g++ man page on Tru64

Man page or keyword search:  
man Server   12896 pages
apropos Keyword Search (all sections)
Output format
Tru64 logo
[printable version]

G++(1)				   GNU Tools				G++(1)

NAME
       g++ - GNU project C++ Compiler

SYNOPSIS
       g++ [option | filename ]...

DESCRIPTION
       The  C  and  C++	 compilers are integrated; g++ is a script to call gcc
       with options to recognize C++.  gcc processes input files  through  one
       or more of four stages: preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and link‐
       ing.  This man page contains full descriptions for  only	 C++  specific
       aspects of the compiler, though it also contains summaries of some gen‐
       eral-purpose options.  For a fuller explanation of  the	compiler,  see
       gcc(1).

       C++  source  files use one of the suffixes `.C', `.cc', `.cxx', `.cpp',
       or `.c++'; preprocessed C++ files use the suffix `.ii'.

OPTIONS
       There are many  command-line  options,  including  options  to  control
       details	of optimization, warnings, and code generation, which are com‐
       mon to both gcc and g++.	 For full  information	on  all	 options,  see
       gcc(1).

       Options must be separate: `-dr' is quite different from `-d -r '.

       Most  `-f'  and	`-W'  options  have  two  contrary  forms:  -fname and
       -fno-name (or -Wname and -Wno-name). Only  the  non-default  forms  are
       shown here.

       -c     Compile or assemble the source files, but do not link.  The com‐
	      piler output is an object	 file  corresponding  to  each	source
	      file.

       -Dmacro
	      Define macro macro with the string `1' as its definition.

       -Dmacro=defn
	      Define macro macro as defn.

       -E     Stop  after  the	preprocessing  stage;  do not run the compiler
	      proper.  The output is preprocessed source code, which  is  sent
	      to the standard output.

       -fall-virtual
	      Treat all possible member functions as virtual, implicitly.  All
	      member functions (except for constructor functions  and  new  or
	      delete member operators) are treated as virtual functions of the
	      class where they appear.

	      This does not mean that all calls to these member functions will
	      be  made through the internal table of virtual functions.	 Under
	      some circumstances, the compiler can determine that a call to  a
	      given  virtual function can be made directly; in these cases the
	      calls are direct in any case.

       -fdollars-in-identifiers
	      Permit the use of `$' in identifiers.  Traditional C allowed the
	      character	 `$'  to  form	part of identifiers; by default, GNU C
	      also allows this.	 However, ANSI C forbids `$'  in  identifiers,
	      and GNU C++ also forbids it by default on most platforms (though
	      on some platforms it's enabled by default for GNU C++ as well).

       -felide-constructors
	      Use this option to instruct the compiler	to  be	smarter	 about
	      when  it can elide constructors.	Without this flag, GNU C++ and
	      cfront both generate effectively the same code for:

	      A foo ();
	      A x (foo ());   // x initialized by `foo ()', no ctor called
	      A y = foo ();   // call to `foo ()' heads to temporary,
			      // y is initialized from the temporary.

	      Note the difference!  With this flag, GNU	 C++  initializes  `y'
	      directly	from the call to foo () without going through a tempo‐
	      rary.

       -fenum-int-equiv
	      Normally GNU C++ allows conversion of enum to int, but  not  the
	      other  way around.  Use this option if you want GNU C++ to allow
	      conversion of int to enum as well.

       -fexternal-templates
	      Produce smaller code for template	 declarations,	by  generating
	      only  a  single  copy  of	 each  template	 function  where it is
	      defined.	To use this option successfully, you  must  also  mark
	      all  files  that	use templates with either `#pragma implementa‐
	      tion' (the definition) or `#pragma interface' (declarations).

	      When your code is compiled with `-fexternal-templates', all tem‐
	      plate  instantiations  are  external.   You must arrange for all
	      necessary instantiations to appear in the	 implementation	 file;
	      you  can	do this with a typedef that references each instantia‐
	      tion needed.  Conversely, when you  compile  using  the  default
	      option  `-fno-external-templates',  all  template instantiations
	      are explicitly internal.

       -fno-gnu-linker
	      Do not output global initializations (such as  C++  constructors
	      and  destructors) in the form used by the GNU linker (on systems
	      where the GNU linker is the standard method of  handling	them).
	      Use  this	 option	 when  you want to use a non-GNU linker, which
	      also requires using the collect2 program to make sure the system
	      linker  includes	constructors  and  destructors.	  (collect2 is
	      included in the GNU CC distribution.)  For  systems  which  must
	      use  collect2,  the compiler driver gcc is configured to do this
	      automatically.

       -fmemoize-lookups

       -fsave-memoized
	      These flags are used to get the  compiler	 to  compile  programs
	      faster  using heuristics.	 They are not on by default since they
	      are only effective about half the time.  The other half  of  the
	      time programs compile more slowly (and take more memory).

	      The  first time the compiler must build a call to a member func‐
	      tion (or reference to a data  member),  it  must	(1)  determine
	      whether  the class implements member functions of that name; (2)
	      resolve which member function to call (which  involves  figuring
	      out  what	 sorts	of  type conversions need to be made); and (3)
	      check the visibility of the member function to the caller.   All
	      of  this	adds  up  to slower compilation.  Normally, the second
	      time a call is made to that member  function  (or	 reference  to
	      that  data  member), it must go through the same lengthy process
	      again.  This means that code like this

		cout << "This " << p << " has " << n << " legs.\n";

	      makes six passes through all three steps.	 By using  a  software
	      cache,  a	 ``hit''  significantly	 reduces  this cost.  Unfortu‐
	      nately, using the cache introduces another layer	of  mechanisms
	      which  must  be  implemented,  and  so  incurs its own overhead.
	      `-fmemoize-lookups' enables the software cache.

	      Because access privileges (visibility)  to  members  and	member
	      functions	 may differ from one function context to the next, g++
	      may need to flush the cache. With the `-fmemoize-lookups'	 flag,
	      the cache is flushed after every function that is compiled.  The
	      `-fsave-memoized' flag enables the same software cache, but when
	      the  compiler  determines	 that the context of the last function
	      compiled would yield the same  access  privileges	 of  the  next
	      function to compile, it preserves the cache.  This is most help‐
	      ful when defining many member functions for the same class: with
	      the  exception  of  member  functions which are friends of other
	      classes, each member function has exactly the same access privi‐
	      leges as every other, and the cache need not be flushed.

       -fno-default-inline
	      Do  not  make  member functions inline by default merely because
	      they are defined inside the class scope.	 Otherwise,  when  you
	      specify -O, member functions defined inside class scope are com‐
	      piled inline by default; i.e., you don't need to add `inline' in
	      front of the member function name.

       -fno-strict-prototype
	      Consider	the  declaration int foo ();.  In C++, this means that
	      the function foo	takes  no  arguments.	In  ANSI  C,  this  is
	      declared int foo(void);.	With the flag `-fno-strict-prototype',
	      declaring functions with no arguments is equivalent to declaring
	      its argument list to be untyped, i.e., int foo (); is equivalent
	      to saying int foo (...);.

       -fnonnull-objects
	      Normally, GNU C++ makes conservative assumptions	about  objects
	      reached  through	references.   For  example,  the compiler must
	      check that `a' is not null in code like the following:
		  obj &a = g ();
		  a.f (2);
	      Checking that references	of  this  sort	have  non-null	values
	      requires	extra  code,  however,	and it is unnecessary for many
	      programs.	 You can use `-fnonnull-objects' to  omit  the	checks
	      for null, if your program doesn't require the default checking.

       -fhandle-signatures

       -fno-handle-signatures
	      These options control the recognition of the signature and sigof
	      constructs for specifying abstract  types.   By  default,	 these
	      constructs are not recognized.

       -fthis-is-variable
	      The incorporation of user-defined free store management into C++
	      has made assignment  to  this  an	 anachronism.	Therefore,  by
	      default  GNU C++ treats the type of this in a member function of
	      class X to be X *const.  In other words, it is illegal to assign
	      to  this within a class member function.	However, for backwards
	      compatibility,  you  can	invoke	the  old  behavior  by	 using
	      `-fthis-is-variable'.

       -g     Produce  debugging  information in the operating system's native
	      format (for DBX or SDB or DWARF).	 GDB also can work  with  this
	      debugging	 information.	On  most  systems that use DBX format,
	      `-g' enables use of extra debugging information  that  only  GDB
	      can use.

	      Unlike  most  other  C  compilers, GNU CC allows you to use `-g'
	      with `-O'.  The shortcuts taken by optimized code may  occasion‐
	      ally produce surprising results: some variables you declared may
	      not exist at all; flow of control may briefly move where you did
	      not  expect it; some statements may not be executed because they
	      compute constant results or their values were already  at	 hand;
	      some  statements	may  execute  in different places because they
	      were moved out of loops.

	      Nevertheless it proves possible to debug optimized output.  This
	      makes it reasonable to use the optimizer for programs that might
	      have bugs.

       -Idir   Append directory dir to the list of  directories	 searched  for
	      include files.

       -Ldir   Add directory dir to the list of directories to be searched for
	      `-l'.

       -llibrary
	       Use the library named  library  when  linking.	(C++  programs
	      often require `-lg++' for successful linking.)

       -nostdinc
	      Do  not search the standard system directories for header files.
	      Only the directories you have specified with -I options (and the
	      current directory, if appropriate) are searched.

       -nostdinc++
	      Do  not search for header files in the standard directories spe‐
	      cific to C++, but do still search the  other  standard  directo‐
	      ries.  (This option is used when building libg++.)

       -O     Optimize.	  Optimizing compilation takes somewhat more time, and
	      a lot more memory for a large function.

       -o file
	       Place output in file file.

       -S     Stop after the stage of compilation  proper;  do	not  assemble.
	      The  output  is  an  assembler  code file for each non-assembler
	      input file specified.

       -traditional
	      Attempt to support some aspects of traditional C compilers.

	      Specifically, for both C and C++ programs:

	  ·   In the preprocessor, comments convert to nothing at all,	rather
	      than to a space.	This allows traditional token concatenation.

	  ·   In  the  preprocessor,  macro  arguments	are  recognized within
	      string constants in a macro definition  (and  their  values  are
	      stringified,  though  without  additional quote marks, when they
	      appear in such a context).  The preprocessor always considers  a
	      string constant to end at a newline.

	  ·   The  preprocessor does not predefine the macro __STDC__ when you
	      use `-traditional', but still predefines__GNUC__ (since the  GNU
	      extensions  indicated  by	 __GNUC__ are not affected by `-tradi‐
	      tional').	 If you need to write header files that	 work  differ‐
	      ently  depending on whether `-traditional' is in use, by testing
	      both of these predefined macros you can distinguish four	situa‐
	      tions:  GNU  C,  traditional  GNU C, other ANSI C compilers, and
	      other old C compilers.

	  ·   String ``constants'' are	not  necessarily  constant;  they  are
	      stored  in  writable  space, and identical looking constants are
	      allocated separately.

	      For C++ programs only (not C), `-traditional' has one additional
	      effect:  assignment  to  this is permitted.  This is the same as
	      the effect of `-fthis-is-variable'.

       -Umacro
	      Undefine macro macro.

       -Wall  Issue warnings for conditions which pertain  to  usage  that  we
	      recommend avoiding and that we believe is easy to avoid, even in
	      conjunction with macros.

       -Wenum-clash
	      Warn when converting between different enumeration types.

       -Woverloaded-virtual
	      In a derived class, the definitions of  virtual  functions  must
	      match  the  type signature of a virtual function declared in the
	      base class.  Use this option to request warnings when a  derived
	      class  declares  a  function that may be an erroneous attempt to
	      define a virtual function: that is, warn when  a	function  with
	      the  same name as a virtual function in the base class, but with
	      a type signature that doesn't match any virtual  functions  from
	      the base class.

       -Wtemplate-debugging
	      When  using templates in a C++ program, warn if debugging is not
	      yet fully available.

       -w     Inhibit all warning messages.

       +eN    Control how virtual function definitions are used, in a  fashion
	      compatible with cfront 1.x.

PRAGMAS
       Two `#pragma' directives are supported for GNU C++, to permit using the
       same header file for two purposes: as a definition of interfaces	 to  a
       given  object class, and as the full definition of the contents of that
       object class.

       #pragma interface
	      Use this directive in header files that define  object  classes,
	      to  save	space  in  most	 of  the  object  files that use those
	      classes.	Normally, local copies of certain information  (backup
	      copies  of  inline  member functions, debugging information, and
	      the internal tables that implement virtual  functions)  must  be
	      kept  in	each object file that includes class definitions.  You
	      can use this pragma to avoid such duplication.   When  a	header
	      file  containing	`#pragma  interface' is included in a compila‐
	      tion, this auxiliary information will not be  generated  (unless
	      the  main	 input	source	file  itself uses `#pragma implementa‐
	      tion').  Instead, the object files will contain references to be
	      resolved at link time.

       #pragma implementation

       #pragma implementation "objects.h"
	      Use  this pragma in a main input file, when you want full output
	      from included header files to be generated  (and	made  globally
	      visible).	  The  included	 header	 file,	in  turn,  should  use
	      `#pragma interface'.  Backup copies of inline member  functions,
	      debugging information, and the internal tables used to implement
	      virtual functions are all generated in implementation files.

	      If you use `#pragma implementation' with no argument, it applies
	      to  an  include file with the same basename as your source file;
	      for  example,  in	 `allclass.cc',	 `#pragma  implementation'  by
	      itself  is  equivalent to `#pragma implementation "allclass.h"'.
	      Use the string argument if you want a single implementation file
	      to include code from multiple header files.

	      There is no way to split up the contents of a single header file
	      into multiple implementation files.

FILES
       file.h		  C header (preprocessor) file
       file.i		  preprocessed C source file
       file.C		  C++ source file
       file.cc		  C++ source file
       file.cxx		  C++ source file
       file.s		  assembly language file
       file.o		  object file
       a.out		  link edited output
       TMPDIR/cc∗	  temporary files
       LIBDIR/cpp	  preprocessor
       LIBDIR/cc1plus	  compiler
       LIBDIR/collect	  linker front end needed on some machines
       LIBDIR/libgcc.a	  GCC subroutine library
       /lib/crt[01n].o	  start-up routine
       LIBDIR/ccrt0	  additional start-up routine for C++
       /lib/libc.a	  standard C library, see intro(3)
       /usr/include	  standard directory for #include files
       LIBDIR/include	  standard gcc directory for #include files
       LIBDIR/g++-include additional g++ directory for #include

       LIBDIR is usually /usr/local/lib/machine/version.
       TMPDIR comes from the environment variable TMPDIR (default /usr/tmp  if
       available, else /tmp).

SEE ALSO
       gcc(1), cpp(1), as(1), ld(1), gdb(1), adb(1), dbx(1), sdb(1).
       `gcc', `cpp', `as',`ld', and `gdb' entries in info.
       Using  and Porting GNU CC (for version 2.0), Richard M. Stallman; The C
       Preprocessor, Richard M. Stallman; Debugging with GDB: the GNU  Source-
       Level  Debugger, Richard M. Stallman and Roland H. Pesch; Using as: the
       GNU Assembler, Dean Elsner,  Jay	 Fenlason  &  friends;	gld:  the  GNU
       linker, Steve Chamberlain and Roland Pesch.

BUGS
       For instructions on how to report bugs, see the GCC manual.

COPYING
       Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

       Permission  is  granted	to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
       manual provided the copyright notice and	 this  permission  notice  are
       preserved on all copies.

       Permission  is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
       manual under the conditions for verbatim	 copying,  provided  that  the
       entire  resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a per‐
       mission notice identical to this one.

       Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this  man‐
       ual into another language, under the above conditions for modified ver‐
       sions, except that this permission notice may be included  in  transla‐
       tions approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the origi‐
       nal English.

AUTHORS
       See the GNU CC Manual for the contributors to GNU CC.

GNU Tools			   30apr1993				G++(1)
[top]
                             _         _         _ 
                            | |       | |       | |     
                            | |       | |       | |     
                         __ | | __ __ | | __ __ | | __  
                         \ \| |/ / \ \| |/ / \ \| |/ /  
                          \ \ / /   \ \ / /   \ \ / /   
                           \   /     \   /     \   /    
                            \_/       \_/       \_/ 
More information is available in HTML format for server Tru64

List of man pages available for Tru64

Copyright (c) for man pages and the logo by the respective OS vendor.

For those who want to learn more, the polarhome community provides shell access and support.

[legal] [privacy] [GNU] [policy] [cookies] [netiquette] [sponsors] [FAQ]
Tweet
Polarhome, production since 1999.
Member of Polarhome portal.
Based on Fawad Halim's script.
....................................................................
Vote for polarhome
Free Shell Accounts :: the biggest list on the net