -gstabs
	   Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is sup‐
	   ported), without GDB extensions.  This is the format used by DBX on
	   most BSD systems.  On MIPS, Alpha and System V Release 4 systems
	   this option produces stabs debugging output which is not understood
	   by DBX or SDB.  On System V Release 4 systems this option requires
	   the GNU assembler.

       -feliminate-unused-debug-symbols
	   Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is sup‐
	   ported), for only symbols that are actually used.

       -gstabs+
	   Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is sup‐
	   ported), using GNU extensions understood only by the GNU debugger
	   (GDB).  The use of these extensions is likely to make other debug‐
	   gers crash or refuse to read the program.

       -gcoff
	   Produce debugging information in COFF format (if that is sup‐
	   ported).  This is the format used by SDB on most System V systems
	   prior to System V Release 4.

       -gxcoff
	   Produce debugging information in XCOFF format (if that is sup‐
	   ported).  This is the format used by the DBX debugger on IBM
	   RS/6000 systems.

       -gxcoff+
	   Produce debugging information in XCOFF format (if that is sup‐
	   ported), using GNU extensions understood only by the GNU debugger
	   (GDB).  The use of these extensions is likely to make other debug‐
	   gers crash or refuse to read the program, and may cause assemblers
	   other than the GNU assembler (GAS) to fail with an error.

       -gdwarf-2
	   Produce debugging information in DWARF version 2 format (if that is
	   supported).	This is the format used by DBX on IRIX 6.

       -gvms
	   Produce debugging information in VMS debug format (if that is sup‐
	   ported).  This is the format used by DEBUG on VMS systems.

       -glevel
       -ggdblevel
       -gstabslevel
       -gcofflevel
       -gxcofflevel
       -gvmslevel
	   Request debugging information and also use level to specify how
	   much information.  The default level is 2.

	   Level 1 produces minimal information, enough for making backtraces
	   in parts of the program that you don't plan to debug.  This
	   includes descriptions of functions and external variables, but no
	   information about local variables and no line numbers.

	   Level 3 includes extra information, such as all the macro defini‐
	   tions present in the program.  Some debuggers support macro expan‐
	   sion when you use -g3.

	   Note that in order to avoid confusion between DWARF1 debug level 2,
	   and DWARF2 -gdwarf-2 does not accept a concatenated debug level.
	   Instead use an additional -glevel option to change the debug level
	   for DWARF2.

       -feliminate-dwarf2-dups
	   Compress DWARF2 debugging information by eliminating duplicated
	   information about each symbol.  This option only makes sense when
	   generating DWARF2 debugging information with -gdwarf-2.

       -p  Generate extra code to write profile information suitable for the
	   analysis program prof.  You must use this option when compiling the
	   source files you want data about, and you must also use it when
	   linking.

       -pg Generate extra code to write profile information suitable for the
	   analysis program gprof.  You must use this option when compiling
	   the source files you want data about, and you must also use it when
	   linking.

       -Q  Makes the compiler print out each function name as it is compiled,
	   and print some statistics about each pass when it finishes.

       -ftime-report
	   Makes the compiler print some statistics about the time consumed by
	   each pass when it finishes.

       -fmem-report
	   Makes the compiler print some statistics about permanent memory
	   allocation when it finishes.

       -fprofile-arcs
	   Add code so that program flow arcs are instrumented.	 During execu‐
	   tion the program records how many times each branch and call is
	   executed and how many times it is taken or returns.	When the com‐
	   piled program exits it saves this data to a file called aux‐
	   name.gcda for each source file. The data may be used for profile-
	   directed optimizations (-fbranch-probabilities), or for test cover‐
	   age analysis (-ftest-coverage). Each object file's auxname is gen‐
	   erated from the name of the output file, if explicitly specified
	   and it is not the final executable, otherwise it is the basename of
	   the source file. In both cases any suffix is removed (e.g.
	   foo.gcda for input file dir/foo.c, or dir/foo.gcda for output file
	   specified as -o dir/foo.o).

	   @bullet
	       Compile the source files with -fprofile-arcs plus optimization
	       and code generation options. For test coverage analysis, use
	       the additional -ftest-coverage option. You do not need to pro‐
	       file every source file in a program.

	   @cvmmfu
	       Link your object files with -lgcov or -fprofile-arcs (the lat‐
	       ter implies the former).

	   @dwnngv
	       Run the program on a representative workload to generate the
	       arc profile information. This may be repeated any number of
	       times. You can run concurrent instances of your program, and
	       provided that the file system supports locking, the data files
	       will be correctly updated. Also "fork" calls are detected and
	       correctly handled (double counting will not happen).

	   @exoohw
	       For profile-directed optimizations, compile the source files
	       again with the same optimization and code generation options
	       plus -fbranch-probabilities.

	   @fyppix
	       For test coverage analysis, use gcov to produce human readable
	       information from the .gcno and .gcda files. Refer to the gcov
	       documentation for further information.

	   With -fprofile-arcs, for each function of your program GCC creates
	   a program flow graph, then finds a spanning tree for the graph.
	   Only arcs that are not on the spanning tree have to be instru‐
	   mented: the compiler adds code to count the number of times that
	   these arcs are executed.  When an arc is the only exit or only
	   entrance to a block, the instrumentation code can be added to the
	   block; otherwise, a new basic block must be created to hold the
	   instrumentation code.

       -ftest-coverage
	   Produce a notes file that the gcov code-coverage utility can use to
	   show program coverage. Each source file's note file is called aux‐
	   name.gcno. Refer to the -fprofile-arcs option above for a descrip‐
	   tion of auxname and instructions on how to generate test coverage
	   data. Coverage data will match the source files more closely, if
	   you do not optimize.

       -dletters
	   Says to make debugging dumps during compilation at times specified
	   by letters.	This is used for debugging the compiler.  The file
	   names for most of the dumps are made by appending a pass number and
	   a word to the dumpname. dumpname is generated from the name of the
	   output file, if explicitly specified and it is not an executable,
	   otherwise it is the basename of the source file. In both cases any
	   suffix is removed (e.g.  foo.01.rtl or foo.02.sibling).  Here are
	   the possible letters for use in letters, and their meanings:

	   A   Annotate the assembler output with miscellaneous debugging
	       information.

	   b   Dump after computing branch probabilities, to file.12.bp.

	   B   Dump after block reordering, to file.31.bbro.

	   c   Dump after instruction combination, to the file file.20.com‐
	       bine.

	   C   Dump after the first if conversion, to the file file.14.ce1.
	       Also dump after the second if conversion, to the file
	       file.21.ce2.

	   d   Dump after branch target load optimization, to to file.32.btl.
	       Also dump after delayed branch scheduling, to file.36.dbr.

	   D   Dump all macro definitions, at the end of preprocessing, in
	       addition to normal output.

	   E   Dump after the third if conversion, to file.30.ce3.

	   f   Dump after control and data flow analysis, to file.11.cfg.
	       Also dump after life analysis, to file.19.life.

	   F   Dump after purging "ADDRESSOF" codes, to file.07.addressof.

	   g   Dump after global register allocation, to file.25.greg.

	   G   Dump after GCSE, to file.08.gcse.  Also dump after jump bypass‐
	       ing and control flow optimizations, to file.10.bypass.

	   h   Dump after finalization of EH handling code, to file.03.eh.

	   i   Dump after sibling call optimizations, to file.02.sibling.

	   j   Dump after the first jump optimization, to file.04.jump.

	   k   Dump after conversion from registers to stack, to
	       file.34.stack.

	   l   Dump after local register allocation, to file.24.lreg.

	   L   Dump after loop optimization passes, to file.09.loop and
	       file.16.loop2.

	   M   Dump after performing the machine dependent reorganization
	       pass, to file.35.mach.

	   n   Dump after register renumbering, to file.29.rnreg.

	   N   Dump after the register move pass, to file.22.regmove.

	   o   Dump after post-reload optimizations, to file.26.postreload.

	   r   Dump after RTL generation, to file.01.rtl.

	   R   Dump after the second scheduling pass, to file.33.sched2.

	   s   Dump after CSE (including the jump optimization that sometimes
	       follows CSE), to file.06.cse.

	   S   Dump after the first scheduling pass, to file.23.sched.

	   t   Dump after the second CSE pass (including the jump optimization
	       that sometimes follows CSE), to file.18.cse2.

	   T   Dump after running tracer, to file.15.tracer.

	   u   Dump after null pointer elimination pass to file.05.null.

	   U   Dump callgraph and unit-at-a-time optimization file.00.unit.

	   V   Dump after the value profile transformations, to file.13.vpt.

	   w   Dump after the second flow pass, to file.27.flow2.

	   z   Dump after the peephole pass, to file.28.peephole2.

	   Z   Dump after constructing the web, to file.17.web.

	   a   Produce all the dumps listed above.

	   H   Produce a core dump whenever an error occurs.

	   m   Print statistics on memory usage, at the end of the run, to
	       standard error.

	   p   Annotate the assembler output with a comment indicating which
	       pattern and alternative was used.  The length of each instruc‐
	       tion is also printed.

	   P   Dump the RTL in the assembler output as a comment before each
	       instruction.  Also turns on -dp annotation.

	   v   For each of the other indicated dump files (except for
	       file.01.rtl), dump a representation of the control flow graph
	       suitable for viewing with VCG to file.pass.vcg.

	   x   Just generate RTL for a function instead of compiling it.  Usu‐
	       ally used with r.

	   y   Dump debugging information during parsing, to standard error.

       -fdump-unnumbered
	   When doing debugging dumps (see -d option above), suppress instruc‐
	   tion numbers and line number note output.  This makes it more fea‐
	   sible to use diff on debugging dumps for compiler invocations with
	   different options, in particular with and without -g.

       -fdump-translation-unit (C and C++ only)
       -fdump-translation-unit-options (C and C++ only)
	   Dump a representation of the tree structure for the entire transla‐
	   tion unit to a file.	 The file name is made by appending .tu to the
	   source file name.  If the -options form is used, options controls
	   the details of the dump as described for the -fdump-tree options.

       -fdump-class-hierarchy (C++ only)
       -fdump-class-hierarchy-options (C++ only)
	   Dump a representation of each class's hierarchy and virtual func‐
	   tion table layout to a file.	 The file name is made by appending
	   .class to the source file name.  If the -options form is used,
	   options controls the details of the dump as described for the
	   -fdump-tree options.

       -fdump-tree-switch (C++ only)
       -fdump-tree-switch-options (C++ only)
	   Control the dumping at various stages of processing the intermedi‐
	   ate language tree to a file.	 The file name is generated by append‐
	   ing a switch specific suffix to the source file name.  If the
	   -options form is used, options is a list of - separated options
	   that control the details of the dump. Not all options are applica‐
	   ble to all dumps, those which are not meaningful will be ignored.
	   The following options are available

	   address
	       Print the address of each node.	Usually this is not meaningful
	       as it changes according to the environment and source file. Its
	       primary use is for tying up a dump file with a debug environ‐
	       ment.

	   slim
	       Inhibit dumping of members of a scope or body of a function
	       merely because that scope has been reached. Only dump such
	       items when they are directly reachable by some other path.

	   all Turn on all options.

	   The following tree dumps are possible:

	   original
	       Dump before any tree based optimization, to file.original.

	   optimized
	       Dump after all tree based optimization, to file.optimized.

	   inlined
	       Dump after function inlining, to file.inlined.

       -frandom-seed=string
	   This option provides a seed that GCC uses when it would otherwise
	   use random numbers.	It is used to generate certain symbol names
	   that have to be different in every compiled file. It is also used
	   to place unique stamps in coverage data files and the object files
	   that produce them. You can use the -frandom-seed option to produce
	   reproducibly identical object files.

	   The string should be different for every file you compile.

       -fsched-verbose=n
	   On targets that use instruction scheduling, this option controls
	   the amount of debugging output the scheduler prints.	 This informa‐
	   tion is written to standard error, unless -dS or -dR is specified,
	   in which case it is output to the usual dump listing file, .sched
	   or .sched2 respectively.  However for n greater than nine, the out‐
	   put is always printed to standard error.

	   For n greater than zero, -fsched-verbose outputs the same informa‐
	   tion as -dRS.  For n greater than one, it also output basic block
	   probabilities, detailed ready list information and unit/insn info.
	   For n greater than two, it includes RTL at abort point, control-
	   flow and regions info.  And for n over four, -fsched-verbose also
	   includes dependence info.

       -save-temps
	   Store the usual ``temporary'' intermediate files permanently; place
	   them in the current directory and name them based on the source
	   file.  Thus, compiling foo.c with -c -save-temps would produce
	   files foo.i and foo.s, as well as foo.o.  This creates a prepro‐
	   cessed foo.i output file even though the compiler now normally uses
	   an integrated preprocessor.

       -time
	   Report the CPU time taken by each subprocess in the compilation
	   sequence.  For C source files, this is the compiler proper and
	   assembler (plus the linker if linking is done).  The output looks
	   like this:

		   # cc1 0.12 0.01
		   # as 0.00 0.01

	   The first number on each line is the ``user time,'' that is time
	   spent executing the program itself.	The second number is ``system
	   time,'' time spent executing operating system routines on behalf of
	   the program.	 Both numbers are in seconds.

       -print-file-name=library
	   Print the full absolute name of the library file library that would
	   be used when linking---and don't do anything else.  With this
	   option, GCC does not compile or link anything; it just prints the
	   file name.

       -print-multi-directory
	   Print the directory name corresponding to the multilib selected by
	   any other switches present in the command line.  This directory is
	   supposed to exist in GCC_EXEC_PREFIX.

       -print-multi-lib
	   Print the mapping from multilib directory names to compiler
	   switches that enable them.  The directory name is separated from
	   the switches by ;, and each switch starts with an @} instead of the
	   @samp{-, without spaces between multiple switches.  This is sup‐
	   posed to ease shell-processing.

       -print-prog-name=program
	   Like -print-file-name, but searches for a program such as cpp.

       -print-libgcc-file-name
	   Same as -print-file-name=libgcc.a.

	   This is useful when you use -nostdlib or -nodefaultlibs but you do
	   want to link with libgcc.a.	You can do

		   gcc -nostdlib <files>... `gcc -print-libgcc-file-name`

       -print-search-dirs
	   Print the name of the configured installation directory and a list
	   of program and library directories gcc will search---and don't do
	   anything else.

	   This is useful when gcc prints the error message installation prob‐
	   lem, cannot exec cpp0: No such file or directory.  To resolve this
	   you either need to put cpp0 and the other compiler components where
	   gcc expects to find them, or you can set the environment variable
	   GCC_EXEC_PREFIX to the directory where you installed them.  Don't
	   forget the trailing '/'.

       -dumpmachine
	   Print the compiler's target machine (for example,
	   i686-pc-linux-gnu)---and don't do anything else.

       -dumpversion
	   Print the compiler version (for example, 3.0)---and don't do any‐
	   thing else.

       -dumpspecs
	   Print the compiler's built-in specs---and don't do anything else.
	   (This is used when GCC itself is being built.)

       -feliminate-unused-debug-types
	   Normally, when producing DWARF2 output, GCC will emit debugging
	   information for all types declared in a compilation unit, regard‐
	   less of whether or not they are actually used in that compilation
	   unit.  Sometimes this is useful, such as if, in the debugger, you
	   want to cast a value to a type that is not actually used in your
	   program (but is declared).  More often, however, this results in a
	   significant amount of wasted space.	With this option, GCC will
	   avoid producing debug symbol output for types that are nowhere used
	   in the source file being compiled.

       Options That Control Optimization

       These options control various sorts of optimizations.

       Without any optimization option, the compiler's goal is to reduce the
       cost of compilation and to make debugging produce the expected results.
       Statements are independent: if you stop the program with a breakpoint
       between statements, you can then assign a new value to any variable or
       change the program counter to any other statement in the function and
       get exactly the results you would expect from the source code.

       Turning on optimization flags makes the compiler attempt to improve the
       performance and/or code size at the expense of compilation time and
       possibly the ability to debug the program.

       The compiler performs optimization based on the knowledge it has of the
       program.	 Using the -funit-at-a-time flag will allow the compiler to
       consider information gained from later functions in the file when com‐
       piling a function.  Compiling multiple files at once to a single output
       file (and using -funit-at-a-time) will allow the compiler to use infor‐
       mation gained from all of the files when compiling each of them.

       Not all optimizations are controlled directly by a flag.	 Only opti‐
       mizations that have a flag are listed.

       -O
       -O1 Optimize.  Optimizing compilation takes somewhat more time, and a
	   lot more memory for a large function.

	   With -O, the compiler tries to reduce code size and execution time,
	   without performing any optimizations that take a great deal of com‐
	   pilation time.

	   -O turns on the following optimization flags: -fdefer-pop
	   -fmerge-constants -fthread-jumps -floop-optimize -fif-conversion
	   -fif-conversion2 -fdelayed-branch -fguess-branch-probability
	   -fcprop-registers

	   -O also turns on -fomit-frame-pointer on machines where doing so
	   does not interfere with debugging.

       -O2 Optimize even more.	GCC performs nearly all supported optimiza‐
	   tions that do not involve a space-speed tradeoff.  The compiler
	   does not perform loop unrolling or function inlining when you spec‐
	   ify -O2.  As compared to -O, this option increases both compilation
	   time and the performance of the generated code.

	   -O2 turns on all optimization flags specified by -O.	 It also turns
	   on the following optimization flags: -fforce-mem -foptimize-sib‐
	   ling-calls -fstrength-reduce -fcse-follow-jumps  -fcse-skip-blocks
	   -frerun-cse-after-loop  -frerun-loop-opt -fgcse  -fgcse-lm
	   -fgcse-sm  -fgcse-las -fdelete-null-pointer-checks -fexpen‐
	   sive-optimizations -fregmove -fschedule-insns  -fschedule-insns2
	   -fsched-interblock  -fsched-spec -fcaller-saves -fpeephole2 -fre‐
	   order-blocks	 -freorder-functions -fstrict-aliasing
	   -funit-at-a-time -falign-functions  -falign-jumps -falign-loops
	   -falign-labels -fcrossjumping

	   Please note the warning under -fgcse about invoking -O2 on programs
	   that use computed gotos.

       -O3 Optimize yet more.  -O3 turns on all optimizations specified by -O2
	   and also turns on the -finline-functions, -fweb and -frename-regis‐
	   ters options.

       -O0 Do not optimize.  This is the default.

       -Os Optimize for size.  -Os enables all -O2 optimizations that do not
	   typically increase code size.  It also performs further optimiza‐
	   tions designed to reduce code size.

	   -Os disables the following optimization flags: -falign-functions
	   -falign-jumps  -falign-loops -falign-labels	-freorder-blocks
	   -fprefetch-loop-arrays

	   If you use multiple -O options, with or without level numbers, the
	   last such option is the one that is effective.

       Options of the form -fflag specify machine-independent flags.  Most
       flags have both positive and negative forms; the negative form of -ffoo
       would be -fno-foo.  In the table below, only one of the forms is
       listed---the one you typically will use.	 You can figure out the other
       form by either removing no- or adding it.

       The following options control specific optimizations.  They are either
       activated by -O options or are related to ones that are.	 You can use
       the following flags in the rare cases when ``fine-tuning'' of optimiza‐
       tions to be performed is desired.

       -fno-default-inline
	   Do not make member functions inline by default merely because they
	   are defined inside the class scope (C++ only).  Otherwise, when you
	   specify -O, member functions defined inside class scope are com‐
	   piled inline by default; i.e., you don't need to add inline in
	   front of the member function name.

       -fno-defer-pop
	   Always pop the arguments to each function call as soon as that
	   function returns.  For machines which must pop arguments after a
	   function call, the compiler normally lets arguments accumulate on
	   the stack for several function calls and pops them all at once.

	   Disabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fforce-mem
	   Force memory operands to be copied into registers before doing
	   arithmetic on them.	This produces better code by making all memory
	   references potential common subexpressions.	When they are not com‐
	   mon subexpressions, instruction combination should eliminate the
	   separate register-load.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fforce-addr
	   Force memory address constants to be copied into registers before
	   doing arithmetic on them.  This may produce better code just as
	   -fforce-mem may.

       -fomit-frame-pointer
	   Don't keep the frame pointer in a register for functions that don't
	   need one.  This avoids the instructions to save, set up and restore
	   frame pointers; it also makes an extra register available in many
	   functions.  It also makes debugging impossible on some machines.

	   On some machines, such as the VAX, this flag has no effect, because
	   the standard calling sequence automatically handles the frame
	   pointer and nothing is saved by pretending it doesn't exist.	 The
	   machine-description macro "FRAME_POINTER_REQUIRED" controls whether
	   a target machine supports this flag.

	   Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -foptimize-sibling-calls
	   Optimize sibling and tail recursive calls.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fno-inline
	   Don't pay attention to the "inline" keyword.	 Normally this option
	   is used to keep the compiler from expanding any functions inline.
	   Note that if you are not optimizing, no functions can be expanded
	   inline.

       -finline-functions
	   Integrate all simple functions into their callers.  The compiler
	   heuristically decides which functions are simple enough to be worth
	   integrating in this way.

	   If all calls to a given function are integrated, and the function
	   is declared "static", then the function is normally not output as
	   assembler code in its own right.

	   Enabled at level -O3.

       -finline-limit=n
	   By default, GCC limits the size of functions that can be inlined.
	   This flag allows the control of this limit for functions that are
	   explicitly marked as inline (i.e., marked with the inline keyword
	   or defined within the class definition in c++).  n is the size of
	   functions that can be inlined in number of pseudo instructions (not
	   counting parameter handling).  The default value of n is 600.
	   Increasing this value can result in more inlined code at the cost
	   of compilation time and memory consumption.	Decreasing usually
	   makes the compilation faster and less code will be inlined (which
	   presumably means slower programs).  This option is particularly
	   useful for programs that use inlining heavily such as those based
	   on recursive templates with C++.

	   Inlining is actually controlled by a number of parameters, which
	   may be specified individually by using --param name=value.  The
	   -finline-limit=n option sets some of these parameters as follows:

	    @item max-inline-insns-single
	     is set to I<n>/2.
	    @item max-inline-insns-auto
	     is set to I<n>/2.
	    @item min-inline-insns
	     is set to 130 or I<n>/4, whichever is smaller.
	    @item max-inline-insns-rtl
	     is set to I<n>.

	   See below for a documentation of the individual parameters control‐
	   ling inlining.

	   Note: pseudo instruction represents, in this particular context, an
	   abstract measurement of function's size.  In no way, it represents
	   a count of assembly instructions and as such its exact meaning
	   might change from one release to an another.

       -fkeep-inline-functions
	   Even if all calls to a given function are integrated, and the func‐
	   tion is declared "static", nevertheless output a separate run-time
	   callable version of the function.  This switch does not affect
	   "extern inline" functions.

       -fkeep-static-consts
	   Emit variables declared "static const" when optimization isn't
	   turned on, even if the variables aren't referenced.

	   GCC enables this option by default.	If you want to force the com‐
	   piler to check if the variable was referenced, regardless of
	   whether or not optimization is turned on, use the
	   -fno-keep-static-consts option.

       -fmerge-constants
	   Attempt to merge identical constants (string constants and floating
	   point constants) across compilation units.

	   This option is the default for optimized compilation if the assem‐
	   bler and linker support it.	Use -fno-merge-constants to inhibit
	   this behavior.

	   Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fmerge-all-constants
	   Attempt to merge identical constants and identical variables.

	   This option implies -fmerge-constants.  In addition to -fmerge-con‐
	   stants this considers e.g. even constant initialized arrays or ini‐
	   tialized constant variables with integral or floating point types.
	   Languages like C or C++ require each non-automatic variable to have
	   distinct location, so using this option will result in non-conform‐
	   ing behavior.

       -fnew-ra
	   Use a graph coloring register allocator.  Currently this option is
	   meant only for testing.  Users should not specify this option,
	   since it is not yet ready for production use.

       -fno-branch-count-reg
	   Do not use ``decrement and branch'' instructions on a count regis‐
	   ter, but instead generate a sequence of instructions that decrement
	   a register, compare it against zero, then branch based upon the
	   result.  This option is only meaningful on architectures that sup‐
	   port such instructions, which include x86, PowerPC, IA-64 and
	   S/390.

	   The default is -fbranch-count-reg, enabled when -fstrength-reduce
	   is enabled.

       -fno-function-cse
	   Do not put function addresses in registers; make each instruction
	   that calls a constant function contain the function's address
	   explicitly.

	   This option results in less efficient code, but some strange hacks
	   that alter the assembler output may be confused by the optimiza‐
	   tions performed when this option is not used.

	   The default is -ffunction-cse

       -fno-zero-initialized-in-bss
	   If the target supports a BSS section, GCC by default puts variables
	   that are initialized to zero into BSS.  This can save space in the
	   resulting code.

	   This option turns off this behavior because some programs explic‐
	   itly rely on variables going to the data section.  E.g., so that
	   the resulting executable can find the beginning of that section
	   and/or make assumptions based on that.

	   The default is -fzero-initialized-in-bss.

       -fstrength-reduce
	   Perform the optimizations of loop strength reduction and elimina‐
	   tion of iteration variables.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fthread-jumps
	   Perform optimizations where we check to see if a jump branches to a
	   location where another comparison subsumed by the first is found.
	   If so, the first branch is redirected to either the destination of
	   the second branch or a point immediately following it, depending on
	   whether the condition is known to be true or false.

	   Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fcse-follow-jumps
	   In common subexpression elimination, scan through jump instructions
	   when the target of the jump is not reached by any other path.  For
	   example, when CSE encounters an "if" statement with an "else"
	   clause, CSE will follow the jump when the condition tested is
	   false.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fcse-skip-blocks
	   This is similar to -fcse-follow-jumps, but causes CSE to follow
	   jumps which conditionally skip over blocks.	When CSE encounters a
	   simple "if" statement with no else clause, -fcse-skip-blocks causes
	   CSE to follow the jump around the body of the "if".

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -frerun-cse-after-loop
	   Re-run common subexpression elimination after loop optimizations
	   has been performed.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -frerun-loop-opt
	   Run the loop optimizer twice.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fgcse
	   Perform a global common subexpression elimination pass.  This pass
	   also performs global constant and copy propagation.

	   Note: When compiling a program using computed gotos, a GCC exten‐
	   sion, you may get better runtime performance if you disable the
	   global common subexpression elimination pass by adding -fno-gcse to
	   the command line.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fgcse-lm
	   When -fgcse-lm is enabled, global common subexpression elimination
	   will attempt to move loads which are only killed by stores into
	   themselves.	This allows a loop containing a load/store sequence to
	   be changed to a load outside the loop, and a copy/store within the
	   loop.

	   Enabled by default when gcse is enabled.

       -fgcse-sm
	   When -fgcse-sm is enabled, a store motion pass is run after global
	   common subexpression elimination.  This pass will attempt to move
	   stores out of loops.	 When used in conjunction with -fgcse-lm,
	   loops containing a load/store sequence can be changed to a load
	   before the loop and a store after the loop.

	   Enabled by default when gcse is enabled.

       -fgcse-las
	   When -fgcse-las is enabled, the global common subexpression elimi‐
	   nation pass eliminates redundant loads that come after stores to
	   the same memory location (both partial and full redundancies).

	   Enabled by default when gcse is enabled.

       -floop-optimize
	   Perform loop optimizations: move constant expressions out of loops,
	   simplify exit test conditions and optionally do strength-reduction
	   and loop unrolling as well.

	   Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fcrossjumping
	   Perform cross-jumping transformation. This transformation unifies
	   equivalent code and save code size. The resulting code may or may
	   not perform better than without cross-jumping.

	   Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fif-conversion
	   Attempt to transform conditional jumps into branch-less equiva‐
	   lents.  This include use of conditional moves, min, max, set flags
	   and abs instructions, and some tricks doable by standard arith‐
	   metics.  The use of conditional execution on chips where it is
	   available is controlled by "if-conversion2".

	   Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fif-conversion2
	   Use conditional execution (where available) to transform condi‐
	   tional jumps into branch-less equivalents.

	   Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fdelete-null-pointer-checks
	   Use global dataflow analysis to identify and eliminate useless
	   checks for null pointers.  The compiler assumes that dereferencing
	   a null pointer would have halted the program.  If a pointer is
	   checked after it has already been dereferenced, it cannot be null.

	   In some environments, this assumption is not true, and programs can
	   safely dereference null pointers.  Use
	   -fno-delete-null-pointer-checks to disable this optimization for
	   programs which depend on that behavior.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fexpensive-optimizations
	   Perform a number of minor optimizations that are relatively expen‐
	   sive.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -foptimize-register-move
       -fregmove
	   Attempt to reassign register numbers in move instructions and as
	   operands of other simple instructions in order to maximize the
	   amount of register tying.  This is especially helpful on machines
	   with two-operand instructions.

	   Note -fregmove and -foptimize-register-move are the same optimiza‐
	   tion.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fdelayed-branch
	   If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder instruc‐
	   tions to exploit instruction slots available after delayed branch
	   instructions.

	   Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fschedule-insns
	   If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder instruc‐
	   tions to eliminate execution stalls due to required data being
	   unavailable.	 This helps machines that have slow floating point or
	   memory load instructions by allowing other instructions to be
	   issued until the result of the load or floating point instruction
	   is required.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fschedule-insns2
	   Similar to -fschedule-insns, but requests an additional pass of
	   instruction scheduling after register allocation has been done.
	   This is especially useful on machines with a relatively small num‐
	   ber of registers and where memory load instructions take more than
	   one cycle.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fno-sched-interblock
	   Don't schedule instructions across basic blocks.  This is normally
	   enabled by default when scheduling before register allocation, i.e.
	   with -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.

       -fno-sched-spec
	   Don't allow speculative motion of non-load instructions.  This is
	   normally enabled by default when scheduling before register alloca‐
	   tion, i.e.  with -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.

       -fsched-spec-load
	   Allow speculative motion of some load instructions.	This only
	   makes sense when scheduling before register allocation, i.e. with
	   -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.

       -fsched-spec-load-dangerous
	   Allow speculative motion of more load instructions.	This only
	   makes sense when scheduling before register allocation, i.e. with
	   -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.

       -fsched-stalled-insns=n
	   Define how many insns (if any) can be moved prematurely from the
	   queue of stalled insns into the ready list, during the second
	   scheduling pass.

       -fsched-stalled-insns-dep=n
	   Define how many insn groups (cycles) will be examined for a depen‐
	   dency on a stalled insn that is candidate for premature removal
	   from the queue of stalled insns.  Has an effect only during the
	   second scheduling pass, and only if -fsched-stalled-insns is used
	   and its value is not zero.

       -fsched2-use-superblocks
	   When scheduling after register allocation, do use superblock sched‐
	   uling algorithm.  Superblock scheduling allows motion across basic
	   block boundaries resulting on faster schedules.  This option is
	   experimental, as not all machine descriptions used by GCC model the
	   CPU closely enough to avoid unreliable results from the algorithm.

	   This only makes sense when scheduling after register allocation,
	   i.e. with -fschedule-insns2 or at -O2 or higher.

       -fsched2-use-traces
	   Use -fsched2-use-superblocks algorithm when scheduling after regis‐
	   ter allocation and additionally perform code duplication in order
	   to increase the size of superblocks using tracer pass.  See
	   -ftracer for details on trace formation.

	   This mode should produce faster but significantly longer programs.
	   Also without "-fbranch-probabilities" the traces constructed may
	   not match the reality and hurt the performance.  This only makes
	   sense when scheduling after register allocation, i.e. with -fsched‐
	   ule-insns2 or at -O2 or higher.

       -fcaller-saves
	   Enable values to be allocated in registers that will be clobbered
	   by function calls, by emitting extra instructions to save and
	   restore the registers around such calls.  Such allocation is done
	   only when it seems to result in better code than would otherwise be
	   produced.

	   This option is always enabled by default on certain machines, usu‐
	   ally those which have no call-preserved registers to use instead.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fmove-all-movables
	   Forces all invariant computations in loops to be moved outside the
	   loop.

       -freduce-all-givs
	   Forces all general-induction variables in loops to be
	   strength-reduced.

	   Note: When compiling programs written in Fortran, -fmove-all-mov‐
	   ables and -freduce-all-givs are enabled by default when you use the
	   optimizer.

	   These options may generate better or worse code; results are highly
	   dependent on the structure of loops within the source code.

	   These two options are intended to be removed someday, once they
	   have helped determine the efficacy of various approaches to improv‐
	   ing loop optimizations.

	   Please contact <gcc@gcc.gnu.org>, and describe how use of these
	   options affects the performance of your production code.  Examples
	   of code that runs slower when these options are enabled are very
	   valuable.

       -fno-peephole
       -fno-peephole2
	   Disable any machine-specific peephole optimizations.	 The differ‐
	   ence between -fno-peephole and -fno-peephole2 is in how they are
	   implemented in the compiler; some targets use one, some use the
	   other, a few use both.

	   -fpeephole is enabled by default.  -fpeephole2 enabled at levels
	   -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fno-guess-branch-probability
	   Do not guess branch probabilities using a randomized model.

	   Sometimes GCC will opt to use a randomized model to guess branch
	   probabilities, when none are available from either profiling feed‐
	   back (-fprofile-arcs) or __builtin_expect.  This means that differ‐
	   ent runs of the compiler on the same program may produce different
	   object code.

	   In a hard real-time system, people don't want different runs of the
	   compiler to produce code that has different behavior; minimizing
	   non-determinism is of paramount import.  This switch allows users
	   to reduce non-determinism, possibly at the expense of inferior
	   optimization.

	   The default is -fguess-branch-probability at levels -O, -O2, -O3,
	   -Os.

       -freorder-blocks
	   Reorder basic blocks in the compiled function in order to reduce
	   number of taken branches and improve code locality.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.

       -freorder-functions
	   Reorder basic blocks in the compiled function in order to reduce
	   number of taken branches and improve code locality. This is imple‐
	   mented by using special subsections ".text.hot" for most frequently
	   executed functions and ".text.unlikely" for unlikely executed func‐
	   tions.  Reordering is done by the linker so object file format must
	   support named sections and linker must place them in a reasonable
	   way.

	   Also profile feedback must be available in to make this option
	   effective.  See -fprofile-arcs for details.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fstrict-aliasing
	   Allows the compiler to assume the strictest aliasing rules applica‐
	   ble to the language being compiled.	For C (and C++), this acti‐
	   vates optimizations based on the type of expressions.  In particu‐
	   lar, an object of one type is assumed never to reside at the same
	   address as an object of a different type, unless the types are
	   almost the same.  For example, an "unsigned int" can alias an
	   "int", but not a "void*" or a "double".  A character type may alias
	   any other type.

	   Pay special attention to code like this:

		   union a_union {
		     int i;
		     double d;
		   };

		   int f() {
		     a_union t;
		     t.d = 3.0;
		     return t.i;
		   }

	   The practice of reading from a different union member than the one
	   most recently written to (called ``type-punning'') is common.  Even
	   with -fstrict-aliasing, type-punning is allowed, provided the mem‐
	   ory is accessed through the union type.  So, the code above will
	   work as expected.  However, this code might not:

		   int f() {
		     a_union t;
		     int* ip;
		     t.d = 3.0;
		     ip = &t.i;
		     return *ip;
		   }

	   Every language that wishes to perform language-specific alias anal‐
	   ysis should define a function that computes, given an "tree" node,
	   an alias set for the node.  Nodes in different alias sets are not
	   allowed to alias.  For an example, see the C front-end function
	   "c_get_alias_set".

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -falign-functions
       -falign-functions=n
	   Align the start of functions to the next power-of-two greater than
	   n, skipping up to n bytes.  For instance, -falign-functions=32
	   aligns functions to the next 32-byte boundary, but -falign-func‐
	   tions=24 would align to the next 32-byte boundary only if this can
	   be done by skipping 23 bytes or less.

	   -fno-align-functions and -falign-functions=1 are equivalent and
	   mean that functions will not be aligned.

	   Some assemblers only support this flag when n is a power of two; in
	   that case, it is rounded up.

	   If n is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.

       -falign-labels
       -falign-labels=n
	   Align all branch targets to a power-of-two boundary, skipping up to
	   n bytes like -falign-functions.  This option can easily make code
	   slower, because it must insert dummy operations for when the branch
	   target is reached in the usual flow of the code.

	   -fno-align-labels and -falign-labels=1 are equivalent and mean that
	   labels will not be aligned.

	   If -falign-loops or -falign-jumps are applicable and are greater
	   than this value, then their values are used instead.

	   If n is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default
	   which is very likely to be 1, meaning no alignment.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.

       -falign-loops
       -falign-loops=n
	   Align loops to a power-of-two boundary, skipping up to n bytes like
	   -falign-functions.  The hope is that the loop will be executed many
	   times, which will make up for any execution of the dummy opera‐
	   tions.

	   -fno-align-loops and -falign-loops=1 are equivalent and mean that
	   loops will not be aligned.

	   If n is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.

       -falign-jumps
       -falign-jumps=n
	   Align branch targets to a power-of-two boundary, for branch targets
	   where the targets can only be reached by jumping, skipping up to n
	   bytes like -falign-functions.  In this case, no dummy operations
	   need be executed.

	   -fno-align-jumps and -falign-jumps=1 are equivalent and mean that
	   loops will not be aligned.

	   If n is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default.

	   Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.

       -frename-registers
	   Attempt to avoid false dependencies in scheduled code by making use
	   of registers left over after register allocation.  This optimiza‐
	   tion will most benefit processors with lots of registers.  It can,
	   however, make debugging impossible, since variables will no longer
	   stay in a ``home register''.

       -fweb
	   Constructs webs as commonly used for register allocation purposes
	   and assign each web individual pseudo register.  This allows the
	   register allocation pass to operate on pseudos directly, but also
	   strengthens several other optimization passes, such as CSE, loop
	   optimizer and trivial dead code remover.  It can, however, make
	   debugging impossible, since variables will no longer stay in a
	   ``home register''.

	   Enabled at levels -O3.

       -fno-cprop-registers
	   After register allocation and post-register allocation instruction
	   splitting, we perform a copy-propagation pass to try to reduce
	   scheduling dependencies and occasionally eliminate the copy.

	   Disabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

       -fprofile-generate
	   Enable options usually used for instrumenting application to pro‐
	   duce profile useful for later recompilation with profile feedback
	   based optimization.	You must use "-fprofile-generate" both when
	   compiling and when linking your program.

	   The following options are enabled: "-fprofile-arcs", "-fpro‐
	   file-values", "-fvpt".

       -fprofile-use
	   Enable profile feedback directed optimizations, and optimizations
	   generally profitable only with profile feedback available.

	   The following options are enabled: "-fbranch-probabilities",
	   "-fvpt", "-funroll-loops", "-fpeel-loops", "-ftracer".

       The following options control compiler behavior regarding floating
       point arithmetic.  These options trade off between speed and correct‐
       ness.  All must be specifically enabled.

       -ffloat-store
	   Do not store floating point variables in registers, and inhibit
	   other options that might change whether a floating point value is
	   taken from a register or memory.

	   This option prevents undesirable excess precision on machines such
	   as the 68000 where the floating registers (of the 68881) keep more
	   precision than a "double" is supposed to have.  Similarly for the
	   x86 architecture.  For most programs, the excess precision does
	   only good, but a few programs rely on the precise definition of
	   IEEE floating point.	 Use -ffloat-store for such programs, after
	   modifying them to store all pertinent intermediate computations
	   into variables.

       -ffast-math
	   Sets -fno-math-errno, -funsafe-math-optimizations, -fno-trap‐
	   ping-math, -ffinite-math-only, -fno-rounding-math and -fno-signal‐
	   ing-nans.

	   This option causes the preprocessor macro "__FAST_MATH__" to be
	   defined.

	   This option should never be turned on by any -O option since it can
	   result in incorrect output for programs which depend on an exact
	   implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math func‐
	   tions.

       -fno-math-errno
	   Do not set ERRNO after calling math functions that are executed
	   with a single instruction, e.g., sqrt.  A program that relies on
	   IEEE exceptions for math error handling may want to use this flag
	   for speed while maintaining IEEE arithmetic compatibility.

	   This option should never be turned on by any -O option since it can
	   result in incorrect output for programs which depend on an exact
	   implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math func‐
	   tions.

	   The default is -fmath-errno.

       -funsafe-math-optimizations
	   Allow optimizations for floating-point arithmetic that (a) assume
	   that arguments and results are valid and (b) may violate IEEE or
	   ANSI standards.  When used at link-time, it may include libraries
	   or startup files that change the default FPU control word or other
	   similar optimizations.

	   This option should never be turned on by any -O option since it can
	   result in incorrect output for programs which depend on an exact
	   implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math func‐
	   tions.

	   The default is -fno-unsafe-math-optimizations.

       -ffinite-math-only
	   Allow optimizations for floating-point arithmetic that assume that
	   arguments and results are not NaNs or +-Infs.

	   This option should never be turned on by any -O option since it can
	   result in incorrect output for programs which depend on an exact
	   implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications.

	   The default is -fno-finite-math-only.

       -fno-trapping-math
	   Compile code assuming that floating-point operations cannot gener‐
	   ate user-visible traps.  These traps include division by zero,
	   overflow, underflow, inexact result and invalid operation.  This
	   option implies -fno-signaling-nans.	Setting this option may allow
	   faster code if one relies on ``non-stop'' IEEE arithmetic, for
	   example.

	   This option should never be turned on by any -O option since it can
	   result in incorrect output for programs which depend on an exact
	   implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math func‐
	   tions.

	   The default is -ftrapping-math.

       -frounding-math
	   Disable transformations and optimizations that assume default
	   floating point rounding behavior.  This is round-to-zero for all
	   floating point to integer conversions, and round-to-nearest for all
	   other arithmetic truncations.  This option should be specified for
	   programs that change the FP rounding mode dynamically, or that may
	   be executed with a non-default rounding mode.  This option disables
	   constant folding of floating point expressions at compile-time
	   (which may be affected by rounding mode) and arithmetic transforma‐
	   tions that are unsafe in the presence of sign-dependent rounding
	   modes.

	   The default is -fno-rounding-math.

	   This option is experimental and does not currently guarantee to
	   disable all GCC optimizations that are affected by rounding mode.
	   Future versions of GCC may provide finer control of this setting
	   using C99's "FENV_ACCESS" pragma.  This command line option will be
	   used to specify the default state for "FENV_ACCESS".

       -fsignaling-nans
	   Compile code assuming that IEEE signaling NaNs may generate user-
	   visible traps during floating-point operations.  Setting this
	   option disables optimizations that may change the number of excep‐
	   tions visible with signaling NaNs.  This option implies -ftrap‐
	   ping-math.

	   This option causes the preprocessor macro "__SUPPORT_SNAN__" to be
	   defined.

	   The default is -fno-signaling-nans.

	   This option is experimental and does not currently guarantee to
	   disable all GCC optimizations that affect signaling NaN behavior.

       -fsingle-precision-constant
	   Treat floating point constant as single precision constant instead
	   of implicitly converting it to double precision constant.

       The following options control optimizations that may improve perfor‐
       mance, but are not enabled by any -O options.  This section includes
       experimental options that may produce broken code.

       -fbranch-probabilities
	   After running a program compiled with -fprofile-arcs, you can com‐
	   pile it a second time using -fbranch-probabilities, to improve
	   optimizations based on the number of times each branch was taken.
	   When the program compiled with -fprofile-arcs exits it saves arc
	   execution counts to a file called sourcename.gcda for each source
	   file	 The information in this data file is very dependent on the
	   structure of the generated code, so you must use the same source
	   code and the same optimization options for both compilations.

	   With -fbranch-probabilities, GCC puts a REG_BR_PROB note on each
	   JUMP_INSN and CALL_INSN.  These can be used to improve optimiza‐
	   tion.  Currently, they are only used in one place: in reorg.c,
	   instead of guessing which path a branch is mostly to take, the
	   REG_BR_PROB values are used to exactly determine which path is
	   taken more often.

       -fprofile-values
	   If combined with -fprofile-arcs, it adds code so that some data
	   about values of expressions in the program is gathered.

	   With -fbranch-probabilities, it reads back the data gathered from
	   profiling values of expressions and adds REG_VALUE_PROFILE notes to
	   instructions for their later usage in optimizations.

       -fvpt
	   If combined with -fprofile-arcs, it instructs the compiler to add a
	   code to gather information about values of expressions.

	   With -fbranch-probabilities, it reads back the data gathered and
	   actually performs the optimizations based on them.  Currently the
	   optimizations include specialization of division operation using
	   the knowledge about the value of the denominator.

       -fnew-ra
	   Use a graph coloring register allocator.  Currently this option is
	   meant for testing, so we are interested to hear about miscompila‐
	   tions with -fnew-ra.

       -ftracer
	   Perform tail duplication to enlarge superblock size. This transfor‐
	   mation simplifies the control flow of the function allowing other
	   optimizations to do better job.

       -funit-at-a-time
	   Parse the whole compilation unit before starting to produce code.
	   This allows some extra optimizations to take place but consumes
	   more memory.

       -funroll-loops
	   Unroll loops whose number of iterations can be determined at com‐
	   pile time or upon entry to the loop.	 -funroll-loops implies -fre‐
	   run-cse-after-loop.	It also turns on complete loop peeling (i.e.
	   complete removal of loops with small constant number of itera‐
	   tions).  This option makes code larger, and may or may not make it
	   run faster.

       -funroll-all-loops
	   Unroll all loops, even if their number of iterations is uncertain
	   when the loop is entered.  This usually makes programs run more
	   slowly.  -funroll-all-loops implies the same options as -fun‐
	   roll-loops.

       -fpeel-loops
	   Peels the loops for that there is enough information that they do
	   not roll much (from profile feedback).  It also turns on complete
	   loop peeling (i.e. complete removal of loops with small constant
	   number of iterations).

       -funswitch-loops
	   Move branches with loop invariant conditions out of the loop, with
	   duplicates of the loop on both branches (modified according to
	   result of the condition).

       -fold-unroll-loops
	   Unroll loops whose number of iterations can be determined at com‐
	   pile time or upon entry to the loop, using the old loop unroller
	   whose loop recognition is based on notes from frontend.
	   -fold-unroll-loops implies both -fstrength-reduce and -fre‐
	   run-cse-after-loop.	This option makes code larger, and may or may
	   not make it run faster.

       -fold-unroll-all-loops
	   Unroll all loops, even if their number of iterations is uncertain
	   when the loop is entered. This is done using the old loop unroller
	   whose loop recognition is based on notes from frontend.  This usu‐
	   ally makes programs run more slowly.	 -fold-unroll-all-loops
	   implies the same options as -fold-unroll-loops.

       -funswitch-loops
	   Move branches with loop invariant conditions out of the loop, with
	   duplicates of the loop on both branches (modified according to
	   result of the condition).

       -funswitch-loops
	   Move branches with loop invariant conditions out of the loop, with
	   duplicates of the loop on both branches (modified according to
	   result of the condition).

       -fprefetch-loop-arrays
	   If supported by the target machine, generate instructions to
	   prefetch memory to improve the performance of loops that access
	   large arrays.

	   Disabled at level -Os.

       -ffunction-sections
       -fdata-sections
	   Place each function or data item into its own section in the output
	   file if the target supports arbitrary sections.  The name of the
	   function or the name of the data item determines the section's name
	   in the output file.

	   Use these options on systems where the linker can perform optimiza‐
	   tions to improve locality of reference in the instruction space.
	   Most systems using the ELF object format and SPARC processors run‐
	   ning Solaris 2 have linkers with such optimizations.	 AIX may have
	   these optimizations in the future.

	   Only use these options when there are significant benefits from
	   doing so.  When you specify these options, the assembler and linker
	   will create larger object and executable files and will also be
	   slower.  You will not be able to use "gprof" on all systems if you
	   specify this option and you may have problems with debugging if you
	   specify both this option and -g.

       -fbranch-target-load-optimize
	   Perform branch target register load optimization before prologue /
	   epilogue threading.	The use of target registers can typically be
	   exposed only during reload, thus hoisting loads out of loops and
	   doing inter-block scheduling needs a separate optimization pass.

       -fbranch-target-load-optimize2
	   Perform branch target register load optimization after prologue /
	   epilogue threading.

       --param name=value
	   In some places, GCC uses various constants to control the amount of
	   optimization that is done.  For example, GCC will not inline func‐
	   tions that contain more that a certain number of instructions.  You
	   can control some of these constants on the command-line using the
	   --param option.

	   The names of specific parameters, and the meaning of the values,
	   are tied to the internals of the compiler, and are subject to
	   change without notice in future releases.

	   In each case, the value is an integer.  The allowable choices for
	   name are given in the following table:

	   max-crossjump-edges
	       The maximum number of incoming edges to consider for crossjump‐
	       ing.  The algorithm used by -fcrossjumping is O(N^2) in the
	       number of edges incoming to each block.	Increasing values mean
	       more aggressive optimization, making the compile time increase
	       with probably small improvement in executable size.

	   max-delay-slot-insn-search
	       The maximum number of instructions to consider when looking for
	       an instruction to fill a delay slot.  If more than this arbi‐
	       trary number of instructions is searched, the time savings from
	       filling the delay slot will be minimal so stop searching.
	       Increasing values mean more aggressive optimization, making the
	       compile time increase with probably small improvement in exe‐
	       cutable run time.

	   max-delay-slot-live-search
	       When trying to fill delay slots, the maximum number of instruc‐
	       tions to consider when searching for a block with valid live
	       register information.  Increasing this arbitrarily chosen value
	       means more aggressive optimization, increasing the compile
	       time.  This parameter should be removed when the delay slot
	       code is rewritten to maintain the control-flow graph.

	   max-gcse-memory
	       The approximate maximum amount of memory that will be allocated
	       in order to perform the global common subexpression elimination
	       optimization.  If more memory than specified is required, the
	       optimization will not be done.

	   max-gcse-passes
	       The maximum number of passes of GCSE to run.

	   max-pending-list-length
	       The maximum number of pending dependencies scheduling will
	       allow before flushing the current state and starting over.
	       Large functions with few branches or calls can create exces‐
	       sively large lists which needlessly consume memory and
	       resources.

	   max-inline-insns-single
	       Several parameters control the tree inliner used in gcc.	 This
	       number sets the maximum number of instructions (counted in
	       GCC's internal representation) in a single function that the
	       tree inliner will consider for inlining.	 This only affects
	       functions declared inline and methods implemented in a class
	       declaration (C++).  The default value is 500.

	   max-inline-insns-auto
	       When you use -finline-functions (included in -O3), a lot of
	       functions that would otherwise not be considered for inlining
	       by the compiler will be investigated.  To those functions, a
	       different (more restrictive) limit compared to functions
	       declared inline can be applied.	The default value is 100.

	   large-function-insns
	       The limit specifying really large functions.  For functions
	       greater than this limit inlining is constrained by --param
	       large-function-growth.  This parameter is useful primarily to
	       avoid extreme compilation time caused by non-linear algorithms
	       used by the backend.  This parameter is ignored when
	       -funit-at-a-time is not used.  The default value is 3000.

	   large-function-growth
	       Specifies maximal growth of large function caused by inlining
	       in percents.  This parameter is ignored when -funit-at-a-time
	       is not used.  The default value is 200.

	   inline-unit-growth
	       Specifies maximal overall growth of the compilation unit caused
	       by inlining.  This parameter is ignored when -funit-at-a-time
	       is not used.  The default value is 150.

	   max-inline-insns-rtl
	       For languages that use the RTL inliner (this happens at a later
	       stage than tree inlining), you can set the maximum allowable
	       size (counted in RTL instructions) for the RTL inliner with
	       this parameter.	The default value is 600.

	   max-unrolled-insns
	       The maximum number of instructions that a loop should have if
	       that loop is unrolled, and if the loop is unrolled, it deter‐
	       mines how many times the loop code is unrolled.

	   max-average-unrolled-insns
	       The maximum number of instructions biased by probabilities of
	       their execution that a loop should have if that loop is
	       unrolled, and if the loop is unrolled, it determines how many
	       times the loop code is unrolled.

	   max-unroll-times
	       The maximum number of unrollings of a single loop.

	   max-peeled-insns
	       The maximum number of instructions that a loop should have if
	       that loop is peeled, and if the loop is peeled, it determines
	       how many times the loop code is peeled.

	   max-peel-times
	       The maximum number of peelings of a single loop.

	   max-completely-peeled-insns
	       The maximum number of insns of a completely peeled loop.

	   max-completely-peel-times
	       The maximum number of iterations of a loop to be suitable for
	       complete peeling.

	   max-unswitch-insns
	       The maximum number of insns of an unswitched loop.

	   max-unswitch-level
	       The maximum number of branches unswitched in a single loop.

	   hot-bb-count-fraction
	       Select fraction of the maximal count of repetitions of basic
	       block in program given basic block needs to have to be consid‐
	       ered hot.

	   hot-bb-frequency-fraction
	       Select fraction of the maximal frequency of executions of basic
	       block in function given basic block needs to have to be consid‐
	       ered hot

	   tracer-dynamic-coverage
	   tracer-dynamic-coverage-feedback
	       This value is used to limit superblock formation once the given
	       percentage of executed instructions is covered.	This limits
	       unnecessary code size expansion.

	       The tracer-dynamic-coverage-feedback is used only when profile
	       feedback is available.  The real profiles (as opposed to stati‐
	       cally estimated ones) are much less balanced allowing the
	       threshold to be larger value.

	   tracer-max-code-growth
	       Stop tail duplication once code growth has reached given per‐
	       centage.	 This is rather hokey argument, as most of the dupli‐
	       cates will be eliminated later in cross jumping, so it may be
	       set to much higher values than is the desired code growth.

	   tracer-min-branch-ratio
	       Stop reverse growth when the reverse probability of best edge
	       is less than this threshold (in percent).

	   tracer-min-branch-ratio
	   tracer-min-branch-ratio-feedback
	       Stop forward growth if the best edge do have probability lower
	       than this threshold.

	       Similarly to tracer-dynamic-coverage two values are present,
	       one for compilation for profile feedback and one for compila‐
	       tion without.  The value for compilation with profile feedback
	       needs to be more conservative (higher) in order to make tracer
	       effective.

	   max-cse-path-length
	       Maximum number of basic blocks on path that cse considers.

	   ggc-min-expand
	       GCC uses a garbage collector to manage its own memory alloca‐
	       tion.  This parameter specifies the minimum percentage by which
	       the garbage collector's heap should be allowed to expand
	       between collections.  Tuning this may improve compilation
	       speed; it has no effect on code generation.

	       The default is 30% + 70% * (RAM/1GB) with an upper bound of
	       100% when RAM >= 1GB.  If "getrlimit" is available, the notion
	       of "RAM" is the smallest of actual RAM, RLIMIT_RSS, RLIMIT_DATA
	       and RLIMIT_AS.  If GCC is not able to calculate RAM on a par‐
	       ticular platform, the lower bound of 30% is used.  Setting this
	       parameter and ggc-min-heapsize to zero causes a full collection
	       to occur at every opportunity.  This is extremely slow, but can
	       be useful for debugging.

	   ggc-min-heapsize
	       Minimum size of the garbage collector's heap before it begins
	       bothering to collect garbage.  The first collection occurs
	       after the heap expands by ggc-min-expand% beyond ggc-min-heap‐
	       size.  Again, tuning this may improve compilation speed, and
	       has no effect on code generation.

	       The default is RAM/8, with a lower bound of 4096 (four
	       megabytes) and an upper bound of 131072 (128 megabytes).	 If
	       "getrlimit" is available, the notion of "RAM" is the smallest
	       of actual RAM, RLIMIT_RSS, RLIMIT_DATA and RLIMIT_AS.  If GCC
	       is not able to calculate RAM on a particular platform, the
	       lower bound is used.  Setting this parameter very large effec‐
	       tively disables garbage collection.  Setting this parameter and
	       ggc-min-expand to zero causes a full collection to occur at
	       every opportunity.

	   max-reload-search-insns
	       The maximum number of instruction reload should look backward
	       for equivalent register.	 Increasing values mean more aggres‐
	       sive optimization, making the compile time increase with proba‐
	       bly slightly better performance.	 The default value is 100.

	   max-cselib-memory-location
	       The maximum number of memory locations cselib should take into
	       acount.	Increasing values mean more aggressive optimization,
	       making the compile time increase with probably slightly better
	       performance.  The default value is 500.

	   reorder-blocks-duplicate
	   reorder-blocks-duplicate-feedback
	       Used by basic block reordering pass to decide whether to use
	       unconditional branch or duplicate the code on its destination.
	       Code is duplicated when its estimated size is smaller than this
	       value multiplied by the estimated size of unconditional jump in
	       the hot spots of the program.

	       The reorder-block-duplicate-feedback is used only when profile
	       feedback is available and may be set to higher values than
	       reorder-block-duplicate since information about the hot spots
	       is more accurate.

       Options Controlling the Preprocessor

       These options control the C preprocessor, which is run on each C source
       file before actual compilation.

       If you use the -E option, nothing is done except preprocessing.	Some
       of these options make sense only together with -E because they cause
       the preprocessor output to be unsuitable for actual compilation.

	   You can use -Wp,option to bypass the compiler driver and pass
	   option directly through to the preprocessor.	 If option contains
	   commas, it is split into multiple options at the commas.  However,
	   many options are modified, translated or interpreted by the com‐
	   piler driver before being passed to the preprocessor, and -Wp
	   forcibly bypasses this phase.  The preprocessor's direct interface
	   is undocumented and subject to change, so whenever possible you
	   should avoid using -Wp and let the driver handle the options
	   instead.

       -Xpreprocessor option
	   Pass option as an option to the preprocessor.  You can use this to
	   supply system-specific preprocessor options which GCC does not know
	   how to recognize.

	   If you want to pass an option that takes an argument, you must use
	   -Xpreprocessor twice, once for the option and once for the argu‐
	   ment.

       -D name
	   Predefine name as a macro, with definition 1.

       -D name=definition
	   Predefine name as a macro, with definition definition.  The con‐
	   tents of definition are tokenized and processed as if they appeared
	   during translation phase three in a #define directive.  In particu‐
	   lar, the definition will be truncated by embedded newline charac‐
	   ters.

	   If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like
	   program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect
	   characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax.

	   If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line,
	   write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the
	   equals sign (if any).  Parentheses are meaningful to most shells,
	   so you will need to quote the option.  With sh and csh,
	   -D'name(args...)=definition' works.

	   -D and -U options are processed in the order they are given on the
	   command line.  All -imacros file and -include file options are pro‐
	   cessed after all -D and -U options.

       -U name
	   Cancel any previous definition of name, either built in or provided
	   with a -D option.

       -undef
	   Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros.	 The
	   standard predefined macros remain defined.

       -I dir
	   Add the directory dir to the list of directories to be searched for
	   header files.  Directories named by -I are searched before the
	   standard system include directories.	 If the directory dir is a
	   standard system include directory, the option is ignored to ensure
	   that the default search order for system directories and the spe‐
	   cial treatment of system headers are not defeated .

       -o file
	   Write output to file.  This is the same as specifying file as the
	   second non-option argument to cpp.  gcc has a different interpreta‐
	   tion of a second non-option argument, so you must use -o to specify
	   the output file.

       -Wall
	   Turns on all optional warnings which are desirable for normal code.
	   At present this is -Wcomment, -Wtrigraphs, -Wmultichar and a warn‐
	   ing about integer promotion causing a change of sign in "#if"
	   expressions.	 Note that many of the preprocessor's warnings are on
	   by default and have no options to control them.

       -Wcomment
       -Wcomments
	   Warn whenever a comment-start sequence /* appears in a /* comment,
	   or whenever a backslash-newline appears in a // comment.  (Both
	   forms have the same effect.)

       -Wtrigraphs
	   @anchor{Wtrigraphs} Most trigraphs in comments cannot affect the
	   meaning of the program.  However, a trigraph that would form an
	   escaped newline (??/ at the end of a line) can, by changing where
	   the comment begins or ends.	Therefore, only trigraphs that would
	   form escaped newlines produce warnings inside a comment.

	   This option is implied by -Wall.  If -Wall is not given, this
	   option is still enabled unless trigraphs are enabled.  To get tri‐
	   graph conversion without warnings, but get the other -Wall warn‐
	   ings, use -trigraphs -Wall -Wno-trigraphs.

       -Wtraditional
	   Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in tradi‐
	   tional and ISO C.  Also warn about ISO C constructs that have no
	   traditional C equivalent, and problematic constructs which should
	   be avoided.

       -Wimport
	   Warn the first time #import is used.

       -Wundef
	   Warn whenever an identifier which is not a macro is encountered in
	   an #if directive, outside of defined.  Such identifiers are
	   replaced with zero.

       -Wunused-macros
	   Warn about macros defined in the main file that are unused.	A
	   macro is used if it is expanded or tested for existence at least
	   once.  The preprocessor will also warn if the macro has not been
	   used at the time it is redefined or undefined.

	   Built-in macros, macros defined on the command line, and macros
	   defined in include files are not warned about.

	   Note: If a macro is actually used, but only used in skipped condi‐
	   tional blocks, then CPP will report it as unused.  To avoid the
	   warning in such a case, you might improve the scope of the macro's
	   definition by, for example, moving it into the first skipped block.
	   Alternatively, you could provide a dummy use with something like:

		   #if defined the_macro_causing_the_warning
		   #endif

       -Wendif-labels
	   Warn whenever an #else or an #endif are followed by text.  This
	   usually happens in code of the form

		   #if FOO
		   ...
		   #else FOO
		   ...
		   #endif FOO

	   The second and third "FOO" should be in comments, but often are not
	   in older programs.  This warning is on by default.

       -Werror
	   Make all warnings into hard errors.	Source code which triggers
	   warnings will be rejected.

       -Wsystem-headers
	   Issue warnings for code in system headers.  These are normally
	   unhelpful in finding bugs in your own code, therefore suppressed.
	   If you are responsible for the system library, you may want to see
	   them.

       -w  Suppress all warnings, including those which GNU CPP issues by
	   default.

       -pedantic
	   Issue all the mandatory diagnostics listed in the C standard.  Some
	   of them are left out by default, since they trigger frequently on
	   harmless code.

       -pedantic-errors
	   Issue all the mandatory diagnostics, and make all mandatory diag‐
	   nostics into errors.	 This includes mandatory diagnostics that GCC
	   issues without -pedantic but treats as warnings.

       -M  Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a rule
	   suitable for make describing the dependencies of the main source
	   file.  The preprocessor outputs one make rule containing the object
	   file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of all the
	   included files, including those coming from -include or -imacros
	   command line options.

	   Unless specified explicitly (with -MT or -MQ), the object file name
	   consists of the basename of the source file with any suffix
	   replaced with object file suffix.  If there are many included files
	   then the rule is split into several lines using \-newline.  The
	   rule has no commands.

	   This option does not suppress the preprocessor's debug output, such
	   as -dM.  To avoid mixing such debug output with the dependency
	   rules you should explicitly specify the dependency output file with
	   -MF, or use an environment variable like DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT.
	   Debug output will still be sent to the regular output stream as
	   normal.

	   Passing -M to the driver implies -E, and suppresses warnings with
	   an implicit -w.

       -MM Like -M but do not mention header files that are found in system
	   header directories, nor header files that are included, directly or
	   indirectly, from such a header.

	   This implies that the choice of angle brackets or double quotes in
	   an #include directive does not in itself determine whether that
	   header will appear in -MM dependency output.	 This is a slight
	   change in semantics from GCC versions 3.0 and earlier.

	   @anchor{dashMF}

       -MF file
	   When used with -M or -MM, specifies a file to write the dependen‐
	   cies to.  If no -MF switch is given the preprocessor sends the
	   rules to the same place it would have sent preprocessed output.

	   When used with the driver options -MD or -MMD, -MF overrides the
	   default dependency output file.

       -MG In conjunction with an option such as -M requesting dependency gen‐
	   eration, -MG assumes missing header files are generated files and
	   adds them to the dependency list without raising an error.  The
	   dependency filename is taken directly from the "#include" directive
	   without prepending any path.	 -MG also suppresses preprocessed out‐
	   put, as a missing header file renders this useless.

	   This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles.

       -MP This option instructs CPP to add a phony target for each dependency
	   other than the main file, causing each to depend on nothing.	 These
	   dummy rules work around errors make gives if you remove header
	   files without updating the Makefile to match.

	   This is typical output:

		   test.o: test.c test.h

		   test.h:

       -MT target
	   Change the target of the rule emitted by dependency generation.  By
	   default CPP takes the name of the main input file, including any
	   path, deletes any file suffix such as .c, and appends the plat‐
	   form's usual object suffix.	The result is the target.

	   An -MT option will set the target to be exactly the string you
	   specify.  If you want multiple targets, you can specify them as a
	   single argument to -MT, or use multiple -MT options.

	   For example, -MT '$(objpfx)foo.o' might give

		   $(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c

       -MQ target
	   Same as -MT, but it quotes any characters which are special to
	   Make.  -MQ '$(objpfx)foo.o' gives

		   $$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c

	   The default target is automatically quoted, as if it were given
	   with -MQ.

       -MD -MD is equivalent to -M -MF file, except that -E is not implied.
	   The driver determines file based on whether an -o option is given.
	   If it is, the driver uses its argument but with a suffix of .d,
	   otherwise it take the basename of the input file and applies a .d
	   suffix.

	   If -MD is used in conjunction with -E, any -o switch is understood
	   to specify the dependency output file (but @pxref{dashMF,,-MF}),
	   but if used without -E, each -o is understood to specify a target
	   object file.

	   Since -E is not implied, -MD can be used to generate a dependency
	   output file as a side-effect of the compilation process.

       -MMD
	   Like -MD except mention only user header files, not system -header
	   files.

       -fpch-deps
	   When using precompiled headers, this flag will cause the depen‐
	   dency-output flags to also list the files from the precompiled
	   header's dependencies.  If not specified only the precompiled
	   header would be listed and not the files that were used to create
	   it because those files are not consulted when a precompiled header
	   is used.

       -x c
       -x c++
       -x objective-c
       -x assembler-with-cpp
	   Specify the source language: C, C++, Objective-C, or assembly.
	   This has nothing to do with standards conformance or extensions; it
	   merely selects which base syntax to expect.	If you give none of
	   these options, cpp will deduce the language from the extension of
	   the source file: .c, .cc, .m, or .S.	 Some other common extensions
	   for C++ and assembly are also recognized.  If cpp does not recog‐
	   nize the extension, it will treat the file as C; this is the most
	   generic mode.

	   Note: Previous versions of cpp accepted a -lang option which
	   selected both the language and the standards conformance level.
	   This option has been removed, because it conflicts with the -l
	   option.

       -std=standard
       -ansi
	   Specify the standard to which the code should conform.  Currently
	   CPP knows about C and C++ standards; others may be added in the
	   future.

	   standard may be one of:

	   "iso9899:1990"
	   "c89"
	       The ISO C standard from 1990.  c89 is the customary shorthand
	       for this version of the standard.

	       The -ansi option is equivalent to -std=c89.

	   "iso9899:199409"
	       The 1990 C standard, as amended in 1994.

	   "iso9899:1999"
	   "c99"
	   "iso9899:199x"
	   "c9x"
	       The revised ISO C standard, published in December 1999.	Before
	       publication, this was known as C9X.

	   "gnu89"
	       The 1990 C standard plus GNU extensions.	 This is the default.

	   "gnu99"
	   "gnu9x"
	       The 1999 C standard plus GNU extensions.

	   "c++98"
	       The 1998 ISO C++ standard plus amendments.

	   "gnu++98"
	       The same as -std=c++98 plus GNU extensions.  This is the
	       default for C++ code.

       -I- Split the include path.  Any directories specified with -I options
	   before -I- are searched only for headers requested with
	   "#include "file""; they are not searched for "#include <file>".  If
	   additional directories are specified with -I options after the -I-,
	   those directories are searched for all #include directives.

	   In addition, -I- inhibits the use of the directory of the current
	   file directory as the first search directory for "#include "file"".

       -nostdinc
	   Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
	   Only the directories you have specified with -I options (and the
	   directory of the current file, if appropriate) are searched.

       -nostdinc++
	   Do not search for header files in the C++-specific standard direc‐
	   tories, but do still search the other standard directories.	(This
	   option is used when building the C++ library.)

       -include file
	   Process file as if "#include "file"" appeared as the first line of
	   the primary source file.  However, the first directory searched for
	   file is the preprocessor's working directory instead of the direc‐
	   tory containing the main source file.  If not found there, it is
	   searched for in the remainder of the "#include "..."" search chain
	   as normal.

	   If multiple -include options are given, the files are included in
	   the order they appear on the command line.

       -imacros file
	   Exactly like -include, except that any output produced by scanning
	   file is thrown away.	 Macros it defines remain defined.  This
	   allows you to acquire all the macros from a header without also
	   processing its declarations.

	   All files specified by -imacros are processed before all files
	   specified by -include.

       -idirafter dir
	   Search dir for header files, but do it after all directories speci‐
	   fied with -I and the standard system directories have been
	   exhausted.  dir is treated as a system include directory.

       -iprefix prefix
	   Specify prefix as the prefix for subsequent -iwithprefix options.
	   If the prefix represents a directory, you should include the final
	   /.

       -iwithprefix dir
       -iwithprefixbefore dir
	   Append dir to the prefix specified previously with -iprefix, and
	   add the resulting directory to the include search path.  -iwithpre‐
	   fixbefore puts it in the same place -I would; -iwithprefix puts it
	   where -idirafter would.

       -isystem dir
	   Search dir for header files, after all directories specified by -I
	   but before the standard system directories.	Mark it as a system
	   directory, so that it gets the same special treatment as is applied
	   to the standard system directories.

       -fdollars-in-identifiers
	   @anchor{fdollars-in-identifiers} Accept $ in identifiers.

       -fpreprocessed
	   Indicate to the preprocessor that the input file has already been
	   preprocessed.  This suppresses things like macro expansion, tri‐
	   graph conversion, escaped newline splicing, and processing of most
	   directives.	The preprocessor still recognizes and removes com‐
	   ments, so that you can pass a file preprocessed with -C to the com‐
	   piler without problems.  In this mode the integrated preprocessor
	   is little more than a tokenizer for the front ends.

	   -fpreprocessed is implicit if the input file has one of the exten‐
	   sions .i, .ii or .mi.  These are the extensions that GCC uses for
	   preprocessed files created by -save-temps.

       -ftabstop=width
	   Set the distance between tab stops.	This helps the preprocessor
	   report correct column numbers in warnings or errors, even if tabs
	   appear on the line.	If the value is less than 1 or greater than
	   100, the option is ignored.	The default is 8.

       -fexec-charset=charset
	   Set the execution character set, used for string and character con‐
	   stants.  The default is UTF-8.  charset can be any encoding sup‐
	   ported by the system's "iconv" library routine.

       -fwide-exec-charset=charset
	   Set the wide execution character set, used for wide string and
	   character constants.	 The default is UTF-32 or UTF-16, whichever
	   corresponds to the width of "wchar_t".  As with -ftarget-charset,
	   charset can be any encoding supported by the system's "iconv"
	   library routine; however, you will have problems with encodings
	   that do not fit exactly in "wchar_t".

       -finput-charset=charset
	   Set the input character set, used for translation from the charac‐
	   ter set of the input file to the source character set used by GCC.
	   If the locale does not specify, or GCC cannot get this information
	   from the locale, the default is UTF-8. This can be overridden by
	   either the locale or this command line option. Currently the com‐
	   mand line option takes precedence if there's a conflict. charset
	   can be any encoding supported by the system's "iconv" library rou‐
	   tine.

       -fworking-directory
	   Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that
	   will let the compiler know the current working directory at the
	   time of preprocessing.  When this option is enabled, the preproces‐
	   sor will emit, after the initial linemarker, a second linemarker
	   with the current working directory followed by two slashes.	GCC
	   will use this directory, when it's present in the preprocessed
	   input, as the directory emitted as the current working directory in
	   some debugging information formats.	This option is implicitly
	   enabled if debugging information is enabled, but this can be inhib‐
	   ited with the negated form -fno-working-directory.  If the -P flag
	   is present in the command line, this option has no effect, since no
	   "#line" directives are emitted whatsoever.

       -fno-show-column
	   Do not print column numbers in diagnostics.	This may be necessary
	   if diagnostics are being scanned by a program that does not under‐
	   stand the column numbers, such as dejagnu.

       -A predicate=answer
	   Make an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.
	   This form is preferred to the older form -A predicate(answer),
	   which is still supported, because it does not use shell special
	   characters.

       -A -predicate=answer
	   Cancel an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.

       -dCHARS
	   CHARS is a sequence of one or more of the following characters, and
	   must not be preceded by a space.  Other characters are interpreted
	   by the compiler proper, or reserved for future versions of GCC, and
	   so are silently ignored.  If you specify characters whose behavior
	   conflicts, the result is undefined.

	   M   Instead of the normal output, generate a list of #define direc‐
	       tives for all the macros defined during the execution of the
	       preprocessor, including predefined macros.  This gives you a
	       way of finding out what is predefined in your version of the
	       preprocessor.  Assuming you have no file foo.h, the command

		       touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h

	       will show all the predefined macros.

	   D   Like M except in two respects: it does not include the prede‐
	       fined macros, and it outputs both the #define directives and
	       the result of preprocessing.  Both kinds of output go to the
	       standard output file.

	   N   Like D, but emit only the macro names, not their expansions.

	   I   Output #include directives in addition to the result of prepro‐
	       cessing.

       -P  Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the preproces‐
	   sor.	 This might be useful when running the preprocessor on some‐
	   thing that is not C code, and will be sent to a program which might
	   be confused by the linemarkers.

       -C  Do not discard comments.  All comments are passed through to the
	   output file, except for comments in processed directives, which are
	   deleted along with the directive.

	   You should be prepared for side effects when using -C; it causes
	   the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right.
	   For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a
	   directive line have the effect of turning that line into an ordi‐
	   nary source line, since the first token on the line is no longer a
	   #.

       -CC Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion.  This is
	   like -C, except that comments contained within macros are also
	   passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded.

	   In addition to the side-effects of the -C option, the -CC option
	   causes all C++-style comments inside a macro to be converted to
	   C-style comments.  This is to prevent later use of that macro from
	   inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the source line.

	   The -CC option is generally used to support lint comments.

       -traditional-cpp
	   Try to imitate the behavior of old-fashioned C preprocessors, as
	   opposed to ISO C preprocessors.

       -trigraphs
	   Process trigraph sequences.	These are three-character sequences,
	   all starting with ??, that are defined by ISO C to stand for single
	   characters.	For example, ??/ stands for \, so '??/n' is a charac‐
	   ter constant for a newline.	By default, GCC ignores trigraphs, but
	   in standard-conforming modes it converts them.  See the -std and
	   -ansi options.

	   The nine trigraphs and their replacements are

		   Trigraph:	   ??(	??)  ??<  ??>  ??=  ??/	 ??'  ??!  ??-
		   Replacement:	     [	  ]    {    }	 #    \	   ^	⎪    ~

       -remap
	   Enable special code to work around file systems which only permit
	   very short file names, such as MS-DOS.

       --help
       --target-help
	   Print text describing all the command line options instead of pre‐
	   processing anything.

       -v  Verbose mode.  Print out GNU CPP's version number at the beginning
	   of execution, and report the final form of the include path.

       -H  Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other nor‐
	   mal activities.  Each name is indented to show how deep in the
	   #include stack it is.  Precompiled header files are also printed,
	   even if they are found to be invalid; an invalid precompiled header
	   file is printed with ...x and a valid one with ...! .

       -version
       --version
	   Print out GNU CPP's version number.	With one dash, proceed to pre‐
	   process as normal.  With two dashes, exit immediately.

       Passing Options to the Assembler

       You can pass options to the assembler.

       -Wa,option
	   Pass option as an option to the assembler.  If option contains com‐
	   mas, it is split into multiple options at the commas.

       -Xassembler option
	   Pass option as an option to the assembler.  You can use this to
	   supply system-specific assembler options which GCC does not know
	   how to recognize.

	   If you want to pass an option that takes an argument, you must use
	   -Xassembler twice, once for the option and once for the argument.

       Options for Linking

       These options come into play when the compiler links object files into
       an executable output file.  They are meaningless if the compiler is not
       doing a link step.

       object-file-name
	   A file name that does not end in a special recognized suffix is
	   considered to name an object file or library.  (Object files are
	   distinguished from libraries by the linker according to the file
	   contents.)  If linking is done, these object files are used as
	   input to the linker.

       -c
       -S
       -E  If any of these options is used, then the linker is not run, and
	   object file names should not be used as arguments.

       -llibrary
       -l library
	   Search the library named library when linking.  (The second alter‐
	   native with the library as a separate argument is only for POSIX
	   compliance and is not recommended.)

	   It makes a difference where in the command you write this option;
	   the linker searches and processes libraries and object files in the
	   order they are specified.  Thus, foo.o -lz bar.o searches library z
	   after file foo.o but before bar.o.  If bar.o refers to functions in
	   z, those functions may not be loaded.

	   The linker searches a standard list of directories for the library,
	   which is actually a file named liblibrary.a.	 The linker then uses
	   this file as if it had been specified precisely by name.

	   The directories searched include several standard system directo‐
	   ries plus any that you specify with -L.

	   Normally the files found this way are library files---archive files
	   whose members are object files.  The linker handles an archive file
	   by scanning through it for members which define symbols that have
	   so far been referenced but not defined.  But if the file that is
	   found is an ordinary object file, it is linked in the usual fash‐
	   ion.	 The only difference between using an -l option and specifying
	   a file name is that -l surrounds library with lib and .a and
	   searches several directories.

       -lobjc
	   You need this special case of the -l option in order to link an
	   Objective-C program.

       -nostartfiles
	   Do not use the standard system startup files when linking.  The
	   standard system libraries are used normally, unless -nostdlib or
	   -nodefaultlibs is used.

       -nodefaultlibs
	   Do not use the standard system libraries when linking.  Only the
	   libraries you specify will be passed to the linker.	The standard
	   startup files are used normally, unless -nostartfiles is used.  The
	   compiler may generate calls to memcmp, memset, and memcpy for Sys‐
	   tem V (and ISO C) environments or to bcopy and bzero for BSD envi‐
	   ronments.  These entries are usually resolved by entries in libc.
	   These entry points should be supplied through some other mechanism
	   when this option is specified.

       -nostdlib
	   Do not use the standard system startup files or libraries when
	   linking.  No startup files and only the libraries you specify will
	   be passed to the linker.  The compiler may generate calls to mem‐
	   cmp, memset, and memcpy for System V (and ISO C) environments or to
	   bcopy and bzero for BSD environments.  These entries are usually
	   resolved by entries in libc.	 These entry points should be supplied
	   through some other mechanism when this option is specified.

	   One of the standard libraries bypassed by -nostdlib and -nodefault‐
	   libs is libgcc.a, a library of internal subroutines that GCC uses
	   to overcome shortcomings of particular machines, or special needs
	   for some languages.

	   In most cases, you need libgcc.a even when you want to avoid other
	   standard libraries.	In other words, when you specify -nostdlib or
	   -nodefaultlibs you should usually specify -lgcc as well.  This
	   ensures that you have no unresolved references to internal GCC
	   library subroutines.	 (For example, __main, used to ensure C++ con‐
	   structors will be called.)

       -pie
	   Produce a position independent executable on targets which support
	   it.	For predictable results, you must also specify the same set of
	   options that were used to generate code (-fpie, -fPIE, or model
	   suboptions) when you specify this option.

       -s  Remove all symbol table and relocation information from the exe‐
	   cutable.

       -static
	   On systems that support dynamic linking, this prevents linking with
	   the shared libraries.  On other systems, this option has no effect.

       -shared
	   Produce a shared object which can then be linked with other objects
	   to form an executable.  Not all systems support this option.	 For
	   predictable results, you must also specify the same set of options
	   that were used to generate code (-fpic, -fPIC, or model suboptions)
	   when you specify this option.[1]

       -shared-libgcc
       -static-libgcc
	   On systems that provide libgcc as a shared library, these options
	   force the use of either the shared or static version respectively.
	   If no shared version of libgcc was built when the compiler was con‐
	   figured, these options have no effect.

	   There are several situations in which an application should use the
	   shared libgcc instead of the static version.	 The most common of
	   these is when the application wishes to throw and catch exceptions
	   across different shared libraries.  In that case, each of the
	   libraries as well as the application itself should use the shared
	   libgcc.

	   Therefore, the G++ and GCJ drivers automatically add -shared-libgcc
	   whenever you build a shared library or a main executable, because
	   C++ and Java programs typically use exceptions, so this is the
	   right thing to do.

	   If, instead, you use the GCC driver to create shared libraries, you
	   may find that they will not always be linked with the shared
	   libgcc.  If GCC finds, at its configuration time, that you have a
	   non-GNU linker or a GNU linker that does not support option
	   --eh-frame-hdr, it will link the shared version of libgcc into
	   shared libraries by default.	 Otherwise, it will take advantage of
	   the linker and optimize away the linking with the shared version of
	   libgcc, linking with the static version of libgcc by default.  This
	   allows exceptions to propagate through such shared libraries, with‐
	   out incurring relocation costs at library load time.

	   However, if a library or main executable is supposed to throw or
	   catch exceptions, you must link it using the G++ or GCJ driver, as
	   appropriate for the languages used in the program, or using the
	   option -shared-libgcc, such that it is linked with the shared
	   libgcc.

       -symbolic
	   Bind references to global symbols when building a shared object.
	   Warn about any unresolved references (unless overridden by the link
	   editor option -Xlinker -z -Xlinker defs).  Only a few systems sup‐
	   port this option.

       -Xlinker option
	   Pass option as an option to the linker.  You can use this to supply
	   system-specific linker options which GCC does not know how to rec‐
	   ognize.

	   If you want to pass an option that takes an argument, you must use
	   -Xlinker twice, once for the option and once for the argument.  For
	   example, to pass -assert definitions, you must write -Xlinker
	   -assert -Xlinker definitions.  It does not work to write -Xlinker
	   "-assert definitions", because this passes the entire string as a
	   single argument, which is not what the linker expects.

       -Wl,option
	   Pass option as an option to the linker.  If option contains commas,
	   it is split into multiple options at the commas.

       -u symbol
	   Pretend the symbol symbol is undefined, to force linking of library
	   modules to define it.  You can use -u multiple times with different
	   symbols to force loading of additional library modules.

       Options for Directory Search

       These options specify directories to search for header files, for
       libraries and for parts of the compiler:

       -Idir
	   Add the directory dir to the head of the list of directories to be
	   searched for header files.  This can be used to override a system
	   header file, substituting your own version, since these directories
	   are searched before the system header file directories.  However,
	   you should not use this option to add directories that contain ven‐
	   dor-supplied system header files (use -isystem for that).  If you
	   use more than one -I option, the directories are scanned in left-
	   to-right order; the standard system directories come after.

	   If a standard system include directory, or a directory specified
	   with -isystem, is also specified with -I, the -I option will be
	   ignored.  The directory will still be searched but as a system
	   directory at its normal position in the system include chain.  This
	   is to ensure that GCC's procedure to fix buggy system headers and
	   the ordering for the include_next directive are not inadvertently
	   changed.  If you really need to change the search order for system
	   directories, use the -nostdinc and/or -isystem options.

       -I- Any directories you specify with -I options before the -I- option
	   are searched only for the case of #include "file"; they are not
	   searched for #include <file>.

	   If additional directories are specified with -I options after the
	   -I-, these directories are searched for all #include directives.
	   (Ordinarily all -I directories are used this way.)

	   In addition, the -I- option inhibits the use of the current direc‐
	   tory (where the current input file came from) as the first search
	   directory for #include "file".  There is no way to override this
	   effect of -I-.  With -I. you can specify searching the directory
	   which was current when the compiler was invoked.  That is not
	   exactly the same as what the preprocessor does by default, but it
	   is often satisfactory.

	   -I- does not inhibit the use of the standard system directories for
	   header files.  Thus, -I- and -nostdinc are independent.

       -Ldir
	   Add directory dir to the list of directories to be searched for -l.

       -Bprefix
	   This option specifies where to find the executables, libraries,
	   include files, and data files of the compiler itself.

	   The compiler driver program runs one or more of the subprograms
	   cpp, cc1, as and ld.	 It tries prefix as a prefix for each program
	   it tries to run, both with and without machine/version/.

	   For each subprogram to be run, the compiler driver first tries the
	   -B prefix, if any.  If that name is not found, or if -B was not
	   specified, the driver tries two standard prefixes, which are
	   /usr/lib/gcc/ and /usr/local/lib/gcc/.  If neither of those results
	   in a file name that is found, the unmodified program name is
	   searched for using the directories specified in your PATH environ‐
	   ment variable.

	   The compiler will check to see if the path provided by the -B
	   refers to a directory, and if necessary it will add a directory
	   separator character at the end of the path.

	   -B prefixes that effectively specify directory names also apply to
	   libraries in the linker, because the compiler translates these
	   options into -L options for the linker.  They also apply to
	   includes files in the preprocessor, because the compiler translates
	   these options into -isystem options for the preprocessor.  In this
	   case, the compiler appends include to the prefix.

	   The run-time support file libgcc.a can also be searched for using
	   the -B prefix, if needed.  If it is not found there, the two stan‐
	   dard prefixes above are tried, and that is all.  The file is left
	   out of the link if it is not found by those means.

	   Another way to specify a prefix much like the -B prefix is to use
	   the environment variable GCC_EXEC_PREFIX.

	   As a special kludge, if the path provided by -B is [dir/]stageN/,
	   where N is a number in the range 0 to 9, then it will be replaced
	   by [dir/]include.  This is to help with boot-strapping the com‐
	   piler.

       -specs=file
	   Process file after the compiler reads in the standard specs file,
	   in order to override the defaults that the gcc driver program uses
	   when determining what switches to pass to cc1, cc1plus, as, ld,
	   etc.	 More than one -specs=file can be specified on the command
	   line, and they are processed in order, from left to right.

       Specifying Target Machine and Compiler Version

       The usual way to run GCC is to run the executable called gcc, or
       <machine>-gcc when cross-compiling, or <machine>-gcc-<version> to run a
       version other than the one that was installed last.  Sometimes this is
       inconvenient, so GCC provides options that will switch to another
       cross-compiler or version.

       -b machine
	   The argument machine specifies the target machine for compilation.

	   The value to use for machine is the same as was specified as the
	   machine type when configuring GCC as a cross-compiler.  For exam‐
	   ple, if a cross-compiler was configured with configure i386v, mean‐
	   ing to compile for an 80386 running System V, then you would spec‐
	   ify -b i386v to run that cross compiler.

       -V version
	   The argument version specifies which version of GCC to run.	This
	   is useful when multiple versions are installed.  For example, ver‐
	   sion might be 2.0, meaning to run GCC version 2.0.

       The -V and -b options work by running the <machine>-gcc-<version> exe‐
       cutable, so there's no real reason to use them if you can just run that
       directly.

       Hardware Models and Configurations

       Earlier we discussed the standard option -b which chooses among differ‐
       ent installed compilers for completely different target machines, such
       as VAX vs. 68000 vs. 80386.

       In addition, each of these target machine types can have its own spe‐
       cial options, starting with -m, to choose among various hardware models
       or configurations---for example, 68010 vs 68020, floating coprocessor
       or none.	 A single installed version of the compiler can compile for
       any model or configuration, according to the options specified.

       Some configurations of the compiler also support additional special
       options, usually for compatibility with other compilers on the same
       platform.

       These options are defined by the macro "TARGET_SWITCHES" in the machine
       description.  The default for the options is also defined by that
       macro, which enables you to change the defaults.

       M680x0 Options

       These are the -m options defined for the 68000 series.  The default
       values for these options depends on which style of 68000 was selected
       when the compiler was configured; the defaults for the most common
       choices are given below.

       -m68000
       -mc68000
	   Generate output for a 68000.	 This is the default when the compiler
	   is configured for 68000-based systems.

	   Use this option for microcontrollers with a 68000 or EC000 core,
	   including the 68008, 68302, 68306, 68307, 68322, 68328 and 68356.

       -m68020
       -mc68020
	   Generate output for a 68020.	 This is the default when the compiler
	   is configured for 68020-based systems.

       -m68881
	   Generate output containing 68881 instructions for floating point.
	   This is the default for most 68020 systems unless --nfp was speci‐
	   fied when the compiler was configured.

       -m68030
	   Generate output for a 68030.	 This is the default when the compiler
	   is configured for 68030-based systems.

       -m68040
	   Generate output for a 68040.	 This is the default when the compiler
	   is configured for 68040-based systems.

	   This option inhibits the use of 68881/68882 instructions that have
	   to be emulated by software on the 68040.  Use this option if your
	   68040 does not have code to emulate those instructions.

       -m68060
	   Generate output for a 68060.	 This is the default when the compiler
	   is configured for 68060-based systems.

	   This option inhibits the use of 68020 and 68881/68882 instructions
	   that have to be emulated by software on the 68060.  Use this option
	   if your 68060 does not have code to emulate those instructions.

       -mcpu32
	   Generate output for a CPU32.	 This is the default when the compiler
	   is configured for CPU32-based systems.

	   Use this option for microcontrollers with a CPU32 or CPU32+ core,
	   including the 68330, 68331, 68332, 68333, 68334, 68336, 68340,
	   68341, 68349 and 68360.

       -m5200
	   Generate output for a 520X ``coldfire'' family cpu.	This is the
	   default when the compiler is configured for 520X-based systems.

	   Use this option for microcontroller with a 5200 core, including the
	   MCF5202, MCF5203, MCF5204 and MCF5202.

       -m68020-40
	   Generate output for a 68040, without using any of the new instruc‐
	   tions.  This results in code which can run relatively efficiently
	   on either a 68020/68881 or a 68030 or a 68040.  The generated code
	   does use the 68881 instructions that are emulated on the 68040.

       -m68020-60
	   Generate output for a 68060, without using any of the new instruc‐
	   tions.  This results in code which can run relatively efficiently
	   on either a 68020/68881 or a 68030 or a 68040.  The generated code
	   does use the 68881 instructions that are emulated on the 68060.

       -msoft-float
	   Generate output containing library calls for floating point.	 Warn‐
	   ing: the requisite libraries are not available for all m68k tar‐
	   gets.  Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler
	   are used, but this can't be done directly in cross-compilation.
	   You must make your own arrangements to provide suitable library
	   functions for cross-compilation.  The embedded targets m68k-*-aout
	   and m68k-*-coff do provide software floating point support.

       -mshort
	   Consider type "int" to be 16 bits wide, like "short int".

       -mnobitfield
	   Do not use the bit-field instructions.  The -m68000, -mcpu32 and
	   -m5200 options imply -mnobitfield.

       -mbitfield
	   Do use the bit-field instructions.  The -m68020 option implies
	   -mbitfield.	This is the default if you use a configuration
	   designed for a 68020.

       -mrtd
	   Use a different function-calling convention, in which functions
	   that take a fixed number of arguments return with the "rtd"
	   instruction, which pops their arguments while returning.  This
	   saves one instruction in the caller since there is no need to pop
	   the arguments there.

	   This calling convention is incompatible with the one normally used
	   on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call libraries com‐
	   piled with the Unix compiler.

	   Also, you must provide function prototypes for all functions that
	   take variable numbers of arguments (including "printf"); otherwise
	   incorrect code will be generated for calls to those functions.

	   In addition, seriously incorrect code will result if you call a
	   function with too many arguments.  (Normally, extra arguments are
	   harmlessly ignored.)

	   The "rtd" instruction is supported by the 68010, 68020, 68030,
	   68040, 68060 and CPU32 processors, but not by the 68000 or 5200.

       -malign-int
       -mno-align-int
	   Control whether GCC aligns "int", "long", "long long", "float",
	   "double", and "long double" variables on a 32-bit boundary
	   (-malign-int) or a 16-bit boundary (-mno-align-int).	 Aligning
	   variables on 32-bit boundaries produces code that runs somewhat
	   faster on processors with 32-bit busses at the expense of more mem‐
	   ory.

	   Warning: if you use the -malign-int switch, GCC will align struc‐
	   tures containing the above types  differently than most published
	   application binary interface specifications for the m68k.

       -mpcrel
	   Use the pc-relative addressing mode of the 68000 directly, instead
	   of using a global offset table.  At present, this option implies
	   -fpic, allowing at most a 16-bit offset for pc-relative addressing.
	   -fPIC is not presently supported with -mpcrel, though this could be
	   supported for 68020 and higher processors.

       -mno-strict-align
       -mstrict-align
	   Do not (do) assume that unaligned memory references will be handled
	   by the system.

       -msep-data
	   Generate code that allows the data segment to be located in a dif‐
	   ferent area of memory from the text segment.	 This allows for exe‐
	   cute in place in an environment without virtual memory management.
	   This option implies -fPIC.

       -mno-sep-data
	   Generate code that assumes that the data segment follows the text
	   segment.  This is the default.

       -mid-shared-library
	   Generate code that supports shared libraries via the library ID
	   method.  This allows for execute in place and shared libraries in
	   an environment without virtual memory management.  This option
	   implies -fPIC.

       -mno-id-shared-library
	   Generate code that doesn't assume ID based shared libraries are
	   being used.	This is the default.

       -mshared-library-id=n
	   Specified the identification number of the ID based shared library
	   being compiled.  Specifying a value of 0 will generate more compact
	   code, specifying other values will force the allocation of that
	   number to the current library but is no more space or time effi‐
	   cient than omitting this option.

       M68hc1x Options

       These are the -m options defined for the 68hc11 and 68hc12 microcon‐
       trollers.  The default values for these options depends on which style
       of microcontroller was selected when the compiler was configured; the
       defaults for the most common choices are given below.

       -m6811
       -m68hc11
	   Generate output for a 68HC11.  This is the default when the com‐
	   piler is configured for 68HC11-based systems.

       -m6812
       -m68hc12
	   Generate output for a 68HC12.  This is the default when the com‐
	   piler is configured for 68HC12-based systems.

       -m68S12
       -m68hcs12
	   Generate output for a 68HCS12.

       -mauto-incdec
	   Enable the use of 68HC12 pre and post auto-increment and auto-
	   decrement addressing modes.

       -minmax
       -nominmax
	   Enable the use of 68HC12 min and max instructions.

       -mlong-calls
       -mno-long-calls
	   Treat all calls as being far away (near).  If calls are assumed to
	   be far away, the compiler will use the "call" instruction to call a
	   function and the "rtc" instruction for returning.

       -mshort
	   Consider type "int" to be 16 bits wide, like "short int".

       -msoft-reg-count=count
	   Specify the number of pseudo-soft registers which are used for the
	   code generation.  The maximum number is 32.	Using more pseudo-soft
	   register may or may not result in better code depending on the pro‐
	   gram.  The default is 4 for 68HC11 and 2 for 68HC12.

       VAX Options

       These -m options are defined for the VAX:

       -munix
	   Do not output certain jump instructions ("aobleq" and so on) that
	   the Unix assembler for the VAX cannot handle across long ranges.

       -mgnu
	   Do output those jump instructions, on the assumption that you will
	   assemble with the GNU assembler.

       -mg Output code for g-format floating point numbers instead of d-for‐
	   mat.

       SPARC Options

       These -m options are supported on the SPARC:

       -mno-app-regs
       -mapp-regs
	   Specify -mapp-regs to generate output using the global registers 2
	   through 4, which the SPARC SVR4 ABI reserves for applications.
	   This is the default.

	   To be fully SVR4 ABI compliant at the cost of some performance
	   loss, specify -mno-app-regs.	 You should compile libraries and sys‐
	   tem software with this option.

       -mfpu
       -mhard-float
	   Generate output containing floating point instructions.  This is
	   the default.

       -mno-fpu
       -msoft-float
	   Generate output containing library calls for floating point.	 Warn‐
	   ing: the requisite libraries are not available for all SPARC tar‐
	   gets.  Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler
	   are used, but this cannot be done directly in cross-compilation.
	   You must make your own arrangements to provide suitable library
	   functions for cross-compilation.  The embedded targets sparc-*-aout
	   and sparclite-*-* do provide software floating point support.

	   -msoft-float changes the calling convention in the output file;
	   therefore, it is only useful if you compile all of a program with
	   this option.	 In particular, you need to compile libgcc.a, the
	   library that comes with GCC, with -msoft-float in order for this to
	   work.

       -mhard-quad-float
	   Generate output containing quad-word (long double) floating point
	   instructions.

       -msoft-quad-float
	   Generate output containing library calls for quad-word (long dou‐
	   ble) floating point instructions.  The functions called are those
	   specified in the SPARC ABI.	This is the default.

	   As of this writing, there are no SPARC implementations that have
	   hardware support for the quad-word floating point instructions.
	   They all invoke a trap handler for one of these instructions, and
	   then the trap handler emulates the effect of the instruction.
	   Because of the trap handler overhead, this is much slower than
	   calling the ABI library routines.  Thus the -msoft-quad-float
	   option is the default.

       -mno-flat
       -mflat
	   With -mflat, the compiler does not generate save/restore instruc‐
	   tions and will use a ``flat'' or single register window calling
	   convention.	This model uses %i7 as the frame pointer and is com‐
	   patible with the normal register window model.  Code from either
	   may be intermixed.  The local registers and the input registers
	   (0--5) are still treated as ``call saved'' registers and will be
	   saved on the stack as necessary.

	   With -mno-flat (the default), the compiler emits save/restore
	   instructions (except for leaf functions) and is the normal mode of
	   operation.

	   These options are deprecated and will be deleted in a future GCC
	   release.

       -mno-unaligned-doubles
       -munaligned-doubles
	   Assume that doubles have 8 byte alignment.  This is the default.

	   With -munaligned-doubles, GCC assumes that doubles have 8 byte
	   alignment only if they are contained in another type, or if they
	   have an absolute address.  Otherwise, it assumes they have 4 byte
	   alignment.  Specifying this option avoids some rare compatibility
	   problems with code generated by other compilers.  It is not the
	   default because it results in a performance loss, especially for
	   floating point code.

       -mno-faster-structs
       -mfaster-structs
	   With -mfaster-structs, the compiler assumes that structures should
	   have 8 byte alignment.  This enables the use of pairs of "ldd" and
	   "std" instructions for copies in structure assignment, in place of
	   twice as many "ld" and "st" pairs.  However, the use of this
	   changed alignment directly violates the SPARC ABI.  Thus, it's
	   intended only for use on targets where the developer acknowledges
	   that their resulting code will not be directly in line with the
	   rules of the ABI.

       -mimpure-text
	   -mimpure-text, used in addition to -shared, tells the compiler to
	   not pass -z text to the linker when linking a shared object.	 Using
	   this option, you can link position-dependent code into a shared
	   object.

	   -mimpure-text suppresses the ``relocations remain against allocat‐
	   able but non-writable sections'' linker error message.  However,
	   the necessary relocations will trigger copy-on-write, and the
	   shared object is not actually shared across processes.  Instead of
	   using -mimpure-text, you should compile all source code with -fpic
	   or -fPIC.

	   This option is only available on SunOS and Solaris.

       -mv8
       -msparclite
	   These two options select variations on the SPARC architecture.
	   These options are deprecated and will be deleted in a future GCC
	   release.  They have been replaced with -mcpu=xxx.

       -mcypress
       -msupersparc
       -mf930
       -mf934
	   These four options select the processor for which the code is opti‐
	   mized.  These options are deprecated and will be deleted in a
	   future GCC release.	They have been replaced with -mcpu=xxx.

       -mcpu=cpu_type
	   Set the instruction set, register set, and instruction scheduling
	   parameters for machine type cpu_type.  Supported values for
	   cpu_type are v7, cypress, v8, supersparc, sparclite, f930, f934,
	   hypersparc, sparclite86x, sparclet, tsc701, v9, ultrasparc, and
	   ultrasparc3.

	   Default instruction scheduling parameters are used for values that
	   select an architecture and not an implementation.  These are v7,
	   v8, sparclite, sparclet, v9.

	   Here is a list of each supported architecture and their supported
	   implementations.

		       v7:	       cypress
		       v8:	       supersparc, hypersparc
		       sparclite:      f930, f934, sparclite86x
		       sparclet:       tsc701
		       v9:	       ultrasparc, ultrasparc3

	   By default (unless configured otherwise), GCC generates code for
	   the V7 variant of the SPARC architecture.  With -mcpu=cypress, the
	   compiler additionally optimizes it for the Cypress CY7C602 chip, as
	   used in the SPARCStation/SPARCServer 3xx series.  This is also
	   appropriate for the older SPARCStation 1, 2, IPX etc.

	   With -mcpu=v8, GCC generates code for the V8 variant of the SPARC
	   architecture.  The only difference from V7 code is that the com‐
	   piler emits the integer multiply and integer divide instructions
	   which exist in SPARC-V8 but not in SPARC-V7.	 With -mcpu=super‐
	   sparc, the compiler additionally optimizes it for the SuperSPARC
	   chip, as used in the SPARCStation 10, 1000 and 2000 series.

	   With -mcpu=sparclite, GCC generates code for the SPARClite variant
	   of the SPARC architecture.  This adds the integer multiply, integer
	   divide step and scan ("ffs") instructions which exist in SPARClite
	   but not in SPARC-V7.	 With -mcpu=f930, the compiler additionally
	   optimizes it for the Fujitsu MB86930 chip, which is the original
	   SPARClite, with no FPU.  With -mcpu=f934, the compiler additionally
	   optimizes it for the Fujitsu MB86934 chip, which is the more recent
	   SPARClite with FPU.

	   With -mcpu=sparclet, GCC generates code for the SPARClet variant of
	   the SPARC architecture.  This adds the integer multiply, multi‐
	   ply/accumulate, integer divide step and scan ("ffs") instructions
	   which exist in SPARClet but not in SPARC-V7.	 With -mcpu=tsc701,
	   the compiler additionally optimizes it for the TEMIC SPARClet chip.

	   With -mcpu=v9, GCC generates code for the V9 variant of the SPARC
	   architecture.  This adds 64-bit integer and floating-point move
	   instructions, 3 additional floating-point condition code registers
	   and conditional move instructions.  With -mcpu=ultrasparc, the com‐
	   piler additionally optimizes it for the Sun UltraSPARC I/II chips.
	   With -mcpu=ultrasparc3, the compiler additionally optimizes it for
	   the Sun UltraSPARC III chip.

       -mtune=cpu_type
	   Set the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
	   cpu_type, but do not set the instruction set or register set that
	   the option -mcpu=cpu_type would.

	   The same values for -mcpu=cpu_type can be used for -mtune=cpu_type,
	   but the only useful values are those that select a particular cpu
	   implementation.  Those are cypress, supersparc, hypersparc, f930,
	   f934, sparclite86x, tsc701, ultrasparc, and ultrasparc3.

       -mv8plus
       -mno-v8plus
	   With -mv8plus, GCC generates code for the SPARC-V8+ ABI.  The dif‐
	   ference from the V8 ABI is that the global and out registers are
	   considered 64-bit wide.  This is enabled by default on Solaris in
	   32-bit mode for all SPARC-V9 processors.

       -mvis
       -mno-vis
	   With -mvis, GCC generates code that takes advantage of the Ultra‐
	   SPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions.  The default is -mno-vis.

       These -m options are supported in addition to the above on SPARC-V9
       processors in 64-bit environments:

       -mlittle-endian
	   Generate code for a processor running in little-endian mode. It is
	   only available for a few configurations and most notably not on
	   Solaris.

       -m32
       -m64
	   Generate code for a 32-bit or 64-bit environment.  The 32-bit envi‐
	   ronment sets int, long and pointer to 32 bits.  The 64-bit environ‐
	   ment sets int to 32 bits and long and pointer to 64 bits.

       -mcmodel=medlow
	   Generate code for the Medium/Low code model: 64-bit addresses, pro‐
	   grams must be linked in the low 32 bits of memory.  Programs can be
	   statically or dynamically linked.

       -mcmodel=medmid
	   Generate code for the Medium/Middle code model: 64-bit addresses,
	   programs must be linked in the low 44 bits of memory, the text and
	   data segments must be less than 2GB in size and the data segment
	   must be located within 2GB of the text segment.

       -mcmodel=medany
	   Generate code for the Medium/Anywhere code model: 64-bit addresses,
	   programs may be linked anywhere in memory, the text and data seg‐
	   ments must be less than 2GB in size and the data segment must be
	   located within 2GB of the text segment.

       -mcmodel=embmedany
	   Generate code for the Medium/Anywhere code model for embedded sys‐
	   tems: 64-bit addresses, the text and data segments must be less
	   than 2GB in size, both starting anywhere in memory (determined at
	   link time).	The global register %g4 points to the base of the data
	   segment.  Programs are statically linked and PIC is not supported.

       -mstack-bias
       -mno-stack-bias
	   With -mstack-bias, GCC assumes that the stack pointer, and frame
	   pointer if present, are offset by -2047 which must be added back
	   when making stack frame references.	This is the default in 64-bit
	   mode.  Otherwise, assume no such offset is present.

       These switches are supported in addition to the above on Solaris:

       -threads
	   Add support for multithreading using the Solaris threads library.
	   This option sets flags for both the preprocessor and linker.	 This
	   option does not affect the thread safety of object code produced by
	   the compiler or that of libraries supplied with it.

       -pthreads
	   Add support for multithreading using the POSIX threads library.
	   This option sets flags for both the preprocessor and linker.	 This
	   option does not affect the thread safety of object code produced
	   by the compiler or that of libraries supplied with it.

       ARM Options

       These -m options are defined for Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) architec‐
       tures:

       -mapcs-frame
	   Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the ARM Procedure
	   Call Standard for all functions, even if this is not strictly nec‐
	   essary for correct execution of the code.  Specifying
	   -fomit-frame-pointer with this option will cause the stack frames
	   not to be generated for leaf functions.  The default is
	   -mno-apcs-frame.

       -mapcs
	   This is a synonym for -mapcs-frame.

       -mapcs-26
	   Generate code for a processor running with a 26-bit program
	   counter, and conforming to the function calling standards for the
	   APCS 26-bit option.

	   This option is deprecated.  Future releases of the GCC will only
	   support generating code that runs in apcs-32 mode.

       -mapcs-32
	   Generate code for a processor running with a 32-bit program
	   counter, and conforming to the function calling standards for the
	   APCS 32-bit option.

	   This flag is deprecated.  Future releases of GCC will make this
	   flag unconditional.

       -mthumb-interwork
	   Generate code which supports calling between the ARM and Thumb
	   instruction sets.  Without this option the two instruction sets
	   cannot be reliably used inside one program.	The default is
	   -mno-thumb-interwork, since slightly larger code is generated when
	   -mthumb-interwork is specified.

       -mno-sched-prolog
	   Prevent the reordering of instructions in the function prolog, or
	   the merging of those instruction with the instructions in the func‐
	   tion's body.	 This means that all functions will start with a rec‐
	   ognizable set of instructions (or in fact one of a choice from a
	   small set of different function prologues), and this information
	   can be used to locate the start if functions inside an executable
	   piece of code.  The default is -msched-prolog.

       -mhard-float
	   Generate output containing floating point instructions.  This is
	   the default.

       -msoft-float
	   Generate output containing library calls for floating point.	 Warn‐
	   ing: the requisite libraries are not available for all ARM targets.
	   Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler are used,
	   but this cannot be done directly in cross-compilation.  You must
	   make your own arrangements to provide suitable library functions
	   for cross-compilation.

	   -msoft-float changes the calling convention in the output file;
	   therefore, it is only useful if you compile all of a program with
	   this option.	 In particular, you need to compile libgcc.a, the
	   library that comes with GCC, with -msoft-float in order for this to
	   work.

       -mlittle-endian
	   Generate code for a processor running in little-endian mode.	 This
	   is the default for all standard configurations.

       -mbig-endian
	   Generate code for a processor running in big-endian mode; the
	   default is to compile code for a little-endian processor.

       -mwords-little-endian
	   This option only applies when generating code for big-endian pro‐
	   cessors.  Generate code for a little-endian word order but a big-
	   endian byte order.  That is, a byte order of the form 32107654.
	   Note: this option should only be used if you require compatibility
	   with code for big-endian ARM processors generated by versions of
	   the compiler prior to 2.8.

       -malignment-traps
	   Generate code that will not trap if the MMU has alignment traps
	   enabled.  On ARM architectures prior to ARMv4, there were no
	   instructions to access half-word objects stored in memory.  How‐
	   ever, when reading from memory a feature of the ARM architecture
	   allows a word load to be used, even if the address is unaligned,
	   and the processor core will rotate the data as it is being loaded.
	   This option tells the compiler that such misaligned accesses will
	   cause a MMU trap and that it should instead synthesize the access
	   as a series of byte accesses.  The compiler can still use word
	   accesses to load half-word data if it knows that the address is
	   aligned to a word boundary.

	   This option has no effect when compiling for ARM architecture 4 or
	   later, since these processors have instructions to directly access
	   half-word objects in memory.

       -mno-alignment-traps
	   Generate code that assumes that the MMU will not trap unaligned
	   accesses.  This produces better code when the target instruction
	   set does not have half-word memory operations (i.e. implementations
	   prior to ARMv4).

	   Note that you cannot use this option to access unaligned word
	   objects, since the processor will only fetch one 32-bit aligned
	   object from memory.

	   The default setting is -malignment-traps, since this produces code
	   that will also run on processors implementing ARM architecture ver‐
	   sion 6 or later.

	   This option is deprecated and will be removed in the next release
	   of GCC.

       -mcpu=name
	   This specifies the name of the target ARM processor.	 GCC uses this
	   name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit when gener‐
	   ating assembly code.	 Permissible names are: arm2, arm250, arm3,
	   arm6, arm60, arm600, arm610, arm620, arm7, arm7m, arm7d, arm7dm,
	   arm7di, arm7dmi, arm70, arm700, arm700i, arm710, arm710c, arm7100,
	   arm7500, arm7500fe, arm7tdmi, arm8, strongarm, strongarm110, stron‐
	   garm1100, arm8, arm810, arm9, arm9e, arm920, arm920t, arm926ejs,
	   arm940t, arm9tdmi, arm10tdmi, arm1020t, arm1026ejs, arm1136js,
	   arm1136jfs ,xscale, iwmmxt, ep9312.

       -mtune=name
	   This option is very similar to the -mcpu= option, except that
	   instead of specifying the actual target processor type, and hence
	   restricting which instructions can be used, it specifies that GCC
	   should tune the performance of the code as if the target were of
	   the type specified in this option, but still choosing the instruc‐
	   tions that it will generate based on the cpu specified by a -mcpu=
	   option.  For some ARM implementations better performance can be
	   obtained by using this option.

       -march=name
	   This specifies the name of the target ARM architecture.  GCC uses
	   this name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit when
	   generating assembly code.  This option can be used in conjunction
	   with or instead of the -mcpu= option.  Permissible names are:
	   armv2, armv2a, armv3, armv3m, armv4, armv4t, armv5, armv5t,
	   armv5te, armv6j, iwmmxt, ep9312.

       -mfpe=number
       -mfp=number
	   This specifies the version of the floating point emulation avail‐
	   able on the target.	Permissible values are 2 and 3.	 -mfp= is a
	   synonym for -mfpe=, for compatibility with older versions of GCC.

       -mstructure-size-boundary=n
	   The size of all structures and unions will be rounded up to a mul‐
	   tiple of the number of bits set by this option.  Permissible values
	   are 8 and 32.  The default value varies for different toolchains.
	   For the COFF targeted toolchain the default value is 8.  Specifying
	   the larger number can produce faster, more efficient code, but can
	   also increase the size of the program.  The two values are poten‐
	   tially incompatible.	 Code compiled with one value cannot necessar‐
	   ily expect to work with code or libraries compiled with the other
	   value, if they exchange information using structures or unions.

       -mabort-on-noreturn
	   Generate a call to the function "abort" at the end of a "noreturn"
	   function.  It will be executed if the function tries to return.

       -mlong-calls
       -mno-long-calls
	   Tells the compiler to perform function calls by first loading the
	   address of the function into a register and then performing a sub‐
	   routine call on this register.  This switch is needed if the target
	   function will lie outside of the 64 megabyte addressing range of
	   the offset based version of subroutine call instruction.

	   Even if this switch is enabled, not all function calls will be
	   turned into long calls.  The heuristic is that static functions,
	   functions which have the short-call attribute, functions that are
	   inside the scope of a #pragma no_long_calls directive and functions
	   whose definitions have already been compiled within the current
	   compilation unit, will not be turned into long calls.  The excep‐
	   tion to this rule is that weak function definitions, functions with
	   the long-call attribute or the section attribute, and functions
	   that are within the scope of a #pragma long_calls directive, will
	   always be turned into long calls.

	   This feature is not enabled by default.  Specifying -mno-long-calls
	   will restore the default behavior, as will placing the function
	   calls within the scope of a #pragma long_calls_off directive.  Note
	   these switches have no effect on how the compiler generates code to
	   handle function calls via function pointers.

       -mnop-fun-dllimport
	   Disable support for the "dllimport" attribute.

       -msingle-pic-base
	   Treat the register used for PIC addressing as read-only, rather
	   than loading it in the prologue for each function.  The run-time
	   system is responsible for initializing this register with an appro‐
	   priate value before execution begins.

       -mpic-register=reg
	   Specify the register to be used for PIC addressing.	The default is
	   R10 unless stack-checking is enabled, when R9 is used.

       -mcirrus-fix-invalid-insns
	   Insert NOPs into the instruction stream to in order to work around
	   problems with invalid Maverick instruction combinations.  This
	   option is only valid if the -mcpu=ep9312 option has been used to
	   enable generation of instructions for the Cirrus Maverick floating
	   point co-processor.	This option is not enabled by default, since
	   the problem is only present in older Maverick implementations.  The
	   default can be re-enabled by use of the -mno-cir‐
	   rus-fix-invalid-insns switch.

       -mpoke-function-name
	   Write the name of each function into the text section, directly
	   preceding the function prologue.  The generated code is similar to
	   this:

			t0
			    .ascii "arm_poke_function_name", 0
			    .align
			t1
			    .word 0xff000000 + (t1 - t0)
			arm_poke_function_name
			    mov	    ip, sp
			    stmfd   sp!, {fp, ip, lr, pc}
			    sub	    fp, ip, #4

	   When performing a stack backtrace, code can inspect the value of
	   "pc" stored at "fp + 0".  If the trace function then looks at loca‐
	   tion "pc - 12" and the top 8 bits are set, then we know that there
	   is a function name embedded immediately preceding this location and
	   has length "((pc[-3]) & 0xff000000)".

       -mthumb
	   Generate code for the 16-bit Thumb instruction set.	The default is
	   to use the 32-bit ARM instruction set.

       -mtpcs-frame
	   Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the Thumb Procedure
	   Call Standard for all non-leaf functions.  (A leaf function is one
	   that does not call any other functions.)  The default is
	   -mno-tpcs-frame.

       -mtpcs-leaf-frame
	   Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the Thumb Procedure
	   Call Standard for all leaf functions.  (A leaf function is one that
	   does not call any other functions.)	The default is
	   -mno-apcs-leaf-frame.

       -mcallee-super-interworking
	   Gives all externally visible functions in the file being compiled
	   an ARM instruction set header which switches to Thumb mode before
	   executing the rest of the function.	This allows these functions to
	   be called from non-interworking code.

       -mcaller-super-interworking
	   Allows calls via function pointers (including virtual functions) to
	   execute correctly regardless of whether the target code has been
	   compiled for interworking or not.  There is a small overhead in the
	   cost of executing a function pointer if this option is enabled.

       MN10300 Options

       These -m options are defined for Matsushita MN10300 architectures:

       -mmult-bug
	   Generate code to avoid bugs in the multiply instructions for the
	   MN10300 processors.	This is the default.

       -mno-mult-bug
	   Do not generate code to avoid bugs in the multiply instructions for
	   the MN10300 processors.

       -mam33
	   Generate code which uses features specific to the AM33 processor.

       -mno-am33
	   Do not generate code which uses features specific to the AM33 pro‐
	   cessor.  This is the default.

       -mno-crt0
	   Do not link in the C run-time initialization object file.

       -mrelax
	   Indicate to the linker that it should perform a relaxation opti‐
	   mization pass to shorten branches, calls and absolute memory
	   addresses.  This option only has an effect when used on the command
	   line for the final link step.

	   This option makes symbolic debugging impossible.

       M32R/D Options

       These -m options are defined for Renesas M32R/D architectures:

       -m32r2
	   Generate code for the M32R/2.

       -m32rx
	   Generate code for the M32R/X.

       -m32r
	   Generate code for the M32R.	This is the default.

       -mmodel=small
	   Assume all objects live in the lower 16MB of memory (so that their
	   addresses can be loaded with the "ld24" instruction), and assume
	   all subroutines are reachable with the "bl" instruction.  This is
	   the default.

	   The addressability of a particular object can be set with the
	   "model" attribute.

       -mmodel=medium
	   Assume objects may be anywhere in the 32-bit address space (the
	   compiler will generate "seth/add3" instructions to load their
	   addresses), and assume all subroutines are reachable with the "bl"
	   instruction.

       -mmodel=large
	   Assume objects may be anywhere in the 32-bit address space (the
	   compiler will generate "seth/add3" instructions to load their
	   addresses), and assume subroutines may not be reachable with the
	   "bl" instruction (the compiler will generate the much slower
	   "seth/add3/jl" instruction sequence).

       -msdata=none
	   Disable use of the small data area.	Variables will be put into one
	   of .data, bss, or .rodata (unless the "section" attribute has been
	   specified).	This is the default.

	   The small data area consists of sections .sdata and .sbss.  Objects
	   may be explicitly put in the small data area with the "section"
	   attribute using one of these sections.

       -msdata=sdata
	   Put small global and static data in the small data area, but do not
	   generate special code to reference them.

       -msdata=use
	   Put small global and static data in the small data area, and gener‐
	   ate special instructions to reference them.

       -G num
	   Put global and static objects less than or equal to num bytes into
	   the small data or bss sections instead of the normal data or bss
	   sections.  The default value of num is 8.  The -msdata option must
	   be set to one of sdata or use for this option to have any effect.

	   All modules should be compiled with the same -G num value.  Compil‐
	   ing with different values of num may or may not work; if it doesn't
	   the linker will give an error message---incorrect code will not be
	   generated.

       -mdebug
	   Makes the M32R specific code in the compiler display some statis‐
	   tics that might help in debugging programs.

       -malign-loops
	   Align all loops to a 32-byte boundary.

       -mno-align-loops
	   Do not enforce a 32-byte alignment for loops.  This is the default.

       -missue-rate=number
	   Issue number instructions per cycle.	 number can only be 1 or 2.

       -mbranch-cost=number
	   number can only be 1 or 2.  If it is 1 then branches will be pre‐
	   ferred over conditional code, if it is 2, then the opposite will
	   apply.

       -mflush-trap=number
	   Specifies the trap number to use to flush the cache.	 The default
	   is 12.  Valid numbers are between 0 and 15 inclusive.

       -mno-flush-trap
	   Specifies that the cache cannot be flushed by using a trap.

       -mflush-func=name
	   Specifies the name of the operating system function to call to
	   flush the cache.  The default is _flush_cache, but a function call
	   will only be used if a trap is not available.

       -mno-flush-func
	   Indicates that there is no OS function for flushing the cache.

       IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options

       These -m options are defined for the IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC:

       -mpower
       -mno-power
       -mpower2
       -mno-power2
       -mpowerpc
       -mno-powerpc
       -mpowerpc-gpopt
       -mno-powerpc-gpopt
       -mpowerpc-gfxopt
       -mno-powerpc-gfxopt
       -mpowerpc64
       -mno-powerpc64
	   GCC supports two related instruction set architectures for the
	   RS/6000 and PowerPC.	 The POWER instruction set are those instruc‐
	   tions supported by the rios chip set used in the original RS/6000
	   systems and the PowerPC instruction set is the architecture of the
	   Motorola MPC5xx, MPC6xx, MPC8xx microprocessors, and the IBM 4xx
	   microprocessors.

	   Neither architecture is a subset of the other.  However there is a
	   large common subset of instructions supported by both.  An MQ reg‐
	   ister is included in processors supporting the POWER architecture.

	   You use these options to specify which instructions are available
	   on the processor you are using.  The default value of these options
	   is determined when configuring GCC.	Specifying the -mcpu=cpu_type
	   overrides the specification of these options.  We recommend you use
	   the -mcpu=cpu_type option rather than the options listed above.

	   The -mpower option allows GCC to generate instructions that are
	   found only in the POWER architecture and to use the MQ register.
	   Specifying -mpower2 implies -power and also allows GCC to generate
	   instructions that are present in the POWER2 architecture but not
	   the original POWER architecture.

	   The -mpowerpc option allows GCC to generate instructions that are
	   found only in the 32-bit subset of the PowerPC architecture.	 Spec‐
	   ifying -mpowerpc-gpopt implies -mpowerpc and also allows GCC to use
	   the optional PowerPC architecture instructions in the General Pur‐
	   pose group, including floating-point square root.  Specifying
	   -mpowerpc-gfxopt implies -mpowerpc and also allows GCC to use the
	   optional PowerPC architecture instructions in the Graphics group,
	   including floating-point select.

	   The -mpowerpc64 option allows GCC to generate the additional 64-bit
	   instructions that are found in the full PowerPC64 architecture and
	   to treat GPRs as 64-bit, doubleword quantities.  GCC defaults to
	   -mno-powerpc64.

	   If you specify both -mno-power and -mno-powerpc, GCC will use only
	   the instructions in the common subset of both architectures plus
	   some special AIX common-mode calls, and will not use the MQ regis‐
	   ter.	 Specifying both -mpower and -mpowerpc permits GCC to use any
	   instruction from either architecture and to allow use of the MQ
	   register; specify this for the Motorola MPC601.

       -mnew-mnemonics
       -mold-mnemonics
	   Select which mnemonics to use in the generated assembler code.
	   With -mnew-mnemonics, GCC uses the assembler mnemonics defined for
	   the PowerPC architecture.  With -mold-mnemonics it uses the assem‐
	   bler mnemonics defined for the POWER architecture.  Instructions
	   defined in only one architecture have only one mnemonic; GCC uses
	   that mnemonic irrespective of which of these options is specified.

	   GCC defaults to the mnemonics appropriate for the architecture in
	   use.	 Specifying -mcpu=cpu_type sometimes overrides the value of
	   these option.  Unless you are building a cross-compiler, you should
	   normally not specify either -mnew-mnemonics or -mold-mnemonics, but
	   should instead accept the default.

       -mcpu=cpu_type
	   Set architecture type, register usage, choice of mnemonics, and
	   instruction scheduling parameters for machine type cpu_type.	 Sup‐
	   ported values for cpu_type are 401, 403, 405, 405fp, 440, 440fp,
	   505, 601, 602, 603, 603e, 604, 604e, 620, 630, 740, 7400, 7450,
	   750, 801, 821, 823, 860, 970, common, ec603e, G3, G4, G5, power,
	   power2, power3, power4, power5, powerpc, powerpc64, rios, rios1,
	   rios2, rsc, and rs64a.

	   -mcpu=common selects a completely generic processor.	 Code gener‐
	   ated under this option will run on any POWER or PowerPC processor.
	   GCC will use only the instructions in the common subset of both
	   architectures, and will not use the MQ register.  GCC assumes a
	   generic processor model for scheduling purposes.

	   -mcpu=power, -mcpu=power2, -mcpu=powerpc, and -mcpu=powerpc64 spec‐
	   ify generic POWER, POWER2, pure 32-bit PowerPC (i.e., not MPC601),
	   and 64-bit PowerPC architecture machine types, with an appropriate,
	   generic processor model assumed for scheduling purposes.

	   The other options specify a specific processor.  Code generated
	   under those options will run best on that processor, and may not
	   run at all on others.

	   The -mcpu options automatically enable or disable the following
	   options: -maltivec, -mhard-float, -mmfcrf, -mmultiple,
	   -mnew-mnemonics, -mpower, -mpower2, -mpowerpc64, -mpowerpc-gpopt,
	   -mpowerpc-gfxopt, -mstring.	The particular options set for any
	   particular CPU will vary between compiler versions, depending on
	   what setting seems to produce optimal code for that CPU; it doesn't
	   necessarily reflect the actual hardware's capabilities.  If you
	   wish to set an individual option to a particular value, you may
	   specify it after the -mcpu option, like -mcpu=970 -mno-altivec.

	   On AIX, the -maltivec and -mpowerpc64 options are not enabled or
	   disabled by the -mcpu option at present, since AIX does not have
	   full support for these options.  You may still enable or disable
	   them individually if you're sure it'll work in your environment.

       -mtune=cpu_type
	   Set the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
	   cpu_type, but do not set the architecture type, register usage, or
	   choice of mnemonics, as -mcpu=cpu_type would.  The same values for
	   cpu_type are used for -mtune as for -mcpu.  If both are specified,
	   the code generated will use the architecture, registers, and
	   mnemonics set by -mcpu, but the scheduling parameters set by
	   -mtune.

       -maltivec
       -mno-altivec
	   These switches enable or disable the use of built-in functions that
	   allow access to the AltiVec instruction set.	 You may also need to
	   set -mabi=altivec to adjust the current ABI with AltiVec ABI
	   enhancements.

       -mabi=spe
	   Extend the current ABI with SPE ABI extensions.  This does not
	   change the default ABI, instead it adds the SPE ABI extensions to
	   the current ABI.

       -mabi=no-spe
	   Disable Booke SPE ABI extensions for the current ABI.

       -misel=yes/no
       -misel
	   This switch enables or disables the generation of ISEL instruc‐
	   tions.

       -mspe=yes/no
       -mspe
	   This switch enables or disables the generation of SPE simd instruc‐
	   tions.

       -mfloat-gprs=yes/no
       -mfloat-gprs
	   This switch enables or disables the generation of floating point
	   operations on the general purpose registers for architectures that
	   support it.	This option is currently only available on the
	   MPC8540.

       -mfull-toc
       -mno-fp-in-toc
       -mno-sum-in-toc
       -mminimal-toc
	   Modify generation of the TOC (Table Of Contents), which is created
	   for every executable file.  The -mfull-toc option is selected by
	   default.  In that case, GCC will allocate at least one TOC entry
	   for each unique non-automatic variable reference in your program.
	   GCC will also place floating-point constants in the TOC.  However,
	   only 16,384 entries are available in the TOC.

	   If you receive a linker error message that saying you have over‐
	   flowed the available TOC space, you can reduce the amount of TOC
	   space used with the -mno-fp-in-toc and -mno-sum-in-toc options.
	   -mno-fp-in-toc prevents GCC from putting floating-point constants
	   in the TOC and -mno-sum-in-toc forces GCC to generate code to cal‐
	   culate the sum of an address and a constant at run-time instead of
	   putting that sum into the TOC.  You may specify one or both of
	   these options.  Each causes GCC to produce very slightly slower and
	   larger code at the expense of conserving TOC space.

	   If you still run out of space in the TOC even when you specify both
	   of these options, specify -mminimal-toc instead.  This option
	   causes GCC to make only one TOC entry for every file.  When you
	   specify this option, GCC will produce code that is slower and
	   larger but which uses extremely little TOC space.  You may wish to
	   use this option only on files that contain less frequently executed
	   code.

       -maix64
       -maix32
	   Enable 64-bit AIX ABI and calling convention: 64-bit pointers,
	   64-bit "long" type, and the infrastructure needed to support them.
	   Specifying -maix64 implies -mpowerpc64 and -mpowerpc, while -maix32
	   disables the 64-bit ABI and implies -mno-powerpc64.	GCC defaults
	   to -maix32.

       -mxl-call
       -mno-xl-call
	   On AIX, pass floating-point arguments to prototyped functions
	   beyond the register save area (RSA) on the stack in addition to
	   argument FPRs.  The AIX calling convention was extended but not
	   initially documented to handle an obscure K&R C case of calling a
	   function that takes the address of its arguments with fewer argu‐
	   ments than declared.	 AIX XL compilers access floating point argu‐
	   ments which do not fit in the RSA from the stack when a subroutine
	   is compiled without optimization.  Because always storing floating-
	   point arguments on the stack is inefficient and rarely needed, this
	   option is not enabled by default and only is necessary when calling
	   subroutines compiled by AIX XL compilers without optimization.

       -mpe
	   Support IBM RS/6000 SP Parallel Environment (PE).  Link an applica‐
	   tion written to use message passing with special startup code to
	   enable the application to run.  The system must have PE installed
	   in the standard location (/usr/lpp/ppe.poe/), or the specs file
	   must be overridden with the -specs= option to specify the appropri‐
	   ate directory location.  The Parallel Environment does not support
	   threads, so the -mpe option and the -pthread option are incompati‐
	   ble.

       -malign-natural
       -malign-power
	   On AIX, Darwin, and 64-bit PowerPC GNU/Linux, the option
	   -malign-natural overrides the ABI-defined alignment of larger
	   types, such as floating-point doubles, on their natural size-based
	   boundary.  The option -malign-power instructs GCC to follow the
	   ABI-specified alignment rules.  GCC defaults to the standard align‐
	   ment defined in the ABI.

       -msoft-float
       -mhard-float
	   Generate code that does not use (uses) the floating-point register
	   set.	 Software floating point emulation is provided if you use the
	   -msoft-float option, and pass the option to GCC when linking.

       -mmultiple
       -mno-multiple
	   Generate code that uses (does not use) the load multiple word
	   instructions and the store multiple word instructions.  These
	   instructions are generated by default on POWER systems, and not
	   generated on PowerPC systems.  Do not use -mmultiple on little
	   endian PowerPC systems, since those instructions do not work when
	   the processor is in little endian mode.  The exceptions are PPC740
	   and PPC750 which permit the instructions usage in little endian
	   mode.

       -mstring
       -mno-string
	   Generate code that uses (does not use) the load string instructions
	   and the store string word instructions to save multiple registers
	   and do small block moves.  These instructions are generated by
	   default on POWER systems, and not generated on PowerPC systems.  Do
	   not use -mstring on little endian PowerPC systems, since those
	   instructions do not work when the processor is in little endian
	   mode.  The exceptions are PPC740 and PPC750 which permit the
	   instructions usage in little endian mode.

       -mupdate
       -mno-update
	   Generate code that uses (does not use) the load or store instruc‐
	   tions that update the base register to the address of the calcu‐
	   lated memory location.  These instructions are generated by
	   default.  If you use -mno-update, there is a small window between
	   the time that the stack pointer is updated and the address of the
	   previous frame is stored, which means code that walks the stack
	   frame across interrupts or signals may get corrupted data.

       -mfused-madd
       -mno-fused-madd
	   Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating point multiply
	   and accumulate instructions.	 These instructions are generated by
	   default if hardware floating is used.

       -mno-bit-align
       -mbit-align
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) force struc‐
	   tures and unions that contain bit-fields to be aligned to the base
	   type of the bit-field.

	   For example, by default a structure containing nothing but 8
	   "unsigned" bit-fields of length 1 would be aligned to a 4 byte
	   boundary and have a size of 4 bytes.	 By using -mno-bit-align, the
	   structure would be aligned to a 1 byte boundary and be one byte in
	   size.

       -mno-strict-align
       -mstrict-align
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) assume that
	   unaligned memory references will be handled by the system.

       -mrelocatable
       -mno-relocatable
	   On embedded PowerPC systems generate code that allows (does not
	   allow) the program to be relocated to a different address at run‐
	   time.  If you use -mrelocatable on any module, all objects linked
	   together must be compiled with -mrelocatable or -mrelocatable-lib.

       -mrelocatable-lib
       -mno-relocatable-lib
	   On embedded PowerPC systems generate code that allows (does not
	   allow) the program to be relocated to a different address at run‐
	   time.  Modules compiled with -mrelocatable-lib can be linked with
	   either modules compiled without -mrelocatable and -mrelocatable-lib
	   or with modules compiled with the -mrelocatable options.

       -mno-toc
       -mtoc
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) assume that
	   register 2 contains a pointer to a global area pointing to the
	   addresses used in the program.

       -mlittle
       -mlittle-endian
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
	   processor in little endian mode.  The -mlittle-endian option is the
	   same as -mlittle.

       -mbig
       -mbig-endian
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
	   processor in big endian mode.  The -mbig-endian option is the same
	   as -mbig.

       -mdynamic-no-pic
	   On Darwin and Mac OS X systems, compile code so that it is not
	   relocatable, but that its external references are relocatable.  The
	   resulting code is suitable for applications, but not shared
	   libraries.

       -mprioritize-restricted-insns=priority
	   This option controls the priority that is assigned to dispatch-slot
	   restricted instructions during the second scheduling pass.  The
	   argument priority takes the value 0/1/2 to assign no/highest/sec‐
	   ond-highest priority to dispatch slot restricted instructions.

       -msched-costly-dep=dependence_type
	   This option controls which dependences are considered costly by the
	   target during instruction scheduling.  The argument dependence_type
	   takes one of the following values: no: no dependence is costly,
	   all: all dependences are costly, true_store_to_load: a true depen‐
	   dence from store to load is costly, store_to_load: any dependence
	   from store to load is costly, number: any dependence which latency
	   >= number is costly.

       -minsert-sched-nops=scheme
	   This option controls which nop insertion scheme will be used during
	   the second scheduling pass. The argument scheme takes one of the
	   following values: no: Don't insert nops.  pad: Pad with nops any
	   dispatch group which has vacant issue slots, according to the
	   scheduler's grouping.  regroup_exact: Insert nops to force costly
	   dependent insns into separate groups.  Insert exactly as many nops
	   as needed to force an insn to a new group, according to the esti‐
	   mated processor grouping.  number: Insert nops to force costly
	   dependent insns into separate groups.  Insert number nops to force
	   an insn to a new group.

       -mcall-sysv
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code using call‐
	   ing conventions that adheres to the March 1995 draft of the System
	   V Application Binary Interface, PowerPC processor supplement.  This
	   is the default unless you configured GCC using powerpc-*-eabiaix.

       -mcall-sysv-eabi
	   Specify both -mcall-sysv and -meabi options.

       -mcall-sysv-noeabi
	   Specify both -mcall-sysv and -mno-eabi options.

       -mcall-solaris
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
	   Solaris operating system.

       -mcall-linux
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
	   Linux-based GNU system.

       -mcall-gnu
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
	   Hurd-based GNU system.

       -mcall-netbsd
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
	   NetBSD operating system.

       -maix-struct-return
	   Return all structures in memory (as specified by the AIX ABI).

       -msvr4-struct-return
	   Return structures smaller than 8 bytes in registers (as specified
	   by the SVR4 ABI).

       -mabi=altivec
	   Extend the current ABI with AltiVec ABI extensions.	This does not
	   change the default ABI, instead it adds the AltiVec ABI extensions
	   to the current ABI.

       -mabi=no-altivec
	   Disable AltiVec ABI extensions for the current ABI.

       -mprototype
       -mno-prototype
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems assume that all calls to
	   variable argument functions are properly prototyped.	 Otherwise,
	   the compiler must insert an instruction before every non prototyped
	   call to set or clear bit 6 of the condition code register (CR) to
	   indicate whether floating point values were passed in the floating
	   point registers in case the function takes a variable arguments.
	   With -mprototype, only calls to prototyped variable argument func‐
	   tions will set or clear the bit.

       -msim
	   On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
	   called sim-crt0.o and that the standard C libraries are libsim.a
	   and libc.a.	This is the default for powerpc-*-eabisim.  configura‐
	   tions.

       -mmvme
	   On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
	   called crt0.o and the standard C libraries are libmvme.a and
	   libc.a.

       -mads
	   On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
	   called crt0.o and the standard C libraries are libads.a and libc.a.

       -myellowknife
	   On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
	   called crt0.o and the standard C libraries are libyk.a and libc.a.

       -mvxworks
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, specify that you are
	   compiling for a VxWorks system.

       -mwindiss
	   Specify that you are compiling for the WindISS simulation environ‐
	   ment.

       -memb
	   On embedded PowerPC systems, set the PPC_EMB bit in the ELF flags
	   header to indicate that eabi extended relocations are used.

       -meabi
       -mno-eabi
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do (do not) adhere to
	   the Embedded Applications Binary Interface (eabi) which is a set of
	   modifications to the System V.4 specifications.  Selecting -meabi
	   means that the stack is aligned to an 8 byte boundary, a function
	   "__eabi" is called to from "main" to set up the eabi environment,
	   and the -msdata option can use both "r2" and "r13" to point to two
	   separate small data areas.  Selecting -mno-eabi means that the
	   stack is aligned to a 16 byte boundary, do not call an initializa‐
	   tion function from "main", and the -msdata option will only use
	   "r13" to point to a single small data area.	The -meabi option is
	   on by default if you configured GCC using one of the pow‐
	   erpc*-*-eabi* options.

       -msdata=eabi
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small initialized
	   "const" global and static data in the .sdata2 section, which is
	   pointed to by register "r2".	 Put small initialized non-"const"
	   global and static data in the .sdata section, which is pointed to
	   by register "r13".  Put small uninitialized global and static data
	   in the .sbss section, which is adjacent to the .sdata section.  The
	   -msdata=eabi option is incompatible with the -mrelocatable option.
	   The -msdata=eabi option also sets the -memb option.

       -msdata=sysv
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small global and
	   static data in the .sdata section, which is pointed to by register
	   "r13".  Put small uninitialized global and static data in the .sbss
	   section, which is adjacent to the .sdata section.  The -msdata=sysv
	   option is incompatible with the -mrelocatable option.

       -msdata=default
       -msdata
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, if -meabi is used, com‐
	   pile code the same as -msdata=eabi, otherwise compile code the same
	   as -msdata=sysv.

       -msdata-data
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small global and
	   static data in the .sdata section.  Put small uninitialized global
	   and static data in the .sbss section.  Do not use register "r13" to
	   address small data however.	This is the default behavior unless
	   other -msdata options are used.

       -msdata=none
       -mno-sdata
	   On embedded PowerPC systems, put all initialized global and static
	   data in the .data section, and all uninitialized data in the .bss
	   section.

       -G num
	   On embedded PowerPC systems, put global and static items less than
	   or equal to num bytes into the small data or bss sections instead
	   of the normal data or bss section.  By default, num is 8.  The -G
	   num switch is also passed to the linker.  All modules should be
	   compiled with the same -G num value.

       -mregnames
       -mno-regnames
	   On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do (do not) emit regis‐
	   ter names in the assembly language output using symbolic forms.

       -mlongcall
       -mno-longcall
	   Default to making all function calls via pointers, so that func‐
	   tions which reside further than 64 megabytes (67,108,864 bytes)
	   from the current location can be called.  This setting can be over‐
	   ridden by the "shortcall" function attribute, or by "#pragma long‐
	   call(0)".

	   Some linkers are capable of detecting out-of-range calls and gener‐
	   ating glue code on the fly.	On these systems, long calls are
	   unnecessary and generate slower code.  As of this writing, the AIX
	   linker can do this, as can the GNU linker for PowerPC/64.  It is
	   planned to add this feature to the GNU linker for 32-bit PowerPC
	   systems as well.

	   On Mach-O (Darwin) systems, this option directs the compiler emit
	   to the glue for every direct call, and the Darwin linker decides
	   whether to use or discard it.

	   In the future, we may cause GCC to ignore all longcall specifica‐
	   tions when the linker is known to generate glue.

       -pthread
	   Adds support for multithreading with the pthreads library.  This
	   option sets flags for both the preprocessor and linker.

       Darwin Options

       These options are defined for all architectures running the Darwin
       operating system.  They are useful for compatibility with other Mac OS
       compilers.

       -all_load
	   Loads all members of static archive libraries.  See man ld(1) for
	   more information.

       -arch_errors_fatal
	   Cause the errors having to do with files that have the wrong archi‐
	   tecture to be fatal.

       -bind_at_load
	   Causes the output file to be marked such that the dynamic linker
	   will bind all undefined references when the file is loaded or
	   launched.

       -bundle
	   Produce a Mach-o bundle format file.	 See man ld(1) for more infor‐
	   mation.

       -bundle_loader executable
	   This specifies the executable that will be loading the build output
	   file being linked. See man ld(1) for more information.

       -allowable_client  client_name
       -arch_only
       -client_name
       -compatibility_version
       -current_version
       -dependency-file
       -dylib_file
       -dylinker_install_name
       -dynamic
       -dynamiclib
       -exported_symbols_list
       -filelist
       -flat_namespace
       -force_cpusubtype_ALL
       -force_flat_namespace
       -headerpad_max_install_names
       -image_base
       -init
       -install_name
       -keep_private_externs
       -multi_module
       -multiply_defined
       -multiply_defined_unused
       -noall_load
       -nofixprebinding
       -nomultidefs
       -noprebind
       -noseglinkedit
       -pagezero_size
       -prebind
       -prebind_all_twolevel_modules
       -private_bundle
       -read_only_relocs
       -sectalign
       -sectobjectsymbols
       -whyload
       -seg1addr
       -sectcreate
       -sectobjectsymbols
       -sectorder
       -seg_addr_table
       -seg_addr_table_filename
       -seglinkedit
       -segprot
       -segs_read_only_addr
       -segs_read_write_addr
       -single_module
       -static
       -sub_library
       -sub_umbrella
       -twolevel_namespace
       -umbrella
       -undefined
       -unexported_symbols_list
       -weak_reference_mismatches
       -whatsloaded
	   These options are available for Darwin linker. Darwin linker man
	   page describes them in detail.

       MIPS Options

       -EB Generate big-endian code.

       -EL Generate little-endian code.	 This is the default for mips*el-*-*
	   configurations.

       -march=arch
	   Generate code that will run on arch, which can be the name of a
	   generic MIPS ISA, or the name of a particular processor.  The ISA
	   names are: mips1, mips2, mips3, mips4, mips32, mips32r2, and
	   mips64.  The processor names are: 4kc, 4kp, 5kc, 20kc, m4k, r2000,
	   r3000, r3900, r4000, r4400, r4600, r4650, r6000, r8000, rm7000,
	   rm9000, orion, sb1, vr4100, vr4111, vr4120, vr4300, vr5000, vr5400
	   and vr5500.	The special value from-abi selects the most compatible
	   architecture for the selected ABI (that is, mips1 for 32-bit ABIs
	   and mips3 for 64-bit ABIs).

	   In processor names, a final 000 can be abbreviated as k (for exam‐
	   ple, -march=r2k).  Prefixes are optional, and vr may be written r.

	   GCC defines two macros based on the value of this option.  The
	   first is _MIPS_ARCH, which gives the name of target architecture,
	   as a string.	 The second has the form _MIPS_ARCH_foo, where foo is
	   the capitalized value of _MIPS_ARCH.	 For example, -march=r2000
	   will set _MIPS_ARCH to "r2000" and define the macro
	   _MIPS_ARCH_R2000.

	   Note that the _MIPS_ARCH macro uses the processor names given
	   above.  In other words, it will have the full prefix and will not
	   abbreviate 000 as k.	 In the case of from-abi, the macro names the
	   resolved architecture (either "mips1" or "mips3").  It names the
	   default architecture when no -march option is given.

       -mtune=arch
	   Optimize for arch.  Among other things, this option controls the
	   way instructions are scheduled, and the perceived cost of arith‐
	   metic operations.  The list of arch values is the same as for
	   -march.

	   When this option is not used, GCC will optimize for the processor
	   specified by -march.	 By using -march and -mtune together, it is
	   possible to generate code that will run on a family of processors,
	   but optimize the code for one particular member of that family.

	   -mtune defines the macros _MIPS_TUNE and _MIPS_TUNE_foo, which work
	   in the same way as the -march ones described above.

       -mips1
	   Equivalent to -march=mips1.

       -mips2
	   Equivalent to -march=mips2.

       -mips3
	   Equivalent to -march=mips3.

       -mips4
	   Equivalent to -march=mips4.

       -mips32
	   Equivalent to -march=mips32.

       -mips32r2
	   Equivalent to -march=mips32r2.

       -mips64
	   Equivalent to -march=mips64.

       -mips16
       -mno-mips16
	   Use (do not use) the MIPS16 ISA.

       -mabi=32
       -mabi=o64
       -mabi=n32
       -mabi=64
       -mabi=eabi
	   Generate code for the given ABI.

	   Note that the EABI has a 32-bit and a 64-bit variant.  GCC normally
	   generates 64-bit code when you select a 64-bit architecture, but
	   you can use -mgp32 to get 32-bit code instead.

       -mabicalls
       -mno-abicalls
	   Generate (do not generate) SVR4-style position-independent code.
	   -mabicalls is the default for SVR4-based systems.

       -mxgot
       -mno-xgot
	   Lift (do not lift) the usual restrictions on the size of the global
	   offset table.

	   GCC normally uses a single instruction to load values from the GOT.
	   While this is relatively efficient, it will only work if the GOT is
	   smaller than about 64k.  Anything larger will cause the linker to
	   report an error such as:

		   relocation truncated to fit: R_MIPS_GOT16 foobar

	   If this happens, you should recompile your code with -mxgot.	 It
	   should then work with very large GOTs, although it will also be
	   less efficient, since it will take three instructions to fetch the
	   value of a global symbol.

	   Note that some linkers can create multiple GOTs.  If you have such
	   a linker, you should only need to use -mxgot when a single object
	   file accesses more than 64k's worth of GOT entries.	Very few do.

	   These options have no effect unless GCC is generating position
	   independent code.

       -membedded-pic
       -mno-embedded-pic
	   Generate (do not generate) position-independent code suitable for
	   some embedded systems.  All calls are made using PC relative
	   addresses, and all data is addressed using the $gp register.	 No
	   more than 65536 bytes of global data may be used.  This requires
	   GNU as and GNU ld, which do most of the work.

       -mgp32
	   Assume that general-purpose registers are 32 bits wide.

       -mgp64
	   Assume that general-purpose registers are 64 bits wide.

       -mfp32
	   Assume that floating-point registers are 32 bits wide.

       -mfp64
	   Assume that floating-point registers are 64 bits wide.

       -mhard-float
	   Use floating-point coprocessor instructions.

       -msoft-float
	   Do not use floating-point coprocessor instructions.	Implement
	   floating-point calculations using library calls instead.

       -msingle-float
	   Assume that the floating-point coprocessor only supports single-
	   precision operations.

       -mdouble-float
	   Assume that the floating-point coprocessor supports double-preci‐
	   sion operations.  This is the default.

       -mint64
	   Force "int" and "long" types to be 64 bits wide.  See -mlong32 for
	   an explanation of the default and the way that the pointer size is
	   determined.

       -mlong64
	   Force "long" types to be 64 bits wide.  See -mlong32 for an expla‐
	   nation of the default and the way that the pointer size is deter‐
	   mined.

       -mlong32
	   Force "long", "int", and pointer types to be 32 bits wide.

	   The default size of "int"s, "long"s and pointers depends on the
	   ABI.	 All the supported ABIs use 32-bit "int"s.  The n64 ABI uses
	   64-bit "long"s, as does the 64-bit EABI; the others use 32-bit
	   "long"s.  Pointers are the same size as "long"s, or the same size
	   as integer registers, whichever is smaller.

       -G num
	   Put global and static items less than or equal to num bytes into
	   the small data or bss section instead of the normal data or bss
	   section.  This allows the data to be accessed using a single
	   instruction.

	   All modules should be compiled with the same -G num value.

       -membedded-data
       -mno-embedded-data
	   Allocate variables to the read-only data section first if possible,
	   then next in the small data section if possible, otherwise in data.
	   This gives slightly slower code than the default, but reduces the
	   amount of RAM required when executing, and thus may be preferred
	   for some embedded systems.

       -muninit-const-in-rodata
       -mno-uninit-const-in-rodata
	   Put uninitialized "const" variables in the read-only data section.
	   This option is only meaningful in conjunction with -membedded-data.

       -msplit-addresses
       -mno-split-addresses
	   Enable (disable) use of the "%hi()" and "%lo()" assembler reloca‐
	   tion operators.  This option has been superceded by -mex‐
	   plicit-relocs but is retained for backwards compatibility.

       -mexplicit-relocs
       -mno-explicit-relocs
	   Use (do not use) assembler relocation operators when dealing with
	   symbolic addresses.	The alternative, selected by
	   -mno-explicit-relocs, is to use assembler macros instead.

	   -mexplicit-relocs is usually the default if GCC was configured to
	   use an assembler that supports relocation operators.	 However,
	   there are two exceptions:

	   ·   GCC is not yet able to generate explicit relocations for the
	       combination of -mabi=64 and -mno-abicalls.  This will be
	       addressed in a future release.

	   ·   The combination of -mabicalls and -fno-unit-at-a-time implies
	       -mno-explicit-relocs unless explicitly overridden.  This is
	       because, when generating abicalls, the choice of relocation
	       depends on whether a symbol is local or global.	In some rare
	       cases, GCC will not be able to decide this until the whole com‐
	       pilation unit has been read.

       -mrnames
       -mno-rnames
	   Generate (do not generate) code that refers to registers using
	   their software names.  The default is -mno-rnames, which tells GCC
	   to use hardware names like $4 instead of software names like a0.
	   The only assembler known to support -rnames is the Algorithmics
	   assembler.

       -mcheck-zero-division
       -mno-check-zero-division
	   Trap (do not trap) on integer division by zero.  The default is
	   -mcheck-zero-division.

       -mmemcpy
       -mno-memcpy
	   Force (do not force) the use of "memcpy()" for non-trivial block
	   moves.  The default is -mno-memcpy, which allows GCC to inline most
	   constant-sized copies.

       -mlong-calls
       -mno-long-calls
	   Disable (do not disable) use of the "jal" instruction.  Calling
	   functions using "jal" is more efficient but requires the caller and
	   callee to be in the same 256 megabyte segment.

	   This option has no effect on abicalls code.	The default is
	   -mno-long-calls.

       -mmad
       -mno-mad
	   Enable (disable) use of the "mad", "madu" and "mul" instructions,
	   as provided by the R4650 ISA.

       -mfused-madd
       -mno-fused-madd
	   Enable (disable) use of the floating point multiply-accumulate
	   instructions, when they are available.  The default is
	   -mfused-madd.

	   When multiply-accumulate instructions are used, the intermediate
	   product is calculated to infinite precision and is not subject to
	   the FCSR Flush to Zero bit.	This may be undesirable in some cir‐
	   cumstances.

       -nocpp
	   Tell the MIPS assembler to not run its preprocessor over user
	   assembler files (with a .s suffix) when assembling them.

       -mfix-sb1
       -mno-fix-sb1
	   Work around certain SB-1 CPU core errata.  (This flag currently
	   works around the SB-1 revision 2 ``F1'' and ``F2'' floating point
	   errata.)

       -mflush-func=func
       -mno-flush-func
	   Specifies the function to call to flush the I and D caches, or to
	   not call any such function.	If called, the function must take the
	   same arguments as the common "_flush_func()", that is, the address
	   of the memory range for which the cache is being flushed, the size
	   of the memory range, and the number 3 (to flush both caches).  The
	   default depends on the target GCC was configured for, but commonly
	   is either _flush_func or __cpu_flush.

       -mbranch-likely
       -mno-branch-likely
	   Enable or disable use of Branch Likely instructions, regardless of
	   the default for the selected architecture.  By default, Branch
	   Likely instructions may be generated if they are supported by the
	   selected architecture.  An exception is for the MIPS32 and MIPS64
	   architectures and processors which implement those architectures;
	   for those, Branch Likely instructions will not be generated by
	   default because the MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures specifically
	   deprecate their use.

       Intel 386 and AMD x86-64 Options

       These -m options are defined for the i386 and x86-64 family of comput‐
       ers:

       -mtune=cpu-type
	   Tune to cpu-type everything applicable about the generated code,
	   except for the ABI and the set of available instructions.  The
	   choices for cpu-type are:

	   i386
	       Original Intel's i386 CPU.

	   i486
	       Intel's i486 CPU.  (No scheduling is implemented for this
	       chip.)

	   i586, pentium
	       Intel Pentium CPU with no MMX support.

	   pentium-mmx
	       Intel PentiumMMX CPU based on Pentium core with MMX instruction
	       set support.

	   i686, pentiumpro
	       Intel PentiumPro CPU.

	   pentium2
	       Intel Pentium2 CPU based on PentiumPro core with MMX instruc‐
	       tion set support.

	   pentium3, pentium3m
	       Intel Pentium3 CPU based on PentiumPro core with MMX and SSE
	       instruction set support.

	   pentium-m
	       Low power version of Intel Pentium3 CPU with MMX, SSE and SSE2
	       instruction set support.	 Used by Centrino notebooks.

	   pentium4, pentium4m
	       Intel Pentium4 CPU with MMX, SSE and SSE2 instruction set sup‐
	       port.

	   prescott
	       Improved version of Intel Pentium4 CPU with MMX, SSE, SSE2 and
	       SSE3 instruction set support.

	   nocona
	       Improved version of Intel Pentium4 CPU with 64-bit extensions,
	       MMX, SSE, SSE2 and SSE3 instruction set support.

	   k6  AMD K6 CPU with MMX instruction set support.

	   k6-2, k6-3
	       Improved versions of AMD K6 CPU with MMX and 3dNOW! instruction
	       set support.

	   athlon, athlon-tbird
	       AMD Athlon CPU with MMX, 3dNOW!, enhanced 3dNOW! and SSE
	       prefetch instructions support.

	   athlon-4, athlon-xp, athlon-mp
	       Improved AMD Athlon CPU with MMX, 3dNOW!, enhanced 3dNOW! and
	       full SSE instruction set support.

	   k8, opteron, athlon64, athlon-fx
	       AMD K8 core based CPUs with x86-64 instruction set support.
	       (This supersets MMX, SSE, SSE2, 3dNOW!, enhanced 3dNOW! and
	       64-bit instruction set extensions.)

	   winchip-c6
	       IDT Winchip C6 CPU, dealt in same way as i486 with additional
	       MMX instruction set support.

	   winchip2
	       IDT Winchip2 CPU, dealt in same way as i486 with additional MMX
	       and 3dNOW!  instruction set support.

	   c3  Via C3 CPU with MMX and 3dNOW!  instruction set support.	 (No
	       scheduling is implemented for this chip.)

	   c3-2
	       Via C3-2 CPU with MMX and SSE instruction set support.  (No
	       scheduling is implemented for this chip.)

	   While picking a specific cpu-type will schedule things appropri‐
	   ately for that particular chip, the compiler will not generate any
	   code that does not run on the i386 without the -march=cpu-type
	   option being used.

       -march=cpu-type
	   Generate instructions for the machine type cpu-type.	 The choices
	   for cpu-type are the same as for -mtune.  Moreover, specifying
	   -march=cpu-type implies -mtune=cpu-type.

       -mcpu=cpu-type
	   A deprecated synonym for -mtune.

       -m386
       -m486
       -mpentium
       -mpentiumpro
	   These options are synonyms for -mtune=i386, -mtune=i486,
	   -mtune=pentium, and -mtune=pentiumpro respectively.	These synonyms
	   are deprecated.

       -mfpmath=unit
	   Generate floating point arithmetics for selected unit unit.	The
	   choices for unit are:

	   387 Use the standard 387 floating point coprocessor present major‐
	       ity of chips and emulated otherwise.  Code compiled with this
	       option will run almost everywhere.  The temporary results are
	       computed in 80bit precision instead of precision specified by
	       the type resulting in slightly different results compared to
	       most of other chips. See -ffloat-store for more detailed
	       description.

	       This is the default choice for i386 compiler.

	   sse Use scalar floating point instructions present in the SSE
	       instruction set.	 This instruction set is supported by Pentium3
	       and newer chips, in the AMD line by Athlon-4, Athlon-xp and
	       Athlon-mp chips.	 The earlier version of SSE instruction set
	       supports only single precision arithmetics, thus the double and
	       extended precision arithmetics is still done using 387.	Later
	       version, present only in Pentium4 and the future AMD x86-64
	       chips supports double precision arithmetics too.

	       For i387 you need to use -march=cpu-type, -msse or -msse2
	       switches to enable SSE extensions and make this option effec‐
	       tive.  For x86-64 compiler, these extensions are enabled by
	       default.

	       The resulting code should be considerably faster in the major‐
	       ity of cases and avoid the numerical instability problems of
	       387 code, but may break some existing code that expects tempo‐
	       raries to be 80bit.

	       This is the default choice for the x86-64 compiler.

	   sse,387
	       Attempt to utilize both instruction sets at once.  This effec‐
	       tively double the amount of available registers and on chips
	       with separate execution units for 387 and SSE the execution
	       resources too.  Use this option with care, as it is still
	       experimental, because the GCC register allocator does not model
	       separate functional units well resulting in instable perfor‐
	       mance.

       -masm=dialect
	   Output asm instructions using selected dialect. Supported choices
	   are intel or att (the default one).

       -mieee-fp
       -mno-ieee-fp
	   Control whether or not the compiler uses IEEE floating point com‐
	   parisons.  These handle correctly the case where the result of a
	   comparison is unordered.

       -msoft-float
	   Generate output containing library calls for floating point.	 Warn‐
	   ing: the requisite libraries are not part of GCC.  Normally the
	   facilities of the machine's usual C compiler are used, but this
	   can't be done directly in cross-compilation.	 You must make your
	   own arrangements to provide suitable library functions for
	   cross-compilation.

	   On machines where a function returns floating point results in the
	   80387 register stack, some floating point opcodes may be emitted
	   even if -msoft-float is used.

       -mno-fp-ret-in-387
	   Do not use the FPU registers for return values of functions.

	   The usual calling convention has functions return values of types
	   "float" and "double" in an FPU register, even if there is no FPU.
	   The idea is that the operating system should emulate an FPU.

	   The option -mno-fp-ret-in-387 causes such values to be returned in
	   ordinary CPU registers instead.

       -mno-fancy-math-387
	   Some 387 emulators do not support the "sin", "cos" and "sqrt"
	   instructions for the 387.  Specify this option to avoid generating
	   those instructions.	This option is the default on FreeBSD, OpenBSD
	   and NetBSD.	This option is overridden when -march indicates that
	   the target cpu will always have an FPU and so the instruction will
	   not need emulation.	As of revision 2.6.1, these instructions are
	   not generated unless you also use the -funsafe-math-optimizations
	   switch.

       -malign-double
       -mno-align-double
	   Control whether GCC aligns "double", "long double", and "long long"
	   variables on a two word boundary or a one word boundary.  Aligning
	   "double" variables on a two word boundary will produce code that
	   runs somewhat faster on a Pentium at the expense of more memory.

	   Warning: if you use the -malign-double switch, structures contain‐
	   ing the above types will be aligned differently than the published
	   application binary interface specifications for the 386 and will
	   not be binary compatible with structures in code compiled without
	   that switch.

       -m96bit-long-double
       -m128bit-long-double
	   These switches control the size of "long double" type. The i386
	   application binary interface specifies the size to be 96 bits, so
	   -m96bit-long-double is the default in 32 bit mode.

	   Modern architectures (Pentium and newer) would prefer "long double"
	   to be aligned to an 8 or 16 byte boundary.  In arrays or structures
	   conforming to the ABI, this would not be possible.  So specifying a
	   -m128bit-long-double will align "long double" to a 16 byte boundary
	   by padding the "long double" with an additional 32 bit zero.

	   In the x86-64 compiler, -m128bit-long-double is the default choice
	   as its ABI specifies that "long double" is to be aligned on 16 byte
	   boundary.

	   Notice that neither of these options enable any extra precision
	   over the x87 standard of 80 bits for a "long double".

	   Warning: if you override the default value for your target ABI, the
	   structures and arrays containing "long double" variables will
	   change their size as well as function calling convention for func‐
	   tion taking "long double" will be modified.	Hence they will not be
	   binary compatible with arrays or structures in code compiled with‐
	   out that switch.

       -msvr3-shlib
       -mno-svr3-shlib
	   Control whether GCC places uninitialized local variables into the
	   "bss" or "data" segments.  -msvr3-shlib places them into "bss".
	   These options are meaningful only on System V Release 3.

       -mrtd
	   Use a different function-calling convention, in which functions
	   that take a fixed number of arguments return with the "ret" num
	   instruction, which pops their arguments while returning.  This
	   saves one instruction in the caller since there is no need to pop
	   the arguments there.

	   You can specify that an individual function is called with this
	   calling sequence with the function attribute stdcall.  You can also
	   override the -mrtd option by using the function attribute cdecl.

	   Warning: this calling convention is incompatible with the one nor‐
	   mally used on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call
	   libraries compiled with the Unix compiler.

	   Also, you must provide function prototypes for all functions that
	   take variable numbers of arguments (including "printf"); otherwise
	   incorrect code will be generated for calls to those functions.

	   In addition, seriously incorrect code will result if you call a
	   function with too many arguments.  (Normally, extra arguments are
	   harmlessly ignored.)

       -mregparm=num
	   Control how many registers are used to pass integer arguments.  By
	   default, no registers are used to pass arguments, and at most 3
	   registers can be used.  You can control this behavior for a spe‐
	   cific function by using the function attribute regparm.

	   Warning: if you use this switch, and num is nonzero, then you must
	   build all modules with the same value, including any libraries.
	   This includes the system libraries and startup modules.

       -mpreferred-stack-boundary=num
	   Attempt to keep the stack boundary aligned to a 2 raised to num
	   byte boundary.  If -mpreferred-stack-boundary is not specified, the
	   default is 4 (16 bytes or 128 bits), except when optimizing for
	   code size (-Os), in which case the default is the minimum correct
	   alignment (4 bytes for x86, and 8 bytes for x86-64).

	   On Pentium and PentiumPro, "double" and "long double" values should
	   be aligned to an 8 byte boundary (see -malign-double) or suffer
	   significant run time performance penalties.	On Pentium III, the
	   Streaming SIMD Extension (SSE) data type "__m128" suffers similar
	   penalties if it is not 16 byte aligned.

	   To ensure proper alignment of this values on the stack, the stack
	   boundary must be as aligned as that required by any value stored on
	   the stack.  Further, every function must be generated such that it
	   keeps the stack aligned.  Thus calling a function compiled with a
	   higher preferred stack boundary from a function compiled with a
	   lower preferred stack boundary will most likely misalign the stack.
	   It is recommended that libraries that use callbacks always use the
	   default setting.

	   This extra alignment does consume extra stack space, and generally
	   increases code size.	 Code that is sensitive to stack space usage,
	   such as embedded systems and operating system kernels, may want to
	   reduce the preferred alignment to -mpreferred-stack-boundary=2.

       -mmmx
       -mno-mmx
       -msse
       -mno-sse
       -msse2
       -mno-sse2
       -msse3
       -mno-sse3
       -m3dnow
       -mno-3dnow
	   These switches enable or disable the use of built-in functions that
	   allow direct access to the MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3 and 3Dnow exten‐
	   sions of the instruction set.

	   To have SSE/SSE2 instructions generated automatically from float‐
	   ing-point code, see -mfpmath=sse.

       -mpush-args
       -mno-push-args
	   Use PUSH operations to store outgoing parameters.  This method is
	   shorter and usually equally fast as method using SUB/MOV operations
	   and is enabled by default.  In some cases disabling it may improve
	   performance because of improved scheduling and reduced dependen‐
	   cies.

       -maccumulate-outgoing-args
	   If enabled, the maximum amount of space required for outgoing argu‐
	   ments will be computed in the function prologue.  This is faster on
	   most modern CPUs because of reduced dependencies, improved schedul‐
	   ing and reduced stack usage when preferred stack boundary is not
	   equal to 2.	The drawback is a notable increase in code size.  This
	   switch implies -mno-push-args.

       -mthreads
	   Support thread-safe exception handling on Mingw32.  Code that
	   relies on thread-safe exception handling must compile and link all
	   code with the -mthreads option.  When compiling, -mthreads defines
	   -D_MT; when linking, it links in a special thread helper library
	   -lmingwthrd which cleans up per thread exception handling data.

       -mno-align-stringops
	   Do not align destination of inlined string operations.  This switch
	   reduces code size and improves performance in case the destination
	   is already aligned, but GCC doesn't know about it.

       -minline-all-stringops
	   By default GCC inlines string operations only when destination is
	   known to be aligned at least to 4 byte boundary.  This enables more
	   inlining, increase code size, but may improve performance of code
	   that depends on fast memcpy, strlen and memset for short lengths.

       -momit-leaf-frame-pointer
	   Don't keep the frame pointer in a register for leaf functions.
	   This avoids the instructions to save, set up and restore frame
	   pointers and makes an extra register available in leaf functions.
	   The option -fomit-frame-pointer removes the frame pointer for all
	   functions which might make debugging harder.

       -mtls-direct-seg-refs
       -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs
	   Controls whether TLS variables may be accessed with offsets from
	   the TLS segment register (%gs for 32-bit, %fs for 64-bit), or
	   whether the thread base pointer must be added.  Whether or not this
	   is legal depends on the operating system, and whether it maps the
	   segment to cover the entire TLS area.

	   For systems that use GNU libc, the default is on.

       These -m switches are supported in addition to the above on AMD x86-64
       processors in 64-bit environments.

       -m32
       -m64
	   Generate code for a 32-bit or 64-bit environment.  The 32-bit envi‐
	   ronment sets int, long and pointer to 32 bits and generates code
	   that runs on any i386 system.  The 64-bit environment sets int to
	   32 bits and long and pointer to 64 bits and generates code for
	   AMD's x86-64 architecture.

       -mno-red-zone
	   Do not use a so called red zone for x86-64 code.  The red zone is
	   mandated by the x86-64 ABI, it is a 128-byte area beyond the loca‐
	   tion of the stack pointer that will not be modified by signal or
	   interrupt handlers and therefore can be used for temporary data
	   without adjusting the stack pointer.	 The flag -mno-red-zone dis‐
	   ables this red zone.

       -mcmodel=small
	   Generate code for the small code model: the program and its symbols
	   must be linked in the lower 2 GB of the address space.  Pointers
	   are 64 bits.	 Programs can be statically or dynamically linked.
	   This is the default code model.

       -mcmodel=kernel
	   Generate code for the kernel code model.  The kernel runs in the
	   negative 2 GB of the address space.	This model has to be used for
	   Linux kernel code.

       -mcmodel=medium
	   Generate code for the medium model: The program is linked in the
	   lower 2 GB of the address space but symbols can be located anywhere
	   in the address space.  Programs can be statically or dynamically
	   linked, but building of shared libraries are not supported with the
	   medium model.

       -mcmodel=large
	   Generate code for the large model: This model makes no assumptions
	   about addresses and sizes of sections.  Currently GCC does not
	   implement this model.

       HPPA Options

       These -m options are defined for the HPPA family of computers:

       -march=architecture-type
	   Generate code for the specified architecture.  The choices for
	   architecture-type are 1.0 for PA 1.0, 1.1 for PA 1.1, and 2.0 for
	   PA 2.0 processors.  Refer to /usr/lib/sched.models on an HP-UX sys‐
	   tem to determine the proper architecture option for your machine.
	   Code compiled for lower numbered architectures will run on higher
	   numbered architectures, but not the other way around.

	   PA 2.0 support currently requires gas snapshot 19990413 or later.
	   The next release of binutils (current is 2.9.1) will probably con‐
	   tain PA 2.0 support.

       -mpa-risc-1-0
       -mpa-risc-1-1
       -mpa-risc-2-0
	   Synonyms for -march=1.0, -march=1.1, and -march=2.0 respectively.

       -mbig-switch
	   Generate code suitable for big switch tables.  Use this option only
	   if the assembler/linker complain about out of range branches within
	   a switch table.

       -mjump-in-delay
	   Fill delay slots of function calls with unconditional jump instruc‐
	   tions by modifying the return pointer for the function call to be
	   the target of the conditional jump.

       -mdisable-fpregs
	   Prevent floating point registers from being used in any manner.
	   This is necessary for compiling kernels which perform lazy context
	   switching of floating point registers.  If you use this option and
	   attempt to perform floating point operations, the compiler will
	   abort.

       -mdisable-indexing
	   Prevent the compiler from using indexing address modes.  This
	   avoids some rather obscure problems when compiling MIG generated
	   code under MACH.

       -mno-space-regs
	   Generate code that assumes the target has no space registers.  This
	   allows GCC to generate faster indirect calls and use unscaled index
	   address modes.

	   Such code is suitable for level 0 PA systems and kernels.

       -mfast-indirect-calls
	   Generate code that assumes calls never cross space boundaries.
	   This allows GCC to emit code which performs faster indirect calls.

	   This option will not work in the presence of shared libraries or
	   nested functions.

       -mlong-load-store
	   Generate 3-instruction load and store sequences as sometimes
	   required by the HP-UX 10 linker.  This is equivalent to the +k
	   option to the HP compilers.

       -mportable-runtime
	   Use the portable calling conventions proposed by HP for ELF sys‐
	   tems.

       -mgas
	   Enable the use of assembler directives only GAS understands.

       -mschedule=cpu-type
	   Schedule code according to the constraints for the machine type
	   cpu-type.  The choices for cpu-type are 700 7100, 7100LC, 7200,
	   7300 and 8000.  Refer to /usr/lib/sched.models on an HP-UX system
	   to determine the proper scheduling option for your machine.	The
	   default scheduling is 8000.

       -mlinker-opt
	   Enable the optimization pass in the HP-UX linker.  Note this makes
	   symbolic debugging impossible.  It also triggers a bug in the HP-UX
	   8 and HP-UX 9 linkers in which they give bogus error messages when
	   linking some programs.

       -msoft-float
	   Generate output containing library calls for floating point.	 Warn‐
	   ing: the requisite libraries are not available for all HPPA tar‐
	   gets.  Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler
	   are used, but this cannot be done directly in cross-compilation.
	   You must make your own arrangements to provide suitable library
	   functions for cross-compilation.  The embedded target hppa1.1-*-pro
	   does provide software floating point support.

	   -msoft-float changes the calling convention in the output file;
	   therefore, it is only useful if you compile all of a program with
	   this option.	 In particular, you need to compile libgcc.a, the
	   library that comes with GCC, with -msoft-float in order for this to
	   work.

       -msio
	   Generate the predefine, "_SIO", for server IO.  The default is
	   -mwsio.  This generates the predefines, "__hp9000s700",
	   "__hp9000s700__" and "_WSIO", for workstation IO.  These options
	   are available under HP-UX and HI-UX.

       -mgnu-ld
	   Use GNU ld specific options.	 This passes -shared to ld when build‐
	   ing a shared library.  It is the default when GCC is configured,
	   explicitly or implicitly, with the GNU linker.  This option does
	   not have any affect on which ld is called, it only changes what
	   parameters are passed to that ld.  The ld that is called is deter‐
	   mined by the --with-ld configure option, GCC's program search path,
	   and finally by the user's PATH.  The linker used by GCC can be
	   printed using which `gcc -print-prog-name=ld`.

       -mhp-ld
	   Use HP ld specific options.	This passes -b to ld when building a
	   shared library and passes +Accept TypeMismatch to ld on all links.
	   It is the default when GCC is configured, explicitly or implicitly,
	   with the HP linker.	This option does not have any affect on which
	   ld is called, it only changes what parameters are passed to that
	   ld.	The ld that is called is determined by the --with-ld configure
	   option, GCC's program search path, and finally by the user's PATH.
	   The linker used by GCC can be printed using which `gcc
	   -print-prog-name=ld`.

       -mlong-calls
	   Generate code that uses long call sequences.	 This ensures that a
	   call is always able to reach linker generated stubs.	 The default
	   is to generate long calls only when the distance from the call site
	   to the beginning of the function or translation unit, as the case
	   may be, exceeds a predefined limit set by the branch type being
	   used.  The limits for normal calls are 7,600,000 and 240,000 bytes,
	   respectively for the PA 2.0 and PA 1.X architectures.  Sibcalls are
	   always limited at 240,000 bytes.

	   Distances are measured from the beginning of functions when using
	   the -ffunction-sections option, or when using the -mgas and
	   -mno-portable-runtime options together under HP-UX with the SOM
	   linker.

	   It is normally not desirable to use this option as it will degrade
	   performance.	 However, it may be useful in large applications, par‐
	   ticularly when partial linking is used to build the application.

	   The types of long calls used depends on the capabilities of the
	   assembler and linker, and the type of code being generated.	The
	   impact on systems that support long absolute calls, and long pic
	   symbol-difference or pc-relative calls should be relatively small.
	   However, an indirect call is used on 32-bit ELF systems in pic code
	   and it is quite long.

       -nolibdld
	   Suppress the generation of link options to search libdld.sl when
	   the -static option is specified on HP-UX 10 and later.

       -static
	   The HP-UX implementation of setlocale in libc has a dependency on
	   libdld.sl.  There isn't an archive version of libdld.sl.  Thus,
	   when the -static option is specified, special link options are
	   needed to resolve this dependency.

	   On HP-UX 10 and later, the GCC driver adds the necessary options to
	   link with libdld.sl when the -static option is specified.  This
	   causes the resulting binary to be dynamic.  On the 64-bit port, the
	   linkers generate dynamic binaries by default in any case.  The
	   -nolibdld option can be used to prevent the GCC driver from adding
	   these link options.

       -threads
	   Add support for multithreading with the dce thread library under
	   HP-UX.  This option sets flags for both the preprocessor and
	   linker.

       Intel 960 Options

       These -m options are defined for the Intel 960 implementations:

       -mcpu-type
	   Assume the defaults for the machine type cpu-type for some of the
	   other options, including instruction scheduling, floating point
	   support, and addressing modes.  The choices for cpu-type are ka,
	   kb, mc, ca, cf, sa, and sb.	The default is kb.

       -mnumerics
       -msoft-float
	   The -mnumerics option indicates that the processor does support
	   floating-point instructions.	 The -msoft-float option indicates
	   that floating-point support should not be assumed.

       -mleaf-procedures
       -mno-leaf-procedures
	   Do (or do not) attempt to alter leaf procedures to be callable with
	   the "bal" instruction as well as "call".  This will result in more
	   efficient code for explicit calls when the "bal" instruction can be
	   substituted by the assembler or linker, but less efficient code in
	   other cases, such as calls via function pointers, or using a linker
	   that doesn't support this optimization.

       -mtail-call
       -mno-tail-call
	   Do (or do not) make additional attempts (beyond those of the
	   machine-independent portions of the compiler) to optimize tail-
	   recursive calls into branches.  You may not want to do this because
	   the detection of cases where this is not valid is not totally com‐
	   plete.  The default is -mno-tail-call.

       -mcomplex-addr
       -mno-complex-addr
	   Assume (or do not assume) that the use of a complex addressing mode
	   is a win on this implementation of the i960.	 Complex addressing
	   modes may not be worthwhile on the K-series, but they definitely
	   are on the C-series.	 The default is currently -mcomplex-addr for
	   all processors except the CB and CC.

       -mcode-align
       -mno-code-align
	   Align code to 8-byte boundaries for faster fetching (or don't
	   bother).  Currently turned on by default for C-series implementa‐
	   tions only.

       -mic-compat
       -mic2.0-compat
       -mic3.0-compat
	   Enable compatibility with iC960 v2.0 or v3.0.

       -masm-compat
       -mintel-asm
	   Enable compatibility with the iC960 assembler.

       -mstrict-align
       -mno-strict-align
	   Do not permit (do permit) unaligned accesses.

       -mold-align
	   Enable structure-alignment compatibility with Intel's gcc release
	   version 1.3 (based on gcc 1.37).  This option implies
	   -mstrict-align.

       -mlong-double-64
	   Implement type long double as 64-bit floating point numbers.	 With‐
	   out the option long double is implemented by 80-bit floating point
	   numbers.  The only reason we have it because there is no 128-bit
	   long double support in fp-bit.c yet.	 So it is only useful for peo‐
	   ple using soft-float targets.  Otherwise, we should recommend
	   against use of it.

       DEC Alpha Options

       These -m options are defined for the DEC Alpha implementations:

       -mno-soft-float
       -msoft-float
	   Use (do not use) the hardware floating-point instructions for
	   floating-point operations.  When -msoft-float is specified, func‐
	   tions in libgcc.a will be used to perform floating-point opera‐
	   tions.  Unless they are replaced by routines that emulate the
	   floating-point operations, or compiled in such a way as to call
	   such emulations routines, these routines will issue floating-point
	   operations.	 If you are compiling for an Alpha without floating-
	   point operations, you must ensure that the library is built so as
	   not to call them.

	   Note that Alpha implementations without floating-point operations
	   are required to have floating-point registers.

       -mfp-reg
       -mno-fp-regs
	   Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating-point register
	   set.	 -mno-fp-regs implies -msoft-float.  If the floating-point
	   register set is not used, floating point operands are passed in
	   integer registers as if they were integers and floating-point
	   results are passed in $0 instead of $f0.  This is a non-standard
	   calling sequence, so any function with a floating-point argument or
	   return value called by code compiled with -mno-fp-regs must also be
	   compiled with that option.

	   A typical use of this option is building a kernel that does not
	   use, and hence need not save and restore, any floating-point regis‐
	   ters.

       -mieee
	   The Alpha architecture implements floating-point hardware optimized
	   for maximum performance.  It is mostly compliant with the IEEE
	   floating point standard.  However, for full compliance, software
	   assistance is required.  This option generates code fully IEEE com‐
	   pliant code except that the inexact-flag is not maintained (see
	   below).  If this option is turned on, the preprocessor macro
	   "_IEEE_FP" is defined during compilation.  The resulting code is
	   less efficient but is able to correctly support denormalized num‐
	   bers and exceptional IEEE values such as not-a-number and
	   plus/minus infinity.	 Other Alpha compilers call this option
	   -ieee_with_no_inexact.

       -mieee-with-inexact
	   This is like -mieee except the generated code also maintains the
	   IEEE inexact-flag.  Turning on this option causes the generated
	   code to implement fully-compliant IEEE math.	 In addition to
	   "_IEEE_FP", "_IEEE_FP_EXACT" is defined as a preprocessor macro.
	   On some Alpha implementations the resulting code may execute sig‐
	   nificantly slower than the code generated by default.  Since there
	   is very little code that depends on the inexact-flag, you should
	   normally not specify this option.  Other Alpha compilers call this
	   option -ieee_with_inexact.

       -mfp-trap-mode=trap-mode
	   This option controls what floating-point related traps are enabled.
	   Other Alpha compilers call this option -fptm trap-mode.  The trap
	   mode can be set to one of four values:

	   n   This is the default (normal) setting.  The only traps that are
	       enabled are the ones that cannot be disabled in software (e.g.,
	       division by zero trap).

	   u   In addition to the traps enabled by n, underflow traps are
	       enabled as well.

	   su  Like su, but the instructions are marked to be safe for soft‐
	       ware completion (see Alpha architecture manual for details).

	   sui Like su, but inexact traps are enabled as well.

       -mfp-rounding-mode=rounding-mode
	   Selects the IEEE rounding mode.  Other Alpha compilers call this
	   option -fprm rounding-mode.	The rounding-mode can be one of:

	   n   Normal IEEE rounding mode.  Floating point numbers are rounded
	       towards the nearest machine number or towards the even machine
	       number in case of a tie.

	   m   Round towards minus infinity.

	   c   Chopped rounding mode.  Floating point numbers are rounded
	       towards zero.

	   d   Dynamic rounding mode.  A field in the floating point control
	       register (fpcr, see Alpha architecture reference manual) con‐
	       trols the rounding mode in effect.  The C library initializes
	       this register for rounding towards plus infinity.  Thus, unless
	       your program modifies the fpcr, d corresponds to round towards
	       plus infinity.

       -mtrap-precision=trap-precision
	   In the Alpha architecture, floating point traps are imprecise.
	   This means without software assistance it is impossible to recover
	   from a floating trap and program execution normally needs to be
	   terminated.	GCC can generate code that can assist operating system
	   trap handlers in determining the exact location that caused a
	   floating point trap.	 Depending on the requirements of an applica‐
	   tion, different levels of precisions can be selected:

	   p   Program precision.  This option is the default and means a trap
	       handler can only identify which program caused a floating point
	       exception.

	   f   Function precision.  The trap handler can determine the func‐
	       tion that caused a floating point exception.

	   i   Instruction precision.  The trap handler can determine the
	       exact instruction that caused a floating point exception.

	   Other Alpha compilers provide the equivalent options called
	   -scope_safe and -resumption_safe.

       -mieee-conformant
	   This option marks the generated code as IEEE conformant.  You must
	   not use this option unless you also specify -mtrap-precision=i and
	   either -mfp-trap-mode=su or -mfp-trap-mode=sui.  Its only effect is
	   to emit the line .eflag 48 in the function prologue of the gener‐
	   ated assembly file.	Under DEC Unix, this has the effect that IEEE-
	   conformant math library routines will be linked in.

       -mbuild-constants
	   Normally GCC examines a 32- or 64-bit integer constant to see if it
	   can construct it from smaller constants in two or three instruc‐
	   tions.  If it cannot, it will output the constant as a literal and
	   generate code to load it from the data segment at runtime.

	   Use this option to require GCC to construct all integer constants
	   using code, even if it takes more instructions (the maximum is
	   six).

	   You would typically use this option to build a shared library
	   dynamic loader.  Itself a shared library, it must relocate itself
	   in memory before it can find the variables and constants in its own
	   data segment.

       -malpha-as
       -mgas
	   Select whether to generate code to be assembled by the vendor-sup‐
	   plied assembler (-malpha-as) or by the GNU assembler -mgas.

       -mbwx
       -mno-bwx
       -mcix
       -mno-cix
       -mfix
       -mno-fix
       -mmax
       -mno-max
	   Indicate whether GCC should generate code to use the optional BWX,
	   CIX, FIX and MAX instruction sets.  The default is to use the
	   instruction sets supported by the CPU type specified via -mcpu=
	   option or that of the CPU on which GCC was built if none was speci‐
	   fied.

       -mfloat-vax
       -mfloat-ieee
	   Generate code that uses (does not use) VAX F and G floating point
	   arithmetic instead of IEEE single and double precision.

       -mexplicit-relocs
       -mno-explicit-relocs
	   Older Alpha assemblers provided no way to generate symbol reloca‐
	   tions except via assembler macros.  Use of these macros does not
	   allow optimal instruction scheduling.  GNU binutils as of version
	   2.12 supports a new syntax that allows the compiler to explicitly
	   mark which relocations should apply to which instructions.  This
	   option is mostly useful for debugging, as GCC detects the capabili‐
	   ties of the assembler when it is built and sets the default accord‐
	   ingly.

       -msmall-data
       -mlarge-data
	   When -mexplicit-relocs is in effect, static data is accessed via
	   gp-relative relocations.  When -msmall-data is used, objects 8
	   bytes long or smaller are placed in a small data area (the ".sdata"
	   and ".sbss" sections) and are accessed via 16-bit relocations off
	   of the $gp register.	 This limits the size of the small data area
	   to 64KB, but allows the variables to be directly accessed via a
	   single instruction.

	   The default is -mlarge-data.	 With this option the data area is
	   limited to just below 2GB.  Programs that require more than 2GB of
	   data must use "malloc" or "mmap" to allocate the data in the heap
	   instead of in the program's data segment.

	   When generating code for shared libraries, -fpic implies
	   -msmall-data and -fPIC implies -mlarge-data.

       -msmall-text
       -mlarge-text
	   When -msmall-text is used, the compiler assumes that the code of
	   the entire program (or shared library) fits in 4MB, and is thus
	   reachable with a branch instruction.	 When -msmall-data is used,
	   the compiler can assume that all local symbols share the same $gp
	   value, and thus reduce the number of instructions required for a
	   function call from 4 to 1.

	   The default is -mlarge-text.

       -mcpu=cpu_type
	   Set the instruction set and instruction scheduling parameters for
	   machine type cpu_type.  You can specify either the EV style name or
	   the corresponding chip number.  GCC supports scheduling parameters
	   for the EV4, EV5 and EV6 family of processors and will choose the
	   default values for the instruction set from the processor you spec‐
	   ify.	 If you do not specify a processor type, GCC will default to
	   the processor on which the compiler was built.

	   Supported values for cpu_type are

	   ev4
	   ev45
	   21064
	       Schedules as an EV4 and has no instruction set extensions.

	   ev5
	   21164
	       Schedules as an EV5 and has no instruction set extensions.

	   ev56
	   21164a
	       Schedules as an EV5 and supports the BWX extension.

	   pca56
	   21164pc
	   21164PC
	       Schedules as an EV5 and supports the BWX and MAX extensions.

	   ev6
	   21264
	       Schedules as an EV6 and supports the BWX, FIX, and MAX exten‐
	       sions.

	   ev67
	   21264a
	       Schedules as an EV6 and supports the BWX, CIX, FIX, and MAX
	       extensions.

       -mtune=cpu_type
	   Set only the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
	   cpu_type.  The instruction set is not changed.

       -mmemory-latency=time
	   Sets the latency the scheduler should assume for typical memory
	   references as seen by the application.  This number is highly
	   dependent on the memory access patterns used by the application and
	   the size of the external cache on the machine.

	   Valid options for time are

	   number
	       A decimal number representing clock cycles.

	   L1
	   L2
	   L3
	   main
	       The compiler contains estimates of the number of clock cycles
	       for ``typical'' EV4 & EV5 hardware for the Level 1, 2 & 3
	       caches (also called Dcache, Scache, and Bcache), as well as to
	       main memory.  Note that L3 is only valid for EV5.

       DEC Alpha/VMS Options

       These -m options are defined for the DEC Alpha/VMS implementations:

       -mvms-return-codes
	   Return VMS condition codes from main.  The default is to return
	   POSIX style condition (e.g. error) codes.

       H8/300 Options

       These -m options are defined for the H8/300 implementations:

       -mrelax
	   Shorten some address references at link time, when possible; uses
	   the linker option -relax.

       -mh Generate code for the H8/300H.

       -ms Generate code for the H8S.

       -mn Generate code for the H8S and H8/300H in the normal mode.  This
	   switch must be used either with -mh or -ms.

       -ms2600
	   Generate code for the H8S/2600.  This switch must be used with -ms.

       -mint32
	   Make "int" data 32 bits by default.

       -malign-300
	   On the H8/300H and H8S, use the same alignment rules as for the
	   H8/300.  The default for the H8/300H and H8S is to align longs and
	   floats on 4 byte boundaries.	 -malign-300 causes them to be aligned
	   on 2 byte boundaries.  This option has no effect on the H8/300.

       SH Options

       These -m options are defined for the SH implementations:

       -m1 Generate code for the SH1.

       -m2 Generate code for the SH2.

       -m2e
	   Generate code for the SH2e.

       -m3 Generate code for the SH3.

       -m3e
	   Generate code for the SH3e.

       -m4-nofpu
	   Generate code for the SH4 without a floating-point unit.

       -m4-single-only
	   Generate code for the SH4 with a floating-point unit that only sup‐
	   ports single-precision arithmetic.

       -m4-single
	   Generate code for the SH4 assuming the floating-point unit is in
	   single-precision mode by default.

       -m4 Generate code for the SH4.

       -mb Compile code for the processor in big endian mode.

       -ml Compile code for the processor in little endian mode.

       -mdalign
	   Align doubles at 64-bit boundaries.	Note that this changes the
	   calling conventions, and thus some functions from the standard C
	   library will not work unless you recompile it first with -mdalign.

       -mrelax
	   Shorten some address references at link time, when possible; uses
	   the linker option -relax.

       -mbigtable
	   Use 32-bit offsets in "switch" tables.  The default is to use
	   16-bit offsets.

       -mfmovd
	   Enable the use of the instruction "fmovd".

       -mhitachi
	   Comply with the calling conventions defined by Renesas.

       -mnomacsave
	   Mark the "MAC" register as call-clobbered, even if -mhitachi is
	   given.

       -mieee
	   Increase IEEE-compliance of floating-point code.

       -misize
	   Dump instruction size and location in the assembly code.

       -mpadstruct
	   This option is deprecated.  It pads structures to multiple of 4
	   bytes, which is incompatible with the SH ABI.

       -mspace
	   Optimize for space instead of speed.	 Implied by -Os.

       -mprefergot
	   When generating position-independent code, emit function calls
	   using the Global Offset Table instead of the Procedure Linkage Ta‐
	   ble.

       -musermode
	   Generate a library function call to invalidate instruction cache
	   entries, after fixing up a trampoline.  This library function call
	   doesn't assume it can write to the whole memory address space.
	   This is the default when the target is "sh-*-linux*".

       Options for System V

       These additional options are available on System V Release 4 for com‐
       patibility with other compilers on those systems:

       -G  Create a shared object.  It is recommended that -symbolic or
	   -shared be used instead.

       -Qy Identify the versions of each tool used by the compiler, in a
	   ".ident" assembler directive in the output.

       -Qn Refrain from adding ".ident" directives to the output file (this is
	   the default).

       -YP,dirs
	   Search the directories dirs, and no others, for libraries specified
	   with -l.

       -Ym,dir
	   Look in the directory dir to find the M4 preprocessor.  The assem‐
	   bler uses this option.

       TMS320C3x/C4x Options

       These -m options are defined for TMS320C3x/C4x implementations:

       -mcpu=cpu_type
	   Set the instruction set, register set, and instruction scheduling
	   parameters for machine type cpu_type.  Supported values for
	   cpu_type are c30, c31, c32, c40, and c44.  The default is c40 to
	   generate code for the TMS320C40.

       -mbig-memory
       -mbig
       -msmall-memory
       -msmall
	   Generates code for the big or small memory model.  The small memory
	   model assumed that all data fits into one 64K word page.  At run-
	   time the data page (DP) register must be set to point to the 64K
	   page containing the .bss and .data program sections.	 The big mem‐
	   ory model is the default and requires reloading of the DP register
	   for every direct memory access.

       -mbk
       -mno-bk
	   Allow (disallow) allocation of general integer operands into the
	   block count register BK.

       -mdb
       -mno-db
	   Enable (disable) generation of code using decrement and branch,
	   DBcond(D), instructions.  This is enabled by default for the C4x.
	   To be on the safe side, this is disabled for the C3x, since the
	   maximum iteration count on the C3x is 2^{23 + 1} (but who iterates
	   loops more than 2^{23} times on the C3x?).  Note that GCC will try
	   to reverse a loop so that it can utilize the decrement and branch
	   instruction, but will give up if there is more than one memory ref‐
	   erence in the loop.	Thus a loop where the loop counter is decre‐
	   mented can generate slightly more efficient code, in cases where
	   the RPTB instruction cannot be utilized.

       -mdp-isr-reload
       -mparanoid
	   Force the DP register to be saved on entry to an interrupt service
	   routine (ISR), reloaded to point to the data section, and restored
	   on exit from the ISR.  This should not be required unless someone
	   has violated the small memory model by modifying the DP register,
	   say within an object library.

       -mmpyi
       -mno-mpyi
	   For the C3x use the 24-bit MPYI instruction for integer multiplies
	   instead of a library call to guarantee 32-bit results.  Note that
	   if one of the operands is a constant, then the multiplication will
	   be performed using shifts and adds.	If the -mmpyi option is not
	   specified for the C3x, then squaring operations are performed
	   inline instead of a library call.

       -mfast-fix
       -mno-fast-fix
	   The C3x/C4x FIX instruction to convert a floating point value to an
	   integer value chooses the nearest integer less than or equal to the
	   floating point value rather than to the nearest integer.  Thus if
	   the floating point number is negative, the result will be incor‐
	   rectly truncated an additional code is necessary to detect and cor‐
	   rect this case.  This option can be used to disable generation of
	   the additional code required to correct the result.

       -mrptb
       -mno-rptb
	   Enable (disable) generation of repeat block sequences using the
	   RPTB instruction for zero overhead looping.	The RPTB construct is
	   only used for innermost loops that do not call functions or jump
	   across the loop boundaries.	There is no advantage having nested
	   RPTB loops due to the overhead required to save and restore the RC,
	   RS, and RE registers.  This is enabled by default with -O2.

       -mrpts=count
       -mno-rpts
	   Enable (disable) the use of the single instruction repeat instruc‐
	   tion RPTS.  If a repeat block contains a single instruction, and
	   the loop count can be guaranteed to be less than the value count,
	   GCC will emit a RPTS instruction instead of a RPTB.	If no value is
	   specified, then a RPTS will be emitted even if the loop count can‐
	   not be determined at compile time.  Note that the repeated instruc‐
	   tion following RPTS does not have to be reloaded from memory each
	   iteration, thus freeing up the CPU buses for operands.  However,
	   since interrupts are blocked by this instruction, it is disabled by
	   default.

       -mloop-unsigned
       -mno-loop-unsigned
	   The maximum iteration count when using RPTS and RPTB (and DB on the
	   C40) is 2^{31 + 1} since these instructions test if the iteration
	   count is negative to terminate the loop.  If the iteration count is
	   unsigned there is a possibility than the 2^{31 + 1} maximum itera‐
	   tion count may be exceeded.	This switch allows an unsigned itera‐
	   tion count.

       -mti
	   Try to emit an assembler syntax that the TI assembler (asm30) is
	   happy with.	This also enforces compatibility with the API employed
	   by the TI C3x C compiler.  For example, long doubles are passed as
	   structures rather than in floating point registers.

       -mregparm
       -mmemparm
	   Generate code that uses registers (stack) for passing arguments to
	   functions.  By default, arguments are passed in registers where
	   possible rather than by pushing arguments on to the stack.

       -mparallel-insns
       -mno-parallel-insns
	   Allow the generation of parallel instructions.  This is enabled by
	   default with -O2.

       -mparallel-mpy
       -mno-parallel-mpy
	   Allow the generation of MPY⎪⎪ADD and MPY⎪⎪SUB parallel instruc‐
	   tions, provided -mparallel-insns is also specified.	These instruc‐
	   tions have tight register constraints which can pessimize the code
	   generation of large functions.

       V850 Options

       These -m options are defined for V850 implementations:

       -mlong-calls
       -mno-long-calls
	   Treat all calls as being far away (near).  If calls are assumed to
	   be far away, the compiler will always load the functions address up
	   into a register, and call indirect through the pointer.

       -mno-ep
       -mep
	   Do not optimize (do optimize) basic blocks that use the same index
	   pointer 4 or more times to copy pointer into the "ep" register, and
	   use the shorter "sld" and "sst" instructions.  The -mep option is
	   on by default if you optimize.

       -mno-prolog-function
       -mprolog-function
	   Do not use (do use) external functions to save and restore regis‐
	   ters at the prologue and epilogue of a function.  The external
	   functions are slower, but use less code space if more than one
	   function saves the same number of registers.	 The -mprolog-function
	   option is on by default if you optimize.

       -mspace
	   Try to make the code as small as possible.  At present, this just
	   turns on the -mep and -mprolog-function options.

       -mtda=n
	   Put static or global variables whose size is n bytes or less into
	   the tiny data area that register "ep" points to.  The tiny data
	   area can hold up to 256 bytes in total (128 bytes for byte refer‐
	   ences).

       -msda=n
	   Put static or global variables whose size is n bytes or less into
	   the small data area that register "gp" points to.  The small data
	   area can hold up to 64 kilobytes.

       -mzda=n
	   Put static or global variables whose size is n bytes or less into
	   the first 32 kilobytes of memory.

       -mv850
	   Specify that the target processor is the V850.

       -mbig-switch
	   Generate code suitable for big switch tables.  Use this option only
	   if the assembler/linker complain about out of range branches within
	   a switch table.

       -mapp-regs
	   This option will cause r2 and r5 to be used in the code generated
	   by the compiler.  This setting is the default.

       -mno-app-regs
	   This option will cause r2 and r5 to be treated as fixed registers.

       -mv850e1
	   Specify that the target processor is the V850E1.  The preprocessor
	   constants __v850e1__ and __v850e__ will be defined if this option
	   is used.

       -mv850e
	   Specify that the target processor is the V850E.  The preprocessor
	   constant __v850e__ will be defined if this option is used.

	   If neither -mv850 nor -mv850e nor -mv850e1 are defined then a
	   default target processor will be chosen and the relevant __v850*__
	   preprocessor constant will be defined.

	   The preprocessor constants __v850 and __v851__ are always defined,
	   regardless of which processor variant is the target.

       -mdisable-callt
	   This option will suppress generation of the CALLT instruction for
	   the v850e and v850e1 flavors of the v850 architecture.  The default
	   is -mno-disable-callt which allows the CALLT instruction to be
	   used.

       ARC Options

       These options are defined for ARC implementations:

       -EL Compile code for little endian mode.	 This is the default.

       -EB Compile code for big endian mode.

       -mmangle-cpu
	   Prepend the name of the cpu to all public symbol names.  In multi‐
	   ple-processor systems, there are many ARC variants with different
	   instruction and register set characteristics.  This flag prevents
	   code compiled for one cpu to be linked with code compiled for
	   another.  No facility exists for handling variants that are
	   ``almost identical''.  This is an all or nothing option.

       -mcpu=cpu
	   Compile code for ARC variant cpu.  Which variants are supported
	   depend on the configuration.	 All variants support -mcpu=base, this
	   is the default.

       -mtext=text-section
       -mdata=data-section
       -mrodata=readonly-data-section
	   Put functions, data, and readonly data in text-section, data-sec‐
	   tion, and readonly-data-section respectively by default.  This can
	   be overridden with the "section" attribute.

       NS32K Options

       These are the -m options defined for the 32000 series.  The default
       values for these options depends on which style of 32000 was selected
       when the compiler was configured; the defaults for the most common
       choices are given below.

       -m32032
       -m32032
	   Generate output for a 32032.	 This is the default when the compiler
	   is configured for 32032 and 32016 based systems.

       -m32332
       -m32332
	   Generate output for a 32332.	 This is the default when the compiler
	   is configured for 32332-based systems.

       -m32532
       -m32532
	   Generate output for a 32532.	 This is the default when the compiler
	   is configured for 32532-based systems.

       -m32081
	   Generate output containing 32081 instructions for floating point.
	   This is the default for all systems.

       -m32381
	   Generate output containing 32381 instructions for floating point.
	   This also implies -m32081.  The 32381 is only compatible with the
	   32332 and 32532 cpus.  This is the default for the pc532-netbsd
	   configuration.

       -mmulti-add
	   Try and generate multiply-add floating point instructions "polyF"
	   and "dotF".	This option is only available if the -m32381 option is
	   in effect.  Using these instructions requires changes to register
	   allocation which generally has a negative impact on performance.
	   This option should only be enabled when compiling code particularly
	   likely to make heavy use of multiply-add instructions.

       -mnomulti-add
	   Do not try and generate multiply-add floating point instructions
	   "polyF" and "dotF".	This is the default on all platforms.

       -msoft-float
	   Generate output containing library calls for floating point.	 Warn‐
	   ing: the requisite libraries may not be available.

       -mieee-compare
       -mno-ieee-compare
	   Control whether or not the compiler uses IEEE floating point com‐
	   parisons.  These handle correctly the case where the result of a
	   comparison is unordered.  Warning: the requisite kernel support may
	   not be available.

       -mnobitfield
	   Do not use the bit-field instructions.  On some machines it is
	   faster to use shifting and masking operations.  This is the default
	   for the pc532.

       -mbitfield
	   Do use the bit-field instructions.  This is the default for all
	   platforms except the pc532.

       -mrtd
	   Use a different function-calling convention, in which functions
	   that take a fixed number of arguments return pop their arguments on
	   return with the "ret" instruction.

	   This calling convention is incompatible with the one normally used
	   on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call libraries com‐
	   piled with the Unix compiler.

	   Also, you must provide function prototypes for all functions that
	   take variable numbers of arguments (including "printf"); otherwise
	   incorrect code will be generated for calls to those functions.

	   In addition, seriously incorrect code will result if you call a
	   function with too many arguments.  (Normally, extra arguments are
	   harmlessly ignored.)

	   This option takes its name from the 680x0 "rtd" instruction.

       -mregparam
	   Use a different function-calling convention where the first two
	   arguments are passed in registers.

	   This calling convention is incompatible with the one normally used
	   on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call libraries com‐
	   piled with the Unix compiler.

       -mnoregparam
	   Do not pass any arguments in registers.  This is the default for
	   all targets.

       -msb
	   It is OK to use the sb as an index register which is always loaded
	   with zero.  This is the default for the pc532-netbsd target.

       -mnosb
	   The sb register is not available for use or has not been initial‐
	   ized to zero by the run time system.	 This is the default for all
	   targets except the pc532-netbsd.  It is also implied whenever
	   -mhimem or -fpic is set.

       -mhimem
	   Many ns32000 series addressing modes use displacements of up to
	   512MB.  If an address is above 512MB then displacements from zero
	   can not be used.  This option causes code to be generated which can
	   be loaded above 512MB.  This may be useful for operating systems or
	   ROM code.

       -mnohimem
	   Assume code will be loaded in the first 512MB of virtual address
	   space.  This is the default for all platforms.

       AVR Options

       These options are defined for AVR implementations:

       -mmcu=mcu
	   Specify ATMEL AVR instruction set or MCU type.

	   Instruction set avr1 is for the minimal AVR core, not supported by
	   the C compiler, only for assembler programs (MCU types: at90s1200,
	   attiny10, attiny11, attiny12, attiny15, attiny28).

	   Instruction set avr2 (default) is for the classic AVR core with up
	   to 8K program memory space (MCU types: at90s2313, at90s2323,
	   attiny22, at90s2333, at90s2343, at90s4414, at90s4433, at90s4434,
	   at90s8515, at90c8534, at90s8535).

	   Instruction set avr3 is for the classic AVR core with up to 128K
	   program memory space (MCU types: atmega103, atmega603, at43usb320,
	   at76c711).

	   Instruction set avr4 is for the enhanced AVR core with up to 8K
	   program memory space (MCU types: atmega8, atmega83, atmega85).

	   Instruction set avr5 is for the enhanced AVR core with up to 128K
	   program memory space (MCU types: atmega16, atmega161, atmega163,
	   atmega32, atmega323, atmega64, atmega128, at43usb355, at94k).

       -msize
	   Output instruction sizes to the asm file.

       -minit-stack=N
	   Specify the initial stack address, which may be a symbol or numeric
	   value, __stack is the default.

       -mno-interrupts
	   Generated code is not compatible with hardware interrupts.  Code
	   size will be smaller.

       -mcall-prologues
	   Functions prologues/epilogues expanded as call to appropriate sub‐
	   routines.  Code size will be smaller.

       -mno-tablejump
	   Do not generate tablejump insns which sometimes increase code size.

       -mtiny-stack
	   Change only the low 8 bits of the stack pointer.

       MCore Options

       These are the -m options defined for the Motorola M*Core processors.

       -mhardlit
       -mno-hardlit
	   Inline constants into the code stream if it can be done in two
	   instructions or less.

       -mdiv
       -mno-div
	   Use the divide instruction.	(Enabled by default).

       -mrelax-immediate
       -mno-relax-immediate
	   Allow arbitrary sized immediates in bit operations.

       -mwide-bitfields
       -mno-wide-bitfields
	   Always treat bit-fields as int-sized.

       -m4byte-functions
       -mno-4byte-functions
	   Force all functions to be aligned to a four byte boundary.

       -mcallgraph-data
       -mno-callgraph-data
	   Emit callgraph information.

       -mslow-bytes
       -mno-slow-bytes
	   Prefer word access when reading byte quantities.

       -mlittle-endian
       -mbig-endian
	   Generate code for a little endian target.

       -m210
       -m340
	   Generate code for the 210 processor.

       IA-64 Options

       These are the -m options defined for the Intel IA-64 architecture.

       -mbig-endian
	   Generate code for a big endian target.  This is the default for
	   HP-UX.

       -mlittle-endian
	   Generate code for a little endian target.  This is the default for
	   AIX5 and GNU/Linux.

       -mgnu-as
       -mno-gnu-as
	   Generate (or don't) code for the GNU assembler.  This is the
	   default.

       -mgnu-ld
       -mno-gnu-ld
	   Generate (or don't) code for the GNU linker.	 This is the default.

       -mno-pic
	   Generate code that does not use a global pointer register.  The
	   result is not position independent code, and violates the IA-64
	   ABI.

       -mvolatile-asm-stop
       -mno-volatile-asm-stop
	   Generate (or don't) a stop bit immediately before and after
	   volatile asm statements.

       -mb-step
	   Generate code that works around Itanium B step errata.

       -mregister-names
       -mno-register-names
	   Generate (or don't) in, loc, and out register names for the stacked
	   registers.  This may make assembler output more readable.

       -mno-sdata
       -msdata
	   Disable (or enable) optimizations that use the small data section.
	   This may be useful for working around optimizer bugs.

       -mconstant-gp
	   Generate code that uses a single constant global pointer value.
	   This is useful when compiling kernel code.

       -mauto-pic
	   Generate code that is self-relocatable.  This implies -mcon‐
	   stant-gp.  This is useful when compiling firmware code.

       -minline-float-divide-min-latency
	   Generate code for inline divides of floating point values using the
	   minimum latency algorithm.

       -minline-float-divide-max-throughput
	   Generate code for inline divides of floating point values using the
	   maximum throughput algorithm.

       -minline-int-divide-min-latency
	   Generate code for inline divides of integer values using the mini‐
	   mum latency algorithm.

       -minline-int-divide-max-throughput
	   Generate code for inline divides of integer values using the maxi‐
	   mum throughput algorithm.

       -mno-dwarf2-asm
       -mdwarf2-asm
	   Don't (or do) generate assembler code for the DWARF2 line number
	   debugging info.  This may be useful when not using the GNU assem‐
	   bler.

       -mfixed-range=register-range
	   Generate code treating the given register range as fixed registers.
	   A fixed register is one that the register allocator can not use.
	   This is useful when compiling kernel code.  A register range is
	   specified as two registers separated by a dash.  Multiple register
	   ranges can be specified separated by a comma.

       -mearly-stop-bits
       -mno-early-stop-bits
	   Allow stop bits to be placed earlier than immediately preceding the
	   instruction that triggered the stop bit.  This can improve instruc‐
	   tion scheduling, but does not always do so.

       D30V Options

       These -m options are defined for D30V implementations:

       -mextmem
	   Link the .text, .data, .bss, .strings, .rodata, .rodata1, .data1
	   sections into external memory, which starts at location 0x80000000.

       -mextmemory
	   Same as the -mextmem switch.

       -monchip
	   Link the .text section into onchip text memory, which starts at
	   location 0x0.  Also link .data, .bss, .strings, .rodata, .rodata1,
	   .data1 sections into onchip data memory, which starts at location
	   0x20000000.

       -mno-asm-optimize
       -masm-optimize
	   Disable (enable) passing -O to the assembler when optimizing.  The
	   assembler uses the -O option to automatically parallelize adjacent
	   short instructions where possible.

       -mbranch-cost=n
	   Increase the internal costs of branches to n.  Higher costs means
	   that the compiler will issue more instructions to avoid doing a
	   branch.  The default is 2.

       -mcond-exec=n
	   Specify the maximum number of conditionally executed instructions
	   that replace a branch.  The default is 4.

       S/390 and zSeries Options

       These are the -m options defined for the S/390 and zSeries architec‐
       ture.

       -mhard-float
       -msoft-float
	   Use (do not use) the hardware floating-point instructions and reg‐
	   isters for floating-point operations.  When -msoft-float is speci‐
	   fied, functions in libgcc.a will be used to perform floating-point
	   operations.	When -mhard-float is specified, the compiler generates
	   IEEE floating-point instructions.  This is the default.

       -mbackchain
       -mno-backchain
	   Generate (or do not generate) code which maintains an explicit
	   backchain within the stack frame that points to the caller's frame.
	   This may be needed to allow debugging using tools that do not
	   understand DWARF-2 call frame information.  The default is not to
	   generate the backchain.

       -msmall-exec
       -mno-small-exec
	   Generate (or do not generate) code using the "bras" instruction to
	   do subroutine calls.	 This only works reliably if the total exe‐
	   cutable size does not exceed 64k.  The default is to use the "basr"
	   instruction instead, which does not have this limitation.

       -m64
       -m31
	   When -m31 is specified, generate code compliant to the GNU/Linux
	   for S/390 ABI.  When -m64 is specified, generate code compliant to
	   the GNU/Linux for zSeries ABI.  This allows GCC in particular to
	   generate 64-bit instructions.  For the s390 targets, the default is
	   -m31, while the s390x targets default to -m64.

       -mzarch
       -mesa
	   When -mzarch is specified, generate code using the instructions
	   available on z/Architecture.	 When -mesa is specified, generate
	   code using the instructions available on ESA/390. Note that -mesa
	   is not possible with -m64.  When generating code compliant to the
	   GNU/Linux for S/390 ABI, the default is -mesa.  When generating
	   code compliant to the GNU/Linux for zSeries ABI, the default is
	   -mzarch.

       -mmvcle
       -mno-mvcle
	   Generate (or do not generate) code using the "mvcle" instruction to
	   perform block moves.	 When -mno-mvcle is specified, use a "mvc"
	   loop instead.  This is the default.

       -mdebug
       -mno-debug
	   Print (or do not print) additional debug information when compil‐
	   ing.	 The default is to not print debug information.

       -march=cpu-type
	   Generate code that will run on cpu-type, which is the name of a
	   system representing a certain processor type. Possible values for
	   cpu-type are g5, g6, z900, and z990.	 When generating code using
	   the instructions available on z/Architecture, the default is
	   -march=z900.	 Otherwise, the default is -march=g5.

       -mtune=cpu-type
	   Tune to cpu-type everything applicable about the generated code,
	   except for the ABI and the set of available instructions.  The list
	   of cpu-type values is the same as for -march.  The default is the
	   value used for -march.

       -mfused-madd
       -mno-fused-madd
	   Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating point multiply
	   and accumulate instructions.	 These instructions are generated by
	   default if hardware floating point is used.

       CRIS Options

       These options are defined specifically for the CRIS ports.

       -march=architecture-type
       -mcpu=architecture-type
	   Generate code for the specified architecture.  The choices for
	   architecture-type are v3, v8 and v10 for respectively ETRAX 4,
	   ETRAX 100, and ETRAX 100 LX.	 Default is v0 except for
	   cris-axis-linux-gnu, where the default is v10.

       -mtune=architecture-type
	   Tune to architecture-type everything applicable about the generated
	   code, except for the ABI and the set of available instructions.
	   The choices for architecture-type are the same as for -march=archi‐
	   tecture-type.

       -mmax-stack-frame=n
	   Warn when the stack frame of a function exceeds n bytes.

       -melinux-stacksize=n
	   Only available with the cris-axis-aout target.  Arranges for indi‐
	   cations in the program to the kernel loader that the stack of the
	   program should be set to n bytes.

       -metrax4
       -metrax100
	   The options -metrax4 and -metrax100 are synonyms for -march=v3 and
	   -march=v8 respectively.

       -mmul-bug-workaround
       -mno-mul-bug-workaround
	   Work around a bug in the "muls" and "mulu" instructions for CPU
	   models where it applies.  This option is active by default.

       -mpdebug
	   Enable CRIS-specific verbose debug-related information in the
	   assembly code.  This option also has the effect to turn off the
	   #NO_APP formatted-code indicator to the assembler at the beginning
	   of the assembly file.

       -mcc-init
	   Do not use condition-code results from previous instruction; always
	   emit compare and test instructions before use of condition codes.

       -mno-side-effects
	   Do not emit instructions with side-effects in addressing modes
	   other than post-increment.

       -mstack-align
       -mno-stack-align
       -mdata-align
       -mno-data-align
       -mconst-align
       -mno-const-align
	   These options (no-options) arranges (eliminate arrangements) for
	   the stack-frame, individual data and constants to be aligned for
	   the maximum single data access size for the chosen CPU model.  The
	   default is to arrange for 32-bit alignment.	ABI details such as
	   structure layout are not affected by these options.

       -m32-bit
       -m16-bit
       -m8-bit
	   Similar to the stack- data- and const-align options above, these
	   options arrange for stack-frame, writable data and constants to all
	   be 32-bit, 16-bit or 8-bit aligned.	The default is 32-bit align‐
	   ment.

       -mno-prologue-epilogue
       -mprologue-epilogue
	   With -mno-prologue-epilogue, the normal function prologue and epi‐
	   logue that sets up the stack-frame are omitted and no return
	   instructions or return sequences are generated in the code.	Use
	   this option only together with visual inspection of the compiled
	   code: no warnings or errors are generated when call-saved registers
	   must be saved, or storage for local variable needs to be allocated.

       -mno-gotplt
       -mgotplt
	   With -fpic and -fPIC, don't generate (do generate) instruction
	   sequences that load addresses for functions from the PLT part of
	   the GOT rather than (traditional on other architectures) calls to
	   the PLT.  The default is -mgotplt.

       -maout
	   Legacy no-op option only recognized with the cris-axis-aout target.

       -melf
	   Legacy no-op option only recognized with the cris-axis-elf and
	   cris-axis-linux-gnu targets.

       -melinux
	   Only recognized with the cris-axis-aout target, where it selects a
	   GNU/linux-like multilib, include files and instruction set for
	   -march=v8.

       -mlinux
	   Legacy no-op option only recognized with the cris-axis-linux-gnu
	   target.

       -sim
	   This option, recognized for the cris-axis-aout and cris-axis-elf
	   arranges to link with input-output functions from a simulator
	   library.  Code, initialized data and zero-initialized data are
	   allocated consecutively.

       -sim2
	   Like -sim, but pass linker options to locate initialized data at
	   0x40000000 and zero-initialized data at 0x80000000.

       MMIX Options

       These options are defined for the MMIX:

       -mlibfuncs
       -mno-libfuncs
	   Specify that intrinsic library functions are being compiled, pass‐
	   ing all values in registers, no matter the size.

       -mepsilon
       -mno-epsilon
	   Generate floating-point comparison instructions that compare with
	   respect to the "rE" epsilon register.

       -mabi=mmixware
       -mabi=gnu
	   Generate code that passes function parameters and return values
	   that (in the called function) are seen as registers $0 and up, as
	   opposed to the GNU ABI which uses global registers $231 and up.

       -mzero-extend
       -mno-zero-extend
	   When reading data from memory in sizes shorter than 64 bits, use
	   (do not use) zero-extending load instructions by default, rather
	   than sign-extending ones.

       -mknuthdiv
       -mno-knuthdiv
	   Make the result of a division yielding a remainder have the same
	   sign as the divisor.	 With the default, -mno-knuthdiv, the sign of
	   the remainder follows the sign of the dividend.  Both methods are
	   arithmetically valid, the latter being almost exclusively used.

       -mtoplevel-symbols
       -mno-toplevel-symbols
	   Prepend (do not prepend) a : to all global symbols, so the assembly
	   code can be used with the "PREFIX" assembly directive.

       -melf
	   Generate an executable in the ELF format, rather than the default
	   mmo format used by the mmix simulator.

       -mbranch-predict
       -mno-branch-predict
	   Use (do not use) the probable-branch instructions, when static
	   branch prediction indicates a probable branch.

       -mbase-addresses
       -mno-base-addresses
	   Generate (do not generate) code that uses base addresses.  Using a
	   base address automatically generates a request (handled by the
	   assembler and the linker) for a constant to be set up in a global
	   register.  The register is used for one or more base address
	   requests within the range 0 to 255 from the value held in the reg‐
	   ister.  The generally leads to short and fast code, but the number
	   of different data items that can be addressed is limited.  This
	   means that a program that uses lots of static data may require
	   -mno-base-addresses.

       -msingle-exit
       -mno-single-exit
	   Force (do not force) generated code to have a single exit point in
	   each function.

       PDP-11 Options

       These options are defined for the PDP-11:

       -mfpu
	   Use hardware FPP floating point.  This is the default.  (FIS float‐
	   ing point on the PDP-11/40 is not supported.)

       -msoft-float
	   Do not use hardware floating point.

       -mac0
	   Return floating-point results in ac0 (fr0 in Unix assembler syn‐
	   tax).

       -mno-ac0
	   Return floating-point results in memory.  This is the default.

       -m40
	   Generate code for a PDP-11/40.

       -m45
	   Generate code for a PDP-11/45.  This is the default.

       -m10
	   Generate code for a PDP-11/10.

       -mbcopy-builtin
	   Use inline "movstrhi" patterns for copying memory.  This is the
	   default.

       -mbcopy
	   Do not use inline "movstrhi" patterns for copying memory.

       -mint16
       -mno-int32
	   Use 16-bit "int".  This is the default.

       -mint32
       -mno-int16
	   Use 32-bit "int".

       -mfloat64
       -mno-float32
	   Use 64-bit "float".	This is the default.

       -mfloat32
       -mno-float64
	   Use 32-bit "float".

       -mabshi
	   Use "abshi2" pattern.  This is the default.

       -mno-abshi
	   Do not use "abshi2" pattern.

       -mbranch-expensive
	   Pretend that branches are expensive.	 This is for experimenting
	   with code generation only.

       -mbranch-cheap
	   Do not pretend that branches are expensive.	This is the default.

       -msplit
	   Generate code for a system with split I&D.

       -mno-split
	   Generate code for a system without split I&D.  This is the default.

       -munix-asm
	   Use Unix assembler syntax.  This is the default when configured for
	   pdp11-*-bsd.

       -mdec-asm
	   Use DEC assembler syntax.  This is the default when configured for
	   any PDP-11 target other than pdp11-*-bsd.

       Xstormy16 Options

       These options are defined for Xstormy16:

       -msim
	   Choose startup files and linker script suitable for the simulator.

       FRV Options

       -mgpr-32
	   Only use the first 32 general purpose registers.

       -mgpr-64
	   Use all 64 general purpose registers.

       -mfpr-32
	   Use only the first 32 floating point registers.

       -mfpr-64
	   Use all 64 floating point registers

       -mhard-float
	   Use hardware instructions for floating point operations.

       -msoft-float
	   Use library routines for floating point operations.

       -malloc-cc
	   Dynamically allocate condition code registers.

       -mfixed-cc
	   Do not try to dynamically allocate condition code registers, only
	   use "icc0" and "fcc0".

       -mdword
	   Change ABI to use double word insns.

       -mno-dword
	   Do not use double word instructions.

       -mdouble
	   Use floating point double instructions.

       -mno-double
	   Do not use floating point double instructions.

       -mmedia
	   Use media instructions.

       -mno-media
	   Do not use media instructions.

       -mmuladd
	   Use multiply and add/subtract instructions.

       -mno-muladd
	   Do not use multiply and add/subtract instructions.

       -mlibrary-pic
	   Enable PIC support for building libraries

       -macc-4
	   Use only the first four media accumulator registers.

       -macc-8
	   Use all eight media accumulator registers.

       -mpack
	   Pack VLIW instructions.

       -mno-pack
	   Do not pack VLIW instructions.

       -mno-eflags
	   Do not mark ABI switches in e_flags.

       -mcond-move
	   Enable the use of conditional-move instructions (default).

	   This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
	   removed in a future version.

       -mno-cond-move
	   Disable the use of conditional-move instructions.

	   This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
	   removed in a future version.

       -mscc
	   Enable the use of conditional set instructions (default).

	   This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
	   removed in a future version.

       -mno-scc
	   Disable the use of conditional set instructions.

	   This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
	   removed in a future version.

       -mcond-exec
	   Enable the use of conditional execution (default).

	   This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
	   removed in a future version.

       -mno-cond-exec
	   Disable the use of conditional execution.

	   This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
	   removed in a future version.

       -mvliw-branch
	   Run a pass to pack branches into VLIW instructions (default).

	   This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
	   removed in a future version.

       -mno-vliw-branch
	   Do not run a pass to pack branches into VLIW instructions.

	   This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
	   removed in a future version.

       -mmulti-cond-exec
	   Enable optimization of "&&" and "⎪⎪" in conditional execution
	   (default).

	   This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
	   removed in a future version.

       -mno-multi-cond-exec
	   Disable optimization of "&&" and "⎪⎪" in conditional execution.

	   This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
	   removed in a future version.

       -mnested-cond-exec
	   Enable nested conditional execution optimizations (default).

	   This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
	   removed in a future version.

       -mno-nested-cond-exec
	   Disable nested conditional execution optimizations.

	   This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
	   removed in a future version.

       -mtomcat-stats
	   Cause gas to print out tomcat statistics.

       -mcpu=cpu
	   Select the processor type for which to generate code.  Possible
	   values are simple, tomcat, fr500, fr400, fr300, frv.

       Xtensa Options

       These options are supported for Xtensa targets:

       -mconst16
       -mno-const16
	   Enable or disable use of "CONST16" instructions for loading con‐
	   stant values.  The "CONST16" instruction is currently not a stan‐
	   dard option from Tensilica.	When enabled, "CONST16" instructions
	   are always used in place of the standard "L32R" instructions.  The
	   use of "CONST16" is enabled by default only if the "L32R" instruc‐
	   tion is not available.

       -mfused-madd
       -mno-fused-madd
	   Enable or disable use of fused multiply/add and multiply/subtract
	   instructions in the floating-point option.  This has no effect if
	   the floating-point option is not also enabled.  Disabling fused
	   multiply/add and multiply/subtract instructions forces the compiler
	   to use separate instructions for the multiply and add/subtract
	   operations.	This may be desirable in some cases where strict IEEE
	   754-compliant results are required: the fused multiply add/subtract
	   instructions do not round the intermediate result, thereby produc‐
	   ing results with more bits of precision than specified by the IEEE
	   standard.  Disabling fused multiply add/subtract instructions also
	   ensures that the program output is not sensitive to the compiler's
	   ability to combine multiply and add/subtract operations.

       -mtext-section-literals
       -mno-text-section-literals
	   Control the treatment of literal pools.  The default is
	   -mno-text-section-literals, which places literals in a separate
	   section in the output file.	This allows the literal pool to be
	   placed in a data RAM/ROM, and it also allows the linker to combine
	   literal pools from separate object files to remove redundant liter‐
	   als and improve code size.  With -mtext-section-literals, the lit‐
	   erals are interspersed in the text section in order to keep them as
	   close as possible to their references.  This may be necessary for
	   large assembly files.

       -mtarget-align
       -mno-target-align
	   When this option is enabled, GCC instructs the assembler to auto‐
	   matically align instructions to reduce branch penalties at the
	   expense of some code density.  The assembler attempts to widen den‐
	   sity instructions to align branch targets and the instructions fol‐
	   lowing call instructions.  If there are not enough preceding safe
	   density instructions to align a target, no widening will be per‐
	   formed.  The default is -mtarget-align.  These options do not
	   affect the treatment of auto-aligned instructions like "LOOP",
	   which the assembler will always align, either by widening density
	   instructions or by inserting no-op instructions.

       -mlongcalls
       -mno-longcalls
	   When this option is enabled, GCC instructs the assembler to trans‐
	   late direct calls to indirect calls unless it can determine that
	   the target of a direct call is in the range allowed by the call
	   instruction.	 This translation typically occurs for calls to func‐
	   tions in other source files.	 Specifically, the assembler trans‐
	   lates a direct "CALL" instruction into an "L32R" followed by a
	   "CALLX" instruction.	 The default is -mno-longcalls.	 This option
	   should be used in programs where the call target can potentially be
	   out of range.  This option is implemented in the assembler, not the
	   compiler, so the assembly code generated by GCC will still show
	   direct call instructions---look at the disassembled object code to
	   see the actual instructions.	 Note that the assembler will use an
	   indirect call for every cross-file call, not just those that really
	   will be out of range.

       Options for Code Generation Conventions

       These machine-independent options control the interface conventions
       used in code generation.

       Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form
       of -ffoo would be -fno-foo.  In the table below, only one of the forms
       is listed---the one which is not the default.  You can figure out the
       other form by either removing no- or adding it.

       -fbounds-check
	   For front-ends that support it, generate additional code to check
	   that indices used to access arrays are within the declared range.
	   This is currently only supported by the Java and Fortran 77
	   front-ends, where this option defaults to true and false respec‐
	   tively.

       -ftrapv
	   This option generates traps for signed overflow on addition, sub‐
	   traction, multiplication operations.

       -fwrapv
	   This option instructs the compiler to assume that signed arithmetic
	   overflow of addition, subtraction and multiplication wraps around
	   using twos-complement representation.  This flag enables some opti‐
	   mizations and disables other.  This option is enabled by default
	   for the Java front-end, as required by the Java language specifica‐
	   tion.

       -fexceptions
	   Enable exception handling.  Generates extra code needed to propa‐
	   gate exceptions.  For some targets, this implies GCC will generate
	   frame unwind information for all functions, which can produce sig‐
	   nificant data size overhead, although it does not affect execution.
	   If you do not specify this option, GCC will enable it by default
	   for languages like C++ which normally require exception handling,
	   and disable it for languages like C that do not normally require
	   it.	However, you may need to enable this option when compiling C
	   code that needs to interoperate properly with exception handlers
	   written in C++.  You may also wish to disable this option if you
	   are compiling older C++ programs that don't use exception handling.

       -fnon-call-exceptions
	   Generate code that allows trapping instructions to throw excep‐
	   tions.  Note that this requires platform-specific runtime support
	   that does not exist everywhere.  Moreover, it only allows trapping
	   instructions to throw exceptions, i.e. memory references or float‐
	   ing point instructions.  It does not allow exceptions to be thrown
	   from arbitrary signal handlers such as "SIGALRM".

       -funwind-tables
	   Similar to -fexceptions, except that it will just generate any
	   needed static data, but will not affect the generated code in any
	   other way.  You will normally not enable this option; instead, a
	   language processor that needs this handling would enable it on your
	   behalf.

       -fasynchronous-unwind-tables
	   Generate unwind table in dwarf2 format, if supported by target
	   machine.  The table is exact at each instruction boundary, so it
	   can be used for stack unwinding from asynchronous events (such as
	   debugger or garbage collector).

       -fpcc-struct-return
	   Return ``short'' "struct" and "union" values in memory like longer
	   ones, rather than in registers.  This convention is less efficient,
	   but it has the advantage of allowing intercallability between GCC-
	   compiled files and files compiled with other compilers, particu‐
	   larly the Portable C Compiler (pcc).

	   The precise convention for returning structures in memory depends
	   on the target configuration macros.

	   Short structures and unions are those whose size and alignment
	   match that of some integer type.

	   Warning: code compiled with the -fpcc-struct-return switch is not
	   binary compatible with code compiled with the -freg-struct-return
	   switch.  Use it to conform to a non-default application binary
	   interface.

       -freg-struct-return
	   Return "struct" and "union" values in registers when possible.
	   This is more efficient for small structures than
	   -fpcc-struct-return.

	   If you specify neither -fpcc-struct-return nor -freg-struct-return,
	   GCC defaults to whichever convention is standard for the target.
	   If there is no standard convention, GCC defaults to
	   -fpcc-struct-return, except on targets where GCC is the principal
	   compiler.  In those cases, we can choose the standard, and we chose
	   the more efficient register return alternative.

	   Warning: code compiled with the -freg-struct-return switch is not
	   binary compatible with code compiled with the -fpcc-struct-return
	   switch.  Use it to conform to a non-default application binary
	   interface.

       -fshort-enums
	   Allocate to an "enum" type only as many bytes as it needs for the
	   declared range of possible values.  Specifically, the "enum" type
	   will be equivalent to the smallest integer type which has enough
	   room.

	   Warning: the -fshort-enums switch causes GCC to generate code that
	   is not binary compatible with code generated without that switch.
	   Use it to conform to a non-default application binary interface.

       -fshort-double
	   Use the same size for "double" as for "float".

	   Warning: the -fshort-double switch causes GCC to generate code that
	   is not binary compatible with code generated without that switch.
	   Use it to conform to a non-default application binary interface.

       -fshort-wchar
	   Override the underlying type for wchar_t to be short unsigned int
	   instead of the default for the target.  This option is useful for
	   building programs to run under WINE.

	   Warning: the -fshort-wchar switch causes GCC to generate code that
	   is not binary compatible with code generated without that switch.
	   Use it to conform to a non-default application binary interface.

       -fshared-data
	   Requests that the data and non-"const" variables of this compila‐
	   tion be shared data rather than private data.  The distinction
	   makes sense only on certain operating systems, where shared data is
	   shared between processes running the same program, while private
	   data exists in one copy per process.

       -fno-common
	   In C, allocate even uninitialized global variables in the data sec‐
	   tion of the object file, rather than generating them as common
	   blocks.  This has the effect that if the same variable is declared
	   (without "extern") in two different compilations, you will get an
	   error when you link them.  The only reason this might be useful is
	   if you wish to verify that the program will work on other systems
	   which always work this way.

       -fno-ident
	   Ignore the #ident directive.

       -finhibit-size-directive
	   Don't output a ".size" assembler directive, or anything else that
	   would cause trouble if the function is split in the middle, and the
	   two halves are placed at locations far apart in memory.  This
	   option is used when compiling crtstuff.c; you should not need to
	   use it for anything else.

       -fverbose-asm
	   Put extra commentary information in the generated assembly code to
	   make it more readable.  This option is generally only of use to
	   those who actually need to read the generated assembly code (per‐
	   haps while debugging the compiler itself).

	   -fno-verbose-asm, the default, causes the extra information to be
	   omitted and is useful when comparing two assembler files.

       -fpic
	   Generate position-independent code (PIC) suitable for use in a
	   shared library, if supported for the target machine.	 Such code
	   accesses all constant addresses through a global offset table
	   (GOT).  The dynamic loader resolves the GOT entries when the pro‐
	   gram starts (the dynamic loader is not part of GCC; it is part of
	   the operating system).  If the GOT size for the linked executable
	   exceeds a machine-specific maximum size, you get an error message
	   from the linker indicating that -fpic does not work; in that case,
	   recompile with -fPIC instead.  (These maximums are 8k on the SPARC
	   and 32k on the m68k and RS/6000.  The 386 has no such limit.)

	   Position-independent code requires special support, and therefore
	   works only on certain machines.  For the 386, GCC supports PIC for
	   System V but not for the Sun 386i.  Code generated for the IBM
	   RS/6000 is always position-independent.

       -fPIC
	   If supported for the target machine, emit position-independent
	   code, suitable for dynamic linking and avoiding any limit on the
	   size of the global offset table.  This option makes a difference on
	   the m68k and the SPARC.

	   Position-independent code requires special support, and therefore
	   works only on certain machines.

       -fpie
       -fPIE
	   These options are similar to -fpic and -fPIC, but generated posi‐
	   tion independent code can be only linked into executables.  Usually
	   these options are used when -pie GCC option will be used during
	   linking.

       -ffixed-reg
	   Treat the register named reg as a fixed register; generated code
	   should never refer to it (except perhaps as a stack pointer, frame
	   pointer or in some other fixed role).

	   reg must be the name of a register.	The register names accepted
	   are machine-specific and are defined in the "REGISTER_NAMES" macro
	   in the machine description macro file.

	   This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a
	   three-way choice.

       -fcall-used-reg
	   Treat the register named reg as an allocable register that is clob‐
	   bered by function calls.  It may be allocated for temporaries or
	   variables that do not live across a call.  Functions compiled this
	   way will not save and restore the register reg.

	   It is an error to used this flag with the frame pointer or stack
	   pointer.  Use of this flag for other registers that have fixed per‐
	   vasive roles in the machine's execution model will produce disas‐
	   trous results.

	   This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a
	   three-way choice.

       -fcall-saved-reg
	   Treat the register named reg as an allocable register saved by
	   functions.  It may be allocated even for temporaries or variables
	   that live across a call.  Functions compiled this way will save and
	   restore the register reg if they use it.

	   It is an error to used this flag with the frame pointer or stack
	   pointer.  Use of this flag for other registers that have fixed per‐
	   vasive roles in the machine's execution model will produce disas‐
	   trous results.

	   A different sort of disaster will result from the use of this flag
	   for a register in which function values may be returned.

	   This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a
	   three-way choice.

       -fpack-struct
	   Pack all structure members together without holes.

	   Warning: the -fpack-struct switch causes GCC to generate code that
	   is not binary compatible with code generated without that switch.
	   Additionally, it makes the code suboptimal.	Use it to conform to a
	   non-default application binary interface.

       -finstrument-functions
	   Generate instrumentation calls for entry and exit to functions.
	   Just after function entry and just before function exit, the fol‐
	   lowing profiling functions will be called with the address of the
	   current function and its call site.	(On some platforms,
	   "__builtin_return_address" does not work beyond the current func‐
	   tion, so the call site information may not be available to the pro‐
	   filing functions otherwise.)

		   void __cyg_profile_func_enter (void *this_fn,
						  void *call_site);
		   void __cyg_profile_func_exit	 (void *this_fn,
						  void *call_site);

	   The first argument is the address of the start of the current func‐
	   tion, which may be looked up exactly in the symbol table.

	   This currently disables function inlining.  This restriction is
	   expected to be removed in future releases.

	   A function may be given the attribute "no_instrument_function", in
	   which case this instrumentation will not be done.  This can be
	   used, for example, for the profiling functions listed above, high-
	   priority interrupt routines, and any functions from which the pro‐
	   filing functions cannot safely be called (perhaps signal handlers,
	   if the profiling routines generate output or allocate memory).

       -fstack-check
	   Generate code to verify that you do not go beyond the boundary of
	   the stack.  You should specify this flag if you are running in an
	   environment with multiple threads, but only rarely need to specify
	   it in a single-threaded environment since stack overflow is auto‐
	   matically detected on nearly all systems if there is only one
	   stack.

	   Note that this switch does not actually cause checking to be done;
	   the operating system must do that.  The switch causes generation of
	   code to ensure that the operating system sees the stack being
	   extended.

       -fstack-limit-register=reg
       -fstack-limit-symbol=sym
       -fno-stack-limit
	   Generate code to ensure that the stack does not grow beyond a cer‐
	   tain value, either the value of a register or the address of a sym‐
	   bol.	 If the stack would grow beyond the value, a signal is raised.
	   For most targets, the signal is raised before the stack overruns
	   the boundary, so it is possible to catch the signal without taking
	   special precautions.

	   For instance, if the stack starts at absolute address 0x80000000
	   and grows downwards, you can use the flags -fstack-limit-sym‐
	   bol=__stack_limit and -Wl,--defsym,__stack_limit=0x7ffe0000 to
	   enforce a stack limit of 128KB.  Note that this may only work with
	   the GNU linker.

       -fargument-alias
       -fargument-noalias
       -fargument-noalias-global
	   Specify the possible relationships among parameters and between
	   parameters and global data.

	   -fargument-alias specifies that arguments (parameters) may alias
	   each other and may alias global storage.-fargument-noalias speci‐
	   fies that arguments do not alias each other, but may alias global
	   storage.-fargument-noalias-global specifies that arguments do not
	   alias each other and do not alias global storage.

	   Each language will automatically use whatever option is required by
	   the language standard.  You should not need to use these options
	   yourself.

       -fleading-underscore
	   This option and its counterpart, -fno-leading-underscore, forcibly
	   change the way C symbols are represented in the object file.	 One
	   use is to help link with legacy assembly code.

	   Warning: the -fleading-underscore switch causes GCC to generate
	   code that is not binary compatible with code generated without that
	   switch.  Use it to conform to a non-default application binary
	   interface.  Not all targets provide complete support for this
	   switch.

       -ftls-model=model
	   Alter the thread-local storage model to be used.  The model argu‐
	   ment should be one of "global-dynamic", "local-dynamic", "ini‐
	   tial-exec" or "local-exec".

	   The default without -fpic is "initial-exec"; with -fpic the default
	   is "global-dynamic".

ENVIRONMENT
       This section describes several environment variables that affect how
       GCC operates.  Some of them work by specifying directories or prefixes
       to use when searching for various kinds of files.  Some are used to
       specify other aspects of the compilation environment.

       Note that you can also specify places to search using options such as
       -B, -I and -L.  These take precedence over places specified using envi‐
       ronment variables, which in turn take precedence over those specified
       by the configuration of GCC.

       LANG
       LC_CTYPE
       LC_MESSAGES
       LC_ALL
	   These environment variables control the way that GCC uses localiza‐
	   tion information that allow GCC to work with different national
	   conventions.	 GCC inspects the locale categories LC_CTYPE and
	   LC_MESSAGES if it has been configured to do so.  These locale cate‐
	   gories can be set to any value supported by your installation.  A
	   typical value is en_GB.UTF-8 for English in the United Kingdom
	   encoded in UTF-8.

	   The LC_CTYPE environment variable specifies character classifica‐
	   tion.  GCC uses it to determine the character boundaries in a
	   string; this is needed for some multibyte encodings that contain
	   quote and escape characters that would otherwise be interpreted as
	   a string end or escape.

	   The LC_MESSAGES environment variable specifies the language to use
	   in diagnostic messages.

	   If the LC_ALL environment variable is set, it overrides the value
	   of LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES; otherwise, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES
	   default to the value of the LANG environment variable.  If none of
	   these variables are set, GCC defaults to traditional C English
	   behavior.

       TMPDIR
	   If TMPDIR is set, it specifies the directory to use for temporary
	   files.  GCC uses temporary files to hold the output of one stage of
	   compilation which is to be used as input to the next stage: for
	   example, the output of the preprocessor, which is the input to the
	   compiler proper.

       GCC_EXEC_PREFIX
	   If GCC_EXEC_PREFIX is set, it specifies a prefix to use in the
	   names of the subprograms executed by the compiler.  No slash is
	   added when this prefix is combined with the name of a subprogram,
	   but you can specify a prefix that ends with a slash if you wish.

	   If GCC_EXEC_PREFIX is not set, GCC will attempt to figure out an
	   appropriate prefix to use based on the pathname it was invoked
	   with.

	   If GCC cannot find the subprogram using the specified prefix, it
	   tries looking in the usual places for the subprogram.

	   The default value of GCC_EXEC_PREFIX is prefix/lib/gcc/ where pre‐
	   fix is the value of "prefix" when you ran the configure script.

	   Other prefixes specified with -B take precedence over this prefix.

	   This prefix is also used for finding files such as crt0.o that are
	   used for linking.

	   In addition, the prefix is used in an unusual way in finding the
	   directories to search for header files.  For each of the standard
	   directories whose name normally begins with /usr/local/lib/gcc
	   (more precisely, with the value of GCC_INCLUDE_DIR), GCC tries
	   replacing that beginning with the specified prefix to produce an
	   alternate directory name.  Thus, with -Bfoo/, GCC will search
	   foo/bar where it would normally search /usr/local/lib/bar.  These
	   alternate directories are searched first; the standard directories
	   come next.

       COMPILER_PATH
	   The value of COMPILER_PATH is a colon-separated list of directo‐
	   ries, much like PATH.  GCC tries the directories thus specified
	   when searching for subprograms, if it can't find the subprograms
	   using GCC_EXEC_PREFIX.

       LIBRARY_PATH
	   The value of LIBRARY_PATH is a colon-separated list of directories,
	   much like PATH.  When configured as a native compiler, GCC tries
	   the directories thus specified when searching for special linker
	   files, if it can't find them using GCC_EXEC_PREFIX.	Linking using
	   GCC also uses these directories when searching for ordinary
	   libraries for the -l option (but directories specified with -L come
	   first).

       LANG
	   This variable is used to pass locale information to the compiler.
	   One way in which this information is used is to determine the char‐
	   acter set to be used when character literals, string literals and
	   comments are parsed in C and C++.  When the compiler is configured
	   to allow multibyte characters, the following values for LANG are
	   recognized:

	   C-JIS
	       Recognize JIS characters.

	   C-SJIS
	       Recognize SJIS characters.

	   C-EUCJP
	       Recognize EUCJP characters.

	   If LANG is not defined, or if it has some other value, then the
	   compiler will use mblen and mbtowc as defined by the default locale
	   to recognize and translate multibyte characters.

       Some additional environments variables affect the behavior of the pre‐
       processor.

       CPATH
       C_INCLUDE_PATH
       CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH
       OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH
	   Each variable's value is a list of directories separated by a spe‐
	   cial character, much like PATH, in which to look for header files.
	   The special character, "PATH_SEPARATOR", is target-dependent and
	   determined at GCC build time.  For Microsoft Windows-based targets
	   it is a semicolon, and for almost all other targets it is a colon.

	   CPATH specifies a list of directories to be searched as if speci‐
	   fied with -I, but after any paths given with -I options on the com‐
	   mand line.  This environment variable is used regardless of which
	   language is being preprocessed.

	   The remaining environment variables apply only when preprocessing
	   the particular language indicated.  Each specifies a list of direc‐
	   tories to be searched as if specified with -isystem, but after any
	   paths given with -isystem options on the command line.

	   In all these variables, an empty element instructs the compiler to
	   search its current working directory.  Empty elements can appear at
	   the beginning or end of a path.  For instance, if the value of
	   CPATH is ":/special/include", that has the same effect as
	   -I. -I/special/include.

       DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT
	   If this variable is set, its value specifies how to output depen‐
	   dencies for Make based on the non-system header files processed by
	   the compiler.  System header files are ignored in the dependency
	   output.

	   The value of DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT can be just a file name, in which
	   case the Make rules are written to that file, guessing the target
	   name from the source file name.  Or the value can have the form
	   file target, in which case the rules are written to file file using
	   target as the target name.

	   In other words, this environment variable is equivalent to combin‐
	   ing the options -MM and -MF, with an optional -MT switch too.

       SUNPRO_DEPENDENCIES
	   This variable is the same as DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT (see above),
	   except that system header files are not ignored, so it implies -M
	   rather than -MM.  However, the dependence on the main input file is
	   omitted.

BUGS
       For instructions on reporting bugs, see <http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html>.
       Use of the gccbug script to report bugs is recommended.

FOOTNOTES
       1.  On some systems, gcc -shared needs to build supplementary stub code
	   for constructors to work.  On multi-libbed systems, gcc -shared
	   must select the correct support libraries to link against.  Failing
	   to supply the correct flags may lead to subtle defects.  Supplying
	   them in cases where they are not necessary is innocuous.

SEE ALSO
       gpl(7), gfdl(7), fsf-funding(7), cpp(1), gcov(1), g77(1), as(1), ld(1),
       gdb(1), adb(1), dbx(1), sdb(1) and the Info entries for gcc, cpp, g77,
       as, ld, binutils and gdb.

AUTHOR
       See the Info entry for gcc, or <http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Con‐
       tributors.html>, for contributors to GCC.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,
       1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
       under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
       any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
       Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'' and ``Funding
       Free Software'', the Front-Cover texts being (a) (see below), and with
       the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below).  A copy of the license is
       included in the gfdl(7) man page.

       (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:

	    A GNU Manual

       (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:

	    You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
	    software.  Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
	    funds for GNU development.

ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       ┌────────────────────┬─────────────────┐
       │  ATTRIBUTE TYPE    │ ATTRIBUTE VALUE │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
       │Availability	    │ SUNWgcc	      │
       ├────────────────────┼─────────────────┤
       │Interface Stability │ External	      │
       └────────────────────┴─────────────────┘
NOTES
       Source for gcc is available in the SUNWgccS package.

gcc-3.4.3			  2004-11-05				GCC(1)
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